1.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
2.
Dick Durbin
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Richard Joseph Dick Durbin is the senior United States Senator from Illinois, in office since 1997. He has been the Assistant Minority Leader, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate, Durbin was born in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center, working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, in 1996, he won election to the U. S. Senate by an unexpected 15-point margin. He has served as Senate Democratic Whip since 2005, and for a period of eight years served as the Senate Majority Whip and he is currently dean of the Illinois congressional delegation, as he has served in Congress since 1983 as a U. S. Representative from Illinois 20th Congressional District, and from 1997 as a U. S, Senator Durbin now serves as the Senate Minority Whip following the 2014 midterm election, where the Republicans gained a majority in the U. S. Senate. Durbin won reelection in the 2014 midterm election, beating his Republican opponent, Jim Oberweis, Durbin was born in East St. Louis, Illinois, to an Irish-American father, William Durbin, and a Lithuanian-born mother, Anna. He graduated from Assumption High School in East St. Louis in 1962, during his high school years he worked at a meatpacking plant. He earned a B. S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in 1966 and he was an intern in the office of Senator Paul Douglas of Illinois during his senior year in college. Durbin earned his J. D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1969 and was admitted to the Illinois bar later that year, after graduating from law school, Durbin started a law practice in Springfield. He was legal counsel to Lieutenant Governor Paul Simon from 1969 to 1972, Durbin was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for a seat in the Illinois State Senate in 1976. He ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1978 as the mate of State Superintendent of Schools Michael Bakalis. They were defeated by Republican incumbents Jim Thompson and Dave ONeal, Durbin then worked as an adjunct professor at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine for five years while maintaining his law practice. In 1982, Durbin won the Democratic nomination for the now-eliminated 20th congressional district and he scored a huge upset, defeating 22-year incumbent Paul Findley. As part of the redistricting process, Findleys district had been redrawn to include more Democrats. Durbin was reelected six times, rarely facing opposition. In 1996, Durbin defeated Pat Quinn to become the Democratic Partys nominee to replace the retiring Democratic incumbent, Senator Paul Simon and he faced Republican State Representative Al Salvi in the November general election. Although the election had been expected to be competitive, Durbin won by a surprising 15-point margin and he has since been re-elected in 2002,2008 and 2014, each time by at least 10%
3.
Bill Frist
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William Harrison Bill Frist Sr. is an American physician, businessman, and politician. He began his career as a heart and lung transplant surgeon, Frist later served two terms as a Republican United States Senator representing Tennessee, serving as Majority Leader from 2003 until his retirement in 2007. Frist was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Dorothy Frist and Thomas Fearn Frist, Frists brother, Thomas F. Frist, Jr. became chairman and chief executive of Hospital Corporation of America in 1997. In 1972, he held an internship with Tennessee Congressman Joe L. Evins. Frist proceeded to Harvard Medical School, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine with honors in 1978, while at Harvard he shared an apartment with future United States Congressman David Wu. Frist joined the lab of W. John Powell Jr. at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1977 and he left the lab in 1978 to become a resident in surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1983, he spent time at Southampton General Hospital, Southampton and he returned to Massachusetts General in 1984 as chief resident and fellow in cardiothoracic surgery. From 1985 until 1986, Frist was senior fellow and chief resident in cardiac transplant service, after completing his fellowship, he became a faculty member at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where he began a heart and lung transplantation program. He also became surgeon at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital. In 1989, he founded the Vanderbilt Transplant Center, in 1991, Frist operated on then–Lieutenant Colonel David Petraeus after he had been shot in a training accident at Fort Campbell. He is currently licensed as a physician, and is certified in both general surgery and thoracic surgery. He has performed over 150 heart transplants and lung transplants, including pediatric heart transplants and combined heart, in 1990, Frist met with former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker about the possibilities of public office. Baker advised him to pursue the Senate, and in 1992 suggested that Frist begin preparations to run in 1994, during the 1994 election, Frist promised not to serve for more than two terms, a promise he honored. In his 2000 reelection campaign, Frist easily won with 66 percent of the vote and he received the largest vote total ever by a statewide candidate. Frists 2000 campaign organization was fined by the Federal Election Commission for failing to disclose a $1.44 million loan taken out jointly with the 1994 campaign organization. Frist first entered the spotlight when two Capitol police officers were shot inside the United States Capitol by Russell Eugene Weston Jr. in 1998. Frist, the closest doctor, provided medical attention. He also was the Congressional spokesman during the 2001 anthrax attacks, as the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, he helped Republicans win back the Senate in the 2002 midterm election
4.
Mitch McConnell
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Addison Mitchell Mitch McConnell Jr. is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. A member of the Republican Party, he has been the Majority Leader of the Senate since January 3,2015 and he is the 15th Republican and the second Kentuckian to lead his party in the Senate. During the administration of President Barack Obama, McConnell was known to the left as being an obstructionist, some on the right praised him for tenacity and courage, while others criticized him for being part of the political establishment and not keeping his promises to conservatives. From early 2016, McConnell refused to schedule Senate hearings for Obamas nominee to the Supreme Court, Merrick Garland, to replace Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, who died in February 2016. Garlands nomination remained before the Senate for 294 days, from March 16,2016 until it expired on January 3,2017, McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator. McConnell was born on February 20,1942, in a hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, which is now called the Helen Keller Hospital, McConnell is the son of Addison Mitchell McConnell, and his wife, Julia. As a youth, he overcame polio and his family moved to Georgia when he was eight. When he was a teenager, his family arrived in Louisville where he attended duPont Manual High School and he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B. A. in political science in 1964. McConnell was president of the Student Council of the College of Arts and Sciences and he has maintained strong ties to his alma mater and remains a rabid fan of its sports teams. Three years later, McConnell graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law, McConnell is of Scots-Irish and English descent. McConnell enlisted in the U. S. Army Reserve at Louisville and he received an Honorable Discharge for medical reasons after five weeks at Fort Knox. McConnell began interning for Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1964, later, McConnell was an assistant to Senator Marlow Cook and was a Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President Gerald R. Ford, where he worked alongside future Justice Antonin Scalia. In 1977, McConnell was elected the Jefferson County Judge/Executive, the top political office in Jefferson County. 1984 In 1984, McConnell ran for the U. S. Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter Dee Huddleston. The election race wasnt decided until the last returns came in, McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagans landslide victory in the presidential election. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to Switch to Mitch,1990 In 1990, McConnell faced a tough re-election contest against former Louisville Mayor Harvey I. 1996 In 1996, he defeated Steve Beshear by 12. 6%,2002 In 2002, he was re-elected against Lois Combs Weinberg by 29. 4%, the largest majority by a statewide Republican candidate in Kentucky history. 2008 In 2008, McConnell faced his closest contest since 1990 and he defeated Bruce Lunsford by 6%
5.
Chuck Schumer
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Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer is an American politician, the senior United States senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al DAmato by a margin of 55%–44%, Schumer was re-elected in 2004 by a margin of 71%–24%, in 2010 by a margin of 66%–33% and in 2016 by a margin of 70%-27%. A native of Brooklyn and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, he was a member of the New York State Assembly. Schumer was chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2005 to 2009 and he was the third-ranking Democrat in the Senate, behind Senate minority leader Harry Reid and Senate minority whip Dick Durbin, elected vice chairman of the Democratic Caucus in the Senate in 2006. In November 2010, he was chosen to hold the additional role of chairman of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee starting at the opening of the 112th Congress. On November 8,2016, Schumer was reelected to his term in the United States Senate. Subsequently, on November 16,2016, he was unanimously elected Senate minority leader to succeed the retiring Reid, Schumer was born in Brooklyn, the son of Selma and Abraham Schumer. His father ran a business, and his mother was a homemaker. His family is Jewish, and he is a cousin, once removed, of comedian. His ancestors originated from the town of Chortkiv, Galicia, in what is now western Ukraine and he attended public schools in Brooklyn, scoring a perfect 1600 on the SAT, and graduated as class valedictorian from James Madison High School, in 1967. Schumer competed for Madison High on the Its Academic television quiz show and he attended Harvard College, where he became interested in politics and campaigned for Eugene McCarthy, in 1968. After completing his degree, he continued to Harvard Law School, earning his Juris Doctor with honors. Schumer passed the New York state bar, in early 1975, however, he never practiced law, choosing instead a career in politics. In 1974, Schumer ran for and was elected to the New York State Assembly, Schumer served three terms, from 1975 to 1981, sitting in the 181st, 182nd and 183rd New York State Legislatures. He has never lost an election, in 1980, 16th District Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman won the Democratic nomination for the Senate seat of Republican Jacob Javits. Schumer ran for Holtzmans vacated House seat and won and he was re-elected eight times from the Brooklyn and Queens-based district, which changed numbers twice in his tenure. In 1982, as a result of redistricting, Schumer faced a potential matchup with veteran Brooklyn congressman Steve Solarz, in preparation, Schumer set about making friends on Wall Street, tapping the citys top law firms and securities houses for campaign donations. I told them I looked like I had a very difficult reapportionment fight, if I were to stand a chance of being re-elected, I needed some help, he would later tell the Associated Press
6.
