1.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
2.
Panel show
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A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participates. Participants may compete with other, such as on The News Quiz, facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants, such as on Match Game/Blankety Blank. The genre can be traced to 1938, when Information Please debuted on U. S. radio, the earliest known television panel show is Play the Game, a charades show in 1946. The modern trend of comedy shows can find early roots with Stop Me If Youve Heard This One in 1939. While panel shows were popular in the past in the U. S. they are still very common in the United Kingdom. Panel shows also feature comedic banter, friendly ribbing and camaraderie among the panelists, scoring is often deemphasized in panel shows. The American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway, acknowledged this with the introduction, Welcome to Whose Line Is It Anyway, the show where everythings made up and the points dont matter. Panel shows can have any number of themes, many are topical and satirical, such as Wait Wait. Have I Got News for You, The News Quiz and Mock The Week, involves wordplay, Ive Got a Secret is about secrets, To Tell The Truth and Would I Lie to You. Deal with lies, and It Pays to Be Ignorant and Im Sorry I Havent A Clue are parodies, some panel shows are variations of classic parlor games. Twenty Questions is based on the game of the same name, Give Us a Clue is modeled after Charades. Frequently, a panel show features recurring panelists or permanent team captains, most shows are recorded before a studio audience. The first known example of a show in the world is the radio program Information Please. An evolution of the show format, Information Please added the key element of a panel of celebrities, largely writers and intellectuals. Listeners would mail in questions, winning prizes for stumping the panel, U. S. panel shows transferred to television early in the mediums history, with the first known example being Play the Game, a charades show that aired on DuMont and ABC beginning in 1946. The celebrity charades concept has been replicated numerous times since then, the most popular adaptation was Pantomime Quiz, airing from 1947 to 1959, and having runs on each of the four television networks operating at the time. Other charades shows have included Stump the Stars, Movietown, RSVP, Celebrity Charades, Showoffs, TV panel shows saw their peak of popularity in the 1950s and 60s, when CBS ran the three longest-running panel shows in prime time, Whats My Line. Ive Got a Secret and To Tell the Truth, at times, they were among the top ten shows on U. S. television, and they continue to experience occasional revivals
3.
Harry Thompson
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Harry William Thompson was an English radio and television producer, comedy writer, novelist and biographer. Born in London, Thompson was educated at Highgate School and Brasenose College and he soon focused his attention on comedy, working as a researcher for Not the Nine OClock News and BBC Radios The Mary Whitehouse Experience. Rising to the level of producer, he produced the BBC radio shows The News Quiz, Harry William Thompson was born on 6 February 1960 in London. His father was a manager who worked for The Guardian. He attended the privately run Highgate School before going on to study History at Brasenose College and it was there that he became editor of the university newspaper, Cherwell, working alongside arts editor Roly Keating, the future controller of BBC2. Leaving university, he joined the BBC as a trainee in 1981, here, he worked on the late-night news program Newsnight, later commenting that it was the most awful experience of my life, full of people who barked into phones, professionally. Switching his focus to comedy, he worked as a researcher for BBC2s Not the Nine OClock News and for various shows on BBC Radio. Rising to the level of producer, he was responsible for the production of long-established show The News Quiz as well as Alexei Sayles new comedy series, the Guardian would note that at this time he established himself as a maverick who pushed established boundaries with outrageous jokes. In the 1980s, several independent producers realised that BBC Radio 4 had a number of shows that could be successfully converted to television. Among them was the company Hat Trick Productions, who decided to adapt The News Quiz for television in 1989, jimmy Mulville, the companys managing director, asked Thompson to produce this venture, which first appeared in 1990 as Have I Got News For You. It was Thompson who selected Angus Deayton to present the show, with Ian Hislop and he oversaw the production of the show for 93 episodes over five seasons. He later remarked that when the show first began, he was extremely confident and it never occurred to me that anything else could be better… I know it sounds arrogant. Have I Got News For You initially screened on BBC2, moving on to produce other comedy quiz shows, in 1995 he began work on They Think Its All Over, a BBC sports show. He followed this in 1996 by the creation of a quiz show. In 1998 he was part of BBC Radio 4s 5-part political satire programme Cartoons, Lampoons, and Buffoons. In 1998 Thompson produced and co-wrote the first series of Channel 4s The 11 OClock Show, Thompson later wrote for spin-off Da Ali G Show. Defending the humour in the show, he announced that Youll never see anything PC or right-on in my shows. I get accused quite a lot of straying into bad taste, in 2003, Thompson, alongside Shaun Pye, created and wrote the adult cartoon comedy Monkey Dust
4.
Angus Deayton
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Gordon Angus Deayton, known professionally as Angus Deayton, is an English actor, writer, musician, comedian, and broadcaster. He also played Victor Meldrews long-suffering neighbour Patrick Trench in the comedy series One Foot in the Grave and he showed early promise as a footballer, and had a trial with Crystal Palace. He was captain of the Caterham U16 Rugby team, Deayton read languages at New College, Oxford, where he was recruited into the Oxford Revue, performing with them at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. This led to the creation of the band the Hee Bee Gee Bees in 1980, with the songs written by Richard Curtis. Their best-selling single Meaningless Songs was a parody of the style of disco hits by the Bee Gees. Deayton founded his career on Radio Active, a parody of British local radio stations broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 1981 and 1987, which he co-wrote and performed and it transferred to television as KYTV between 1989 and 1993. Deayton presented a tribute to Radio Active and KYTV colleague and friend Geoffrey Perkins for BBC Radio 4 on 4 October 2008, Deayton was frequently a straight man alongside Rowan Atkinson. From 1988-91, Deayton was a player in all three series of the Emmy award-winning sketch comedy programme Alexei Sayles Stuff. In 1990, Deayton was cast as the Meldrews neighbour Patrick Trench in the British suburban sitcom One Foot in the Grave and was selected as host of Have I Got News for You, the same year, he featured on television advertising the Vauxhall Nova. Andre Ptaszynski tried to persuade him to take the role in Steven Moffats sitcom Chalk. Deaytons suave manner as host of Have I Got News for You led to his being nicknamed TVs Mr Sex and he was much in demand as a presenter of television specials including the BBCs New Years Eve show and the BAFTA Awards. He also featured in a series of advertisements for Barclaycard and the films Savage Hearts, in an episode of Coupling, he appears in a fantasy sequence with Mariella Frostrup. In addition, he hosted the late-1990s BBC show Before They Were Famous, in May 2002, the News of the World suggested he had taken cocaine and had sex with prostitutes. He was ridiculed by Paul Merton and Ian Hislop in the episode of Have I Got News For You. Deayton began the episode with, Good evening and welcome to Have I Got News For You and he added later, For those watching at home, dont adjust your sets, my face really is this red. After more allegations in October, Deayton was sacked two episodes into the new series after Merton and Hislop repeatedly implied during the programme that Deayton should resign. After Have I Got News for You, his included a reunion of the Radio Active cast in a new episode in December 2002. In 2003, he guest-starred as Downing Streets spin doctor in an episode of the BBC comedy Absolute Power, starring Stephen Fry, in January 2004, he starred in the BBC comedy Nighty Night
5.
