1.
Sport of athletics
–
Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
2.
Trinidad and Tobago
–
During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers, more times than any other island in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens, the country Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Trinidad and Tobago is the third richest country by GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, furthermore, it is recognised as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, the economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum. The countrys wealth is attributed to its reserves and exploitation of oil. Historian E. L. Joseph claimed that Trinidads Amerindian name was Iere or Land of the Humming Bird, derived from the Arawak name for hummingbird, however, Boomert claims that neither cairi nor caeri means hummingbird and tukusi or tucuchi does. Others have reported that kairi and iere simply mean island, christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad, fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration. Trinidad and Tobago are islands situated between 10°2 and 11°12 N latitude and 60°30 and 61°56 W longitude, at the closest point, Trinidad is just 11 kilometres from Venezuelan territory. Trinidad is 4,768 km2 in area with a length of 80 km. Tobago has an area of about 300 km2, or 5. 8% of the area, is 41 km long and 12 km at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the shelf of South America. The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains, the highest point in the country is found on the Northern Range at El Cerro del Aripo, which is 940 metres above sea level. As the majority of the live in the island of Trinidad. There are four municipalities in Trinidad, Port of Spain. The main town in Tobago is Scarborough, Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East-West Corridor are the most fertile, the Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. The Northern Lowlands consist of shallow marine clastic sediments. South of this, the Central Range fold and thrust belt consists of Cretaceous and Eocene sedimentary rocks, the Naparima Plains and the Nariva Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift
3.
Olympic Games
–
The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
4.
1976 Summer Olympics
–
The 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics, officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event in Montreal, Quebec, in 1976, and the first Olympic Games held in Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, over the bids of Moscow and it is so far the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, the vote occurred on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Los Angeles was eliminated after the first round and Montreal won in the second round, Moscow would go on to host the 1980 Summer Olympics and Los Angeles the 1984 Summer Olympics. One blank vote was cast in the second and final round, toronto had made its third attempt for the Olympics but failed to get the support of the Canadian Olympic Committee, which selected Montreal instead. Robert Bourassa, then the Premier of Quebec, first asked Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to advise Canadas monarch, Elizabeth II, however, Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists in the province, annoying Trudeau, who had already made arrangements. The Oxford Olympics Study estimates the outturn cost of the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics at USD6.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 720% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, the cost overrun for Montreal 1976 is the highest cost overrun on record for any Olympics. The cost and cost overrun for Montreal 1976 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The ceremony marked the opening of the Games of the XXI Olympiad, the queen entered the Royal Box with her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and her son, Prince Andrew. The parade of athletes began moments later with the arrival of the Greek team, All other teams entered the stadium according to French alphabetical order. Although most would eventually boycott the Games in the days to follow, much of the music performed for the parade was arranged by Vic Vogel and was inspired by late Quebec composer, André Mathieu. Immediately following the parade, a troupe of 80 women dancers dressed in white performed a dance in the outline of the Olympic rings. Following that came the official speeches, first by Roger Rousseau, head of the Montreal Olympic organizing committee and her Majesty was then invited to proclaim the Games open, which she did, first in French, then in English. Accompanied by the Olympic Hymn, the Olympic flag was carried into the stadium, the flag was carried by eight men and hoisted by four women, representing the ten provinces and two territories of Canada. As the flag was hoisted, a choir performed an a cappella version of the Olympic Hymn. Once the flag was unfurled, a troupe of Bavarian dancers, representing Munich, host of the previous 1972 Summer Olympics, following a brief dance, that flag was then passed from the Mayor of Munich to the IOC President and then to the Mayor of Montreal
5.
