1.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 105,162. As of July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997, Lowell was the other. The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December 1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon, were among the first settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631, the settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne. Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as Newe Towne by 1632, the original village site is in the heart of todays Harvard Square. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself to the city of Boston were pursued and rejected, in 1636, the Newe College was founded by the colony to train ministers. Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court primarily—according to Cotton Mather—to be near the popular, in May 1638 the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, Newtownes ministers, and the colleges first president, major benefactor, in 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the corporation which still governs Harvard College, Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town. Coming up from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3,1775, most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24,1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, a second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts, in the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature. Cambridge was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires, the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846, the citys commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge then led to three changes in the city, the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave. For many decades, the citys largest employer was the New England Glass Company, by the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world
4.
John Wiley & Sons
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Founded in 1807, Wiley is also known for publishing For Dummies. As of 2015, the company had 4,900 employees, Wiley was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, Charles Wileys son John took over the business when his father died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co. then Wiley & Putnam, the company acquired its present name in 1876, when Johns second son William H. Wiley joined his brother Charles in the business. Through the 20th century, the company expanded its activities, the sciences. Since the establishment of the Nobel Prize in 1901, Wiley and its companies have published the works of more than 450 Nobel Laureates. Wiley in December 2010 opened an office in Dubai, to build on its business in the Middle East more effectively, the company has had an office in Beijing, China, since 2001, and China is now its sixth-largest market for STEM content. Wiley established publishing operations in India in 2006, and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. On April 16,2012, the announced the establishment of Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA in São Paulo, Brazil. Wileys scientific, technical, and medical business was expanded by the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007,8.2 million pages of content have been made available online. Other major journals published include Angewandte Chemie, Advanced Materials, Hepatology, International Finance, launched commercially in 1999, Wiley InterScience provided online access to Wiley journals, major reference works, and books, including backfile content. Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online from Blackwell Synergy until they were integrated into Wiley InterScience on June 30,2008, in December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. On February 17,2012, Wiley announced the acquisition of Inscape Holdings Inc. which provides DISC assessments and training for interpersonal business skills. On August 13,2012, Wiley announced it entered into an agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommers brand. On October 2,2012, Wiley announced it would acquire Deltak edu, LLC, Deltak is expected to contribute solid growth to both Wileys Global Education business and Wiley overall. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the companys Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively. Wiley has been owned since 1962, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1995, its stock is traded under the symbols NYSE, JW. A and NYSE
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Publishing house
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
6.
Harvard Square
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Harvard Square is a triangular plaza at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and John F. Kennedy Street, near the center of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The term Harvard Square is also used to delineate the business district and Harvard University surrounding that intersection and these residents use the Harvard station, a major MBTA Red Line subway and bus transportation hub. In an extended sense, the name Harvard Square can also refer to the neighborhood surrounding this intersection for several blocks in each direction. The nearby Cambridge Common has become an area with a playground, baseball field. The heart of Harvard Square is the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street and John F. Kennedy Street merge from the southwest, joining Massachusetts Avenue at Ninis Corner, where another newsstand is located. The Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society main building forms the western streetwall at the intersection, along with a bank, the high pedestrian traffic makes Harvard Square a gathering place for street musicians and buskers, who must obtain a permit from the Cambridge Arts Council. Singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, who attended nearby Tufts University, is known to have played here during her college years, Amanda Palmer, of The Dresden Dolls, regularly performed here as a living statue. Another frequent performer over the years has been indie rock guitarist Mary Lou Lord, a small bronze statue of Doo Doo sits at the corner of Brattle and Eliot streets, in honor of Fokin and all the street performers. Until 1984, the Harvard Square stop was the terminus of the Red Line. Automobile traffic can be heavy, and parking is difficult, most of the bus lines serving the area from the north and west run through a tunnel adjacent to the subway tunnel. The tunnel also allows safer and covered access between the subway and the buses, at the center of the Square is the old Harvard Square Subway Kiosk, now a newsstand, Out of Town News, stocking newspapers and magazines from around the world. A video of it appears in clips used on CNN. A public motion art installation, Lumen Eclipse, has introduced at the Tourist Information Booth showing monthly exhibitions of local, national and international artists. The office of NPRs Car Talk radio show faces the square, with a stencil in the window that reads Dewey, Cheetham & Howe, the fictional law firm often referenced on the show. The popular show has referenced this by asking its viewers to send in answers to the Puzzler to Puzzler Tower, Car Talk Plaza, Harvard Square, Cambridge, the sunken region next to the newsstand and the subway entrance is called The Pit. The overall scene was later recalled by singer songwriter Amanda Palmer as a hangout for Cool People. In the southwest area of the Square neighborhood, on Mount Auburn St, a number of other public squares dot the surrounding streets, notably Brattle Square and Winthrop Square, with a wide variety of street performers throughout the year. Brattle Street itself is home to the Brattle Theater and the American Repertory Theater, the John F. Kennedy Memorial Park, one block further down JFK Street, is on the bank of the Charles River
7.