Tom Daschle
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Thomas Andrew Tom Daschle is a policy advisor, lobbyist, former U. S. Senator from South Dakota, and former U. S. Senate Majority Leader and he is a member of the Democratic Party. A South Dakota native, Daschle obtained a degree at South Dakota State University and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1978 and served four terms. In 1986, he was elected to the Senate, becoming minority leader in 1994, defeated for re-election in 2004, he took a position as a policy advisor with a lobbying firm, and also became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He co-authored a book advocating universal health care, however, Daschle withdrew his name on February 3,2009, amid a growing controversy over his failure to report and pay income taxes accurately. He is currently working for The Daschle Group, a Public Policy Advisory of Baker Donelson, Daschle was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota, the son of Elizabeth B. and Sebastian C. His paternal grandparents were Volga Germans, Daschle grew up in a working-class Roman Catholic family as the eldest of four brothers. He became the first person in his family to graduate from college when he earned a B. A. in political science from South Dakota State University in 1969, while attending South Dakota State University, Daschle became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega. From 1969 to 1972, Daschle served in the United States Air Force as an officer with the Strategic Air Command. In the mid-1970s Daschle was an aide to then Senator James Abourezk of South Dakota, Daschle has been married to Linda Hall, who was Miss Kansas in 1976, since 1984, one year after his marriage to his first wife, Laurie, ended in divorce. Hall was acting administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration in the Clinton administration and her lobbying clients have included American Airlines, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing, Senate lobbying records show. Daschle has three children from his first marriage, Kelly, Nathan, and Lindsay, Nathan is the CEO of Ruck. us and former Executive Director of the Democratic Governors Association. In 1978 Daschle was elected to the United States House of Representatives, winning the race by a margin of 139 votes, following a recount, Daschle served four terms in the House of Representatives and quickly became a part of the Democratic leadership. At the 1980 Democratic National Convention Congressman Daschle received 10 delegate votes for Vice President of the United States, although he was not a candidate, Daschle received votes against incumbent Walter Mondale, who was renominated easily. In 1986, Daschle was elected to the Senate in a victory over incumbent Republican James Abdnor. In his first year, he was appointed to the Finance Committee, in 1994 he was chosen by his colleagues to succeed the retiring Senator George Mitchell as Democratic Minority Leader. In the history of the Senate, only Lyndon B. Johnson had served fewer years before being elected to lead his party. In addition to the Minority Leaders post, Daschle also served as a member of the U. S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, South Dakotans reelected Daschle to the Senate by overwhelming margins in 1998
7.
Don Nickles
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Donald Lee Don Nickles is an American politician and lobbyist who was a Republican United States Senator from Oklahoma from 1981 until 2005. He was considered both a fiscal and social conservative, after retiring from the Senate as the longest serving senator from Oklahoma, he founded the Nickles Group, a lobbying firm. Nickles was born and raised in Ponca City, Oklahoma, where he attended public schools, to help pay for their education at Oklahoma State University, he and his wife, the former Linda Lou Morrison, operated Don Nickles Professional Cleaning Service in Stillwater. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity at Oklahoma State University, after college, he went to work for Nickles Machine Corporation in Ponca City, a business started in 1918 by his grandfather, Clair Nickles. He became the vice president and general manager. He also served in the Oklahoma National Guard from 1970 until 1976, a formative experience was the distress his family suffered following his fathers death in 1961, when Nickles was thirteen. They had to sell off part of the business to raise cash to pay the required estate tax. Nickles never expected to make an out of public office. Instead, he intended to be a business leader. While working toward his degree at OSU, he began a service company to help pay his way through college. In 1972, he completed his bachelors degree in administration and returned to Ponca City to work for Nickles Machine Corporation where he later became vice president. In 1978, his election to the Oklahoma State Senate was the beginning of his career in public office, at the age of 31, he became the youngest Republican ever elected to the U. S. Senate. Encouraged by then-Senator Dewey F. Bartlett, Nickles ran for the Oklahoma State Senate in 1978, as an unknown in a field crowded with business and political bigwigs, Nickles was not initially given much of a chance. Indeed, Bellmon even tried to convince him to wait and to run instead for the United States House of Representatives and his platform was based on cutting the size of government, strong support of tax cuts, and his appeal to the prevailing conservative views of Oklahomans proved popular. In 1980 the term Christian right was still unfamiliar, but the movement was active, Nickles beat two well funded oil millionaires in the primary and won the primary run-off against Zink, who was also well known as a race car driver. He was later swept into office in the election against Oklahoma City Mayor Andy Coats on the shoulders of the Reagan Revolution of 1980. At the age of thirty-one, Nickles was the youngest Republican ever elected to the United States Senate and he sponsored legislation to cut taxes, reduce government spending, promote national defense, and reduce what he believed to be official hostility to religion. He sponsored the Defense of Marriage Act which allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages conducted in other states, Nickles said that he and other socially conservative Republican senators would not support OConnor because of her presumed unwillingness to overturn the abortion decision, Roe v. Wade
8.
Wendell Ford
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Wendell Hampton Ford was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served for years in the U. S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky. He was the first person to be elected lieutenant governor, governor. The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999, he was considered the leader of the states Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999. At the time of his retirement, he was the senator in Kentuckys history. Born in Daviess County, Kentucky, Ford attended the University of Kentucky, after the war, he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business. He also continued his service in the Kentucky Army National Guard. He worked on the campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959. Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ally and successor, Ned Breathitt, Ford won the seat and he was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Four years later, Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship, as governor, Ford made government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch. He raised revenue for the state through a tax on coal. He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office, including helping Walter Dee Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper, in 1974, Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator, Republican Marlow Cook. As senator, Ford was a defender of Kentuckys tobacco industry. He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond, chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991, Ford considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticuts Christopher Dodd. He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro, Wendell Ford was born near Owensboro, in Daviess County, Kentucky, on September 8,1924. He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork Ford and his father was a state senator and ally of Kentucky Governor Earle C. Clements. Ford obtained his education in the public schools of Daviess County. From 1942 to 1943, he attended the University of Kentucky, on September 18,1943, Ford married Jean Neel of Owensboro at the home of the brides parents
9.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
10.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
11.