Pan American Games
–
The Pan-American or Pan American Games is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, the only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. The Pan American Sports Organization is the body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure. The XVII Pan American Games were held in Toronto from July 10–26,2015, since 2007, host cities are contracted to manage both the Pan American and the Parapan American Games, in which athletes with physical disabilities compete with one another. The Parapan American Games are held following the Pan American Games. The Pan American Games Movement consists of sports federations, National Olympic Committees that are recognized by PASO. As the decision-making body, PASO is responsible for choosing the host city for each Pan American Games, the host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter and rules. The Pan American Games program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is determined by PASO, the celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the flag and torch, and the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 5,000 athletes compete at the Pan American Games in 36 sports, the first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively. At the first Pan American Sports Congress, held in Buenos Aires in 1940, the plans had to be postponed because of World War II. A second Pan American Sports Congress held in London during the 1948 Summer Olympics reconfirmed Buenos Aires as the choice of host city for the inaugural games, countries that were part of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada did not compete at the first Pan American Games. The second games were held in Mexico City, Mexico, competitions started on March 12 and included 2,583 athletes from 22 countries, competing in 17 sports. The Pan American Games were held every four years in the cities of Chicago, United States in 1959, São Paulo, Brazil in 1963 and Winnipeg. While the inaugural 1951 Games hosted 2,513 participants representing 14 nations, during the games most athletes and officials are housed in the Pan American Games village. This village is intended to be a home for all the participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression, PASO allows nations to compete that do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organizations demand. As a result, colonies and dependencies are permitted to set up their own National Olympic Committees, examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico and Bermuda which compete as separate nations despite being legally under the jurisdiction of another power. There have been attempts to hold Winter Pan American Games throughout the history of the games, reliable winter snow in the Americas is limited to two countries, the United States and Canada
6.
1975 Pan American Games
–
The 7th Pan American Games were held in Mexico City, Mexico, from October 12 to October 26,1975, exactly twenty years after the 2nd Pan American Games were held there. It was the major sporting event held in the Mexican capital in seven years, after the 1968 Summer Olympics. Santiago, Chile, had originally been awarded the 7th Pan American Games, financial difficulties and political turmoil forced the organizers to withdraw. The Brazilian city of São Paulo was then awarded the games, but was forced to withdraw on October 17,1974, due to financial problems, on October 19,1974, Mexico City was named host city. PASO members were impressed by the organization of the Games on such short notice, so much so, that they elected the President of the Mexican Olympic Committee, Mario Vázquez Raña, as the next PASO President during their meeting in Mexico City. To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, note ^ The medal counts for the United States, Cuba and Canada are disputed. Athletics Baseball Basketball Boxing Cycling Diving Football Judo Rowing Swimming Synchronized swimming Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling 1975 Pan American Games
7.
Commonwealth Games
–
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, the games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation, which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected for each edition,18 cities in seven countries have hosted the event. Apart from many Olympic sports, the also include some sports that are played predominantly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls. Although there are 52 members of the Commonwealth of Nations,70 teams participate in the Commonwealth Games, the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom—England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—also send separate teams. Only six countries have attended every Commonwealth Games, Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, Australia has been the highest achieving team for twelve games, England for seven, and Canada for one. The John Astley Cooper Committees worldwide helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground, in 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V. In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games, eleven national teams and four hundred competitors took part in six sports. Women competed in the events only. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as took place at Civic Stadium. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but were given to London instead because of the potential for prejudiced treatment of black, seventeen national teams took part, including the Irish Free State. Once again, only six sports were featured in these particular Games, athletics took place at White City and three sports took place at Wembley, at the well established venue of the Empire Pool in Wembley Park, which later became Wembley Arena. The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada, the year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games. The name of the event was changed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The first edition of the event was the 1930 British Empire Games in which 11 nations participated, the quadrennial schedule of the games was interrupted by the Second World War and the 1942 Games and the 1946 Games were abandoned. The games were revived in 1950 and underwent a name change four years later with the first British Empire, over 1,000 athletes participated in the 1958 Games as over thirty teams took part for the first time. The 1978 Games in Edmonton marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part, the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia saw the sporting programme grow from 10 to 15 sports as team sports were allowed for the first time. Participation also reached new levels as over 3500 athletes represented 70 teams at the event, at the Games in Melbourne in 2006, over 4000 athletes took part in sporting competitions
8.