MIT Press
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The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Six years later, MITs publishing operations were first formally instituted by the creation of an imprint called Technology Press in 1932 and this imprint was founded by James R. Killian, Jr. at the time editor of MITs alumni magazine and later to become MIT president. Technology Press published eight titles independently, then in 1937 entered into an arrangement with John Wiley & Sons in which Wiley took over marketing, in 1962 the association with Wiley came to an end after a further 125 titles had been published. The press acquired its name after this separation, and has since functioned as an independent publishing house. A European marketing office was opened in 1969, and a Journals division was added in 1972, other areas, such as technology and design, have been added since. A recent addition is environmental science, in January 2010 the MIT Press published its 9000th title, and published about 200 books and 30 journals. In 2012 the Press celebrated its 50th anniversary, including publishing a booklet on paper. The MIT Press is a distributor for such publishers as Zone Books, in 2000, the MIT Press created CogNet, an online resource for the study of the brain and the cognitive sciences. In 1981 the MIT Press published its first book under the Bradford Books imprint, Brainstorms, Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology by Daniel C. The MIT Press also operates the MIT Press Bookstore showcasing both its front and backlist titles, along with a selection of complementary works from other academic. Once extensive construction around its location is completed, the Bookstore is planned to be returned to a site adjacent to the subway entrance. The Bookstore offers customized selections from the MIT Press at many conferences and symposia in the Boston area, the Press uses a colophon or logo designed by its longtime design director, Muriel Cooper, in 1962. It later served as an important reference point for the 2015 redesign of the MIT Media Lab logo by Pentagram, the Arts and Humanities Economics International Affairs, History, and Political Science Science and Technology Official Website MIT Press Journals Homepage The MIT PressLog
8.
Yale University Press
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Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961. As of 2009, Yale University Press published approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has more than 6,000 books in print and its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes. Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets, the first winner was Howard Buck, the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson. Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, the winner of the annual competition is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, the Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation, in 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series, a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group. New and backlist titles are now published under the Anchor Yale Bible Series name, the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of the lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press, the Yale Publishing Course was founded in 2010 by former Publishing Director of the Yale University Press, Tina C. It filled the gap created by the closing of the legendary Stanford Publishing Course and it operates under the aegis of the Office of International Affairs of Yale University. The Course trains mid to senior-level publishing professionals to tackle the most compelling issues facing the publishing industry, the curriculum focuses on in-depth analyses of global trends, innovative business models, management strategies, and new advances in technology. Its immersive week-long programs, one devoted to publishing and the other to magazine and digital publishing, combine lectures, discussion groups. The faculty is made up of leading experts and members of the Yale School of Management, the Yale Library. Participants come from all over the world and represent all areas of publishing within organizations of all sizes and types of publications, in 1963, the Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Misess Human Action. Official website, including a mission statement Yale University Press, London Yale Publishing Course, New Haven, Connecticut
9.
Eudora Welty
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Eudora Alice Welty was an American short story writer and novelist who wrote about the American South. Her novel The Optimists Daughter won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973, Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards including the Order of the South. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America and her house in Jackson, Mississippi has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is open to the public as a house museum. Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi on April 13,1909 and she grew up with younger brothers Edward Jefferson and Walter Andrews. Eudora’s mother was a school teacher, Eudora soon developed a love of reading, reinforced by her mother who believed that any room in our house, at any time in the day, was there to read in, or to be read to. Her father, who worked as an executive, was intrigued by gadgets and machines. She later would use technology for symbolism in her stories and would become an avid photographer. Near the time of her school graduation, Eudora moved with her family to a house built for them at 1119 Pinehurst Street. Hedrick designed the Weltys Tudor Revival style home, which is now known as the Eudora Welty House, from 1925 to 1927, Welty studied at the Mississippi State College for Women, then transferred to the University of Wisconsin to complete her studies in English literature. She studied advertising at Columbia University at the suggestion of her father, because Welty graduated at the height of the Great Depression, she struggled to find work in New York. Soon after Welty returned to Jackson in 1931, her father died of leukemia and she took a job at a local radio station and wrote about Jackson society for the Memphis newspaper Commercial Appeal. In 1935, she work for the Works Progress Administration. As a publicity agent, she collected stories, conducted interviews and she gained a wider view of Southern life and the human relationships that she drew from for her short stories. During this time she held meetings in her house with fellow writers and friends. Three years later, she left her job to become a full-time writer and she strengthened her place as an influential Southern writer when she published her first book of short stories, A Curtain of Green. Her new-found success won her a seat on the staff of The New York Times book review as well as a Guggenheim Fellowship, which enabled her to travel to France, England, Ireland, while abroad, she spent some time as a resident lecturer at Oxford and Cambridge. In 1960, she returned home to Jackson to care for her elderly mother, after Medgar Evers, president of the NAACP in Mississippi, was assassinated, she published a story, Where Is the Voice Coming From. She wrote it in the first person as the assassin, in 1973 she received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel, The Optimists Daughter
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Walter Benjamin
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Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist. He was associated with the Frankfurt School, and also maintained formative friendships with such as playwright Bertolt Brecht. He was also related by law to German political theorist Hannah Arendt through her first marriage to his cousin, Günther Anders. Among Benjamins best known works are the essays The Task of the Translator, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, and Theses on the Philosophy of History. His major work as a literary critic included essays on Baudelaire, Goethe, Kafka, Kraus, Leskov, Proust, Walser, and translation theory. He also made translations into German of the Tableaux Parisiens section of Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal. In 1940, at the age of 48, Benjamin committed suicide in Portbou at the French–Spanish border while attempting to escape from invading Nazi forces, though popular acclaim eluded him during his life, the decades following his death won his work posthumous renown. Benjamin and his siblings, Georg and Dora, were born to a wealthy business family of assimilated Ashkenazi Jews in the Berlin of the German Empire. He owned a number of investments in Berlin, including ice skating rinks, in 1902, ten-year-old Walter was enrolled to the Kaiser Friedrich School in Charlottenburg, he completed his secondary school studies ten years later. Here Benjamin had his first exposure to the ideas of Zionism and this exposure gave him occasion to formulate his own ideas about the meaning of Judaism. In Benjamins formulation his Jewishness meant a commitment to the furtherance of European culture, Benjamin expressed My life experience led me to this insight, the Jews represent an elite in the ranks of the spiritually active. For Judaism is to me in no sense an end in itself and this was a position that Benjamin largely held lifelong. Elected president of the Freie Studentenschaft, Benjamin wrote essays arguing for educational and general cultural change, in 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, Benjamin began faithfully translating the works of the 19th-century French poet Charles Baudelaire. The next year,1915, he moved to Munich, and continued his schooling at the University of Munich, where he met Rainer Maria Rilke and Gershom Scholem, in that year, Benjamin wrote about the 18th-century Romantic German poet Friedrich Hölderlin. In 1917 he transferred to the University of Bern, there, he met Ernst Bloch and they had a son, Stefan Rafael. In 1919 Benjamin earned his Ph. D. cum laude with the dissertation Begriff der Kunstkritik in der Deutschen Romantik, later, unable to support himself and family, he returned to Berlin and resided with his parents. In 1921 he published the essay Kritik der Gewalt, at this time Benjamin first became socially acquainted with Leo Strauss, and Benjamin would remain an admirer of Strauss and of his work throughout his life. In 1923, when the Institut für Sozialforschung was founded, later to become home to the Frankfurt School, Benjamin published Charles Baudelaire, at that time he became acquainted with Theodor Adorno and befriended Georg Lukács, whose The Theory of the Novel much influenced him
11.