Paul Laxalt
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Paul Dominique Laxalt is an American politician who was Governor of Nevada from 1967 to 1971 and a United States Senator from 1974 to 1987. In the media, the son of a Basque sheepherder often accompanied his name. He was one of Ronald Reagans closest friends in politics, in fact, after Reagan was elected President in 1980, the national press began to refer to Laxalt as The First Friend. He is the brother of Robert Laxalt, who was a noted. He is a member of the Republican Party, Dominique became wealthy in the sheep industry, but he lost everything in the early 1920s. Thereafter, he went back to shepherding for the rest of his career, the Laxalt children were raised largely by their mother as Dominique spent long periods of time away from the household as he tended to his sheep in the deserts and mountains of Nevada. The children all helped Therese at The French Hotel and it was there that Paul first acquired an interest in politics as he listened in on the conversations of the politicians who patronized the restaurant. Paul played on the 1938 state basketball team at Carson High School before graduating and attending Santa Clara University. When World War II broke out, Paul joined the U. S. Army and served as a medic, after the war, he graduated from the University of Denver law school. After graduating from law school and after serving as a district attorney, Paul Laxalts first attempt for public office was in 1950 when he ran for District Attorney of Ormsby County, Nevada, turning out the incumbent D. A. He served from 1950 to 1954, Laxalts first run for statewide office came in 1962 when he ran for Lieutenant Governor against former Congressman Berkeley L. Bunker. Using innovative television ads and personal appearances, Laxalt was able to introduce himself to the electorate. A great amount of pressure was applied to Laxalt to run in Bells place, but the young attorney demurred and he ended up defeating Bunker by a comfortable margin. Laxalt served one term as lieutenant governor—from 1963 to 1967, in 1964, Laxalt, while serving as lieutenant governor, ran for the United States Senate against freshman Democratic incumbent Howard Cannon. Laxalt had wanted to remain lieutenant governor, however, he declared his candidacy in mid-1964 after no other serious Republican contenders expressed interest. He did not have to give up his lieutenant governors post for this race, since he was not up for reelection until 1966, not long before election day, Goldwater scheduled a visit to Las Vegas. Laxalts advisors told him he should duck Goldwater as they feared any association with the Arizona Senator would spell trouble, Laxalt, who often described Goldwater as his political Godfather, reportedly told his aides, Listen, Barry Goldwater is my friend. If I snubbed him now, I could never look him in the face again, the Laxalt-Goldwater meeting on the tarmac was splashed on the front pages of local newspapers
12.
Catherine Cortez Masto
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Catherine Marie Cortez Masto /ˌkɔːrˈtɛz ˈmæstoʊ/ is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from Nevada. She is a member of the Democratic Party and she previously served as the 32nd Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015. Cortez Masto graduated from University of Nevada, Reno and Gonzaga University School of Law and she worked four years as a civil attorney in Las Vegas and two years as a criminal prosecutor for the U. S. Attorneys Office in Washington, D. C. She was the Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015 and she was not eligible to run for a third term in 2014 due to lifetime term limits established by the Nevada Constitution. She took office on January 3,2017, Cortez Masto was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, the daughter of Joanna and Manny Cortez. Her father was the head of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority. Manny Cortez, now deceased, and Harry Reid had a longstanding friendship and her father is of Mexican descent and her mother is of Italian descent. Her paternal grandfather, Edward Cortez, immigrated to Nevada from the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Cortez Masto earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration degree in finance from the University of Nevada, Reno in 1986 and a J. D. from Gonzaga University School of Law in 1990. She was admitted to the State Bar of Nevada in 1990, the U. S. District Court, District of Nevada in 1991 and she is married to Paul Masto, a former Special Agent in the United States Secret Service. Her career includes four years as an attorney in Las Vegas and two years as a criminal prosecutor for the U. S. Attorneys Office in Washington. She also served as former Nevada Democratic Governor Bob Miller’s chief of staff, in November 2014, Cortez Masto was named executive vice chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education. In 2009, Cortez Mastos office launched an investigation against Brian Krolicki, Krolicki faced felony charges related to allegations that he mishandled the Nevada College Savings Trust Fund when he was state treasurer. Cortez Masto said she was unaware of the fundraising party, the charges against Krolicki were ultimately dismissed in Clark County District Court. In 2010, Cortez Mastos office began investigating Bank of America and her office sought to end Nevadas participation in a loan modification settlement in order to sue the bank over alleged deceptive marketing and lending practices. Bank of America denied any wrongdoing, the lawsuit was settled in 2012 for $750 million for lien reductions and short sales. Cortez Masto defended the state of Nevadas position in the lawsuit Sevcik v. Sandoval, the lawsuit challenged Nevadas denial of same-sex marriage as prohibited by the states constitution and statutory law. Cortez Masto declined to run for Governor of Nevada in the 2014 election, Senator Harry Reid decided not to run for re-election in the 2016 election, he endorsed Cortez Masto as his successor
13.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
14.
Nevada's 1st congressional district
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Nevadas 1st congressional district occupies most of Nevadas largest city, Las Vegas, as well as parts of North Las Vegas and parts of unincorporated Clark County. Before the 1980 Census, Nevada was represented by a single congressional district. After the 1980 Census, Nevada was split into two due to its high population growth relative to the rest of the country. From 1983 to 1993, the 1st district included all of the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise metropolitan area as well as Mesquite, Boulder City. From 1993 to 2003, it covered most of the Las Vegas Valley while the parts of Clark County were in the 2nd district. At the same time, the 1st district became smaller, more urban and it contracted even further after the 2010 Census, which made it a majority-minority district, Hispanics now make up a plurality of its voters. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
15.
James David Santini
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James David Santini was a United States Representative from Nevada. Born in Reno, Nevada, Santini graduated from Bishop Manogue High School in 1955 and attended the University of Nevada, Reno where he was a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He earned his J. D. from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1962 and was admitted to the Nevada state bar in the year, as well as California in 1963. He was in the United States Army from 1963 to 1966, Santini served consecutively as Clark County, Nevada deputy district attorney, Clark County public defender, Las Vegas justice of the peace and as a district court judge of Clark County. He was also owner and a teacher of the Nevada Bar Review from 1969 to 1974, Santini was elected to the U. S. House in 1974, easily unseating incumbent Republican David Towell. He served there from 1975 to 1983, as a Democrat representing the states at-large district, in Congress, Santini compiled a moderate-to-conservative record and won reelection by overwhelming margins. Santini ran for United States Senate in 1982, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by incumbent Howard Cannon. Cannon then lost the election to former state Senator Chic Hecht. Santini was the last person to represent the state in the US House. He was succeeded by Democrat Harry Reid and Republican Barbara Vucanovich in the newly created 1st, in 1986, he switched to the Republican Party and ran for the Senate seat then being vacated by the retiring Paul Laxalt. Although Santini won the Republican nomination easily, he was defeated in the election by Reid. Santini received 47% of the vote, Santini later worked in Washington, D. C. as a lobbyist representing a number of tourism-related interests. Among his major clients were the National Tour Association, which retained him as a counsel for government issues related to the national and international tourism industry. Santini had been the federal legislation and regulation Washington, D. C. representative for NTA since 1983, in 1990, Santini and his family appeared as contestants on the nighttime version of Family Feud. One of his aides appeared in a 1980 episode of the series, show host Richard Dawson made light of the Abscam sting operation during the opening segment of the episode. His aide confirmed that Santini was not involved and was a good guy and his aides family lost the game to the returning champions. Santini died on September 22,2015, in Rockville, Maryland from esophageal cancer, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Inventory of the Jim Santini papers, 82-61, special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno
16.
Nevada's at-large congressional district
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Nevadas at-large congressional district was created when Nevada was granted statehood in 1864, encompassing the entire state. It existed until 1983, when it was obsolete by the 1980 Census. Nevada began electing two representatives from separate districts commencing with the election of 1982 and the 98th Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
17.