Athletics at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
–
At the 1978 Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held at the Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. A total of 38 events were contested, of which athletes 23 were male and 15 female, key Commonwealth Games Medallists - Men
9.
1970 British Commonwealth Games
–
The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 16 July to 25 July 1970. Also, these saw the first unique Games trademark logo, an emblem showing the Games emblem intertwined with a St Andrews Cross. They were followed by the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for wheelchair athletes,42 teams were represented at the 1970 Games. In August 1966, the bid vote was held in Jamaica, Edinburgh with 18 votes beat Christchurch, New Zealand with 11. In December of the year, an appeal fund was launched. * = First medal in the British Commonwealth Games
10.
Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
–
At the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. A total of 36 events were contested, of which 23 by male and 13 by female athletes and this was the first athletics competition at the British Commonwealth Games to feature events in metric units, rather than imperial units. Two Games records were broken at the competition, key Commonwealth Games Medallists - Men
11.
Trinity Cross
–
The Trinity Cross was the highest of the National Awards of Trinidad and Tobago, between the years 1969–2008. It was awarded for, distinguished and outstanding service to Trinidad and it was awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy, or for gallant conduct. Either nationals or non-nationals can be awarded the honour, but no more than five may be awarded in any year, the President was awarded the Trinity Cross in an ex officio capacity. The award was first presented in 1969 and was replaced by The Order of the Republic of Trinidad. The name of the award has been criticised as being discriminatory against non-Christians, in 1973, then Roman Catholic Archbishop Anthony Pantin declined to go on record in favour of renaming the award, but allowed that he lacked any strong feelings one way or the other. In 1997, a cabinet appointed committee was appointed to look at the issue of the Trinity Cross, the committee was chaired by the then Chief Justice, Mr. was perceived as a Christian symbol in this multi-religious society. In June 2005, High Court Action 2065 of 2004 was heard before Mr. Justice Jamadar in the San Fernando High Court. This was a motion filed by Satnarayan Maharaj, secretary general of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha. The result is an experience of disparate treatment, or unfair discrimination, for many deserving citizens who. will never be rewarded by the State. Although he found it to be discriminatory, he said that it does not mean that the court can strike it down, as it was protected by the 1976 constitution, it was a matter for the Parliament to change. This led to creation of a new highest award the Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, which was first presented in 2008
12.
Track and field
–
Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
13.
Hasely Crawford Stadium
–
The Hasely Crawford Stadium, formerly the National Stadium, is located in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. It was inaugurated and formally opened by Prime Minister George Chambers on 12 June 1982, on 30 December 1996, Prime Minister Basdeo Panday officially designated it The Hasely Crawford Stadium, after the first person from Trinidad and Tobago to win an Olympic gold medal. The stadium, which is used by the Trinidad and Tobago national football team. It also hosted games at the 2010 FIFA U-17 Womens World Cup and its theatre-style VIP Room holds 250. Trinidad and Tobago Football Federation accessed 2006-06-11 http, //www. sportt-tt. com/Facilities/HaselyCrawfordStadium. aspx Panoramic image from the Trinidad and Tobago Computer Society
14.