E. O. Wilson
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Edward Osborne Wilson, usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist and author. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants, on which he is considered to be the leading expert. He is a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism, Wilson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. According to his autobiography Naturalist, he grew up mostly around Washington, D. C. and in the countryside around Mobile, from an early age, he was interested in natural history. His parents, Edward and Inez Wilson, divorced when he was seven, the young naturalist grew up in several cities and towns, moving around with his father and his stepmother. In the same year that his parents divorced, Wilson blinded himself in one eye in a fishing accident and he suffered for hours, but he continued fishing. He did not complain because he was anxious to stay outdoors and he did not seek medical treatment. Several months later, his right pupil clouded over with a cataract and he was admitted to Pensacola Hospital to have the lens removed. Wilson writes, in his autobiography, that the surgery was a terrifying century ordeal, Wilson was left with full sight in his left eye, with a vision of 20/10. The 20/10 vision prompted him to focus on things, I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did. Although he had lost his stereoscopy, he could see fine print. His reduced ability to observe mammals and birds led him to concentrate on insects, at nine, Wilson undertook his first expeditions at the Rock Creek Park in Washington, DC. He began to collect insects and he gained a passion for butterflies and he would capture them using nets made with brooms, coat hangers, and cheesecloth bags. Going on these led to Wilsons fascination with ants. He describes in his autobiography how one day he pulled the bark of a rotting tree away, the worker ants he found were short, fat, brilliant yellow, and emitted a strong lemony odor. Wilson said the event left a vivid and lasting impression on and he also earned the Eagle Scout award and served as Nature Director of his Boy Scout summer camp. With the encouragement of Marion R. Smith, a myrmecologist from the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, Wilson began a survey of all the ants of Alabama. This study led him to report the first colony of ants in the US
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John Rawls
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John Bordley Rawls was an American moral and political philosopher. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University and he is one of the major thinkers in the tradition of liberal political philosophy. John Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the second of five sons of William Lee Rawls, one of the most prominent attorneys in Baltimore, tragedy struck Rawls at a young age, Two of his brothers died in childhood because they had contracted fatal illnesses from him. In 1928, the seven-year-old Rawls contracted diphtheria and his brother Bobby, younger by 20 months, visited him in his room and was fatally infected. The next winter, Rawls contracted pneumonia, another younger brother, Tommy, caught the illness from him and died. Rawlss biographer Thomas Pogge calls the loss of the brothers the most important events in Johns childhood, Rawls attended the Calvert School in Baltimore for six years, before transferring to the Kent School, an Episcopalian preparatory school in Connecticut. Upon graduation in 1939, Rawls attended Princeton University where he graduated cum laude and was accepted into The Ivy Club. During his last two years at Princeton, he became concerned with theology and its doctrines. He considered attending a seminary to study for the Episcopal priesthood, at Princeton, Rawls was influenced by Norman Malcolm, Wittgensteins student. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1943, and enlisted in the Army in February of that year, there, he lost his Christian faith. Following the surrender of Japan, Rawls became part of General MacArthurs occupying army and was promoted to Sergeant, but he became disillusioned with the military when he saw the aftermath of the atomic blast in Hiroshima. Rawls then disobeyed an order to discipline a fellow soldier, believing no punishment was justified, disenchanted, he left the military in January 1946. After his military service, Rawls became an atheist, in early 1946, Rawls returned to Princeton to pursue a doctorate in moral philosophy. He married Margaret Fox, a Brown University graduate, in 1949, after returning to the United States he served first as an assistant and then associate professor at Cornell University. In 1962 he became a professor of philosophy at Cornell. Anderson, Christine Korsgaard, Susan Neiman, Claudia Card, Thomas Pogge, scanlon, Barbara Herman, Joshua Cohen, Thomas E. Hill, Jr. Gurcharan Das, Samuel Freeman and Paul Weithman. Rawls seldom gave interviews and, having both a stutter and a horror of the limelight, did not become a public intellectual despite his fame. He instead remained committed mainly to his academic and family life, in 1995 he suffered the first of several strokes, severely impeding his ability to continue to work
13.