Ian Hislop
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Ian David Hislop is a British journalist, satirist, writer, broadcaster and editor of the magazine Private Eye. He has appeared on radio and television programmes, and is a team captain on the BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You. Hislop was born on 13 July 1960 in Mumbles, Swansea, to a Scottish father, David Hislop, from Ayrshire, Hislop did not know his grandparents. His paternal grandfather, David Murdoch Hislop, died just before he was born and his maternal grandfather, William Beddows, was originally from Lancashire. When he was five months old, Hislops family began to travel around the world because of his fathers job as a civil engineer, during his infant years, Hislop lived in Nigeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong. When Hislop was 12 years old his father died, his mother, Hislop and Newmans association continued when they attended Oxford University together, later working together at Private Eye and on a number of comedy scriptwriting jobs. Hislop applied to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford and his Oxford tutors included Bernard ODonoghue, John Fuller and David Norbrook. While at university, Hislop was actively involved in student journalism and he graduated with a BA in 1981. Hislop married Victoria Hamson on 16 April 1988 in Oxford and they have two children, both born in the London borough of Wandsworth, Emily Helen, who read English at Brasenose College, Oxford, and William David, who read History at Jesus College, Oxford. Hislops wife has a career as an author, and in 2010 Hislop played a role in the Greek television series The Island. The series premiered on 11 October 2010 on Greeces Mega television channel, Hislop enjoys visiting art galleries and museums, and has collected antique cutlery for over three decades. At Oxford, Hislop revived and edited the magazine Passing Wind, for which he interviewed Richard Ingrams, who was editor of Private Eye. Hislops first article appeared in 1980 before he sat his university finals, a parody of The Observer magazines Room of My Own feature, it described an IRA prisoner on the dirty protest decorating his cell in fetching brown. Hislop joined the publication immediately after leaving Oxford, and became editor in 1986 following Ingramss departure, Cook, reportedly drunk after the lunch, instead announced Hislop was welcome aboard. The new editor, dismissive of society gossip, sacked both McKay and Dempster from the magazine without hesitation. As editor of Private Eye, Ian Hislop is reputedly the most sued man in English legal history, after the case Hislop quipped, Ive just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech. Hislop told reporters waiting outside the High Court, If thats justice, the award was dropped to £60,000 on appeal. In an interview with Third Way Magazine in 1995 he explained his intentions in his work, Satire is the bringing to ridicule of vice, folly, all the negatives imply a set of positives
6.
Paul Merton
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Paul James Martin, known professionally as Paul Merton is an English writer, actor, comedian, radio and television presenter. He is known for his skill, his humour being rooted in deadpan, surreal. He was once considered, by critics, fellow comedians. He appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute and he has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players. Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green, London, to an English Anglican father, Albert Martin and he attended St Thomass School, Fulham and St Theresas, Morden. After leaving school, Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as an officer for seven years. Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus, remembering and he gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name, including an appearance as a yokel in Time, an episode of The Young Ones in 1984. On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken, so he renamed himself after Merton, the district of London where he grew up. Though he had harboured ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days, it was not until April 1982, at the Comedy Store in Soho. He recalls that on only his second or third night he found the role that has informed his comic approach ever since. He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985, Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008. His breakthrough as a performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4, though he had performed on the channels Saturday Live. He remained on Whose Line until 1993, have I Got News for You began in 1990, and two series of his own sketch show, Paul Merton, The Series, followed soon after. In 1995 he presented a series celebrating the history of the London Palladium. In 1996, Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series, six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock. These were very badly received by critics, and although a selection of episodes was released on VHS. Also in 1996, Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series, Merton later explained that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut
7.
The London Studios
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The London Studios or The South Bank Studios in Waterloo, Central London is a television studio complex formerly owned by London Weekend Television. The studios are located in Central London and are situated on the South Bank next to The IBM Building, the building is set on 2.5 acres of land and is 24 floors high. These include Good Morning Britain, The Graham Norton Show, Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway, the studios are also used for other programmes from various other channels including BBC and Channel 4. The Met Office weather studios which provide national weather forecasts are based at The London Studios. When LWT succeeded ATV for the London weekend ITV franchise in 1968, the site for the development was chosen beside the new Royal National Theatre on the South Bank of the River Thames. It was purchased in 1969 and construction work, awarded to Higgs and Hill, commenced in 1970 with the opening for transmission in 1972. The complex was owned by the National Coal Board Pension Fund Trustees and it was originally called The South Bank Television Centre and at the time was the most advanced television centre in Europe. On 28 January 2013 ITV plc finally bought the freehold to the now renamed London Television Centre for £56 million from what had now become Coal Pension Properties, on social media, the building is named ITV Towers since the purchase in January 2013. However, the name of the building is The London Television Centre with that being the logo in reception. Kent House is a 24 story tower block, and is home to ITV PLC, during the 1990s the Block was also home to Carlton Television and GMTV. It is seen in the titles of Good Morning Britain and Ant and it was designed by London-based architecture practice Elsom Pack & Roberts. On the east side of the site, there is a building called Gabriels Wharf. Previously belonging to Youngers Brewery, this building was added later to the site as a scenery store. When This Morning moved from Liverpool, the 3,000 square feet studio 8 was converted from the end of the first storey. The site houses programme production offices, edit suites, dubbing suites, VTR studio booths, audiences are used in many productions at The London Studios. The audience are instructed to queue to the hand side of the studios near to the reception entrance. There are two waterproof TV screens with the live ITV programmes shown on them, in 2016, the hand-prints of Ben Elton, Frances de la Tour, Derek Jacobi and Ian McKellen were added. In 1999 through to 2017 there have been a total of nine different studios during the complexs lifespan and it should also be noted that there are weather studios producing the ITV national, and some of the networks regional forecasts
8.
Hat Trick Productions
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Hat Trick Productions is a British independent production company that produces television programmes, mainly specialising in comedy. Hat Trick Productions was founded in 1986 by Rory McGrath, Jimmy Mulville and its first commission was Chelmsford 123, a situation comedy for Channel 4. Two years later, Geoffrey Perkins became company director, and helped to produce such as Father Ted, Whose Line Is It Anyway. Perkins left the organisation in 1995, to head of comedy for BBC Television. Boomers Dinner Date Episodes Have I Got News for You The Kumars at No.42 The Revolution Will Be Televised Room 101 Whose Line Is It Anyway
9.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
10.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
11.
576i
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576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
12.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
13.
Television in the United Kingdom
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Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing, there are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all broadcasts in the United Kingdom are in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable as well as over IP, set-top boxes are generally used to receive these services, however integrated digital televisions can also be used to receive Freeview or Freesat. Most TVs sold in the UK come with a DVB-T tuner for Freeview – a rare thing in Europe, BT TV and TalkTalk Plus TV, both based on YouView, utilise hybrid boxes which receive Freeview as well as additional subscription services. Households viewing TV from the internet are not tracked by Ofcom, the UKs five most watched channels, BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5, are available from all providers. Digital terrestrial television launched in 1998 as a service named ONdigital. Since October 2002, the broadcaster is Freeview, with BT TV providing additional subscription services. In all cases cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line, smallworld Cable is available in south-west Scotland and north-west England. Pricing ranges from £10.50 to £80 per month, wightFibre is available in the Isle of Wight. Virgin Media is available to 55% of UK households, pricing ranges from £11 a month to £30.50 a month, with additional fees for premium services such as Sky Sports. Virgin also market V+, a video recorder and high-definition receiver. Virgin Media is the cable provider to supply high-definition television and video on demand. There are three distinctly marketed direct-broadcast satellite services, Sky is a subscription service owned by Sky plc. It is the satellite provider to offer premium channels with the largest total number of channels compared to all other television providers. As of January 2017, subscriptions starts at £22 per month for the basic package, there is an upfront cost of £15 on sign up. Sky TV markets SkyQ Silver & SkyQ boxes as well as SkyQmini boxes, Sky TV also provides video on demand branded as SkyTV On Demand. As of October 2016, Sky UK stopped offering there aging Sky+HD hardware, Freesat from Sky, is a free satellite service owned by Sky plc
14.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
15.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
16.
Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
17.