San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago
–
San Fernando, officially the City Corporation of San Fernando, is the most populous city in Trinidad and Tobago. It occupies 18 km² and is located in the part of the island of Trinidad. It is bounded to the north by the Guaracara River, the south by the Oropouche River, the east by the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway, the former borough was elevated to the status of a city corporation on November 18,1988. The motto of San Fernando is, Sanitas Fortis - In a Healthy Environment We Will Find Strength, many local Trinidadians refer to the city with the shortened name Sando. The Amerindians called the area Anaparima, which has been translated as either single hill or without water, a single hill, San Fernando Hill, rises from the centre of the city. A town named San Fernando de Naparima was established by Spanish Governor Don José Maria Chacón in 1784, with time, the de Naparima was dropped. Following the 1783 Cedula of Population, many plantations were established in the Naparima Plains surrounding San Fernando. The town grew as part of the country came to dominate sugar production. This growth continued throughout the century as consolidation in the sugar industry led to the construction of what was then the largest sugar refinery in the world. Madeline factory a few miles east of the town, the development of cacao cultivation and the petroleum industry helped San Fernando grow since the town served as the gateway to these areas. The growth of the town placed severe strains on the supply of water, the nearby oil refinery at Pointe-à-Pierre played an important role in San Fernandos development between World War II and the 1980s. The refinery was constructed by Trinidad Leaseholds Limited during World War II, the oil boom of the 1970s and 80s led to the growth of the suburbs of San Fernando, especially Marabella and Gasparillo of the Pointe-à-Pierre refinery. In 1991 the boundaries of the city were extended, bringing the refinery immediately adjacent to the Citys northern boundary, the extended City now includes the suburbs of Marabella, Bel Air, Gulf View and Cocoyea. The administration of San Fernando is done by San Fernando City Corporation and it is a corporate body, and the staff is instrumental in the exercise of the powers of the Corporation through the Council. Functions of this Corporation are delegated by the Central Government, Local government administration started in 1845, when the Town Council was established and the Municipality of San Fernando came into being. Circa 1853, San Fernando was elevated to a Borough, the first Mayor was Robert Johnstone, from the simple start of a fishing village, San Fernando blossomed financially, and became the Industrial Capital of Trinidad and Tobago. This crest incorporates the City motto, the sea, the hill, the sea and boat represent the beginnings as a fishing village. The sugar cane stalk represents the sugar industry, the oil tank represents productivity and the oil industry
15.
1972 Summer Olympics
–
The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11,1972. The sporting nature of the event was overshadowed by the Munich massacre in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches. Five Black September Palestinian terrorists died, the 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken place under the Nazi regime. The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo by Otl Aicher, the Olympic mascot, the dachshund Waldi, was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein, a companion of Bert Kaempfert, the Olympic Park is based on Frei Ottos plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark. The competition sites, designed by architect Günther Behnisch, included the Olympic swimming hall, the Olympics Hall and the Olympic Stadium, and an Olympic village very close to the park. The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes, Munich won its Olympic bid on April 26,1966, at the 64th IOC Session at Rome, Italy, over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montreal would eventually host the following Olympic games in 1976, the Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in, the German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting, the five remaining hostages were then machine-gunned to death. All but three of the terrorists were killed as well, although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on October 29,1972, in exchange for a hijacked Lufthansa jet. Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by the Mossad, jamal Al-Gashey, who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. A memorial ceremony was held in the Olympic stadium. The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics, security at Olympics was heightened further beginning with the 2002 Winter Olympics, as they were the first to take place since September 11,2001. The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies and this led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unit GSG9, similar to the British SAS. It also led Israel to launch a campaign known as Operation Wrath of God, in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down, the events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in the Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September. An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films, the 1976 made-for-TV movie 21 Hours at Munich, the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon and Steven Spielbergs 2005 film Munich
16.
Eastern Michigan University
–
Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is 35 miles west of Detroit and eight miles east of Ann Arbor, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan for eight-year terms, the school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Since 1991 EMU athletics has gone by the name Eagles, then in 1994, Swoop was officially adopted by the university as the schools mascot. The universitys site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres, EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students. The university was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School, Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies. One hundred and twenty-two students started classes March 29,1853, adonijah Welch served as Michigan State Normal Schools first principal. Michigan created an educational system modeled on that of Germany. The normal schools were to train teachers for schools, which were being established rapidly in new towns in the state. In 1899, the became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the 20th century as Michigans premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a degree program. Just like many universities during World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after WWII, in 1959 the school became a university gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School. In the early 1970s, international student exchange schemes were organised, in 2005, the Honors Program became the Eastern Michigan University Honors College. More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education, the Centers for Corporate Training, today the universitys total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or masters level, although the university has programs in Educational Leadership, Technology. EMU former-President Susan W. Martin, Ph. D, other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and it shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision
17.
