1.
Rector (academia)
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A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
2.
Makassar
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Makassar – sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara – is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the largest city on Sulawesi Island in terms of population, and the fifth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Medan. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a fort in the city. The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, the citys area is 19,926 hectares and it had a population of around 1.6 million in 2013. Its built-up area has 1,976,168 inhabitants covering Makassar City and 15 districts. Its official metropolitan area, known as Mamminasata, with 17 additional districts, Makassar is mentioned in the Nagarakretagama, a Javanese eulogy composed in 14th century during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk. In the text, Makassar is mentioned as an island under Majapahit dominance, alongside Butun, Salaya, beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city. Much of South Sulawesis early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries, tolerant religious attitudes meant that even as Islam became the dominant faith in the region, Christians and others were still able to trade in the city. With these attractions, Makassar was a key center for Malays working in the trade, as well as a valuable base for European. The first European settlers were Portuguese sailors, Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar. The arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century altered events dramatically and they finally replaced the Portuguese as colonial masters in 1667. Their first objective was to create a hegemony over the trade and their first move was to capture the fort of Makassar in 1667. From this base they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa who was forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Java War, Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855, the character of this old trading centre changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of the Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls, and were joined later by the Chinese. Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the interior through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile, Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity, by 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all the towns in the islands
3.
South Sulawesi
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South Sulawesi is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago is part of the province. The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island, South Sulawesi is located at 4°20S 120°15E and covers an area of 45,764.53 square kilometres. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south. Five years after independence, the government issued Law No.21 of 1950, ten years later, the government passed Law No.47 of 1960 which endorsed the formation of the South/Southeast Sulawesi province. Four years after that, with Act No.13 of 1964, the remaining South Sulawesi Province is divided into 21 regencies and three independent cities, listed below with their populations as of the 2010 Census. # The 2000 Census population for Palopo city is included in the figure for Luwu Regency. 68/Pres/12/2007 on 10 December 2007, regarding the expansion of the original districts. *** The 2000 Census population for East Luwu Regency is included in the figure for North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi has a diverse range of ethnic groups. These are the three, The Buginese are the largest ethnic group in South Sulawesi. These people inhabit the middle of the peninsula of South Sulawesi. Many of these people have migrated to the islands around Sulawesi. The Makassarese are the second largest ethnic group in South Sulawesi, Makassar people inhabit the southern part of the southern peninsula of South Sulawesi including the Jeneponto, Takalar, Bulukumba, Bantaeng, Gowa, Maros, and Makassar. The total population is around 3 million people, the Torajan are the indigenous ethnic group which inhabits the mountainous region of South Sulawesi. Their population is approximately 650,000,450,000 of which live in the regency of Tana Toraja. There are various languages and dialects spoken in South Sulawesi, majority of them belongs to Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages. Below is the list of languages spoken in the province. Makassarese language is a language spoken in Makassar and surrounding areas and it has a total of 2.1 million speakers. Bugis language is one of the languages spoken in the region up to Pinrang Bone and this language is the predominant language used by many communities in South Sulawesi
4.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
5.
Indonesian language
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Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. However, most formal education, and nearly all national mass media, governance, administration, judiciary, the Indonesian name for the language is Bahasa Indonesia or sometimes simplified as Bahasa. This term is occasionally found in English and other languages. Indonesian is a register of Riau Malay, which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to Riau. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium and it might be attributed to its ancestor, the Old Malay language. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main communications medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago, Indonesian is essentially the same language as the official Malaysian, Singaporean and Brunei standards of Malay. However, it does differ from Malaysian in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and these differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar, which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax. The question of whether High Malay or Low Malay was the parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language, however, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the bankruptcy of the VOC the Dutch crown took control of the colony in 1799 and it was then that education in. Even then, Dutch administrators were reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a elite, in 1940
6.
Hasanuddin of Gowa
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Sultan Hasanuddin was the 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa from 1653 to 1669. He was proclaimed as Indonesian National Hero on 6 November 1973, the Dutch called Sultan Hasanuddin the fighting cock of the East as he was described as aggressive in battle. Sultan Hasanuddin was born in Makassar, Gowa Kingdom under the name I Mallombasi Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangape and he was the second prince of the 15th King of Gowa, Sultan Malikussaid who died on November 15,1653. Upon ascension to the throne, Hasanuddin changed his name to Sultan Muhammad Hasanuddin Sultan Hasanuddin Tuminanga ri Ballapangkana, after his accession to the throne of Gowa, Hasanuddin faced a turbulent situation as the Dutch colonized the East Indies. During this period, the Kingdom of Gowa was the large east Indonesian kingdom which was not yet colonized by the Dutch. In 1666, under the leadership of Captain Cornelis Speelman, the VOC sought to seize each and every east Indonesian kingdom to monopolize the spice trade, though were unable to colonize Gowa. In order to resist Dutch encroachments, Hasanuddin tried to gather each of the military powers to attack the Dutch East Indies Company collectively. The wars between the Dutch and the States continued to worsen until the Dutch increased their military presence, following the signing of the Bugaya treaty, Gowa felt that the treaty was unfair and that they were disadvantaged by the terms of the treaty. As a result, Gowa continued to attack the Dutch, finally, the Dutch sought military assistance from Batavia, resulting in a fierce and a bloody war between the Dutch and Gowa. The war continued until the company managed to conquer Gowa’s last stronghold, Sombaupu Fort, Sultan Hasanuddin retreated and abdicated as the King of Gowa. He died a year later, at the age of 39 on 12 June 1670, and was buried in Katangka, Makassar
7.