Satirical
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Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of the things the satirist wishes to attack. Satire is nowadays found in artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, television shows. The word satire comes from the Latin word satur and the subsequent phrase lanx satura, satur meant full but the juxtaposition with lanx shifted the meaning to miscellany or medley, the expression lanx satura literally means a full dish of various kinds of fruits. The word satura as used by Quintilian, however, was used to denote only Roman verse satire, a genre that imposed hexameter form. Quintilian famously said that satura, that is a satire in hexameter verses, was a genre of wholly Roman origin. He was aware of and commented on Greek satire, but at the time did not label it as such, the first critic to use the term satire in the modern broader sense was Apuleius. To Quintilian, the satire was a literary form. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura, by about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus, St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies a satirist in prose. Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the satire, satura becomes satyra. The word satire derives from satura, and its origin was not influenced by the Greek mythological figure of the satyr, in the 17th century, philologist Isaac Casaubon was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time. Laughter is not a component of satire, in fact there are types of satire that are not meant to be funny at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily satirical, even when it uses the tools of irony, parody. Even light-hearted satire has a serious after-taste, the organizers of the Ig Nobel Prize describe this as first make people laugh, Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study. They provide the keenest insights into a groups collective psyche, reveal its deepest values and tastes, some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or anthropology. In a prominent example from ancient Greece, philosopher Plato, when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, historically, satire has satisfied the popular need to debunk and ridicule the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of power. Satire confronts public discourse and the imaginary, playing as a public opinion counterweight to power, by challenging leaders. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies, Satires job is to expose problems and contradictions, and its not obligated to solve them
18.
British Comedy Awards
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The British Comedy Awards was an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom celebrating notable comedians and entertainment performances of the previous year. Jonathan Ross announced that he would not be presenting the 2008 awards, the 2007 show occurred on 6 December 2007, but was not televised due to the 2005 controversy and subsequent investigations. The following years ceremony was shown live on 6 December 2008, Compliance for the show was the responsibility of the ITV Compliance Unit of ITV Network Limited. In June 2010, it was announced that awards were to be broadcast on Channel 4 for three years, which was extended for one more year. Shortly afterwards, the 2010 ceremony was postponed until the 2010 ceremony finally aired in January 2011, in June 2015 Channel 4 announced they would be dropping the ceremony. The 2015 ceremony was cancelled due to a lack of a suitable broadcast partner. A new broadcast partner is being lined up for the 2016 ceremony, at the 2005 British Comedy Awards show, the wrong show received the Peoples Choice Award. Charged by the show with investigating the allegations of irregularities. It was understood that he would be if the recipients were Anthony McPartlin. In order to ensure his attendance, this assurance was given, but it could not be definitively established that Williams involvement led to the wrong winner being announced. Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway did however receive the Peoples Choice Award at the British Comedy Awards 2006, beginning on 26 July 2007, British tabloid newspapers reported the alleged involvement of the British Comedy Awards in the 2007 British television phone-in scandal. ITV announced that they postponed the British Comedy Awards 2007 due to the voting irregularities, in a statement, the company said, Pending conclusion of the investigation, broadcast of the British Comedy Awards 2007 will be postponed. ITV will not make any comment regarding this matter until the conclusion of the investigation. The 2007 awards did take place on 5 December 2007, in early May 2008 Ofcom announced its fining and sanctioning ITV plc in a press release. On 15 August 2008, it was announced that a scandal could have been committed in the award ceremony at the 2004 Awards. Angus Deayton replaced Jonathan Ross as the host of the British Comedy Awards, Ross returned to presenting the awards in 2009. Best Comedy Panel Show, Would I Lie to You, British Comedy Awards at British Comedy Guide
19.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
20.
BBC Nine O'Clock News
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The BBC Nine OClock News was the flagship BBC News programme. It was launched on 14 September 1970 and ran until 13 October 2000, the first week was presented by Robert Dougall, followed by Richard Baker and Kenneth Kendall, each presenting five consecutive nightly bulletins. The choice of three was significant as it echoed the first BBC television bulletins of 1955, which they had also presented. The Nine OClock News replaced The Main News at 8. 45pm in a response to the launch by ITN of the News at Ten and it was the first bulletin to have a closing set of music. A larger relaunch of all the BBC News output came on 10 May 1999 when the once again shared a common theme. Between 10 May 1999 and 13 October 2000, the programme would be advertised as the BBC News at Nine, the final bulletin was presented by George Alagiah in Jerusalem and Peter Sissons in London. The programme was broadcast on BBC1 and inspired a BBC2 comedy show running in the timeslot, Not the Nine OClock News
21.
BBC News at Ten
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The BBC News at Ten — also known as the BBC Ten OClock News or the Ten OClock News — is the flagship evening news programme for British television channel BBC One and the BBC News channel. It is presented by Huw Edwards, and deputised by Fiona Bruce and it is the final comprehensive news programme of the day on BBC One. The programme was moved from 9. 00pm on 16 October 2000. The main presenter simultaneously holds the lead role for major events, election night. It is broadcast Monday to Sunday at 10. 00pm and it features thirty minutes of British national and international news, with an emphasis on the latter. During the first three months of its revival, ITV News at Ten averaged 2.2 million viewers compared with an average of 4.8 million viewers watching the BBC bulletin over the same period. The BBC News at Ten is currently the most watched programme in Britain. The programme was launched on 16 October 2000, replacing the former BBC Nine OClock News and its launch presenters were Michael Buerk and Peter Sissons. The move to 10 oclock was a response to the axing of rival broadcaster ITVs News at Ten. ITV reinstated a 20-minute news bulletin at 10pm in 2001, instigating a head-to-head clash with the BBC, the BBCs Ten OClock News eventually became the more popular programme, establishing itself on the BBC One schedule for at least six nights a week. ITVs bulletin suffered as a result of scheduling, and in February 2004 the bulletin moved to 10.30. In 2008, ITV reinstated News at Ten which remains the BBCs main competitor, Buerk and Sissons left the BBC Ten OClock News on 19 January 2003 to make way for presenters Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce. To mark this presenter reshuffle, on Monday 20 January 2003 as Edwards and Bruce took over, the bulletin, since 5 February 2006, the bulletin has been simulcast on the BBC News channel as part of the BBC Ten OClock News Hour. It includes a paper, sport and business review, on 21 April 2008 the programme, along with the rest of BBC News, underwent a graphical refresh and moved into a refurbished studio. It also changed its name to the BBC News at Ten, after the regional news, there is a weather forecast from the BBC Weather Centre, presenters include Rob McElwee, Peter Gibbs, John Hammond and Philip Avery. BBC News at Ten was named News Programme of the Year at the RTS Television Journalism Awards in 2005,2009 and 2010. The programme, along with the BBC News channel and the other BBC One bulletins, moved to Broadcasting House, as well as presenting from the main studio, the main presenters are called upon to present on location when major stories break. For example, Huw Edwards reported live from Washington for the 2008,2012 and 2016 US Presidential Elections and has presented live from Basra at the withdrawal ceremony and he also regularly presented from Westminster, as well as from Edinburgh
22.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
23.
ITV News at Ten
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News at Ten is the flagship evening news programme on British television network ITV, produced by ITN and founded by news editor Geoffrey Cox in July 1967. News at Ten rose to popularity for its combination of in-depth, analytical news coverage. When the bulletin was axed in 1999 in order for primetime entertainment programming to air uninterrupted, there was a public outcry. ITV reluctantly brought News at Ten back in 2001, airing it at 10pm for a minimum of three nights per week, but eventually replaced it with the ITV News at 10,30 in 2004. It was not until January 2008 that News at Ten was reinstated to the ITV schedule, the programme is currently presented by Tom Bradby. ITN had been ITVs news provider since the launch in September 1955. News updates from ITN tended to run 14 minutes in length at most, ITV reluctantly agreed to give the proposed bulletin – a Monday-to-Friday programme, fixed at 10pm – a 13-week trial run to test its success. News at Ten began broadcasting on 3 July 1967 under the editorship of Cox, who stipulated that the aim of the new programme was to remove the spin and bring facts and the news as it really was. ITVs stance was seemingly confirmed early, the programme had little news to cover in its first few editions, a series of similar in-depth reports eventually helped to give News at Ten a regular viewership of seven million every night, forcing ITV to keep the programme. By 1969, News at Ten had become the first news bulletin in Britain to enter the top 20 most-watched programmes of the week, the original newscasting team included Alastair Burnet, Andrew Gardner, Reginald Bosanquet, George Ffitch and Leonard Parkin. News at Ten developed a reputation for its extensive coverage of international news stories. In the absence of Alastair Burnet, News at Ten paired Andrew Gardner, in 1978, Anna Ford became the bulletins first female newscaster, and Alastair Burnet rejoined the programme in the same year. Nonetheless, the continued to maintain a solid high audience during the 1980s. Alastair Burnet presented News at Ten from the United States during several campaigns, as well as the 1984 conventions of the Republican. Alastair Stewart presented News at Ten live from Saudi Arabia, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Burnet retired from ITN in 1991 after several clashes with the ITV companies over the future of the news organisation. In November 1992, News at Ten was given its first major relaunch, julia Somerville, John Suchet and Dermot Murnaghan each presented News at Ten when McDonald was absent. The bulletin carried this format until March 1999, despite News at Tens continued stature and popularity, ITV announced its intention to axe the bulletin in 1993, proposing two new peak-time bulletins at 6, 30pm and 11pm. The proposals were withdrawn after the ITC threatened ITV with legal action
24.