Jamaica
–
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
18.
1980 Summer Olympics
–
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
19.
1984 Summer Olympics
–
The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. When Tehran, the other interested city on the international level, declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes. This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games, the first being in 1932, for differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8,1984, citing security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments, boycotting countries organized another large event in June–September 1984, called the Friendship Games, however, not even a single competition was held between July 28 and August 12. Representatives of the countries, the Soviets in particular, underlined it was not held to replace the Olympics. Elite athletes from the U. S. and USSR would only compete against each other at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow, organized in response to the boycotts. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote sports in Southern California, educate coaches. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics, the host state of California was the home state of U. S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, the official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle. The logo of the games featured five blue, white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks and these were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. On July 18,2009, a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium and this celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, Ueberroth, and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron. After the murder of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists in Munich and significant financial debts of Montreal, only two cities made serious bids for the 1984 Summer Games. But before a city could be anointed in 1978, Tehran, too. Hence, the process for the 1984 Summer Olympics consisted of a single finalized bid. The bid from Tehran was withdrawn before the selection as a result of Irans policy changes following the Iranian Revolution, Los Angeles had unsuccessfully bid for the two previous Summer Olympics, for 1976 and 1980. The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states, unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi and involved 3,636 runners, noted athlete O. J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica. With the torch, he touched off the flame passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo
20.
Ato Boldon
–
Ato Jabari Boldon is a former athlete from Trinidad and Tobago and four-time Olympic medal winner. Only three other men in history—Usain Bolt, Frankie Fredericks and Carl Lewis—have won as many Olympic individual event sprint medals. He is the current Trinidad and Tobago national record holder in the 50,60 and 200 metres events with times of 5.64,6.49 and 19.77 seconds respectively. He also held the 100m national record at 9.86, having run it four times and he also holds the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m. After retiring from his career, he was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament. He is now a ESPN and NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track, Boldon was born in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad to a Jamaican mother and Trinidadian father. He attended Fatima College in Trinidad before leaving for the United States at age fourteen, in December 1989, as a soccer player at Jamaica High School in Queens, New York City, head coach Joe Trupiano noticed his sprinting abilities during a soccer practice session. After transferring for his year from Jamaica High to Piedmont Hills High School in San Jose, California. He also continued to sprint, placing third in the 200 m at the CIF California State Meet in 1991, Athletics became his primary focus and he won the Junior Olympic Title that summer in Durham, North Carolina, in 200 m. At 18, Boldon represented Trinidad and Tobago at 100 metres and 200 m in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and he was also an NCAA Champion while enrolled as a sociology major at the University of California at Los Angeles, in 1995 in the 200 m. He secured an NCAA100 m Championship in 1996, in Eugene, Oregon, in the race of his collegiate career. Boldon also held the collegiate 100 m record with 9.90 s from 1996 until it was broken by Travis Padgett, at the time he was the youngest athlete ever to win a medal in that event, at 21 years of age. The following year at the 1996 Summer Olympics, he placed third in the 100 m and 200 m events. In 1997, he won the 200 m at the World Championships in Athens, Greece and this made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World Senior title. He picked up gold in the 100 m at the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, setting a time of 9.88 s, beating Namibias Frankie Fredericks. The Commonwealth Games 100 m record remains unbroken and it is in no way something where the blame is laid on the athlete, ” said IAAF General Secretary István Gyulai of the positive result. That brought Boldons career total to four World Championship medals, to match his four Olympic medals, in 2006, a judge in Trinidad found that Boldon was not at fault in that accident and he was paid substantial damages as a result. That accident left Boldon with a hip injury, and he was a shadow of his former self as a sprinter
21.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
22.
International Association of Athletics Federations
–
The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations
23.