Stephen Jay Gould
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Stephen Jay Gould was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of science of his generation. Gould spent most of his teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In 1996 Gould was also appointed as the Vincent Astor Visiting Research Professor of Biology at New York University, Goulds most significant contribution to evolutionary biology was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is characterized by periods of evolutionary stability. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth. Most of Goulds empirical research was based on the land snail genera Poecilozonites and he also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and received wide praise for his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny. In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans and he campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields whose authorities do not overlap. Gould was known by the public mainly from his 300 popular essays in the magazine Natural History. In April 2000, the US Library of Congress named him a Living Legend, Stephen Jay Gould was born and raised in the community of Bayside, a neighborhood of the northeastern section of Queens in New York City. His father Leonard was a stenographer and a World War II veteran in the United States Navy. His mother Eleanor was an artist whose parents were Jewish immigrants living and working in the citys Garment District, when Gould was five years old his father took him to the Hall of Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History, where he first encountered Tyrannosaurus rex. I had no idea there were such things—I was awestruck, Gould once recalled and it was in that moment that he decided to become a paleontologist. Raised in a secular Jewish home, Gould did not formally practice religion, when asked directly if he was an agnostic in Skeptic magazine, he responded, If you absolutely forced me to bet on the existence of a conventional anthropomorphic deity, of course Id bet no. But, basically, Huxley was right when he said that agnosticism is the honorable position because we really cannot know. Id be real surprised if there turned out to be a conventional God, though he had been brought up by a Marxist father, he stated that his fathers politics were very different from his own. In describing his own views, he has said they tend to the left of center. According to Gould the most influential political books he read were C. Wright Mills The Power Elite, while attending Antioch College in the early 1960s, Gould was active in the civil rights movement and often campaigned for social justice
14.
Carol Gilligan
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Carol Gilligan is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics. She is a professor at New York University and a professor at the University of Cambridge. She is teaching as a professor at New York University. She is best known for her 1982 work, In a Different Voice and she is the founder of ethics of care. Carol Gilligan was raised in a Jewish family in New York City and she was the only child of a lawyer, William Friedman, and nursery school teacher, Mabel Caminez. She attended Walden School, a private school on Manhattans Upper West Side, played piano. She began her career at Harvard in 1967, receiving tenure with the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1988. Gilligan taught for two years at the University of Cambridge as the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions, in 1997, she became Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies at Harvard. Gilligan left Harvard in 2002 to join New York University as a professor with the School of Education. She is also visiting professor at the University of Cambridge in the Centre for Gender Studies, best known for her work, In a Different Voice, Gilligan studied women’s psychology and girls’ development and co-authored or edited a number of texts with her students. She contributed the piece Sisterhood Is Pleasurable, A Quiet Revolution in Psychology to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever, The Womens Anthology for a New Millennium and she published her first novel, Kyra, in 2008. She is married to James Gilligan, M. D. who directed the Center for the Study of Violence at Harvard Medical School, Gilligan is known for her work with Lawrence Kohlberg on his stages of moral development as well as her criticism of his approach to the stages. Despite being Kohlbergs research assistant, Gilligan argued that Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of development were male-oriented. Gilligan thus proposed her theory of stages of moral development based on her idea of moral voices. According to Gilligan, there are two kinds of voices, that of the masculine and the feminine. The masculine voice is logical and individualistic, meaning that the emphasis in moral decisions is protecting the rights of people, the feminine voice places more emphasis on protecting interpersonal relationships and taking care of other people. This voice focuses on the perspective, which means focusing on the needs of the individual in order to make an ethical decision. For Gilligan, Kohlbergs stages of development were emphasizing the masculine voice
15.
Amartya Sen
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Amartya Kumar Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor at Harvard University and he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 and Indias Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. Sen was born in a Bengali Baidya family in Manikganj, to Ashutosh Sen, Sens family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both in present-day Bangladesh. Sens mother Amita Sen was the daughter of Kshiti Mohan Sen and he served as the Vice Chancellor of Visva-Bharati University for some years. Sen began his education at St Gregorys School in Dhaka in 1940. From fall 1941, Sen studied at Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, the school had many progressive features, at the school, any focus on examinations or competitive testing was deeply frowned upon. In addition, the school stressed cultural diversity, and embraced influences from the rest of the world. In 1951, he went to Presidency College, Kolkata, where he earned a B. A. in Economics with First Class, with a minor in Mathematics, while at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and given a 15% chance of living five years. With radiation treatment, he survived, and in 1953 he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge and he was elected President of the Cambridge Majlis. While Sen was officially a Ph and he served in that position, starting the new Economics Department, during 1956 to 1958. Meanwhile, Sen was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College and his interest in philosophy, however, dates back to his college days at Presidency, where he read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes. In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters of Keynesian economics on the one hand, and the neo-classical economists skeptical of Keynes, quentin Skinner notes that Sen was a member of the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge. Sens work on Choice of Technique complemented that of Maurice Dobb, in other words, workers were expected to demand no improvement in their standard of living despite having become more productive. Sens papers in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped develop the theory of social choice, which first came to prominence in the work by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an economic boom that raised food prices. Sens interest in famine stemmed from personal experience, as a nine-year-old boy, he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million people perished. This staggering loss of life was unnecessary, Sen later concluded, in Poverty and Famines, Sen revealed that in many cases of famine, food supplies were not significantly reduced. In Bengal, for example, food production, while down on the year, was higher than in previous non-famine years
16.