James Bilbray
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James Hubert Bilbray is an American politician and lawyer from Nevada. Born in Las Vegas, Nevada, Bilbray graduated from Las Vegas High School and attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, from 1959 to 1960. He received a B. A. in government and public administration from American University in Washington, D. C. in 1962 and he served in the Nevada Army National Guard from 1955 to 1956 and in the Nevada Army Reserves from 1957 to 1963. Bilbray practiced law and was deputy attorney of Clark County, Nevada. He was then legal counsel in the Clark County juvenile court from 1967 to 1968 and was an alternate municipal judge in Las Vegas from 1978 to 1980. He became licensed to practice law before the Nevada Gaming Commission, a Democrat, he ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1972 against conservative incumbent Walter Baring, a fellow Democrat who was disliked by his partys establishment. Bilbray won the primary and was expected to win the election, but Baring surprised him by endorsing the Republican nominee, David Towell. He successfully ran for the U. S. House of Representatives in 1986 for the seat being vacated by Harry Reid, who made a successful run for the U. S. Senate in the same election. He served as chairman of the Small Business Subcommittee on Taxation, Tourism and Procurement and was also a member of the Foreign Affairs, Armed Services and Intelligence committees. Bilbray lost his campaign in the 1994 Republican Revolution, losing to Republican opponent John Ensign by less than 1,400 votes. Bilbray appeared to be well on his way to reelection until news surfaced that reports surfaced that one of his aides stood to make a profit from lands legislation sponsored by Bilbray. After leaving Congress, Bilbray joined the law firm of Kummer, Kaempfer, Bonner and Renshaw as Of Counsel in 1996 where he has specialized in dealing with local, state and federal issues. In 2001, he received a doctorate of laws from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas for his work in state. Bush for an ending in 2015. He currently resides in Las Vegas, James H. Bilbray Elementary School in Las Vegas is named in his honor. Bilbray is the father of 2014 Congressional candidate Erin Bilbray and cousin to former Republican congressman Brian Bilbray of California, Biography at the United States Postal Service United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Biography at Kummer Kaempfer Attorneys at Law Biography at the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Larry J. Sabatos Crystal Ball James H. Bilbray Elementary School
18.
Mike O'Callaghan
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Donal Neil Mike OCallaghan was an American politician. He was the 23rd Governor of the U. S. state of Nevada from 1971 to 1979, born in La Crosse, Wisconsin, OCallaghan later moved to Sparta, where his family subsistence farmed. He lied about his age to join the U. S. Marine Corps, at the age of 16 and he attended Boise Junior College and joined the U. S. Air Force in 1950 and served as an intelligence operator in the Aleutian Islands. OCallaghan was transferred to the U. S. Army in 1952 in order to see combat and he was awarded the Silver Star and Bronze Star and returned to the United States. Senator Harry Reids history teacher at the Basic High School in Henderson, from 1961 to 1963, he was the chief probation officer and director of court services for Clark County. OCallaghans political career began in 1963, when Governor Grant Sawyer appointed him to head the new department of health. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed OCallaghan to be the director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness. In 1966, OCallaghan ran in the Democratic primary for lieutenant governor, in 1970, he received the Democratic gubernatorial nomination and won a surprising victory in the general election over his Republican opponent, Edward Fike. He proved to be a popular governor and was re-elected in 1974 by a four-to-one margin. The last Nevada governor who was eligible for a third term, after he left office he became the executive editor of the Las Vegas Sun, a job he held until his death. He was also the publisher of the Henderson Home News and Boulder City News, in the 1990s, he monitored elections in Nicaragua and northern Iraq and was a strong supporter of Israel. OCallaghan died on March 5,2004, of an attack at the age of 74, after collapsing during the morning mass hours at the Saint Viator Catholic Church in Las Vegas. He was pronounced dead at the Desert Springs Hospital in Paradise, Las Vegas and his widow Carolyn, a native of Twin Falls, Idaho, died five months later on August 7,2004, of complications from cardiac surgery, at the age of 68. They were married on August 25,1954 in Twin Falls, Idaho and had five children, both are interred at the Southern Nevada Veterans Memorial Cemetery in Boulder City, Nevada. OCallaghans legacy as Nevada politician and philanthropist survives through three structures that bear his name, Mike OCallaghan Middle School opened on the east side of Las Vegas in 1991. The Mike OCallaghan Federal Hospital is located on Nellis Air Force Base northeast of Las Vegas, the Mike OCallaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge was completed on October 14,2010. Buffeted by High Winds and Setbacks, a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam. pp. 1–3
19.
Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
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The Nevada Lieutenant Governor is an elected office in the U. S. state of Nevada. The Nevada Lieutenant Governor is based in Carson City, Nevada, the 34th and current Lieutenant Governor is Mark Hutchison. See List of Governors of Nevada for list of Lieutenant Governors, as of January 2017, ten former U. S. lieutenant governors of Nevada were alive. The most recent U. S. lieutenant governor of Nevada to die was Myron E. Leavitt, on January 9,2004
20.
Searchlight, Nevada
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Searchlight is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States, at the topographic saddle between two mountain ranges. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 539, shortly thereafter he found gold, leading to a boom era when Searchlight had a larger population than Las Vegas. At the time, it was in Lincoln County, Nevada, as talk surfaced for carving Clark County, Nevada out of Lincoln County, Searchlight was initially considered to be the county seat. Between 1907 and 1910 the gold mines produced $7 million in gold and other minerals. Other stories on the origin of the include a story that Colton was lighting a Searchlight brand match when he discovered the gold ore. Reid dismisses this story, saying that the Searchlight matches were not available in 1898, yet another story says that Colton thought the area would be a good place because it was on a hill. Coltons mine was called the Duplex, because the ore was found on two levels. Searchlight declined after 1917 but hung on as a stop on the Arrowhead Highway, in 1927, U. S. Highway 91 bypassed the town, and its population dropped to 50. The town had a resurgence in the 1930s and 1940s with the construction of nearby Hoover Dam and was home to the El Rey Bordello in the 1940s, the last gold mine ceased operating around 1953. Searchlight experiences a climate with hot summers and cool winters. Searchlights elevation makes temperatures cooler than lower-elevation areas in the Mojave Desert, such as Baker, California, Needles, California. However, summers can still be extremely hot, due to Searchlights altitude and aridity, temperatures drop quickly after sunset, especially in the summer. Daytime highs in the winter are usually well above freezing, as of the census of 2000, there were 576 people,315 households, and 136 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 44.1 people per square mile, there were 444 housing units at an average density of 34.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95. 0% White,0. 7% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,1. 7% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 7% of the population,48. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.76 and the family size was 2.46. In the CDP, the population was out with 10. 1% under the age of 18,3. 1% from 18 to 24,20. 0% from 25 to 44,35. 8% from 45 to 64
21.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
22.
Rory Reid
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Rory Jason Reid is an American attorney and politician. He served as elected Chairman of the Clark County Commission in Clark County, Reid is a member of the Democratic Party and a son of former United States Senator Harry Reid. In 2007, the Las Vegas Sun called Reid a political rising star in Nevada, Reid declined to run for Governor of Nevada again in 2014. Reid was born on July 11,1963 in Alexandria, Virginia and he graduated from Brigham Young University with a degree in international relations and Spanish, and then furthered his education in law school, graduating in 1987. As a teenager, he worked as a sportswriter for the Las Vegas Sun, later, he served as a member of the Nevada Taxicab Authority. During the 1990s, he served as senior vice-president and general counsel for Lady Luck Gaming. He and his wife Cindy have three children, Reid was elected to the Clark County Commission in 2002. As Chairman of the Commission, he updated the master plans of the county to reduce non-conforming zone changes, Reid was reelected in 2006 with 62 percent of the vote. In 2008, Reid served as chairman of Hillary Clintons presidential campaign for the state of Nevada and an adviser on Western issues. Reid kicked off his run for Governor of Nevada in Las Vegas on October 15,2009, Reid campaigned on diversifying Nevada’s economy and promoting alternative energy, both in an effort to create jobs. Reid has disagreed with his father on issues, including by supporting Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic caucuses when Sen. Harry Reid backed Barack Obama. In October 2009 he had an opinion of a pair of proposals for rail projects in Nevada. In June 2010, Reid dropped his last name from the heading of many campaign advertisements and his campaign literature then simply said, Rory 2010. Reid was defeated by Brian Sandoval on the November 2,2010 general election, official website Profile from Clark County Commission
23.