UKTV
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UKTV is a multi-channel broadcaster, jointly owned by BBC Worldwide and Scripps Networks Interactive. It was formed in 26 March 1992 through a joint venture between BBC and Thames Television and it is one of the United Kingdoms largest television companies. UKTVs channels are available via satellite and cable subscriptions in the UK. Dave, Drama, Really and Yesterday channels are available in the UK on Freeview. The channels themselves are played out by Ericsson Broadcast and Media Services, the UKTV channels have broadcast in widescreen since 31 January 2008, although some programmes originally made in 16,9 format are screened in the compromise 14,9 semi-letterbox format. UKTV started as a channel, UK Gold. UK Gold launched on 1 November 1992, showing reruns of classic programming from the archives of the BBC. In a sense, UK Gold succeeded British Satellite Broadcastings Galaxy channel that had held these rights from the BBC. Later on, United Artists Holding Europe stepped in as owner, and that ownership eventually became a part of Flextech. In 1993, Flextech gained its first stake in the station after acquiring TCIs TV interests in Europe, in 1996, it started discussions about increasing its stake to gain full control, at that point Flextech held 27% with Cox, BBC and Pearson. By the Autumn, Flextech held 80% of UK Gold, flextechs main reason for increasing its stake in UK Gold was in partitioner of new talks with the BBC. During 1996, Flextech and the BBC held talks about a partnership to launch a new range of channels under the name UKTV. BSkyB tried to compete against Flextech for the right to develop the BBC channels and it is understood that BSkyB would have sought a significant share in the planned channels, in exchange for agreeing to offer them to its 3.8 million direct-to-home satellite subscribers. The deal between Flextech and BBC was completed and signed in March 1997, the BBC thought that this would undermine the rationale of the licence fee in the UK. The UK prefix was chosen for new channels to capitalise on the success of UK Gold. The UKTV network launched on 1 November 1997 with three new channels, arts channel UK Arena, lifestyle channel UK Style and documentary channel UK Horizons, UK Gold retained its name but received a new look in line with the rest of the network. Although the new network didnt use the BBC name and logo, its graphics, the new graphics for the BBC and UKTV were both designed by the same company, Lambie-Nairn. On the same date, UK Gold celebrated its 5th anniversary, UK Gold Classics was short lived however, and relaunched as UK Gold 2 in April 1999
25.
Dave (TV channel)
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Dave is a television channel owned by UKTV, which is available in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The channel is available on cable, IPTV, Freeview and some satellite platforms, the channel took the name Dave in October 2007, but it had been on air under various identities and formats since October 1998. UK Gold Classics, UKTVs first digital-only channel, was launched on 2 October 1998 and was only broadcast from Friday to Sunday on Sky Digital from 6. 00pm to 2. 00am. They also showed some recent shows from the channel. On weekdays, the channel was off air, showing a still caption of all the UKTV channels, the UK Gold subsidiary channel was again relaunched with a completely new programme line-up and renamed UKG² on 12 November 2003. The channel was promoted as being an alternative to UK Gold, like that channel. A fair amount is similar to the output of UK Play/Play UK before that channels closure, however, unlike Play. Along with the rest of the UKTV network, the UK prefix was changed to UKTV on 8 March 2004, on 7 October 2005, it was announced that they would show sports programming. This new line-up was called UKTV Sport and included a new show by the same name, UKTV Sport also had its own logo and DOG. There was talk that this could lead to a channel but it never happened, on 16 March 2006, they announced a deal to air extensive coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as a sub licensing of the BBCs rights to the tournament. UKTV G2 simulcast the BBCs live matches, including the match between Germany and Costa Rica, Englands game with Paraguay and the final. The channel also showed highlights of every match in the tournament, in September 2007, UKTV announced that they would relaunch and rename UKTV G2 as Dave on 15 October. UKTV said the name of the channel was chosen because everyone knows a bloke called Dave, the rebrand included the channel being available free-to-air on digital terrestrial platform, Freeview, replacing UKTV Bright Ideas which only averaged 0. 1% of the audience share. The move to Freeview saw Dave launch in the previously used by UKTV History which was moved to the time limited bandwidth once occupied by UKTV Bright Ideas. Dave is available daily, from 7. 00am to 3. 00am and it uses the tagline the home of witty comedy banter and uses Ralph Ineson as an announcer, along with David Flynn, Phill Jupitus, Iain Lee and BBC Radio 1 DJ Greg James. To ensure that all Freeview viewers receive the channel on number 19 and this later changed to the current location on Channel 12. From 31 January 2008, the channel broadcasting in widescreen. In April 2009, they aired 3 new instalments of Red Dwarf and this marked the channels first foray into scripted original programming
26.
Private Eye
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Private Eye is a British fortnightly satirical and current affairs news magazine, founded in 1961. It is published in London and has been edited by Ian Hislop since 1986 and it is also known for its in-depth investigative journalism into under-reported scandals and cover-ups. Private Eye is Britains best-selling current affairs magazine, and such is its long-term popularity, the magazine bucks the trend of declining circulation for print media, having recorded its highest ever circulation in the second half of 2016. The forerunner of Private Eye was a magazine, The Salopian, published at Shrewsbury School in the mid-1950s and edited by Richard Ingrams, Willie Rushton, Christopher Booker. After National Service, Ingrams and Foot went as undergraduates to Oxford University, the magazine proper began when Usborne learned of a new printing process, photo-litho offset, which meant that anybody with a typewriter and Letraset could produce a magazine. The publication was funded by Osmond and launched in 1961. It was named when Osmond looked for ideas in the recruiting poster of Lord Kitchener and, in particular. After the name Finger was rejected, Osmond suggested Private Eye, the magazine was initially edited by Booker and designed by Rushton, who drew cartoons for it. Its subsequent editor, Ingrams, who was pursuing a career as an actor, shared the editorship with Booker, from around issue number 10. At first, Private Eye was a vehicle for jokes, an extension of the original school magazine. However, according to Booker, it got caught up in the rage for satire, others essential to the development of the magazine were Auberon Waugh, Claud Cockburn, Barry Fantoni, Gerald Scarfe, Tony Rushton, Patrick Marnham and Candida Betjeman. Christopher Logue was another contributor, providing the column True Stories. The gossip columnist Nigel Dempster wrote extensively for the magazine before he fell out with Ian Hislop and other writers, while Foot wrote on politics, local government, Ingrams continued as editor until 1986, when he was succeeded by Hislop. Ingrams remains chairman of the holding company, Private Eye often reports on the misdeeds of powerful and important individuals and, consequently, has received numerous libel writs throughout its history. Its defenders point out that it often carries news that the press will not print for fear of legal reprisals or because the material is of minority interest. As well as covering a range of current affairs, Private Eye is also known for highlighting the errors. It reports on parliamentary and national issues, with regional and local politics covered in equal depth under the Rotten Boroughs column. Extensive investigative journalism is published under the In the Back section, often tackling cover-ups, Stories sometimes originate from writers for more mainstream publications who cannot get their stories published by their main employers
27.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
28.