Martha Nussbaum
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She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, feminism, and ethics, including animal rights. She also holds associate appointments in classics, divinity and political science, is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and she previously taught at Harvard and Brown. She received the 2016 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy and she described her upbringing as East Coast WASP elite. very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status. She would later credit her impatience with mandarin philosophers as the repudiation of my own aristocratic upbringing, I dont like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the Bloomsbury group or Derrida. This period also saw her marriage to Alan Nussbaum, her conversion to Judaism, Nussbaums interest in Judaism has continued and deepened, on August 16,2008 she became a bat mitzvah in a service at Temple K. A. M. During her studies at Harvard, Nussbaum claims she encountered a tremendous amount of discrimination, including sexual harassment, in the 1970s and early 1980 she taught philosophy and classics at Harvard, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982. Nussbaum then moved to Brown University, where she taught until 1994 when she joined the University of Chicago Law School faculty and her 1986 book The Fragility of Goodness, on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities. More recent work establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice, Nussbaums other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. On this basis she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love and she responded to these charges in a lengthy article called Platonic Love and Colorado Law. Nussbaum used multiple references from Platos Symposium and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument, the debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, Robert P. George. She suggests that one can trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, among the people whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom, Harvey Mansfield, and Judith Butler. Her more serious and academic debates have been with such as John Rawls, Richard Posner. Nussbaum is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2008 she was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. She is a Founding President and Past President of the Human Development and Capability Association, discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which reason may enable self-sufficiency. Her interpretation of Platos Symposium in particular drew considerable attention, alcibiadess presence deflects attention back to physical beauty, sexual passions, and bodily limitations, hence highlighting human fragility. Fragility made Nussbaum famous throughout the humanities and it garnered wide praise in academic reviews, and even drew acclaim in the popular media. Camille Paglia credited Fragility with matching the highest academic standards of the twentieth century, Nussbaums fame extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBSs Bill Moyers. Cultivating Humanity appeals to classical Greek texts as a basis for defense, at the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends
17.
Thomas Piketty
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Thomas Piketty is a French economist whose work focuses on wealth and income inequality. Piketty is the author of the best-selling book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, the book argues that the rate of capital return in developed countries is persistently greater than the rate of economic growth, and that this will cause wealth inequality to increase in the future. To address this problem Piketty proposes redistribution through a global tax on wealth. Piketty was born on 7 May 1971, in the Parisian suburb of Clichy, Piketty gained a C-stream Baccalauréat, and after taking scientific preparatory classes, he entered the École Normale Supérieure at the age of 18, where he studied mathematics and economics. After earning his PhD, Piketty taught from 1993 to 1995 as an assistant professor in the Department of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1995, he joined the French National Centre for Scientific Research as a researcher, in 2006, Piketty became the first head of the Paris School of Economics, which he helped set up. He left after a few months to serve as an advisor to Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal during the French presidential campaign. Piketty resumed teaching at the EHESS and Paris School of Economics in 2007 and he is a columnist for the French newspaper Libération, and occasionally writes op-eds for Le Monde. Thomas Piketty was the partner of the politician Aurélie Filippetti, in 2009, she sued him for domestic violence. Thomas Piketty acknowledged the complaint and apologized, following which Aurélie Filipetti withdrew her complaint, in April 2012, Piketty co-authored along with 42 colleagues an open letter in support of then-PS candidate for the French presidency François Hollande. Hollande won the contest against the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy in May of that year, Piketty was unimpressed by Hollandes tenure, later describing him as hopeless. In January 2015, he rejected the French Legion of Honour order, in June 2016, he resigned from his role in Labours Economic Advisory Committee, citing concerns over the weak campaign the party had run in the EU referendum. On 11 February 2017, it was announced that he had joined the socialist Benoit Hamons campaign team in the presidential run. He is in charge of EU matters, and more precisely and he is also in favour of a credible and bold basic income, which is one of Benoit Hamons key proposals, although their views on the matter are different. The call in which Piketty and other economic researchers argue for their version of the basic income has been criticised as not universal, Thomas Piketty joined the London School of Economics in 2015 as the distinguished Centennial Professor. Piketty continues his research as part of the LSE International Inequalities Institute and his economic research focusses mainly on wealth inequalities and the use of capital in 21st century. Piketty has long-standing ties to the London School of Economics and he completed his PhD studies at the university in the early 1990s, in addition to his research, Piketty also teaches post-graduate students at the LSE. His teaching and research approach is inter-disciplinary and he has involved in the teaching of the new MSc degree in Inequalities
18.
Monographic series
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Monographic series are scholarly and scientific books released in successive volumes, each of which is structured like a separate book or scholarly monograph. In general books that are released once a year, or less often, are called series. Publications that are released more often once a year are known as periodicals. If the volumes can each stand on their own as a book, they are called monographs in series. The connection among books belonging to such a series can be by discipline, focus, approach, type of work, examples of such series include Antwerp Working Papers in Linguistics, Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, Garland reference library, Canterbury Tales Project, Early English Text Society. Series intended for general readers may also have library in their titles, libraries and indexing services handle them in various ways. As the Library of Congress receives two copies of most scholarly books as copyright deposits, it keeps one by individual call number. Most other libraries do not have that luxury and have to choose, the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules 2nd edition allows either of these options to be used. Medical libraries almost always keep them together as a series, the biomedical indexing service PubMed from the National Library of Medicine treat the individual volumes in such a series as if they were volumes in a journal. The Library of Congress does not list each such article separately, a frequent occasion for such a themed volume is a celebration in honor of a persons scholarly work. If done at retirement or on an anniversary, it is called a Festschrift or celebration volume. If after death, it is called a memorial. The publisher Variorum Reprints began publishing its Collected Studies series in 1970, each of these volumes contains a selection of articles by a leading authority on a particular subject. Reprinted from a vast range of learned journals, Festschrifts, conference proceedings and these volumes are published by Ashgate Publications. Book series Serials, periodicals and journals Academic publishing Edited volume
19.