University of Indonesia
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Universitas Indonesia is a state university in Depok, West Java and Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia is the oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia, UI is generally considered as the most prestigious university in Indonesia, along with Bandung Institute of Technology and Gadjah Mada University. In the 2015/2016 QS World Universities Ranking, UI is ranked 1st in Indonesia, 79th in Asia, the roots of UI date back to 1851. At that time, the government of the Dutch East Indies established a school to train medical assistants. Training lasted for two years, and the graduates were certified to provide medical treatments. The degree conferred was Javanese Doctor, as the graduates were certified only to open their practice in the Dutch East Indies, the program became more comprehensive, by 1864 it was expanded to three years. By 1875, the program of study had reached seven years, the next step came in 1898, when the Dutch East Indies government established a new school to train medical doctors, named STOVIA. A school building was opened in March 1902, in a building that is now the Museum of National Awakening, the prerequisite to enter STOVIA was roughly the equivalent of a junior high school diploma. The schooling took nine years, so it was a mix between high school and university education, many STOVIA graduates later played important roles in Indonesias national movement toward independence, as well in developing medical education in Indonesia. In 1924, the government again decided to open a new tertiary-level educational facility. The RHS would later evolve into the Faculty of Law, in 1927, STOVIAs status was changed to that of a full tertiary-level institution and its name was changed to GHS. The GHS occupied the main building and used the same teaching hospital as the current Faculty of Medicine. Many GHS alumni would later play roles in establishing Universitas Indonesia, after Indonesia gained independence, the Indonesian Institute for Higher Education was established in Jakarta consisting of three faculties, Medicine and Pharmacy, Letters, and Law. The institute produced its first 90 graduate students as medical doctors in the same year, when the Dutch colonial army occupied Jakarta in late 1945, the BPTRI moved to Klaten, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Malang. In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood Universiteit or Emergency University at Jakarta, in 1947, the name was changed to Universiteit van Indonesië or Universitas Indonesia. Following the Indonesian National Revolution, the government established a university in Jakarta in February 1950. The name was Universiteit Indonesia, comprising the BPTRI units and the former UVI, by 1950, UI was a multi-campus university, with faculties in Jakarta, Bogor, Bandung, Surabaya, and Makassar. The Surabaya campus became the University of Airlangga in 1954, in the following year, the Makassar campus became the University of Hasanuddin
8.
Bandung Institute of Technology
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The Bandung Institute of Technology or Institute of Technology, Bandung is a state, coeducational research university located in Bandung, Indonesia. Established in 1920, ITB is the oldest technology-oriented university in Indonesia, sukarno, the first president of the Republic of Indonesia, earned his engineering degree in civil engineering from ITB. Furthermore, B. J. Habibie, the president of Indonesia. The university cultivates professional and social activities by supporting its students unions, each students union has its own distinctly designed jacket that, among other traditions, serves as part of its member identity. There are also a number of student activity units/clubs supporting ITB student interests in rounding out their educational experience and it is not uncommon that the students and alumni are identified by the clubs to which they belong at ITB, in addition to their class year and major. The university is a member of LAOTSE, a network of leading universities in Europe and Asia exchanging students. ITB traces its origin to de Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng which was established by the Dutch colonial administration to meet the needs of technical resources in Dutch East Indies and it was opened as a branch of Delft Institute of Technology. The school building was designed in 1918 by a Dutch architect named Henri Maclaine Pont, during the Japanese occupation in 1942-1945, the institute was renamed Kōgyō Daigaku. When Indonesia declared its independence the campus was renamed Sekolah Tinggi Teknik in 1945, however a year later the Netherlands returned to Indonesia and took directorship of the campus, it was used as Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indië. Later in 1947 the campus housed the Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap, in 1950 after the Netherlands left Indonesia, the university became faculty of engineering and faculty of natural sciences, under University of Indonesia. On March 2,1959, the 2 faculty of University of Indonesia in Bandung was declared a separate academic entity, 155/2000, ITB was declared a Legal Enterprise. Bandung Institute of Technology was founded for higher learning in natural sciences, technologies, the ITB main campus, to the north of the downtown Bandung, and its other campuses, cover a total area of 770,000 square metres. Students and faculty housing, and administrative headquarters are not on the main campus, facilities on the campus include book shops, a post office, student cafeteria and medical clinic. In addition to rooms, laboratories, workshops and studios, ITB has an art gallery, sports facilities. Also near the campus is the Salman Mosque for worship and religious activities of the ITB Muslim community, admission to ITB is conducted through nationwide entrance examination. Historically ITB has been the most selective University in the nation, in 2000, the last Asiaweek survey available, ITB ranked first in Asia in student selectivity. In the 2007 and 2008 national entrance examination, ITB has the highest average score as well as the highest passing grade in the nation, ITB is among the first choices of college applicants to enter higher education. In a 1991 survey, the top 200 high school students in the entrance examination indicated ITB as their first choice
9.