Comedian
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A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, a comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comic. Since the 1980s, a new wave of comedy, called alternative comedy, has grown in popularity with its more offbeat and this normally involves more experiential, or observational reporting, e. g. Alexei Sayle, Daniel Tosh, Louis C. K. and Malcolm Hardee. Many comics achieve a cult following while touring famous comedy hubs such as the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, the Edinburgh Fringe, often a comics career advances significantly when they win a notable comedy award, such as the Edinburgh Comedy Award. Comics sometimes foray into other areas of entertainment, such as film and television, however, a comics stand-up success does not guarantee a films critical or box office success. Comedians can be dated back to 425 BC, when Aristophanes and he wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive and are still being performed. Aristophanes comedy style took the form of satyr plays, the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare wrote many comedies. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has an ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeares other plays. Charles Chaplin was the most popular comedian of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote comedic silent films such as Modern Times and The Kid and his films still have a major impact on comedy in films today. One of the most popular forms of comedy is stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy is a monologue performed by one or more people standing on a stage. Bob Hope was the most popular comedian of the 20th century. Other noted stand-up comedians include George Carlin, Jerry Seinfeld, Lenny Bruce, Mort Sahl, Louis CK, another popular form of modern-day comedy is talk shows where comedians make fun of current news or popular topics. Such comedians include Jay Leno, Conan OBrien, Daniel Tosh, Chris Hardwick, Jimmy Fallon, David Letterman, a third form of modern-day comedy is television programs in which many comedians band together to make skits, such as Saturday Night Live. These shows often receive high ratings, likely because many comedians band together to create jokes, one of the most successful comedians is Ellen Degeneres, who has parlayed her comic career into film, television shows, and hosting major media events. In 1986, Ellen DeGeneres appeared for the first time on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson since she began gaining popularity as a comic in the 1980s. Johnny Carson, who launched many contemporary comics careers, would invite them to join him on the couch for one-on-one conversation after their set
29.
Clive Anderson
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Clive Stuart Anderson is an English television and radio presenter, comedy writer and former barrister. Winner of a British Comedy Award in 1991, Anderson began experimenting with comedy and writing comedic scripts during his 15-year legal career, on BBC Radio 4, then later Channel 4. His Scottish father was manager of the Bradford & Bingleys Wembley branch, Anderson attended Selwyn College, University of Cambridge, where, from 1974 to 1975, he was President of Footlights. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1976 and became a practising barrister, Anderson was involved in the fledgling alternative comedy scene in the early 1980s and was the first act to come on stage at The Comedy Store when it opened in 1979. He made his name as host of the television comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Anderson hosted his own chat-show, Clive Anderson Talks Back, on Channel 4, Anderson moved to the BBC in 1996 and the shows name changed to Clive Anderson All Talk and was aired on BBC1. In one incident in 1996, Anderson interviewed the Bee Gees, Anderson once had a glass of water poured over his head by a perturbed Richard Branson. He also famously said to Jeffrey Archer, Theres no beginning to your talents, Archer retorted that The old jokes are always the best, for Anderson to reply Yes, Ive read your books. The last series of Clive Anderson All Talk aired in 2001 and he has been a frequent participant on Have I Got News for You, making ten appearances in total. He has also appeared on QI. In 2007, he featured as a regular panellist on the ITV comedy show News Knight, one heated exchange on HIGNFY occurred when he scathingly joked to fellow guest Piers Morgan that the Daily Mirror was now, thanks to Morgan, almost as good as The Sun. When asked by Morgan, What do you know about editing newspapers and he swiftly replied, About as much as you do. As a journalist for the BBC, he travelled around the world looking at problems in out-of-the-way places, featured episodes on monkeywrenching in American logging and 419 scams in Nigeria. In 2005 he presented the short-lived quiz Back in the Day for Channel 4, in January 2008, he appeared on the second episode of Thank God Youre Here and won. On 25 February 2008, he started presenting Brainbox Challenge, a new game show, in 2008, he presented a reality TV talent show-themed television series produced by the BBC entitled Maestro, starring eight celebrities who are famous amateurs with a passion for cajun music. In 2009, Anderson was the television host of the BBCs Last Night of the Proms, shows he has presented include, Clive Anderson Talks Back Our Man in… Whose Line Is It Anyway. Discovery Mastermind Back in the Day Clive Anderson All Talk Brainbox Challenge Maestro The Funny Side of. If I Ruled the World In recent years, Clive Anderson has combined his continuing interest in the law with his role as a presenter in the regular series Unreliable Evidence on Radio 4
30.
Alan Davies
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Alan Roger Davies is an English stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He has played the role in the BBC mystery drama series Jonathan Creek since 1997. Davies was born in Loughton, Essex and his childhood years were spent in Chingford. When Davies was six, his mother died from leukaemia and he was raised by his father, Davies attended Staples Road School in Loughton and was privately educated at the independent Bancrofts School in Woodford Green, where he gained eight O-Levels. He then moved on to Loughton College of Further Education where he gained four more O-Levels and he graduated in Drama & Theatre Studies from the University of Kent in 1988, and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the university in 2003. Davies began performing comedy in 1988 at the Whitstable Labour Club. In 1991, he was named Time Outs Best Young Comic and he continued touring and performing in the UK and Australia, winning the Edinburgh Festival Critics Award for Comedy in 1994. That show was released on video and audio cassette in 1995 as Alan Davies Live at the Lyric recorded at the Lyric Theatre as part of the Perrier Pick of the Fringe season in October 1994. A version of his show Urban Trauma, which ran in the West End at the Duchess Theatre and toured the UK, in 2012, Davies planned a new tour called Life is Pain. The title for this came from a story he heard about a six-year-old girl being told off by her mother. Davies said This really made me laugh, the tour was aired on Dave. In 1994 and 1995, Davies hosted Alans Big One for three series on Radio 1 before appearing in Channel 4s spoof travel show One for the Road. He later played the role in Jonathan Creek, as a trick-deviser for a stage magician with a side interest in solving crimes. Jonathan Creek won a BAFTA for Best Drama and was the show which brought Davies to mainstream attention, on New Years Day 2009, a special episode of Jonathan Creek, The Grinning Man, was broadcast on the BBC. Davies returned to Creek at Easter 2010 for a one-off episode, however, the programme did return in Easter 2013 for the episode of The Clue of the Savants Thumb. Davies has confirmed in an interview that there will be at least three further specials, Davies co-wrote and starred in his own radio sitcom, The Alan Davies Show, in 1998. Cassettes of the show were produced and released by the BBC and he played Russell Boyd in the BBC comedy A Many Splintered Thing, also in 1998 and 2000. In 2001 Davies played Robert Gossage in Bob and Rose, a drama about a gay man falling for a woman
31.
Eddie Izzard
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Edward John Eddie Izzard is an English stand-up comedian, actor, writer and political activist. His comedic style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue and he has also worked as a voice actor in The Wild, Igor, The Chronicles of Narnia, Prince Caspian, and Cars 2. Izzard has cited his main role model as Monty Python. In 2009, he completed 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief despite having no history of long-distance running. He has won awards including a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for his comedy special Dress to Kill. Izzards website won the Yahoo Peoples Choice Award and earned the Webby Award, Izzard was born on 7 February 1962, in the Colony of Aden, the younger son of English parents. His mother, Dorothy Ella, was a midwife and nurse, his father, a year after Izzards birth, the family moved to Bangor, County Down, and lived there until he was five. The family then moved to Skewen, West Glamorgan, where his mother died of cancer when Izzard was six and his brother, Izzard and his brother built a model railway to occupy their time while their mother was ill, it was donated to the Bexhill Museum in 2016. The Izzard family name is of French Huguenot descent, following his mothers death, Izzard attended boarding schools such as St Johns School in Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan, as well as St Bedes Prep School and Eastbourne College in East Sussex. He said that he knew he was a person at the age of four, after watching another boy being forced to wear a dress by his sisters. Izzard began to toy with comedy at the University of Sheffield, after leaving his accountancy degree course, he and Ballard took their act to the streets, often in Covent Garden. After his split with Ballard, Izzard spent a deal of the early 1980s working as a street performer in Europe. He then moved his act into the stand-up comedy venues of Britain and his first gig was at the Banana Cabaret in Balham, London. In 1987, he made his first stage appearance at the Comedy Store in London and he refined his material throughout the 1980s, and in the early 1990s he finally began earning some measure of recognition through his improvisation, in part at his own club Raging Bull in Soho. Izzard has performed stand-up in French, as well as German, Spanish, Russian and Arabic, in 1994, Izzard made his West End drama debut as the lead in the world premiere of David Mamets The Cryptogram with Lindsay Duncan, in the production at Londons Comedy Theatre. The success of that led to his second starring role in David Beairds black comedy 900 Oneonta. In 1995, he portrayed the character in Christopher Marlowes Edward II. In 1998 Izzard appeared briefly on stage with the Monty Python team in The American Film Institutes Tribute to Monty Python
32.