Loeb Classical Library
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The General Editor is Jeffrey Henderson, holder of the William Goodwin Aurelio Professorship of Greek Language and Literature at Boston University. The Loeb Classical Library was conceived and initially funded by the Jewish-German-American banker and philanthropist James Loeb. The first volumes were edited by T. E. Page, W. H. D. Rouse, and Edward Capps, since then scores of new titles have been added, and the earliest translations have been revised several times. Profit from the editions continues to fund graduate student fellowships at Harvard University, the Loebs have only a minimal critical apparatus, when compared to other publications of the text. They are intended for the reader of Greek or Latin. In 1917 Virginia Woolf wrote, The Loeb Library, with its Greek or Latin on one side of the page and its English on the other, the existence of the amateur was recognised by the publication of this Library, and to a great extent made respectable. The difficulty of Greek is not sufficiently dwelt upon, chiefly perhaps because the sirens who lure us to these waters are generally scholars have forgotten. But for the ordinary amateur they are real and very great. Harvard University assumed complete responsibility for the series in 1989 and in recent years four or five new or re-edited volumes have been published annually, in 2001, Harvard University Press began issuing a second series of books with a similar format. The I Tatti Renaissance Library presents key Renaissance works in Latin with a facing English translation, it is similarly to the Loeb Classics. A third series, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, was introduced in 2010 covering works in Byzantine Greek, Medieval Latin, volumes have the same format as the I Tatti series, but with a brown cover. The Clay Sanskrit Library, bound in cloth, was also modeled on the Loeb Classical Library. As the command of Latin among generalist historians and archaeologists shrank in the course of the 20th century, the listings of Loeb volumes at online bookstores and library catalogues vary considerably and are often best navigated via ISBN numbers. L170N) Iliad, Second Edition, Volume I, Books 1–12 L171N) Iliad, Volume II. Books 13–24 L104) Odyssey, Volume I, Books 1–12 L105) Odyssey, Volume II. Other Fragments L344) Dionysiaca, Volume I, Books 1–15 L354) Dionysiaca, Volume II. Books 16–35 L356) Dionysiaca, Volume III, Lives of Homer L497) Greek Epic Fragments L001) Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica L019) Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy L219) Oppian, Colluthus, and Tryphiodorus L142) Greek Lyric Poetry, Volume I. Sappho and Alcaeus L143) Greek Lyric Poetry, Volume II, anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman L476) Greek Lyric Poetry, Volume III
20.
2011 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2011. July – J. K. Rowling terminates her relationship with long-standing agent Christopher Little to join rival Neil Blair, september 24 – The first 100 Thousand Poets for Change Day takes place, the organisation having been founded by Michael Rothenberg and Terri Carrion in March. November 12 – Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library opens in Istanbul, Governor Generals Awards, Multiple categories, see 2011 Governor Generals Awards. Corral, Shane McCrae, Kerri Webster List of literary awards List of poetry awards 2011 in comics 2011 in Australian literature
21.
Classical liberal
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Classical liberalism was first called that in the early 19th century, but was built on ideas of the previous century. It was a response to urbanization, and to the Industrial Revolution in Europe, notable individuals whose ideas contributed to classical liberalism include John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on the economics of Adam Smith and on a belief in natural law, utilitarianism, the term classical liberalism was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer social liberalism. These beliefs were complemented by a belief that labourers could be best motivated by financial incentive and they opposed any income or wealth redistribution, which they believed would be dissipated by the lowest orders. Drawing on ideas of Adam Smith, classical liberals believed that it is in the common interest that all individuals be able to secure their own economic self-interest and they were critical of what would come to be the ideas of the welfare state as interfering in a free market. A landlord, a farmer, a manufacturer, a merchant, though they did not employ a single workman. Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, in the long run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him, but the necessity is not so immediate. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little as possible, in a free market, both labour and capital would receive the greatest possible reward, while production would be organised efficiently to meet consumer demand. For society to guarantee positive rights requires taxation over and above the minimum needed to enforce negative rights. in the late 19th century, classical liberalism developed into neo-classical liberalism, which argued for government to be as small as possible to allow the exercise of individual freedom. In its most extreme form, neo-classical liberalism advocated Social Darwinism, right-libertarianism is a modern form of neo-classical liberalism. Friedrich Hayek identified two different traditions within classical liberalism, the British tradition and the French tradition, the French tradition included Rousseau, Condorcet, the Encyclopedists and the Physiocrats. This tradition believed in rationalism and sometimes showed hostility to tradition and religion, Hayek also rejected the label laissez faire as originating from the French tradition and alien to the beliefs of Hume and Smith. Classical liberalism in Britain developed from Whiggery and radicalism, and was heavily influenced by French physiocracy. Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution, which had existed from time immemorial. These rights, which some Whigs considered to include freedom of the press and they believed that the power of the executive had to be constrained. While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as a privilege, British radicals, from the 1790s to the 1820s, concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasising natural rights and popular sovereignty. Richard Price and Joseph Priestley adapted the language of Locke to the ideology of radicalism, the radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of Protestant Dissenters, the slave trade, high prices and high taxes. There was greater unity to classical liberalism ideology than there had been with Whiggery, classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights
22.
Conservative
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
23.