Sports Reference
–
Sports Reference, LLC is a company which operates several sports-related websites including Baseball-Reference. com, Pro-Football-Reference. com, Basketball Reference, and Hockey Reference. The site also includes sections on football, college basketball and, until December 2016. The sites attempt a comprehensive approach to sports data, for example, Baseball-Reference. com contains more than 100,000 box scores and Pro-Football-Reference. com contains data on every scoring play in the National Football League since 1941. The company, which is based in Philadelphia, was founded as Sports Reference in 2004 and was incorporated as Sports Reference LLC in 2007
24.
100 metres at the Olympics
–
The 100 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The mens 100 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896, the 100 metres is considered one of the blue ribbon events of the Olympics and is among the highest profile competitions at the games. The first Olympic champions were both Americans, Thomas Burke in the category and,32 years later, Betty Robinson in the womens category. The Olympic records for the event are 9.63 seconds, set by Bolt in 2012, the world records for the event have been equalled or broken during the Olympics on seven occasions in the mens category and on twelve occasions in the womens. Among the competing nations, the United States has had the most success in this event, having won sixteen golds in the mens race, Usain Bolt of Jamaica has won three consecutive titles. Four other athletes have won titles, Wyomia Tyus, Carl Lewis, Gail Devers. Merlene Ottey is the athlete to win three medals without winning gold, with one silver and two bronze medals. Many athletes that compete in this event also compete individually in the Olympic 200 metres, four of these men were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Jesse Owens, Bobby Morrow, Carl Lewis, and Usain Bolt. Two of these men have won a gold medal at the same games - Archie Hahn in the now defunct 60 metres. Four of these women were members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Fanny Blankers-Koen, Betty Cuthbert, Wilma Rudolph. Fanny Blankers-Koen is the one of these women to win four gold medals at the same games by winning the 80 metres hurdles in 1948. Marion Jones was the 2000 womens Olympic 100 m gold medallist but had her results annulled after admitting to using performance-enhancing drugs during her Olympic victory and these controversies have affected public perceptions of drug usage among sprint athletes, as well as track and field and the Olympics in general. The Olympic 100 metres competitions are carried out under standard international rules, the races are segregated by gender, with one for men and one for women. Traditionally there are four rounds of competition, heats, quarter-finals, semi-finals, prior to 1964, finals featured six athletes. For all Olympic competitions from 1964 onwards—allowing for a sufficient number of athletes being present—each race features eight runners, athletes are seeded by past performance to ensure an even balance of quality across the heats and allow the best runners to progress to the later stages. Usually in the first two rounds the top three runners progress to the next stage, a small number of other athletes also progress as the fastest non-qualifiers through a repechage system. Prior to 2012, the semi-finals stage comprised two races of eight athletes and the top four finishers in each race were entered into the final, several amendments were made to the competition format in 2012. Any participant not in possession of an Olympic qualifying standard time is entered into the preliminary round, qualifiers in this round progress to the first round proper
25.
Thomas Burke (athlete)
–
Thomas Edmund Tom Burke was an American sprinter. He was the first Olympic champion in the 100 and 400 meter dash races, Burke, a student at Boston University School of Law, was a reputed runner in the 400 meters and 440 yards, having won the AAU title in 1895. He had no reputation for the first event he entered in the inaugural modern Olympic Games in Athens,1896. With many top sprinters absent, Burke surprisingly won the 100 meters and he was also noted for his crouch start, which was uncommon at that time but in standard use now. His time in the final was 12.0 seconds, in the preliminary heat, he had an even better time –11.8 seconds. At the same Olympics, Burke also won the 400 meters and his times for that event were 58.4 seconds in the preliminary heats and 54.2 seconds in the final, in both of which Burke finished first. Later in his career, Burke specialized in the longer distances, in 1897, he was one of the initiators of the annually held Boston Marathon, inspired by the success of the marathon event at the 1896 Olympics. Burke later became a lawyer, but was also a coach and a part-time journalist, writing for The Boston Journal. The Complete Book of the Olympics
26.