Southern Utah University
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Southern Utah University is a public university located in Cedar City, Utah, United States, founded in 1898. Originally a normal school, Southern Utah University now graduates over 1,700 students each year with baccalaureate and graduate degrees from its six colleges, SUU offers more than 85 undergraduate degrees and eight graduate programs. There are more than 8,000 students that attend SUU, SUU’s 17 athletic teams compete in Division 1 of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Thunderbirds. SUU joined the Big Sky Conference in September 2012, in the spring of 1897, Cedar City was notified it had been chosen as the site for the Branch Normal School, the region’s first teaching training school in southern Utah. For the next three months, citizens labored to complete Ward Hall on Main Street for the first school year, in September, the school opened its doors. Cedar City residents came together and in January 5,1898 and it took them four days to reach the sawmills, located near present-day Brian Head Ski Resort. Upon arrival, they realized the wagons they brought with them could not carry logs through the heavy snow, the way back was just as hard as the trip up. The snow continued to fall destroying the trail they originally took and it was this phase of their march that an old sorrel horse proved valuable. Placed at the front of the party, the horse would walk into the drifts, then he would pause for a rest and then get up and start over again. “Old Sorrel” was credited with being the savior of the expedition, from January through July they kept up their labors and when September 1898 arrived, Old Main was almost completed. It had a chapel for religious assemblies, a library and reading room. Milton Bennion was first principal for the Branch Normal School, courageous and young, Bennion brought a code of integrity to the students of BNS. He established a student body. Bennion directed 161 students during his time as principal, the BNS started classes with four teachers, now known as the Founding Four. Bennion, who acted as principal, taught history, geography, Howard R. Driggs acted as the first English professor at BNS until 1905. During his career, Dr. Driggs was both a professor of English education and historian of the American West, SUU still honors his name with the Howard R. Driggs Collection located in the Gerald R. Sherratt Library and plays host to a semi-annual lectures by national scholars. The third, George W. Decker was a southern Utah native and was adamant about teaching from the point of view rather from a book. Students loved him so much that a request by the student body to proper authorities was the point to his appointment as the fourth principal of BNS
24.
Utah State University
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Utah State University is a public doctorate-granting university in Logan, Utah, United States. The coeducational, space-grant, land-grant, research university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, with nearly 18,000 students living on or near campus, USU is the largest public residential campus in Utah. As of Fall 2015, there were 28,622 total students enrolled including 25,259 undergraduate students and 3,363 graduate students of whom 735 were doctoral students. The university has the highest percentage of students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body. Founded in 1888 as Utahs agricultural college, USU focused on agriculture, domestic arts, the university now offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, business, economics, natural resource sciences, as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs. It offers masters and doctoral programs in humanities, social sciences and it received its current name in 1957. A professor from the university has been named Utahs sole Carnegie Professor of the year 14 of the last 20 years, USU has nine colleges and offers a total of 176 bachelors degrees,97 masters degrees, and 38 doctoral degrees. USUs main campus is located in Logan with regional campuses in Brigham City, Tooele, in 2010, the College of Eastern Utah, located in Price, Utah joined the USU system becoming Utah State University College of Eastern Utah. Throughout Utah, USU operates more than 20 distance education centers, Regional campuses, USU Eastern, and distance education centers provide degrees to more than 40% of the students enrolled. In total, USU has more than 220,000 alumni in all 50 states, USUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Utah State Aggies. They are a member of the Mountain West Conference, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act into effect in July of the following year. Meanwhile, after visiting a few agricultural schools in his native Denmark. Now there came the question of location, citizens in Logan, Cache County, banded together and successfully lobbied representatives for the honor. The bill to establish the Agricultural College of Utah was passed on March 8,1888, in its early years, the college narrowly dodged two major campaigns to consolidate its operations with the University of Utah. Much controversy arose in response to President William J. Kerrs expansion of the scope beyond its agricultural roots. Detractors in Salt Lake City feared that such an expansion would come at the expense of the University of Utah, in 1907, an agreement was struck to instead limit the curricula of the Agricultural College strictly to agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts. This meant closing all departments in Logan, including the music department. The bulk of the restrictions were lifted during the next two decades, with the exception of law and medicine, which have since remained the sole property of the University of Utah
25.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
26.
George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
27.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
28.
Henderson, Nevada
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Henderson, officially the City of Henderson, is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, about 16 miles southeast of Las Vegas. It is the second-largest city in Nevada, after Las Vegas, the city is part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area, which spans the entire Las Vegas Valley. Henderson occupies the end of the valley, at an elevation of approximately 1,330 feet. In 2011, Forbes magazine ranked Henderson as Americas second-safest city and it has also been named as One of the Best Cities to Live in America by Bloomberg Businessweek. In 2014, Henderson was again ranked as one of the Top 10 Safest Cities in the United States by the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the township of Henderson first emerged in the 1940s during World War II with the building of the Basic Magnesium Plant. Henderson quickly became a supplier of magnesium in the United States. The plant supplied the US War Department with magnesium for incendiary munition casings and airplane engines, frames, a quarter of all US wartime magnesium came from the Henderson Plant to strengthen aluminum, using 25% of Hoover Dams power to separate the metal from its ore by electrolysis. The British liaison officer sent to Henderson, Major Charles Ball, had a named after him. There was some concern that Ball St, would sound improper, although born in Americas defense, Hendersons future after World War II was uncertain. In 1947, magnesium production was no longer necessary for defense, enrollment in the school system was reduced by two thirds, and well over half the townsite houses, built to house plant workers, became vacant. In 1947, the United States War Asset Administration had offered Henderson for sale as war surplus property, in an effort to save the city, the Nevada Legislature spent a weekend visiting Henderson, evaluating the possibility of state administration of Basic Magnesium. Within days of the visit, the unanimously approved a bill giving the Colorado River Commission of Nevada the authority to purchase the industrial plants. Governor Vail Pittman signed the bill on March 27,1947, with the help of local industry, Henderson was incorporated on April 16,1953 as the City of Henderson. On May 23,1953, Henderson, with its population of 7,410, originally only about 13 square miles in size, the city quickly began to grow, reaching over 94 square miles in size today. In 1988, the Pacific Engineering and Production Company of Nevada rocket fuel factory, in the modern-day Gibson Springs neighborhood of Henderson and these sent shockwaves throughout Henderson and parts of the Las Vegas Valley, shattering glass and damaging buildings. The explosions also caused earthquakes, some of which measured over 3.0 on the Richter magnitude scale, two people were killed, and an additional 372 injured. The events of the PEPCON factory disaster spurred development in Henderson years later, there are now no signs of the explosion where it happened. Today, the site consists mostly of office buildings, Henderson is located 16 miles southeast of downtown Las Vegas at 36°2′23″N 114°58′52″W
29.
Nevada Assembly
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The Nevada Assembly is the lower house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Nevada. The body consists of 42 members, elected to terms from single-member districts. Each Assembly district contained approximately 64,299 people as of the 2010 census, term limits, limiting assembly members to six 2-year terms, took effect in 2010. Twelve members of the Assembly were termed out with the 2010 election serving their last legislative session in 2011, the Assembly met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971, when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol. The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Legislature, the lower house of the Legislature is referred to as an Assembly rather than the more common House of Representatives. Since the 2012 session, Assembly districts have been formed by dividing the 21 Senate districts in half, the Assembly, like the Senate, is composed of citizen legislators, receiving a relatively small per diem fee for the first 60 days of a given session. This tends to self-selection, with legislative service difficult for those without flexible jobs and/or large outside incomes and this trend ended in 2011, which was not followed by a special session. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full Assembly on passage of a floor vote, other Assembly leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The Nevada Assembly convenes in the chamber of the Legislative Building. The carpet in the Assembly chamber is red, in comparison to the Senate chamber. The chamber galleries reflect the same carpet schemes, many legislative documents and binders are colored red and blue to distinguish them between the Assembly and the Senate. Although the chamber is separated by an aisle, the Assemblymen are not seated by party. Rather they are seated at the discretion of the Speaker, the Speakers desk is always the first desk in the front row to the right, if you are looking out at the chamber from the Speakers rostrum. Above the Speaker is a gavel, which is engraved with the name of Speaker Joe Dini. Above the gavel is a portrait of Abraham Lincoln, who was President when Nevada became a State in 1864, to the left of the main door to the chamber is a podium with a Bible, which is changed to different passages by the Assembly Sargeant-at-Arms. Since 2003, one floor session has always held in the Old Assembly Chambers in the State Capitol. The session usually begins with a presentation from the State Archivist regarding the history of the chamber, and then legislative business proceeds as usual
30.