Double act
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If the audience identifies primarily with one character, the other will often be referred to as a comic foil. The term feed comes from the way a man is wont to set up jokes. Despite the names given to the roles, the straight man need not be humorless. Where the straight man serves no personal comic purpose but acts as a device to make the comic look good and this is sometimes considered a derogatory term. Most often, however, the humor in a double act comes from the way the two personalities play off other, rather than from the individuals themselves. In many successful acts the roles are interchangeable, the template for the modern double act began in the British music halls and the American vaudeville scene of the late nineteenth century. Here, the man was a necessity, as he would repeat the lines of the comic. This was done simply because the audience would be noisy, soon the dynamic developed so that the straight man became a more integral part of the act, setting up jokes to which the comic could then deliver the punchline. At various stages, acts such as George Burns and Gracie Allen, Abbott and Costello, Flanagan and Allen, Gallagher and Shean, the dynamic continued to develop, with Abbott and Costello using a modern and recognizable formula in routines such as Whos On First. In the 1930s and Flanagan and Allen using cross talking, by the 1920s, double acts were beginning to attract worldwide fame more readily through the silent era. However, because of the restrictions, the comedy was not derived from cross talk or clever verbal exchanges but through slapstick routines. The first double act to gain fame through film was Laurel. Before meeting, the pair had never worked together on stage, though both had worked in vaudeville—Stan Laurel with Charlie Chaplin as part of Fred Karnos Army and Oliver Hardy as a singer. Laurel could loosely be described as the comic, though the pair were one of the first not to fit the mold in the way that many double acts do, the pair first worked together as a double act in the 1927 film Duck Soup. The first Laurel and Hardy film was called Putting Pants on Philip though their characters had not yet been established. The first film both appeared in was Lucky Dog in 1917. Indeed, they were one of the few silent acts who made a successful transition to spoken word pictures in the 1930s. The year 1940 saw the release of Laurel and Hardys Saps at Sea, their film for long-term producer
33.
Dave Gorman
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David James Dave Gorman is an English comedian, author, and television presenter. Gorman began his writing for television comedy series, such as The Mrs Merton Show. His stand-up shows also achieved acclaim, and he was nominated for a Perrier Award, Gorman became famous for his Are You Dave Gorman. Stage show for the 2000 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the version of which was broadcast as The Dave Gorman Collection in 2001 over several episodes. Are You Dave Gorman. was followed by several other filmed stand-up shows, and his current television project Modern Life is Goodish, Gorman has also been a guest on other shows on Dave, such as Taskmaster and Go 8 Bit. As well as being a television host Dave Gorman is also a keen pranker as can be seen from his hit show on Dave Modern Life is Goodish. In past years Gorman has done much for society such as ride a thousand miles on a bike for Red Nose Day and he studied mathematics at the University of Manchester but never graduated, dropping out after a year of study. Before his solo successes, he was in demand as a writer, having co-written three series of The Mrs Merton Show, as well as writing for other television series in the UK. In 2003, he was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy, as a producer, Gorman contributed to two series featuring Jenny Eclair. He has also written for comedians Harry Hill and Steve Coogan, Gormans first one-man documentary style show was entitled Reasons to be Cheerful. Billed as a ninety minute show based on a four minute pop song, it was based on the song Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3 by Ian Dury and the Blockheads. The show examined the lyrics in detail, with a view to establishing whether or not each of the items listed in the song was really a reason to be cheerful. The visual aspect of the show was provided by each reason being illustrated by one of a collection of slides that he had accumulated for the show. The show was first performed at the 1998 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and his second full-length show, Dave Gormans Better World, was first performed in Edinburgh in 1999. For the show he wrote letters to thousands of local newspapers. He then attempted to out their suggestions in order to determine their efficacy. Gorman shot to fame following a bet with his flatmate Danny Wallace. The bet was thus, Gorman claimed that he shared the name Dave Gorman with the assistant manager of East Fife F. C. and that there must be loads of others around
34.
Ken Livingstone
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He also served as the Member of Parliament for Brent East from 1987 to 2001. A suspended member of the Labour Party, he was on the hard left. Livingstone was heavily criticised in the media for supporting controversial issues like republicanism, LGBT rights, and a United Ireland. Livingstone was an opponent of the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Elected as MP for Brent East in 1987, he closely associated with anti-racist campaigns. He unsuccessfully stood for Labour Party leader on a leftist platform in 1992 and 1994, after failing to become Labours candidate in the 2000 London mayoral election, Livingstone successfully contested the election as an independent candidate. In his first term as Mayor of London, he introduced the congestion charge, Oyster card, and articulated buses and he stood unsuccessfully as Labour candidate in Londons mayoral elections of 2008 and 2012, losing both to the Conservative candidate Boris Johnson. Characterised as the truly successful Left-wing British politician of modern times. Livingstone was born in his grandmothers house in Lambeth, south London, on 17 June 1945. His family was working class, his mother, Ethel Ada, had born in Southwark before training as an acrobatic dancer. Kens Scottish father, Robert Bob Moffat Livingstone, had born in Dunoon before joining the Merchant Navy in 1932. Having first met in April 1940 at a hall in Workington. After the war the couple moved in with Ethels aggressive mother, Zona Ann, Livingstones sister Lin was born 2 1⁄2 years later. Livingstones parents were working class Tories, and unlike many Conservative voters at the time did not hold to socially conservative views on race and sexuality, opposing racism, the family was nominally Anglican, although Livingstone abandoned Christianity when he was 11, becoming an atheist. In 1957, his family purchased their own property at 66 Wolfington Road, rather shy at school, he was bullied, and got into trouble for truancy. One year, his master was Philip Hobsbaum, who encouraged his pupils to debate current events. He related that he became an argumentative cocky little brat at home and his interest in politics was furthered by the 1958 Papal election of Pope John XXIII – a man who had a strong impact on Livingstone – and the United States presidential election,1960. At school he attained four O-levels in English Literature, English Language, Geography and Art and he started work rather than stay on for the non-compulsory sixth form, which required six O-levels
35.