Bogor Agricultural University
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Institut Pertanian Bogor is a state-run agricultural university based in the city of Bogor, Indonesia. The institute began as a school formed by the Dutch colonial regime in the early 20th century. After independence it was part of the Universitas Indonesia before becoming an independent institute on September 1,1963, the first school in Bogor was established in 1876 under Rudolph Scheffer, under the name landbouwschool te Buitenzorg. New schools for different fields were opened in the years for Native Indonesians. The institute started in the early 20th century as a veterinary medicine, before World War II, the institutions were known as Middelbare Landbouwschool, Middelbare Bosbouwschool dan Nederlandsch Indiche Veeartsenschool. H. J. Lovink argued that department officials in the Ministry of Agriculture needed to familiarize themselves with Javanese farming practices. In 1940, the Dutch government founded an Institution of Agricultural Higher Education in Bogor with the name Landbouw Hogeschool, however, the school was closed down during the Japanese occupation. The Nederlandsch Indische Veeartsenschool remained in operation, but its name was changed to Bogōru jūigakkō, sometime after the declaration of independence in 1946, the Ministry of Social Welfare of the new Republic of Indonesia upgraded the Veterinary School in Bogor to the College of Veterinary Medicine. In 1948 the PTKH or College of Veterinary Medicine was changed to Faculteit voor Diergeneeskunde under Universiteit van Indonesië, in 1957 the Department of Land Fishery was formed. Meanwhile, Faculteit voor Dieergeneeskunde became the Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, IPB was founded on September 1,1963 by the decision of the Minister of Science and Higher Education No. 92/1963 and was approved by President Sukarnos decree No, at the time, the two faculties of University of Indonesia which is in Bogor were separated into an independent institution. The new university has five faculties, Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Fisheries, Animal Science, in 1964 the Faculty of Technology and Mechanization of Agriculture was added. On December 26,2000 the Indonesia government changed IPBs autonomy status to a state-owned university, in 2005, IPB applied the minor and major system instead of the national curriculum system. This allow IPB students to more than one department field. The logo consist of Institut Pertanian Bogor text, a tree with three branches and five leaves, and a book which are all lined by a white circle on a blue background. The logo reflects IPB as an institution, source of knowledge and technology. The Institut Pertanian Bogor main flag is yellow with IPB emblem in the middle, each faculty has its own logo and flag based on the IPB logo and flag. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, light blue, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, red
10.
Airlangga University
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Airlangga University is the second-oldest university in Indonesia and also a public university located in Surabaya, East Java. It started with a school and school of dentistry. Now Universitas Airlangga hosts 15 faculties with more than 35,000 students and 1,570 faculty members, the university is also equipped with biosafety level three facilities. Universitas Airlangga has international partnerships worldwide, including with University of Bonn, Seoul National University, the QS Asian University Ranking 2014 have placed Universitas Airlangga as the best university in Citations per paper category. In 2010, Universitas Airlangga was ranked 466th worldwide according to the Top 500 QS World University Rankings 2010, in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2011, Universitas Airlangga was placed fourth in Indonesia and 22nd in the Southeast Asia region. Universitas Airlangga has two internationally standardized quality management certificates for its management quality, the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy are among the best life science schools in Indonesia, ranked 45th in Asia and 356th in the world by QS World University Rankings 2011. The Faculty of Medicine is affiliated with the Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital, before Universitas Airlangga was established on October 11,1847, the proposal to educate young Javanese to become health experts was submitted to the Dutch colonial government. On May 8,1913 — through Edict No.4211 of the Governor General of the Netherlands-Indies — NIAS was founded as an education center in Surabaya. The first medical institution is located in Jl, in 1923, NIAS was moved to its present-day location of the Faculty of Medicine of Universitas Airlangga, on Jl. Major General Prof. Dr. Moestopo, Surabaya, Dr. Lonkhuizen, the director of the Department of Health, proposed the establishment of School of Dentistry in Surabaya. He received approval from Dr. R. J. F, van Zaben, the succeeding director of NIAS and the new school was opened in July 1928. Later on, the school was known as STOVIT with 21 students. Later during the Japanese occupation STOVIT was renamed Ika-Shika Daigaku under the supervision of Dr. Takeda as its first director, while NIAS was closed down. Two years later, the post-WW II Dutch colonial government took over Ika-Shika Daigaku and then changed its name to Tandheelkundig Instituut, in 1948, the dentistry institute changed its status to Universitair Tandheelkundig Instituut. Later after Republik Indonesia Serikat gained its independence in 1950, UTI was renamed LIKG for four years, under the leadership of Prof. M. Knap. In 1948, both became part of Universitas Indonesias Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry. Universitas Airlangga was established by Government Regulation No, 57/1954 and was inaugurated by the first president of the Republic of Indonesia on November 10,1954, coinciding with the celebration of the ninth national Heroes Day. In the same year, the Faculty of Law of Universitas Airlangga was established, the name Airlangga is taken from the name of the reigning king of East Java in 1019–1042, Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattungadewa
11.