United States Senate elections, 2006
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The United States Senate elections,2006 were held on November 7,2006, with all 33 Class 1 Senate seats being contested. The term of office for those elected in 2006 ran from January 3,2007, prior to the election, the Republican Party controlled 55 of the 100 Senate seats. Democrats kept their two seats in Minnesota and Maryland, and Republicans held onto their lone open seat in Tennessee. In Vermont, Bernie Sanders, an independent, was elected to the left open by independent Senator Jim Jeffords. In the 2006 election, two new female Senators were elected to seats held by men. This brought the number of female senators to an all-time high of 16. Following the elections, no party held a majority of seats for the first time since January 1995, however, the Democrats were able to control the chamber because independents Bernie Sanders and Joe Lieberman chose to caucus with the Democrats. The Democrats needed at least 51 seats to control the Senate because Vice President Dick Cheney would have broken any 50–50 tie in favor of the Republicans, summary of the November 7,2006, United States Senate election results ID The Independents joined with the Democrats in their caucus. Sources, Dave Leips Atlas of U. S, Elections United States Elections Project at George Mason University Wealthy real estate developer Jim Pederson declared his intention to challenge Senator Jon Kyl of Arizona on September 14,2005. Pederson served as Arizona Democratic Party Chairman from 2001 to 2005 while spending millions of his own money to help Democrats modernize, Kyl got an unexpected boost when TIME listed him as one of the Ten Best Senators. While polling in October showed Pederson catching up, Kyl was re-elected 53%-44%, Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut was originally thought to be a shoo-in, but his reelection prospects were complicated by political cross-currents. Lamont defeated Lieberman for the Democratic nomination in the August 8 primary 52%-48% and he also filed to create a new independent party, Connecticut for Lieberman. Challenging Lamont and Lieberman in the election was Republican Alan Schlesinger, former mayor of Derby. Schlesinger had a history of winning crossover Democratic voters, but he had never run in a large constituency, Schlesinger was embarrassed when it was revealed that he was thrown out of a casino for counting cards under an assumed name. Lieberman went on to win the election with 50% of the vote to Lamonts 40%, Schlesinger trailed far behind with only 10%, in part due to Lieberman receiving support from only 33% of Democrats but a commanding 70% of Republicans. While Lieberman won as the CFL nominee, he decided to serve as an Independent Democrat in the current Congress, Senator Paul Sarbanes announced on March 11,2005, that he would retire rather than run for re-election in 2006. Sarbanes seat had been considered safe, considering Marylands Democratic voting tendencies, Representative Ben Cardin bested former Representative and NAACP President Kweisi Mfume and others in the Democratic primary. Lieutenant Governor Michael S. Steele, a Republican, announced his candidacy on October 25,2005, on November 7, Cardin was victorious over Steele by a vote of 54%-44%
31.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
32.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
33.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
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The Affordable Care Act was designed to increase health insurance quality and affordability, lower the uninsured rate by expanding insurance coverage and reduce the costs of healthcare. It introduced mechanisms including mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges, the law requires insurers to accept all applicants, cover a specific list of conditions and charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex. The ACA has caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, increases in overall healthcare spending have slowed since the law was implemented, including premiums for employer-based insurance plans. The Congressional Budget Office reported in studies that the ACA would reduce the budget deficit. As implementation began, first opponents, then others, and finally the president himself adopted the term Obamacare to refer to the ACA. The law and its implementation faced challenges in Congress and federal courts, and from state governments, conservative advocacy groups, labor unions. The ACA includes provisions to take effect between 2010 and 2020, although most took effect on January 1,2014, few areas of the US health care system were left untouched, making it the most sweeping health care reform since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. However, some areas were more affected than others, most of the coverage gains were made through the expansion of Medicaid, and the biggest cost savings were made in Medicare. Some regulations applied to the market, and the law also made delivery system changes that affected most of the health care system. Not all provisions took full effect, some were made discretionary, some were deferred, and others were repealed before implementation. Guaranteed issue prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to pre-existing conditions, States were required to ensure the availability of insurance for individual children who did not have coverage via their families. The law provides a 5% income disregard, making the income eligibility limit for Medicaid 138% of the poverty level. The State Childrens Health Insurance Program enrollment process was simplified, among the groups who remained uninsured were, Illegal immigrants, estimated at around 8 million—or roughly a third of the 23 million projection—are ineligible for insurance subsidies and Medicaid. They remain eligible for emergency services, eligible citizens not enrolled in Medicaid. Citizens who pay the penalty instead of purchasing insurance, mostly younger. Citizens whose insurance coverage would cost more than 8% of household income and are exempt from the penalty, citizens who live in states that opt out of the Medicaid expansion and who qualify for neither existing Medicaid coverage nor subsidized coverage through the states new insurance exchanges. Households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level were eligible to receive federal subsidies for policies purchased via an exchange. Subsidies are provided as an advanceable, refundable tax credits, additionally, small businesses are eligible for a tax credit provided that they enroll in the SHOP Marketplace
34.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
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Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRAs primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health. The approximate cost of the stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage. Since its inception, the impact of the stimulus has been a subject of disagreement, studies on its effects have produced a range of conclusions, from strongly positive to strongly negative and all reactions in between. IGM Forum asked the question to leading economists in 2014. This new poll found 82% of leading economists strongly agreed or agreed that unemployment was lower in 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus. Revisiting the question about the benefits outweighing the costs, 56% strongly agreed or agreed that it did, 23% were uncertain, both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by Democratic Congressional committee leaders and their staffs. Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20,2009, the House version of the bill, H. R.1, was introduced on January 26,2009. It was sponsored by Democrat David Obey, the House Appropriations Committee chairman, on January 23, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16,2009. Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes, they were combined into only 11, on January 28,2009, the House passed the bill by a 244–188 vote. All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill, and 177 Republicans voted against it, the senate version of the bill, S.1, was introduced on January 6,2009, and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill, S. Amdt. It was sponsored by Harry Reid, the Majority Leader, co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and Joe Lieberman, the Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2,2009. Republicans proposed several amendments to the bill directed at increasing the share of tax cuts, the Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama. The Senate voted, 61–36 on February 9 to end debate on the bill, on February 10, the Senate voted 61–37 All the Democrats voted in favor, but only three Republicans voted in favor. Specter switched to the Democratic Party later in the year, at one point, the Senate bill stood at $838 billion. Senate Republicans forced a near unprecedented level of changes in the House bill, the biggest losers were states and the low income workers with major gains for the elderly and high income tax-payers. Additional debt costs would add about $350 billion or more over 10 years, many provisions were set to expire in two years. The House had more funds appropriated for education, infrastructure and for aid to low income workers, direct cash payments Senate – $17 billion to give one-time $300 payments to recipients of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security, and veterans receiving disability and pensions
35.
United States Senate elections, 2014
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Elections to the United States Senate were a part of the elections held in the United States on November 4,2014. 33 Class 2 seats in the 100-member United States Senate were up for election, the candidates winning the regular elections will serve six-year terms from January 3,2015 to January 3,2021. The elections marked 100 years of elections of U. S. Senators. Twenty-one of the seats were held by the Democratic Party. The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015 and they had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They successfully held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic-held seats, five incumbent Democratic senators were unseated, Mark Begich of Alaska, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, Kay Hagan of North Carolina, Mark Udall of Colorado, and Mark Pryor of Arkansas. The Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota and this was the second consecutive election held in a presidents sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980, and this is also the first election since 1980 in which more than two incumbent Democratic Senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. In order to have a majority, the Republicans were required to attain at least 51 seats in the Senate, the Democrats would have been able to retain a majority with 48 seats because, in event of a tie vote, Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker. From 1915 to 2013, control of the U. S. Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, the Republican Party had lost ground in the 2012 elections, leading to an internal fight among the Republican leadership over the best strategies and tactics for the 2014 Senate races. By December 2013, eight of the twelve incumbent Republicans running for re-election saw Tea Party challenges, however, Republican incumbents won every primary challenge. 7 of the 21 states with Democratic seats up for election in 2014 had voted for Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election, Democrats also faced the lower voter turnout that accompanies mid-term elections. Poll aggregation website FiveThirtyEight gave the Republican Party a 60% chance of taking control of the Senate as of September 28, another poll aggregation website, RealClearPolitics, gave the Republican Party a net gain of 7 seats. Due to the closeness of several races, it was believed that Senate control might not be decided on election night. Both Louisiana and Georgia were seen as competitive, and both require a run-off election if no candidate takes a majority of the vote. Additionally, two independent candidates, Greg Orman in Kansas and Larry Pressler in South Dakota, refused to commit to caucusing with either party. However, no independent won a Senate race in 2014, and King, by midnight ET, most major networks projected that the Republicans would take control of the Senate
36.