Boris Johnson
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He had previously been an MP for the Henley constituency from 2001 to 2008 and was later Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. Johnson was formerly a historian and journalist. A member of the Conservative Party, Johnson identifies as a conservative and has been associated with both economically and socially liberal policies. Born in New York City to wealthy upper-middle class English parents, Johnson was educated at the European School of Brussels, Ashdown House School and he studied Classics at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was elected president of the Oxford Union in 1986. He was assistant editor from 1994 to 1999 before taking the editorship of The Spectator from 1999 to 2005, joining the Conservatives, he was elected MP for Henley in 2001, and under Michael Howard and David Cameron he was in the Shadow Cabinet. Mostly adhering to the Conservatives party line, he adopted a more socially liberal stance on issues like LGBT rights in parliamentary votes. Making regular television appearances, writing books, and remaining active in journalism, selected as Conservative candidate for the London mayoral election of 2008, Johnson defeated Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone and resigned his seat in parliament. In 2012, he was re-elected mayor, again defeating Livingstone, in 2015 he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip, stepping down as mayor the following year. In 2016, Johnson became a prominent figure in the successful Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union, Johnson is a controversial figure in British politics and journalism. Supporters have praised him as an entertaining, humorous, and popular figure with appeal beyond traditional Conservative voters, conversely, he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, accused of elitism, cronyism and laziness, and using racist language. Johnson is the subject of biographies and a number of fictionalised portrayals. Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 at a hospital on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his birth was registered with both the US authorities and the citys British Consulate and he was granted both American and British citizenship. His father, Stanley Johnson, was studying economics at Columbia University. Stanleys paternal grandfather was Circassian–Turkish journalist Ali Kemal, while his other ancestry is English and French, Stanley had married Johnsons mother, Charlotte Johnson Wahl, in 1963, before they moved to the United States, she was an artist from a family of liberal intellectuals. She was the granddaughter of Americans Elias Avery Lowe, a palaeographer of Russian Jewish descent, and Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter, in reference to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a one-man melting pot – with a combination of Muslims, Jews, and Christians as great-grandparents. Johnson was given his name of Boris after a Russian émigré the couple had once met in Mexico. Johnsons parents were living in an apartment opposite the Chelsea Hotel, although they soon embarked on a tour of Canada. In September 1964, they returned to Britain, enabling Charlotte to study for a degree at the University of Oxford and she lived with her son in Summertown, Oxford and gave birth to a daughter, Rachel, in 1965
36.
Jeremy Clarkson
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Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson is an English broadcaster, journalist and writer who specialises in motoring. He is best known for co-presenting the BBC TV show Top Gear with Richard Hammond and he also writes weekly columns for The Sunday Times and The Sun. From a career as a local journalist in northern England, Clarkson rose to prominence as a presenter of the original format of Top Gear in 1988. Since the mid-1990s, he has become a public personality, regularly appearing on British television presenting his own shows. As well as motoring, Clarkson has produced programmes and books on such as history. From 1998 to 2000, he hosted his own chat show. His opinionated but humorous tongue-in-cheek writing and presenting style has often provoked public reaction and his actions both privately and as a Top Gear presenter have also sometimes resulted in criticism from the media, politicians, pressure groups and the public. He also has a significant public following, being credited as a factor in the resurgence of Top Gear as one of the most popular shows on the BBC. On 25 March 2015, the BBC announced it would not renew Clarksons contract after he verbally and physically attacked a Top Gear producer over a dispute at a hotel while filming on location. In mid-2015 Clarkson, Hammond, May and producer Andy Wilman formed production company W. Chump & Sons to produce The Grand Tour for Amazon Video. Clarkson was born in Doncaster, the son of Shirley Gabrielle Clarkson, a teacher, and Edward Grenville Clarkson, according to his own account, he was expelled from Repton School for drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself. Clarkson attended Repton alongside Formula One engineer Adrian Newey and Top Gear Executive Producer, Clarkson played the role of a public schoolboy, Atkinson, in a BBC radio Childrens Hour serial adaptation of Anthony Buckeridges Jennings novels until his voice broke. Clarkson married Alexandra James in 1989, but she left him for one of his friends after six months, in May 1993 he married his manager, Frances Cain, daughter of VC recipient Robert Henry Cain, in Fulham. The couple lived in Chipping Norton, in the Cotswolds, with their three children, Clarkson has been described as a member of the Chipping Norton set. Known for buying him car-related gifts, for Christmas 2007 Clarksons second wife bought him a Mercedes-Benz 600 and she was reported to have filed divorce proceedings in April 2014. In September 2010 Clarkson was granted an injunction against his first wife to prevent her from publishing claims that their sexual relationship continued after his second marriage. He voluntarily lifted the injunction in October 2011, commenting that, Clarkson is a fan of the rock band Genesis and attended the bands reunion concert at Twickenham Stadium in 2007. He also provided notes for the reissue of the album Selling England by the Pound as part of the Genesis 1970–1975 box set
37.
Hospital
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A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
38.
Marcus Brigstocke
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Marcus Alexander Brigstocke also known by the stage names Montague Monty Forest and Philippe Lavavaseur is an English comedian, actor and satirist who also holds French citizenship. He has worked extensively in stand-up comedy, television, radio and he is particularly associated with the 6. 30pm comedy slot on BBC Radio 4, having frequently appeared on several of its shows, including The Now Show. He also attended Netherton Hall School, a school in Farway. He then attended the University of Bristol, where he studied Drama, moving to London with his then girlfriend, later wife, during the early nineties Brigstocke worked part-time as a podium dancer at the nightclub Ministry of Sound. He also worked on a North Sea oil rig around this time, many of the central themes of Brigstockes work were first addressed during his time as a student at the University of Bristol. While at Bristol he often performed in the comedy trio Club Seals, Brigstocke has a successful radio career including The Now Show and Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off. The Now Show provided an outlet for his dislike of David Blaine, referring to Blaine himself as a Git Wizard. Brigstocke hailed the failure of Blaines Drowned Alive as proof that Blaine is not special, not magic and he increasingly enjoyed mainstream success, appearing on such broadly popular TV shows such as Have I Got News for You and Jack Dees Live at the Apollo series. Brigstocke plays an arts journalist named Marcus in the Neil Gaiman film A Short Film About John Bolton, on 9 April 2006, Brigstocke appeared in BBC Radio 4s Classic Serial adaptation of The Code of the Woosters as Bertie Wooster with Andrew Sachs as Jeeves. Brigstocke hosts a programme on BBC4, The Late Edition. It is loosely based on the format made popular by the American programme The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. This commitment led to his absence from the final two Now Show series of 2006 with his place filled by other comedians referred to by the rest of the cast as our replacement Marcus Brigstocke and he did however return to series in 2007. Brigstockes first stand up comedy DVD Planet Corduroy, produced by Phoenix Film & Television Productions, in April 2008, Brigstocke and fellow comedian and snowboarder, Andrew Maxwell founded the Altitude Festival - a comedy and music festival in the ski resort of Meribel, in the French Alps. In 2009, Brigstocke starred in the UK tour of the American live improv show, Brigstockes second stand-up show God Collar toured in 2009. In June 2010, He announced that he had signed a deal with Transworld to turn the God Collar Tour into a book. He has also worked for television shows aimed at children for CBBC, Stupid. one of the best-known jokes Brigstocke uses is an ironic commentary on the controversy regarding the influence of video games on children. This joke is frequently quoted on the internet and often attributed to figures in electronics. I wrote it, then I took the rest of the day off as I was so chuffed with it, I am gutted that it has been claimed and passed around by so many people
39.