United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics
–
Fourteen competitors from the United States competed in three sports at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The Americans were the most successful nation in terms of medals, beating host nation Greece,11 to 10. However, the Greeks 46 total medals dwarfed the Americans 20, the United States team had 27 entries in 16 events, with 20 of the 27 resulting in top-three finishes. Most of the American competitors were students at Harvard University or Princeton University or members of the Boston Athletic Association, the team trained at The Pennington School, in Pennington, New Jersey, while preparing in secret for the first modern Olympic Games. Of the 14 Americans at the Athens Games,12 won medals, charles Waldstein, a shooter, and Gardner Williams, a swimmer, were the two who did not win any medals. The United States squad won nine medals in the twelve athletics events. Six silver medals and two bronze medals went to the Americans in athletics. Track & Road Field Events The Paine brothers contested only two events, taking the top two spots in the event in which both competed, the military pistol. Sumner was the one of the two to enter the free pistol, which he won. Waldstein was the member of the American shooting contingent, competing in the military rifle event. Williams competed in two swimming events, placing in neither, de Coubertin, Pierre, Philemon, P. J. & Anninos, C. The Olympic Games, BC776 – AD1896, results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games
27.
Frank Jarvis
–
Frank Washington Jarvis was an American athlete, and the Olympic 100 m champion of 1900. In the heats, however, Jarvis and another American, Walter Tewksbury, posted times of 10.8, all three Americans qualified for the final, complemented by Stan Rowley of Australia. After a close first half of the race, leading Duffey pulled a muscle, fell. At the same Olympics, Jarvis also competed in the jump and the standing triple jump. After his running career, Jarvis became a lawyer, list of Princeton University Olympians Frank Jarvis. Archived from the original on 2011-09-13
28.
United States at the 1900 Summer Olympics
–
The United States competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Additionally, Foxhall Parker Keene and Frank MacKey were part of the team that won the gold medal in polo. Additionally, Walter McCreery was part of the team that won the silver medal in polo. Additionally, Marion Jones won a medal with Lawrence Doherty of Great Britain in mixed doubles tennis. The United States team took 16 of the 23 track & field athletics medals, the Americans failed to win a medal in only 3 of the 22 events they contested—the marathon and the two steeplechase events. Kraenzlein won four gold medals while Baxter and Tewksbury led in medals with five each. The United States first cycling appearance was at the second Olympic cycling competition,1900, one cyclist from the United States competed in both events, winning the bronze medal in the 2000 metre sprint to become the only cyclist from outside France to win a medal. The United States first competed in fencing at the Olympics in the second appearance. The United States was one of four nations to compete in the first Olympic golf events, the Americans took both gold medals, as well as sweeping the womens competition to take 4 of 6 total medals. The United States was one of four nations to compete in the first Olympic polo event, Americans played on two of the five teams, each time along with British companions. The two American/British combinations won the top two prizes
29.
Archie Hahn
–
Charles Archibald Archie Hahn was an American track athlete and one of the best sprinters in the early 20th century. Louis, which was attended by European athletes. In the first event at those Games, the 60 m, Hahn benefited from his start and won, making him a favorite for the remaining events he was entered in. His run in the 200 m final delivered him the gold, in his third event, he again outclassed the field, thus winning all sprint events. In 1906, the Milwaukee Meteor repeated his Olympic 100 m victory in Athens, a feat not equalled until 1988, after his running career, Hahn became a coach and wrote the classic book How to Sprint. At Virginia he led the Cavaliers to 12 state championships in 13 years and he died in 1955, in Charlottesville, Virginia. Hahn was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1959 and he was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1984 and the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1991. Archie Hahn at the College Football Data Warehouse Virginia Sports Hall of Fame profile USATF profile dataOlympics profile
30.