Harvard Magazine
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Harvard Magazine is an independently edited magazine and separately incorporated affiliate of Harvard University. Aside from The Harvard Crimson, it is the only covering the entire University. It was founded in 1898 by alumni for alumni, with the mission of keeping alumni of Harvard University connected to the university, one of the founders was the noted print journalist William Morton Fullerton. It has gone through three name changes - the original name was Harvard Bulletin, it was changed in 1910 to Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Harvard Magazine has a circulation of 240,000 among alumni, faculty and staff in the United States. Official site M. Kung, Advice for Muggles From J. K, rowlings Harvard Commencement Address, The Wall Street Journal, June 5,2008. Zachary M. Seward, Colleges Want More Rah, Rah From Magazines, The Wall Street Journal, emma Daly, Glossy Alumni Magazines Seek More Than Graduates, The New York Times, November 10,2004
24.
The New York Times Book Review
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The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed. It is one of the most influential and widely read book review publications in the industry, the offices are located near Times Square in New York City. The New York Times has published a review section since October 10,1896, announcing. Associated with news of the day, the target audience is an intelligent, general-interest adult reader. Each week the NYTBR receives 750 to 1000 books from authors and publishers in the mail, Books are selected by the preview editors who read over 1,500 advance galleys a year. The selection process is based on finding books that are important and notable, self-published books are generally not reviewed as a matter of policy. Books not selected for review are stored in a discard room, as of 2006, Barnes & Noble arrived about once a month to purchase the contents of the discard room, and the proceeds are then donated by NYTBR to charities. Books that are actually reviewed are usually donated to the reviewer, as of 2015, all review critics are freelance, the NYTBR does not have staff critics. In prior years, the NYTBR did have in-house critics, or a mix of in-house, for freelance critics, they are assigned an in-house preview editor who works with them in creating the final review. Freelance critics might be employees of The New York Times whose main duties are in other departments and they also include professional literary critics, novelists, academics and artists who write reviews for the NYTBR on a regular basis. In addition to the magazine there is an Internet site that offers content, including audio interviews with authors. The book review publishes each week the widely cited and influential New York Times Best Seller list, pamela Paul was named Senior Editor in spring 2013. Sam Tanenhaus was Senior Editor from the spring of 2004 to spring 2013, each year, around the beginning of December, a 100 Notable Books of the Year list is published. It contains fiction and non-fiction titles of books previously reviewed,50 of each, from the list of 100,10 books are awarded the Best Books of the Year title, five each of fiction and non-fiction. Other year-end lists include the Best Illustrated Childrens Books, in which 10 books are chosen by a panel of judges. In 2010, Stanford professors Alan Sorenson and Jonah Berger published a study examining the effect on sales from positive or negative reviews in the New York Times Book Review. They found all books benefited from positive reviews, while popular or well-known authors were negatively impacted by negative reviews, lesser-known authors benefited from negative reviews, in other words, bad publicity actually boosted book sales. A study published in 2012, by university professor and author Roxane Gay, Gay said, The numbers reflect the overall trend in publishing where the majority of books published are written by white writers
25.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
26.
Society of Environmental Journalists
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The Society of Environmental Journalists is a non-profit national journalism organization created by and for journalists who report environmental topics in the news media. On its website, the organization says that SEJ’s mission is to strengthen the quality, reach, today, SEJs membership includes more than 1,500 journalists and academics working in every type of news media in the United States, Canada, Mexico and 27 other countries. SEJ does not seek or accept gifts or grants from government agencies, lobbyists and public relations professionals are not eligible for membership in SEJ. All are welcome to subscribe to SEJournal and participate in SEJs annual conferences, SEJ provides support to journalists of all media in their efforts to responsibly cover complex issues concerning the environment. The SEJ has criticized the Environmental Protection Agency for its policy of restricting independent scientists who advise the agency from talking to media outlets without the Agencys permission, the SEJ is frequently accused on conservative blogs of being unwilling to think or report critically about environmental issues. Objectivity as Independence, Creating the Society of Environmental Journalists, 1989-1997, by John Palen, provides a look at SEJs creation. His paper was presented at the convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications in Baltimore, MD. Environmental journalism Portal, Journalism Society of Environmental Journalists home page, Society of Environmental Journalists Facebook group
27.
David Gordon (philosopher)
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David Gordon is an American libertarian philosopher and intellectual historian influenced by Rothbardian views of economics. Peter J. Boettke, in his Reason Foundation Reason Papers,19, Fall 1994, describes Gordon as a philosopher and intellectual historian who is deeply influenced by the Rothbardian strand of economics. He is a fellow at the Ludwig von Mises Institute. Gordon received degrees from University of California Los Angeles, including a Doctorate in intellectual history and he became a specialist on Murray Rothbard. He also has published in The Orange County Register, The American Conservative. The book, which answers the arguments of Marxist political philosophers, including Gerald Cohen, Jon Elster and John Roemer, the American Political Science Review said Gordons argument was rather crude, capitalism could not be exploitative, and laissez-faire capitalism could serve a just world. Therefore, Gordon concludes, Marxism is a complete failure, contemporary Sociology said Gordon failed to show that analytical Marxists were a formidable weapon in the hands of anti-Marxists such as himself. Gordon was said to have shown little competency in anti-Marxist argument, the review said that Gordons book suggested an unstated second goal, that of Gordon justifying his own libertarian stance, and that this portion of the book was by far the most stimulating. Gordons book The Philosophical Origins of Austrian Economics, which explores the origins of Carl Menger’s economic theories, was highly praised by Murray Rothbard. For instance Franz Brentano is exemplary of Austrian thought though he was born in Germany and was influenced by German philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg. Gordon later wrote an essay, Second Thoughts on The Philosophical Origins of Austrian Economics, Gordon edited the collection, Secession, State & Liberty, eleven essays that suggest that secession should be given serious consideration. The essays examine United States history, look at theoretical issues, in 2011 Gordon conducted a study with Swedish consultant Per Nilsson on books published by Harvard University Press. They published the results of their analysis as The Ideological Profile of Harvard University Press and they presented a spread sheet analysis that classified the books by unknown criteria, concluding the issue was not that Harvard press is ideological, but that its ideology is predominately leftist. The authors acknowledged they had not read all the books they classified, a reviewer noted that one author did not consider his book leftist, and that the reason other books were so characterized was not clear. Murray Rothbard described Gordon as a friend and Mr. Erudition, in Hans-Hermann Hoppes The Myth of National Defense, Luigi Marco Bassani and Carlo Lottieri described Gordon as the semiofficial reviewer of the libertarian community. The Orange Country Register in an editorial described Gordon as a polymath, resurrecting Marx, The Analytical Marxists on Freedom, Exploitation, and Justice. Actons The Morals of Markets and Related Essays, essays, 2nd edition, Liberty Fund, ISBN 978-0-86597-106-6 The Philosophical Origins of Austrian Economics. David Gordon archives at LewRockwell. com 2010 Mises Faculty Spotlight, Text Interview with David Gordon 2012 Bad Quaker Podcast, Audio Interview with David Gordon
28.