Mohammad Hatta
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Mohammad Hatta was Indonesias first vice president, later also serving as the countrys prime minister. Known as The Proclamator, he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, Hatta was born in Fort De Kock, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. After his early education, he studied in Dutch schools in the Dutch East Indies, Mohammad Hatta is often remembered as Bung Hatta. Hatta was born in Fort De Kock on 12 August 1902 into a prominent and his grandfather was a respected ulema in Batuhampar, near Payakumbuh. His father, Haji Mohammad Djamil, died when he was eight months old and he was left with his six sisters, as in the matrilineal society of Minangkabau tradition, he was then raised in his mothers family. His mothers family was wealthy, and Hatta was able to study Dutch as well as finishing Quran after school and he went to the Dutch language elementary school in Padang from 1913 to 1916 after he had finished Sekolah Melayu in Bukittinggi. When he was thirteen, he passed an exam that entitled him to enroll in the Dutch secondary school in Batavia, however his mother asked him to stay in Padang because he was still too young to go to the capital alone. Hatta then entered junior secondary school or MULO, during his spare time, he worked part-time in a post office. Normally, MULO students were not allowed to work, but he was able to work there because of the HBS exam qualification, Hatta was interested in football, he joined his schools football team and was made its chairman. He broadened his sphere of contacts by using his position, Hatta used to visit the office of the Sarikat Usaha, led by Taher Marah Soetan. In the office, he read Dutch newspapers, particularly about political debates in the Volksraad of the Dutch East Indies and it was at the age of sixteen that Hatta began to be interested in politics and national movements. He was chosen the treasurer of the branch of the Jong Sumatranen Bond, in 1919, Hatta finally went to the HBS in Batavia. He completed his study with distinction in 1921, and was allowed to continue to study at the Rotterdam School of Commerce in Rotterdam and he took economics as his major and earned a doctorandus degree in 1932. The degree entitled him to follow a doctorate program and he then continued to pursue the doctorate degree, and completed all requirements to be awarded it, but he never finished his thesis. Politics had taken over Hattas life, in the Netherlands, Hatta joined the Indische Vereeniging. In 1922, the changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging and later to its Indonesian translation. Hatta was the treasurer, and then the chairman, the Perhimpoenan Indonesia then changed from being a student organization into a political organization and had an unequivocal demand for Indonesias independence. It expressed its voice through the magazine called Indonesia Merdeka of which Hatta was the editor, to gain more support from other nations, Hatta attended congresses all over Europe, always as the chairman of the Indonesian delegation
12.
Linguistics
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Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning, phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential sub-sets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology, morphology, modern theories that deal with the principles of grammar are largely based within Noam Chomskys ideological school of generative grammar. In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an innate capacity and potential for language, while performance is the specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups. The study of parole is the domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a system of linguistic facets within a certain speech community. Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts and conversations emerging out of a speech communitys usage of language, Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. In the 1960s, Jacques Derrida, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. Palaeography is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of scripts in language. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic, research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focus on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time. Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages, lexicography involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a dictionary. Computational linguistics is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and interpretation, as well as in language education – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education, related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics, literary criticism, translation, and speech-language pathology. Before the 20th century, the philology, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the science of language
13.
Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
14.
Sociology
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Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organisation, networks, and institutions. It is a science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder. Many sociologists aim to research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare. Subject matter ranges from the level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems. The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality, the range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques, the linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields, Sociology is distinguished from various general social studies courses, which bear little relation to sociological theory or to social-science research-methodology. The US National Science Foundation classifies sociology as a STEM field, Sociological reasoning pre-dates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the stock of Western knowledge and philosophy. The origin of the survey, i. e, there is evidence of early sociology in medieval Arab writings. The word sociology is derived from both Latin and Greek origins, the Latin word, socius, companion, the suffix -logy, the study of from Greek -λογία from λόγος, lógos, word, knowledge. It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript, Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, in 1838. Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society, Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the understanding of the social realm. Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases, Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is not to claim that French sociologists such as Durkheim were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. To be sure, beginnings can be traced back well beyond Montesquieu, for example, Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the father of modern sociology
15.
Management
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Management is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. The term management may also refer to the people who manage an organization, management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership. Individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the Doctor of Business Administration or the PhD in business administration or management, in larger organizations, there are generally three levels of managers, which are typically organized in a hierarchical, pyramid structure. Senior managers provide direction to the managers who report to them. Middle managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers and section managers, middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line managers. Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees, in smaller organizations, the roles of managers have much wider scopes. A manager can perform several roles or even all of the commonly observed in a large organization. There are many smaller organizations than larger ones. Views on the definition and scope of management include, According to Henri Fayol, to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, fredmund Malik defines it as the transformation of resources into utility. Management included as one of the factors of production - along with machines, materials, peter Drucker saw the basic task of management as twofold, marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing, peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and this implies effective communication, an enterprise environment implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism, not the herding of animals, management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view alone, because management is an essential function to improve ones life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a range of application. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans and this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow, one habit of thought regards management as equivalent to business administration and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as business schools
16.
Finance
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Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty, Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance aims to price assets based on their level and their expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories, public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. g, health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan, or debt obligations, net worth is a persons balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that persons control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the sources of income within a year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree, adequate protection, the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into the following, liability, property, death, disability, health, some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance, business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a piece of the overall investment planning. Tax planning, typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household, managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as ones income grows, a marginal rate of tax must be paid. Understanding how to take advantage of the tax breaks when planning ones personal finances can make a significant impact in which it can later save you money in the long term. Investment and accumulation goals, planning how to accumulate enough money - for large purchases, major reasons to accumulate assets include, purchasing a house or car, starting a business, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds that will be necessary to be able to achieve these goals, a major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity
17.
Anthropology
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Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies, linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the development of humans. The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history and its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin anthropologia derived from the forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos and lógos. It began to be used in English, possibly via French anthropologie, various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839 and its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned and these anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. Anthropology and many other current fields are the results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. For them, the publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect, Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s, there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. When he read Darwin he became a convert to Transformisme. His definition now became the study of the group, considered as a whole, in its details. Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech and he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the brain, today called Brocas area after him. The title was translated as The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples. The last two volumes were published posthumously, Waitz defined anthropology as the science of the nature of man. By nature he meant matter animated by the Divine breath, i. e. he was an animist and he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation
18.