United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics
–
The United States hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri. These Games were sparsely attended by athletes from outside the United States, many events were contested solely by Americans, with a record 57 events having an entirely American podium. The United States first competed in archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics and they were the only nation to compete that year, taking all 17 medals. The United States was the nation to have boxers compete in boxing. The United States was the nation to compete in cycling. The United States and Germany were the two nations competed in diving. The two American divers took gold and bronze in the platform event, the five Americans in the plunge for distance had no foreign competition, taking all three medals. The United States made its first appearance in football, known there as soccer, two American club teams played in a round-robin with a Canadian team, with the Canadian team defeating both of the American squads. The Americans then played two scoreless draws against each other before one won the third contest, 2-0, the United States was one of two nations to compete in tennis. The United States was the nation to have wrestlers compete in 1904. Archived from the original on February 16,2009
31.
South Africa at the 1908 Summer Olympics
–
South Africa competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom Hurdler Doug Stupart carried the flag at the opening ceremony. South Africa was one of 5 nations to win at least one medal in athletics. Reggie Walker was the 100 metres champion, setting a new Olympic record in the semifinals, charles Hefferon added a silver medal in the marathon. The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report
32.
Ralph Craig
–
Ralph Cook Craig was an American athlete, winner of the sprint double at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Craig began his career as a hurdler at Detroit Central High School. In 1910, he won the IC4A220 y championship, repeating this the following year, in 1912, Craig qualified for the Olympic team and went to Sweden, where he reached the final of the 100m. A big favourite was his compatriot Donald Lippincott, who had set a World Record of 10,6 in the heats, after no less than seven false starts, Craig won the race in 10,8 – Lippincott only finished third. Craig fought out another battle with Lippincott in the 200m, edging him to win the 200 m title, Craig was not a part of the American 4 ×100 m relay team, which was disqualified and didnt medal. Immediately after the Olympics, Ralph Craig retired from the sport, although his brother, Jimmy, in 1948, he made a return to the Olympics as an alternate on the US yachting team. Although he did not actually compete, Craig carried the American flag at the ceremonies in London. Craig was employed for years as an administrator with the New York State Unemployment Bureau. He died at Lake George, New York, in 2010 he joined the National Track and Field Hall of Fame. In March 1911, Craig set a new record by running the 40-yard high hurdles in 5.2 seconds, in May 1911, at his last competition wearing the Michigan uniform, Craig helped the Wolverines to a third-place finish in the inter-collegiate meet. He tied the record in the 100-yard dash with a time of 9.8 seconds. He also tied the record in the 220-yard dash with a time of 21.2 seconds. The Wolverines finished the meet with 24 points, trailing only Cornell, Ralph Craigs entry in the Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame
33.
United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics
–
The United States competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 174 competitors, all men, took part in 68 events in 11 sports, out of the 174 athletes who had participated,63 won medals. Two divers, both men, represented the United States and it was the nations third appearance in diving, appearing in each edition of the diving competition. Both men competed in all three events, gaidzik, the defending bronze medalist in the springboard, advanced to the final in that event and placed eighth. Neither diver advanced to the final in either of the two events. Rankings given are within the divers heat, seven swimmers competed for the United States at the 1912 Games. It was the fifth appearance in swimming, a sport in which the United States had competed at each Olympic Games. The American men finished with two medals and the corresponding Olympic records, as well as a bronze medal, in individual events. The relay team added a medal, and briefly held the world record after winning its semifinal heat. Ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat, men 109 athletes represented the United States. It was the appearance of the nation in athletics, in which it had competed at every Olympics. The Americans won gold medals in 16 of the 30 events and they swept the medals in 4 events, as well as taking the top three spots in the pole vault. Ranks given are within that athletes heat for running events, nine cyclists represented the United States. It was the appearance of the nation in cycling, which it had not appeared in only in 1896. Dressage Eventing Thirteen fencers represented the United States and it was the third appearance of the nation in fencing. No American fencer reached the finals, though two advanced to the semifinals, the United States had one competitor in the first Olympic pentathlon competition. George S. Patton, who would become a general during World War II. Patton finished in place, he was the only non-Swede among the top seven finishers
Trinidad and Tobago