Econ Journal Watch
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Econ Journal Watch is a triannual peer-reviewed electronic journal established in 2004. It is published by the Atlas Network, according its website, the journal publishes comments on articles appearing in other economics journals, essays, reflections, investigations, and classic critiques. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, EconLit, Journal of Economic Literature, according to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 0.920. List of economics journals Official website
29.
Atlas Economic Research Foundation
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The Atlas Network, formerly known as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, is a nonprofit organization based in the United States. The group aims to promote free-market economic policies across the world, the Atlas Network has awarded grants of over $20 million. Atlas was founded in 1981 by Sir Antony Fisher, after founding the Institute of Economic Affairs in London in 1955, Fisher had helped to establish the Fraser Institute, the Manhattan Institute and the Pacific Research Institute in the 1970s. Atlas has been described as self replicating, a tank that creates think tanks. According to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, the president of Atlas is Alejandro Chafuen. Chafuen was named the president in 2009 after serving as CEO since 1991. Atlas identifies, screens and offers financial support to individuals. Atlas provides assistance to think tanks that support private-property rights, limited government, the rule of law, Atlas offers financial support to enable think tank executives to participate in conferences that feature training sessions on non-profit management. The Atlas Experience is an international conference hosted by Atlas. Atlas runs an annual Liberty Forum which brings together think tank staff from around the world, events have featured Milton Friedman, Hernando de Soto, José María Aznar, Mart Laar, Charles Murray, Walter Williams, George Will, and Francisco Flores. Atlas directly operates two training programs, the Think Tank MBA and Think Tank Leadership Training, the Think Tank MBA is a two-week program held near Washington, DC designed for leaders of think thanks and other public organizations. Over the course of the students develop and refine a strategic plan for their organization or program. The course includes seminars, classroom exercises, a group project. Think Tank Leadership Training is a program for individuals starting policy organizations. The training focuses on fundraising, marketing, and program management, Atlas runs or supports four Free Enterprise Training Centers that conduct training programs for young people focused on public policy and the role think tanks play in shaping it. Working with FreedomWorks and Representatives Paul Ryan and Mike Pence, Atlas Sound Money Projects A Guide to Sound Money was published in December 2010, the project seeks to define principles of sound money, countering the government policies Atlas considers to be inflationary. Atlas provides limited amounts of seed funding to new think tanks on a case-by-case basis, grants are usually given for specific projects and range between $2,000 and $5,000. The Atlas Global Initiative for Free Trade, Peace and Prosperity has a mission of advancing individual liberty, human rights, the program includes the publication and distribution of books, distributing articles through traditional media, organizing events, and other activities
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
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History of Harvard University
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Harvard College, around which Harvard University eventually grew, was founded 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Historically influential in national roles are the schools of medicine, law and business as well as the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Since the late 19th century Harvard has been one of the most prestigious schools in the world, its library system and financial endowment larger than those of any other. With some 17,000 Puritans migrating to New England by 1636, Harvard was founded in anticipation of the need for training clergy for the new commonwealth, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called New College or the college at New Towne, in 1638 the school received a printing press—the only press in North America until Harvard acquired a second in 1659. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after clergyman John Harvard, the colony charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 at the beginning of the English Interregnum. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society, dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658. Because it had been illegal for the colony to establish a college Charles II rescinded the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684 by writ of scire facias, in 1692, the leading Puritan divine Increase Mather became president of Harvard. One of his acts was replacing pagan classics with books by Christian authors in ethics classes, the Harvard Lawes of 1642 and the Harvard College Laws of 1700 testify to its original high level of discipline. Harvards leadership and alumni played a role in the Salem Witch Trials 1692–93. The early motto of Harvard was Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae, meaning Truth for Christ, in the early classes half the graduates became ministers and ten of Harvards first twelve presidents were ministers. Systematic theological instruction was inaugurated in 1721 and by 1827 Harvard became a nucleus of theological teaching in New England, the end of Mathers presidency in 1701 marked the start of a long struggle between orthodoxy and liberalism. Harvards first secular president was John Leverett, who began his term in 1708, Leverett left the curriculum largely intact and sought to keep the College independent of the overwhelming influence of any single sect. During the American Revolution, Loyalist alumni were outnumbered seven to one by Patriots—seven alumni died in the fighting. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on his campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Between 1830 and 1870 Harvard became privatized, during this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its own among American colleges