Civil engineering
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Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
19.
Pharmacy
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Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. An establishment in which pharmacy is practiced is called a pharmacy or a chemists, often, collaborative teams from various disciplines work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form, medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology. Pharmacology is sometimes considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy, although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy and pharmacology receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline, pharmacoinformatics is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists, pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice, pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation. In some cases, the body is also the registering body. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice, the American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. A Pharmacy Technician in the UK has recently referred to by some as a professional. Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technicians activities by a pharmacist, the majority of pharmacy technicians work in community pharmacies. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians, Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council. The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises, in the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under supervision of pharmacists. The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the Sushruta Samhita, however, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD. Many Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets record prescriptions for medicine, Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus of the 16th century BC. In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus was one of several men studying the properties of plants
20.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
21.
Geology
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Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the features of any terrestrial planet. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life. Geology also plays a role in engineering and is a major academic discipline. The majority of data comes from research on solid Earth materials. These typically fall into one of two categories, rock and unconsolidated material, the majority of research in geology is associated with the study of rock, as rock provides the primary record of the majority of the geologic history of the Earth. There are three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt, it is an igneous rock, the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism, all three types of rocks may be re-melted, when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize. Geologists also study unlithified material which typically comes from more recent deposits and these materials are superficial deposits which lie above the bedrock. Because of this, the study of material is often known as Quaternary geology. This includes the study of sediment and soils, including studies in geomorphology, sedimentology and this theory is supported by several types of observations, including seafloor spreading, and the global distribution of mountain terrain and seismicity. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the mantle is called plate tectonics. The development of plate tectonics provided a basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries, mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries, where one plate subducts under another, transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas Fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegeners theory of continental drift and they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology
22.
Naval architecture
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Naval architecture also known as naval engineering, is an engineering discipline dealing with the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation, preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are required for ships being modified. Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules, the word vessel includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. The principal elements of architecture are, Hydrostatics concerns the conditions to which the vessel is subjected to while at rest in water. This involves computing buoyancy, and other properties, such as trim. Hydrodynamics concerns the flow of water around the hull, bow, and stern. Resistance – resistance towards motion in water primarily caused due to flow of water around the hull, powering calculation is done based on this. Propulsion – to move the vessel through water using propellers, thrusters, water jets, engine types are mainly internal combustion. Some vessels are powered using nuclear or solar energy. Ship motions – involves motions of the vessel in seaway and its responses in waves, controllability – involves controlling and maintaining position and direction of the vessel. Arrangements involves concept design, layout and access, fire protection, allocation of spaces, ergonomics, construction depends on the material used. Other joining techniques are used for materials like fibre reinforced plastic. Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science, the suitability of a vessels shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed and this included rigging, deck arrangements, and even fixtures. Subjective descriptors such as ungainly, full, and fine were used as a substitute for the precise terms used today. A vessel was, and still is described as having a ‘fair’ shape and these tools are used for static stability, dynamic stability, resistance, powering, hull development, structural analysis, green water modelling, and slamming analysis. Data is regularly shared in international conferences sponsored by RINA, Society of Naval Architects, computational Fluid Dynamics is being applied to predict the response of a floating body in a random sea
23.
Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
24.
Accounting
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Accounting or accountancy is the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494, practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms, Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, external auditing, and tax accounting. Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities, Accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are audited by accounting firms, and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the United States, as of 2012, all major economies have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards. The history of accounting is thousands of old and can be traced to ancient civilizations. By the time of the Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information, double-entry bookkeeping developed in medieval Europe, and accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting with the development of joint-stock companies. The first work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was published in Italy, both the words accounting and accountancy were in use in Great Britain by the mid-1800s, and are derived from the words accompting and accountantship used in the 18th century. In Middle English the verb to account had the form accounten, which was derived from the Old French word aconter, which is in turn related to the Vulgar Latin word computare, meaning to reckon. The base of computare is putare, which meant to prune, to purify, to correct an account, hence, to count or calculate. The word accountant is derived from the French word compter, which is derived from the Italian. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English, Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of a financial information to external users of the information, such as investors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP, in turn, arises from the agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers. This branch of accounting is also studied as part of the exams for qualifying as an actuary. It is interesting to note that two professionals, accountants and actuaries, have created a culture of being archrivals
25.
Mathematics
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Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
26.
Jusuf Kalla
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Muhammad Jusuf Kalla is an Indonesian politician who has been Vice President of Indonesia since 2014, having previously served from 2004 to 2009. He was unsuccessful as Golkars presidential candidate in the 2009 presidential election, since 2009 Kalla has served as the Chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. He is the first person to hold two non-consecutive terms as Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, the capital of the Bone Regency in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a businessman and Athirah. He was the second of 10 children, after completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front, Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University, the economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm, putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow, Kallas mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful, NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors. In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm, in 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. NV Hadji Kalla is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the business groups in Indonesia. Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations, from 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association in Makassar and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, from 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar, Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth, Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the Peoples Consultative Assembly as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992,1997, and 1999, when Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as President by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises, Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations
27.