Alben W. Barkley
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Alben William Barkley was a lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953. In 1905, he was elected county attorney for McCracken County and he was chosen County Judge/Executive in 1909 and U. S. Representative from Kentuckys First District in 1912, as a Representative, he was a liberal Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy. Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting, Barkley narrowly lost the 1923 Democratic gubernatorial primary to fellow Representative J. Campbell Cantrill, in 1926, he unseated Republican Senator Richard P. Ernst. In the Senate, he supported the New Deal approach to addressing the Great Depression and was elected to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinsons death in 1937, during his 1938 re-election bid, his opponent A. B. Happy Chandler accused him of using Works Progress Administration employees to campaign for him, neither candidate was charged with any wrongdoing, but in 1939, Congress passed the Hatch Act, making it illegal for federal employees to campaign for political candidates. When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelts attention on foreign affairs and he resigned as floor leader after Roosevelt ignored his advice and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943. The Democratic caucus supported and unanimously re-elected Barkley to the position of Majority Leader, Barkley had a better working relationship with Harry S. Truman, who ascended to the presidency after Roosevelts death in 1945. With Trumans popularity waning entering the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Barkley gave an address that energized the delegates. Truman selected him as his running mate for the upcoming election, Barkley took an active role in the Truman administration, acting as its primary spokesman, especially after the Korean War necessitated the majority of Trumans attention. He retired but was coaxed back into life, defeating incumbent Republican Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1954. Barkley died of an attack while giving a speech at the Washington. Willie Alben Barkley, the eldest of John Wilson and Electa Eliza Barkleys eight children, was born November 24,1877 and his grandmother, midwife Amanda Barkley, delivered him in the log house she lived in with her husband, Alben, in Wheel, Kentucky. Barkleys parents were tenant farmers who grew tobacco, and his father was an elder in the local Presbyterian church, both parents were religious, opposed to playing cards and alcohol. Occasionally, Barkleys parents would leave him in the care of his grandparents for extended periods, during these times, his grandmother related stories of her relatives. Her childhood playmates included future U. S, Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and James A. McKenzie, a future U. S. Barkley worked on his parents farm and attended school in Lowes, Kentucky, unhappy with his birth name, he adopted Alben William as soon as he was old enough to express his opinion in the matter. In the difficult economy of late 1891, relatives convinced Barkleys father to sell his farm and move to Clinton, to pursue opportunities as a tenant wheat farmer
37.
Mike Mansfield
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Michael Joseph Mike Mansfield was an American politician and diplomat. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U. S and he was the longest-serving Senate Majority Leader, serving from 1961 to 1977. During his tenure, he shepherded Great Society programs through the Senate, after retiring from the Senate, Mansfield served as U. S. Mansfield is the longest-serving American ambassador to Japan in history. After his ambassadorship, Mansfield served for a time as an adviser on East Asian affairs to Goldman Sachs. Mansfield was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the son of Patrick J. Mansfield and Josephine Mansfield, who were both Irish Catholic immigrants. His mother died from pneumonia in 1906, and his father subsequently sent Michael and he attended local public schools, and worked in his relatives grocery store. He turned into a runaway, even living at a state orphanage in Twin Bridges for half a year. At 14, Mansfield dropped out of school and lied about his age in order to enlist in the U. S. Navy during World War I. He went on several overseas convoys on the USS Minneapolis, but was discharged by the Navy after his age was discovered. After his Navy discharge, he enlisted in the U. S. Army, Mansfield was a Private First Class in the U. S. Marine Corps from 1920 to 1922. He served in the Western Recruiting Division at San Francisco until January 1921, the following month, he was detached to the Guard Company, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island, California. In April, he boarded the USAT Sherman, bound for the Philippines, after a brief stopover at the Marine Barracks at Cavite, he arrived at his duty station on May 5,1921, the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Olongapo, Philippine Islands. One year later, Mansfield was assigned to Company A, Marine Battery, a short tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet took him along the coast of China, before he returned to Olongapo in late May 1922. His service with the Marines established a lifelong interest in Asia and that August, Mansfield returned to Cavite in preparation for his return to the United States and eventual discharge. On November 9,1922, Marine Private Michael J. Mansfield was released on the completion of his enlistment and he was awarded the Good Conduct Medal, his character being described as “excellent” during his two years as a Marine. Following his return to Montana in 1922, Mansfield worked as a mucker, shoveling ore and other waste, having never attended high school, he took entrance examinations to attend the Montana School of Mines, studying to become a mining engineer. He later met a schoolteacher and his future wife, Maureen Hayes. With her financial support, Mansfield studied at the University of Montana in Missoula and he was also a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity
38.
Basic High School
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Basic Academy of International Studies is a nine-month state school and public high school that is part of the Clark County School District and was the first High School in Henderson, Nevada. During the World War II era, numerous factories located themselves to the Las Vegas Valley, when the state of Nevada decided to create a city for the workers of these businesses, the name decided upon was Basic. The newly founded Basic, Nevada needed a school for children to attend, the original name of this school, however, was Railroad Pass High School. The name was changed to Basic High School in 1945, Basic High School opened in 1942. The school, then located across the street from where the city hall of Henderson now stands, in 1954 it moved to a site near Van Wagenen Street and Pacific Avenue. Since 1973 Basic High School has been located at 400 N. Palo Verde Drive, until the opening of Green Valley High School, Basic was the only high school in the city of Henderson. A long-standing rivalry existed between Basic and Green Valley, a large white B is painted on a local mountain during the week of Homecoming which stands for Basic, its visible throughout the entire city of Henderson year-long. The schools cheerleading squad was featured on a 2010 episode of Penn & Teller, an International Baccalaureate Program is also offered at Basic High School. Basic High School is one of the few schools in Henderson which still has an annual Homecoming parade, the school features many clubs, including a chess club, Bible club, Super Smash Bros club, Polynesian club, Key Club, and Spanish Club. It is also one of the few schools in the county to have a robotics club. Basics El Lobo yearbook is also set to high standards, for it has won praise for many years. The 2005 El Lobo Volume LXIII yearbook was awarded Silver Medalist by the CSPA, the yearbook is published by Herff Jones publishing company. The Lone Wolf Newspaper of Basic High School is the oldest newspaper in Henderson, the 2008–2009 school year was its 66th year of publication. It has been published longer than the prominent Las Vegas Sun newspaper, in 2009 the Lone Wolf won 2nd Place in the 33rd Annual Las Vegas Review-Journal High School Journalism awards in the Reduced format for best high school newspaper. The following year, representatives from their once again placed first at the conference in the Duet Musical category with Serious from Legally Blonde the Musical. Basic High School offers a Marine Corps Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps, which has competed nationally, in armed and unarmed drill, physical fitness, and markmanship. Basics MCJROTC Armed Drill Team won the National Championships at the United States Air Force Academy Invitational in Colorado Springs, more currently, Basics MCJROTC Unarmed and Armed Drill Teams competed in the 2012 National Championships held in Torrence, CA. They also went on to place in the Nationals 2013 held in Torrence, Basic Academy also offers courses in performing arts such as Band, Orchestra, Choir, and Theatre
39.