Central Sulawesi
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Central Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. Its capital and largest city is Palu, the 2010 census recorded a population of 2,633,420 for the province, while the latest official estimate is 2,839,290. Established in 1964, Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km2. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. There are over 400 granite megaliths in the area of the Lore Lindu National Park and they vary in size from a few centimetres to approximately 4.5 metres. The original purpose of the megaliths is unknown, other megaliths are in form of large pots and stone plates. Various archaeological studies have dated the carvings from between 3000 BC to 1300 AD, islam reached the region in the 17th century, shortly after the Islamic avowal of Gowa, the powerful kingdom at the south part of the Sulawesi island. The Dutch colonial rule was established in the 18th century and began the protestantic missionary of the population, about a quarter of them are now Protestant, which is the highest percentage of the Indonesien archipelago. After the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, the region belonged to the Province North Sulawesi, between 1999 and 2001 the region has been plagued by inter-religious violence between Muslims and Christians, where over 1,000 people were killed. The Malino II Accord was thus made in 2001, the riots appeared to be aimed at government authorities, not Muslims. Central Sulawesi is divided into regencies and one city, which are listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census. * The 2000 Census populations for Parigi Moutong Regency and Sigi Regency are included in the figure for Donggala Regency, # The 2000 Census population for Tojo Una-Una Regency is included in the figure for Poso Regency. Palu is the capital and the provinces largest city. Other towns include Ampana, Banggai, Bungku, Buol, Donggala, Kolonodale, Luwuk, Parigi, Poso, and Toli-toli. The decennial 2010 census recorded a population of 2,633,420 for the province, the population grew an average of 1. 94% annually from the previous census. There is some sort of religion interaction problems in this area Most of the population are Muslims, average annual population growth between 1990 and 2000 was 2. 57% and 1. 96% from 2000 to 2010. Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi, is projected to be the biggest seaweed producer in Indonesia for the near future, the seaweed farming types are glaciria. In 2010, Central Sulawesi produced nearly 800,000 tons of seaweed, Lore Lindu National Park is in the highlands south of Palu, Lindu, a group of four indigenous communities
28.
Constitutional Court of Indonesia
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In August 2003, the Peoples Consultative Assembly passed the Constitutional Court Act and the nine justices were appointed on 15 August. They were sworn in the following day, on 15 October 2003, the Supreme Court handed over authority, marking the start of the Constitutional Courts activities. The nine founding judges were, Prof. Mukthie Fajar from Brawijaya University, ahmad Natabaya from Sriwijaya University, Palembang Lieutenant General Roestandi. Dr Jimly Asshiddiqie was elected the first chief judge, with the successful completion of his first period on the court, he was then re-elected as the chief judge for a second term of 2006-2009. He resigned from the court after finishing his first five-year term of office, the leadership of the court continued under Prof. Dr Mohammad Mahfud, a senior politician of National Awakening Party and member of parliament. The high-profile performance of the court has made it a respected institution in Indonesia. During the general election and the first presidential election in 2004, many landmark decisions have been made in the fields of politics, social, and economic law since its first year of establishment. Are among the landmark decisions made it influential in guiding the new democracy of Indonesia. In mid-2011 the Indonesian parliament approved changes to the 2003 Constitutional Court Law that established the Constitutional Court. The Perppu set out new arrangements relating to the processes of selection of justices, in addition, a permanent ethics committee was be established to monitor the performance of the Court. On 19 December 2013 the Indonesian parliament endorsed the Perppu, the court has the same legal standing as the Supreme Court. It also is obliged to rule on any attempt to impeach the president and its jurisdiction on the electoral disputes was first limited to the five-yearly general elections. However, since 2009 the definition of general election has been broadened and includes the election of governors, to date, of the five jurisdictions of the court, most cases handled have centred around issues of judicial review, disputed electoral results, and disputes between state institutions. A major problem for the court, like parts of the legal system in Indonesia, is enforcement of decisions. The chief justice of the court is elected by the members of the court from amongst their number, the first chief justice was Prof. Dr Jimly Asshiddiqie. He was well known as law professor of the University of Indonesia, and actively involved in the process of Indonesian constitutional reform, during the crisis in the transitional era under the presidency of Habibie, he chaired the Reformation Committee for law reform. As scholar, he often makes appearances and offers comments on a range of public policy issues. As a scholar he has published more than 40 books on legal and constitutional issues
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Abraham Samad
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Abraham Samad is an Indonesian lawyer and activist who was elected in December 2011 as chair of the countrys Corruption Eradication Commission for period 2011-2015. Abraham was born on 27 November 1966 in Makassar, South Sulawesi, according to Imran, as a child Abraham was hard-headed and forceful when he wanted something. Abraham, who enjoyed reading about Abraham Lincoln as a youth and considered the American president a hero and he attended three different junior high schools, eventually graduating from Sulaiman Catholic Junior High School. He then finished his education at Cenderawasih Catholic Senior High School. During this period he was known as a quarrelsome student, Abraham received a bachelor of law degree from Hasanuddin University, he later received his masters and doctoral degrees from the same institution, the latter in 2010. After receiving his bachelors, Abraham began practising law two years later, at the time of his election, Abraham was the youngest ever head of the KPK. Some anti-corruption activists expressed disappointment in the decision, stating that Abraham had been selected to please political parties rather than to combat graft, tama Satrya Langkun, of the Indonesia Corruption Watch, noted that Abrahams career was sparse compared to that of the other candidates
30.
Corruption Eradication Commission
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For the Pakistani province, see Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the Slovenian government commission, see Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, indonesias Corruption Eradication Commission, abbreviated as KPK, is a government agency established to fight corruption. As of 2015, its chairman is Agus Raharjo, and its deputy chairman is Basaria Panjaitan, anti-corruption efforts began in Indonesia in the 1950s. Following strong criticism of corruption at the beginning of the New Order regime in the late 1960s a Commission of Four was appointed by president Suharto in 1970. The report of the noted that corruption was rampant but none of the cases it said were in need of urgent action were followed up. Laws were passed in 1999 giving the Police and prosecution service the authority to investigate corruption cases, law No. 30/2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed in 2002 providing a legal basis for the establishment of the KPK. Since then, the Commission has engaged in significant work revealing and prosecuting cases of corruption in government bodies reaching as high as the Supreme Court. The KPK vision is to free Indonesia from corruption and its duties include investigating and prosecuting corruption cases and monitoring the governance of the state. It has the authority to request meetings and reports in the course of its investigations and it can also authorise wiretaps, impose travel bans, request financial information about suspects, freeze financial transactions and request the assistance of other law enforcement agencies. It also has the authority to detain suspects, including well-known figures, the work of the KPK is a source of continuing controversy in Indonesia. The commission is careful, but sometimes aggressive, in pursuing high-profile cases. Mallarangeng is the first minister to resign on graft allegations since the KPK began operating in 2003, a large number of the solid reports informed the KPK of alleged cases of corruption and misuse of budget funds by government agencies at national and regional levels. The main problem is the political will of the government at regional and national levels, everything is still at a lip-service level, he said. NGO activists often urge the KPK to be aggressive in its work. For example, Bali Corruption Watch head Putu Wirata Dwikora asked the KPK to investigate cases in Bali. He lamented the commissions practice of handing over corruption cases in Bali to the prosecutors office for further investigation. The KPK should be involved in investigations to create a deterrent effect. There have been reported attempts to undermine the Commission in Parliament, in the view of many Indonesian observers, the gecko vs crocodile dispute illustrated the tensions said to exist between the KPK and the National Police Force
31.
People's Representative Council
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Together with the Regional Representative Council, a second chamber with limited powers, it makes up a legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly. Currently there are 560 members, following the 2009 elections, all elected, the house has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high level of fraud and corruption. It met for the first time in 1918, ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters, the body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people. In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers and it had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and it was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments. The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942 and this body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed, on 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman, the two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August. The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president, the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee, during the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Two months later, the made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government. This body invited heads of the making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined together to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly to represent the federal regions, initially Peoples Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year, the KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being, the provisional Peoples Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no party had more than 17
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Sumatra
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Sumatra is a large island in western Indonesia that is part of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island that is entirely in Indonesia and the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2, Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest-southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the west, northwest, and southwest sides of Sumatra with the chain of Simeulue, Nias. On the northeast side the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, on the southeast the narrow Sunda Strait separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra borders the Andaman Islands, while on the eastern side are the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait. The Bukit Barisan mountains, which several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeast sides are outlying lowlands with swamps, mangrove. The equator crosses the island at its center on West Sumatra, the climate of the island is tropical, hot and humid with lush tropical rain forest once dominating the landscape. Sumatra was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Swarnadwīpa and Swarnabhūmi, the first word mentioning the name of Sumatra was the name of Srivijayan Haji Sumatrabhumi, who sent an envoy to China in 1017. Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, late in the 14th century the name Sumatra became popular in reference to the kingdom of Samudra Pasai, which was a rising power until it was replaced by Sultanate of Aceh. Sultan Alauddin Shah of Aceh, on letters written in 1602 addressed to Queen Elizabeth I of England, referred to himself as king of Aceh, the word itself is from Sanskrit Samudra, meaning gathering together of waters, sea or ocean. European writers in the 19th century found that the inhabitants did not have a name for the island. The Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya, Srivijaya was a Buddhist monarchy centred in what is now Palembang. Dominating the region trade and conquest throughout the 7th to 9th centuries. The empire was a thalassocracy or maritime power that extended its influence from island to island, Palembang was a center for scholarly learning, and it was there the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim I Ching studied Sanskrit in 671 CE before departing for India. On his journey to China, he spent four years in Palembang translating Buddhist texts, Srivijayan influence waned in the 11th century after it was defeated by the Chola Empire of southern India. At the same time, Islam made its way to Sumatra through Arabs, by the late 13th century, the monarch of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and Ibn Battuta visited twice during 1345–1346, Samudra was succeeded by the powerful Aceh Sultanate, which survived to the 20th century. With the coming of the Dutch, the many Sumatran princely states fell under their control
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Andalas University