High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college, other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football, therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. The National Federation of State High School Associations establishes the rules of high school football in the United States, two states, Texas and Massachusetts, use NCAA playing rules except as shown below. Kickoffs take place at the kicking teams 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college, if an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt. Any kick crossing the line is automatically a touchback, kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot. The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score, any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a dead ball foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot, prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013, in college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards. The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box. The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA
40.
Amateur boxing
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Amateur boxing is a variant of boxing practised at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games, Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games, as well as many associations. Amateur boxing bouts are short in duration, comprising three rounds of three minutes in men, and four rounds of two minutes in women, each with an interval between rounds. Mens senior bouts changed in format from four, two-minute rounds to three, three-minute rounds on January 1,2009 and this type of competition prizes point-scoring blows, based on number of clean punches landed, rather than physical power. Also, this format allows tournaments to feature several bouts over several days, unlike professional boxing. Head protection was used in competition until March 2016, before it was removed by the AIBA due to a higher concussion rate with Head Protection. However, womens boxing will continue with Head Protection, after the AIBA announced that they did not have data to decide if there was higher risk of concussion in women. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows, referees also ensure that the boxers dont use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging. Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, bouts which end this way may be noted as RSC, RSCI RSCH or KO. Amateur boxing emerged as a sport during the mid-to-late 19th century, in England, the Amateur Boxing Association was formed in 1880 when twelve clubs affiliated. It held its first championships the following year, four weight classes were contested, Featherweight, Lightweight, Middleweight and Heavyweight. By 1902, American boxers were contesting the titles in the A. B. A, Championships, which, therefore, took on an international complexion. By 1924, the A. B. A. had 105 clubs in affiliation, Boxing first appeared at the Olympic Games in 1904 and, apart from the Games of 1912, has always been part of them. From 1972 to 2004, Cuba and the United States won the most Gold Medals,29 for Cuba and 21 for the U. S, the first World Amateur Boxing Championships were staged in 1974. Computer scoring was introduced to the Olympics in 1992, each of the five judges had a keypad with a red and a blue button. The judges pressed a button for which ever corner they felt landed a scoring blow, three out of the five judges had to press the button for the same boxer within a one-second window in order for the point to score. A legal scoring blow was that which is landed cleanly with the surface of the glove, within the scoring area. As long as the punches landed within the area, they are legal. The AIBA introduced a new scoring system in January 2011, each judge gives an individual score for each boxer
41.
Jon M. Huntsman School of Business
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The Jon M. Huntsman School of Business is located at Utah State University in Logan, Utah. The Jon M. Huntsman School of Business was first formed in 1888 as the colleges Commercial Department, the first students graduated from the course in 1894. In its first two decades, the program went through several revisions, including various name changes. By 1911, the program was recognized as a top business institution in the U. S. A1911 newspaper, reporting about the department, said. And this conclusion of professor Marshalls was not reached after any superficial investigation, months were spent in collecting material from the various degree conferring institutions. In the number of instruction given, the number of students in the courses. In 1918, the became known as the School of Commerce. At that time, the school then included five departments, markets, business administration, accounting, political science, other majors continued to be added over time. In 1952, under the direction of professor C. D. McBride, the Management Institute was in charge of providing the services of business educational services. By 1957, the School of Commerce and Business Administration had become the College of Business and Social Sciences, of the four departments, three were strictly social science, history and political science, economics and sociology. In 1959, Robert P. Collier became acting dean, the college included the departments of business administration and secretarial science, history and political science, sociology and social work, and economics. By 1966, business courses were taught in more than a dozen buildings all over campus, accounting, which had enjoyed department status early in the colleges history but had been under business administration for many years, became a separate department again. In addition to the department, the College of Business included six other departments along with The Division of Military Science and aerospace studies. The time had come for the college to have its own building, the Utah Building Board approved a $600,000 federal grant for a business building, and on Jan. 11,1967, the plans for the building were approved by the USU Board of Trustees. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on Dec.10,1968, on May 8,1970, the building was dedicated as the George S. Eccles Business Building. The Eccles Building reaches nine stories high and it includes a three-story classroom base, and six additional stories of faculty offices, seminar rooms and other facilities
42.
George Washington University Law School
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The George Washington University Law School, commonly referred to as GW Law, is the law school of The George Washington University. Founded in the 1820s, GW Law is the oldest law school in Washington, the school was accredited by the American Bar Association in 1923 and was a charter member of the Association of American Law Schools. It is located on the campus of The George Washington University at the corner of 20th. The George Washington University Law School was founded in the 1820s, the law school was reestablished in 1865 and was the first law school in the District of Columbia. Law classes resumed in 1865 in the Old Trinity Episcopal Church, the Master of Laws degree program was adopted by the school in 1897. In 1900, the school was one of the members of the Association of American Law Schools. In 1954, it merged with National University School of Law of Washington, Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas, William Strong, David J. Brewer, Willis Van Devanter and John Marshall Harlan were among those who served on its faculty. Chief Justice John Roberts, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, Justice Samuel Alito, Justice Antonin Scalia, and Justice Elena Kagan presided over its moot court in 2006,2007,2009, the National University School of Law was merged into the George Washington University School of Law in 1954. The school was founded in 1869, many alumni served in prominent political and legal positions throughout the schools history. J. D. GW Law offers more than 275 elective courses each year. S. foreign relations law. GW Law also offers summer programs, including a joint program with the University of Oxford for the study of international human rights law at New College. In addition to the juris doctor degree, GW Law offers the following joint degrees, J. D. /M. B. A. With the School of Business J. D. /Master of Public Administration with the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences J. D. /Master of Public Policy with the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences J. D. /M. A. With the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences in History, in Womens Studies, with the Elliott School of International Affairs J. D. /Master of Public Health with the Milken Institute School of Public Health J. D. S. The Doctor of Juridical Science is offered to a limited number of candidates. Instead of supplying students with individual class rankings, GW Law recognizes academic performance with two scholar designations, the top 1–15% of the class is designated George Washington Scholars while the top 16–35% of the class is designated Thurgood Marshall Scholars. D. Students enrolled in the 2013-2014 academic year, GW Law had the fifth largest J. D. enrollment of all ABA-accredited law schools, in the 2013–2014 academic year,25. 2% of GW Law students were minorities and 46. 2% were female. Students enrolled in the J. D. program come from 206 colleges and 11 countries, the Law School also enrolls students from approximately 45 countries each year in its Master of Laws and Doctor of Juridical Science degree programs
43.
United States Capitol Police
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The USCP are one of the few federal police forces responsible to the legislative branch of the U. S. government. The Capitol Police has exclusive jurisdiction within all buildings and grounds of the United States Capitol complex as well as the Library of Congress. Officers also have jurisdiction throughout the District of Columbia to take enforcement action when they observe or are aware of crimes of violence while on official duties. While performing protective functions, the Capitol Police have jurisdiction throughout the entire United States, the U. S. Capitol Police is one of many agencies that sends its recruits to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, located in Glynco, GA for initial training. Rarely, recruits are sent to the FLETC location in Artesia, following 12 weeks at FLETC, recruits return to FLETCs location in Cheltenham, MD for an additional 13 weeks of training. Following the recruits training, graduates are sworn in as law enforcement officers. Once assigned, officers are assigned a Field Training Officer for a period to provide additional on-the-job training. FTOs provide weekly updates on the subjects that have been learned, officers are also subject to a one-year probationary period. Initial salary at the start of training is $55,653.00, after 30 months of satisfactory performance and promotion to Private First Class, salary is increased to $64,590.00. The history of the United States Capitol Police dates back to 1801 when Congress moved from Philadelphia to the newly constructed Capitol Building in Washington, at the time, Congress appointed one lone watchman to protect the building and Congressional property. Its mission has expanded to provide the Congressional community and its visitors with a variety of security services, the Library of Congress Police were merged into the force in 2003. The agency has 1,800 sworn personnel, one USCP officer, Sergeant Christopher Eney, was killed in a training accident in 1984. Two USCP officers have been killed in the line of duty, a mentally disturbed gunman named Russell Eugene Weston, Jr. killed Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson in a shootout on July 24,1998. Chestnut and Gibson were laid in honor in the Rotunda before burial in Arlington National Cemetery