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University of Andalas is a university in the Indonesian city of Padang, in the Province of West Sumatra. It consists of 15 faculties, most of them located at the campus building. The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry are located in the city center and it is the oldest university in Indonesia outside Java
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Jambi University
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The Jambi University is a public university located in Jambi City, Jambi, Indonesia. The university was registered by Minister of PTIP decree Number 25 of 1963, before the foundation of the university, in 1960 there was Akademi Perniagaan Djambi under Jajasan Perguruan Tinggi Djambi which was chaired by R. Sudarsono who was the mayor of the city. In 1961, the academy transformed itself as the Faculty of Economics along with the establishment of the Faculty of Law, with those faculties, local public figures and Jambi provincial government were seeking to establish a university in their own region through Panitia Persiapan Pendirian Universitas Negeri Jambi. The committee was headed by Col. M. J. Singedekane who was the governor of Jambi, the State University of Jambi was the result of the committee established on 1 April 1963. From that day on,1 April is commemorated as the day of birth of the university, in 1966, Indonesian President issued a decree declaring the establishment of the university as Jambi University. The letter carrying the decree did not arrive in Jambi until the issuing of Presidential Decree Number 41 of 1982, the term ‘President of the University’ started from 1963 till 1977. It ended when Drs. Kemas Mohamad Saleh was appointed as Acting Rector by Indonesian Minister of Education, presidents of the university before the name alteration were, Djamaluddin Tambunan, S. H. Samad was the second Rector while completing his period in 1994, as of 1994, the rectors of the university are, Prof. Johni Najwan, S. H. Ph. D Prof. Aulia Tasman, Ph. D H. Kemas Arsyad Somad, ali M. A. Rachman, M. A Prof. DR. Ir. H. Soedarmadi Hardjosuwignyo, M. Sc Ir. Samad Drs. Kemas Mohamad Saleh In 2001, it opened the program of Management. In 2002, other programs at level, Forage Production and Technology Studies. The Law extension program was announced and a later, in 2003. In 2004, the university opened its program of Accounting at the Faculty of Economics. In the same year, Jambi University made a partnership with Jakarta State University opening postgraduate programs of Education Management, in 2005, the university re-opened its undergraduate program of physicians’ education and of Physical Education and Health. In the same year, the program was admitted. Since its establishment in 1963 up to 2006, the Jambi University has 22 undergraduate,10 diploma,4 graduate and 4 undergraduate extension programs, the main campus where most of the colleges are located is in Kampus Pinang Masak, Mendalo Darat, Jalan Raya Jambi - Ma. The current rector is Prof. Johni Najwan, S. H, Ph. D UNJA has seventeen schools and colleges, each with a dean and organization. The college currently houses four departments comprising a number of study programs, the college currently offers various programs at bachelor, master, and doctoral level
35.
Lampung University
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Lampung University is a public university in Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. It was established on September 23,1965 and its rector is Sugeng P. Harianto. The college was started because high school graduates in Lampung were going to Java or Palembang to continue their studies, preparatory Committee for the Establishment of Higher Education Foundation Lampung chaired by Prof. Sulaksana Hasan Rabbani. The two committees merged into the Foundation Trustees College of Lampung, the foundation was formed with faculties of Economics, Law, and Social. unila. ac. id/
36.
State University of Medan
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Medan State University or UNIMED is a public university located in the city of Medan in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Medan State University was originally established in 1956 as the Teachers Training College in Medan, on 27 August 1957, the college was absorbed by the University of North Sumatra to become the universitys Faculty for Teachers Training and Education. On 23 June 1963, the faculty gained autonomy as the Medan branch campus of the Institute for Teachers Training, in 1964, the Physical Education faculty was separated from the institute and became the Sports Institute only to be reintegrated back into IKIP Medan in 1977. IKIP Medan was granted university status on October 7,1999 and re-opened as Medan State University in February 2000
37.
University of North Sumatra
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The University of Sumatera Utara or is a public university located in the city of Medan in North Sumatera, Indonesia. It is situated in Padang Bulan, in the Medan Baru subdistrict of Medan, close to the City Centre, due to an increase in student numbers, a new campus is being constructed in Kwala Bekala,15 km distant, with a 300 hectare campus area. Its rectors serve eight-year renewable terms, USU was established as a Foundation Universitet North Sumatera on June 4,1952. The first is the Faculty of Medicine Faculty which was established on August 20,1952, President of Indonesia, Sukarno then USU inaugurated as the seventh state university in Indonesia on November 20,1957. History of the University of Sumatera Utara began with the founding of North Sumatera Universitet Foundation on June 4,1952. Establishment of the foundation was spearheaded by the Governor of North Sumatera to meet the wishes of the people of North Sumatera, Indonesia in particular and society in general. The Foundation is managed by a Board chaired by the Governor of North Sumatera, with the composition, Abdul Hakim Dr. T. Mansoer Dr. Soemarsono Members. Oh Tjie Lien Anwar Abubakar Madong Lubis Dr. Maas, barlan Soetan Paruhum Pane Actually, the desire to establish universities in Medan has begun since before World War II, but not approved by the Dutch government at that time. In the days of Japanese occupation, some prominent people in the field including Dr. Pirngadi, after Indonesian independence, the government appointed Dr. Mohd. Djamil in Bukit Tinggi as chairman of the committee, after the restoration of sovereignty due to clash in 1947. Governor Abdul Hakim took the initiative to encourage people throughout North Sumatera raise money for the establishment of a university in this region, on December 31,1951 formed the founding college preparatory committee, chaired by Dr. Soemarsono whose members consist of Dr. Ahmad Sofian, Ir. Then followed by the establishment of the Faculty of Law and Public Knowledge, Faculty Keguguruan and Science Education, on November 20,1957, USU was inaugurated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Dr. Ir. Soekarno became the state university in Indonesia. Inauguration date is set as the Dies Natalis USU is commemorated every year until 2001. Then at the suggestion of members of the University Senate. University Senate finally decided that day so USU was on August 20,1952 which is when the first lecture starts at USU environment, with the approval of the Ministry of National Education, in 2002 at USU Anniversary commemorated its 50th. So at that time, USU consists of five faculties in Medan, in the course has now reached the age of fifty years, through various development programs implemented, much progress has been achieved, which makes USU grown to like the situation now. Currently, USU manages more than one hundred study program consisting of levels of higher education