Jimmy Carr
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James Anthony Patrick Jimmy Carr is a British stand-up comedian, television host and actor, known for his signature laugh, deadpan delivery, dark humour, and use of edgy one-liners. He is also a writer, actor, and presenter of radio, Carr moved to a career in comedy in 2000 and has since become successful. Carr was born in Isleworth, London to Irish parents from Limerick, Patrick James Carr, an accountant who became the treasurer for computer company Unisys and he is the middle of three brothers. His parents married in 1970 and separated in 1994 but never divorced, the family remained in contact with its Irish roots and made frequent trips to Limerick, and Kilkee, County Clare. Carr holds both British and Irish citizenship and is a self-described plastic Paddy, after earning four A grades at the GCE Advanced Level exams, Carr read political science at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated with a 2,1 in 1994, Carr has hosted Channel 4 game shows Distraction and Your Face or Mine. He presented the 100s series of programmes for Channel 4,100 Worst Pop Records,100 Worst Britons,100 Greatest Cartoon Characters,100 People Who Look Most Like Jimmy Carr and 100 Scary Moments. From 2004 until 2006, Carr hosted a United States version of Distraction for Comedy Central and he was also nominated for the 2006 Rose dOr award for Best Game Show Host. Carr presents The Big Fat Quiz of the Year on Channel 4 each December and he has also presented special episodes known as The Big Fat Quiz of Everything. Since 2005, Carr has presented the panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats. The show aired on Channel 4 until 2016 when it moved to More4, since 2012, Carr has also presented 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, a combination of his panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats and daytime quiz show Countdown. In April 2010, Carr hosted the first British version of a comedy roast show, on 6 May 2010, he was a co-host of Channel 4s Alternative Election Night, along with David Mitchell, Lauren Laverne, and Charlie Brooker. He joined the three presenters again for 10 OClock Live, a Channel 4 comedy current affairs show, which started airing in January 2011, in 2014 and 2015, Carr guest presented two episodes of Sunday Night at the Palladium on ITV. Widdecombe later stated, I dont think I shall return to this programme, Carr has appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks twice. He has appeared on at least one episode per season of A League of Their Own, during a guest appearance on the BBC motoring show Top Gear, Carr set a new celebrity test track lap record on the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car segment. He was described as the worst driver weve ever had and the luckiest man alive by Top Gears test driver the Stig. Carr hosted an edition of the show, and on the Top Gear Live World Tour of 2009–2010 he hosted the section Carmageddon in which the Stig successfully attempted a gear change. In the US, he has appeared on Late Night with Conan OBrien twice, Carr appeared on the Irish news comedy show The Panel
40.
Alan Johnson
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Alan Arthur Johnson is a British Labour Party politician who served as Home Secretary from June 2009 to May 2010. Before that, he filled a variety of cabinet positions in both the Blair and Brown governments, including Health Secretary and Education Secretary. Until 20 January 2011 he was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, Johnson has been the Member of Parliament for Hull West and Hessle since the 1997 general election. Born in London on 17 May 1950, the son of Stephen and Lillian Johnson, Johnson was then in effect brought up by his older sister Linda when the two were assigned a council flat by their child welfare officer. Linda, then herself only 16, has since been recognised as the hero of Johnsons poignant 2013 memoir This Boy and he passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Sloane Grammar school in Chelsea, now part of Pimlico Academy, and left school at the age of 15. He then stacked shelves at Tesco before becoming a postman at 18 and he was interested in music and joined two pop music bands. Johnson joined the Union of Communication Workers, becoming a branch official and he joined the Labour Party in 1971, although he considered himself a Marxist ideologically aligned with the Communist Party of Great Britain. A full-time union official from 1987, he became General Secretary of the union in 1992, by this time, however, as his memoir makes clear, he was more inclined towards the right wing of the Labour Party. Before entering parliament Johnson was a member of Labours National Executive Committee, during this time he was the only major union leader to support the abolition of Clause IV. Randall was subsequently elevated to the House of Lords and he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Dawn Primarolo in 1997 and achieved his first ministerial post at the Department of Trade and Industry in 1999. He was moved to the Department for Education and Skills in 2003 as Minister for Higher Education though he had left school at 15. He responded to criticism on 21 February 2007 by saying The whole cabinet believed the intelligence we were presented. As we all now know, that intelligence was wholly wrong, in September 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed Johnson to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after the resignation of Andrew Smith. The departments old name was kept and Johnson served as Secretary of State for Trade, on 5 May 2006, one day after the 2006 local elections, his brief was changed to that of Secretary of State for Education and Skills, replacing Ruth Kelly. Johnson has also expressed some concerns over diplomas, and has opened up debate in parliament on the subject of what parental situation is best. He stated that in his view, it is the parents themselves who make the difference, Johnson looked at improving pay and working conditions for teachers during his tenure as Education Secretary. Johnson became Secretary of State for Health on 28 June 2007 and he later criticised breast cancer patient Debbie Hirst because she attempted to buy the cancer drug Avastin, which the NHS had denied her. Johnson told Parliament, patients cannot, in one episode of treatment, be treated on the NHS and then allowed, as part of the same episode and that way lies the end of the founding principles of the NHS
41.
Charles Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of three political parties. At the age of fifteen, he joined the Labour Party, followed in 1981 by the newly formed SDP, and in 1988, the Liberal Democrats, at the 1983 general election, Kennedy was elected for the SDP at the age of 23. In 1999, after the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected leader and he led the party through two general elections increasing their seats in the House of Commons to their highest level since 1923, and led his partys opposition to the Iraq War. A charismatic and affable speaker in public, he appeared extensively on television while leader, during the latter stages of Kennedys leadership, there was concern about both his leadership and his health. From December 2005 some within the party were openly questioning his position and this admission damaged his standing and 25 MPs signed a statement urging him to resign immediately, which he did on 7 January, he was replaced by Menzies Campbell. After resigning as party leader Kennedy remained in office as a backbench MP, after the 2010 general election he voted against Nick Cleggs decision to form a coalition with the Conservative Party. On constitutional reform he was a supporter of full home rule for Scotland within a federal United Kingdom within a federal Europe. He lost his seat at the 2015 general election, and died less than a later from a haemorrhage linked to his alcoholism. Kennedy was born in Inverness, the son of Mary and Ian and he was raised as a Roman Catholic, and was educated at Lochaber High School in Fort William. He went on to study for a Master of Arts degree in Politics, at university he became politically active, joining the SDP, as well as the Dialectic Society. In 1982 he won the Observer Mace debating competition, speaking with Clark McGinn, upon graduation in 1982 Kennedy went to work for BBC Scotland as a journalist. He later received a Fulbright Fellowship which allowed him to carry out research at Indiana University in the United States. While studying in America, Kennedy received the SDP nomination to stand for the Scottish seat of Ross, Cromarty and Skye in the 1983 general election, in a shock result, he won the seat becoming the youngest sitting Member of Parliament, aged 23. He served on the Social Services select committee from 1985–87, retained his seat at the 1987 general election, in 1988 they merged to form the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, later renamed the Liberal Democrats. He moved into politics in 1989 becoming the partys spokesperson for Health. After retaining his seat in the 1992 general election he served as the spokesperson for Foreign and he retained his seat in the 1997 general election and served on the Standards and Privileges select committee from 1997 to 1999. He was Liberal Democrat Party President from 1990 to 1994 and Liberal Democrat spokesperson for the office of the Leader of the House of Commons from 1997 to 1999, on 9 August 1999 Kennedy was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats after the retirement of Paddy Ashdown. He won 57% of the vote under the Hughes Alternative Vote system beating the runner-up Jackie Ballard, Malcolm Bruce, Simon Hughes
42.
Richard Madeley
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Richard Holt Madeley is a British television presenter, journalist, columnist and novelist. With his wife Judy Finnigan, Madeley has presented This Morning, solo projects of Madeleys include the ITV show Fortune, Million Pound Giveaway and standing in on The Chris Evans Breakfast Show for BBC Radio 2. Since 2012, he has been the relief presenter of Channel 5s The Wright Stuff. Madeley was born in Romford, Greater London on 13 May 1956 and his sister, Liz Lawrence, was a teacher at Gilbert Miles renamed in 1977 Mayfield High school Dagenham, The Anglo European School in Ingatestone. He attended the Coopers Company School in Bow, now relocated to Upminster, Greater London, when he was about 14, he transferred to Shenfield High School in Brentwood, where he was a classmate of the now Chancellor Exchequer Rt. Madeley began his career in local newspapers, before moving to BBC Radio Carlisle at the age of 19 as a news producer and presenter. Here he met Judy Finnigan who was assigned to assist him on his first day, Richard Madeley and his wife Judy Finnigan presented This Morning from its inception in October 1988 until July 2001. The series, a mix of celebrity interviews, household tips, cookery and phone-ins, production moved to London in 1996. The couple were so closely associated with the show, that many people referred to the programme as Richard and Judy, since leaving the show, Madeley has been featured as a guest, publicising his autobiography. The couple joined the shows subsequent presenters, Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, in October 2009, Richard and Judy returned to This Morning in October 2013, to celebrate 25 years of the programme live from the shows original home at the Albert Dock in Liverpool. The couple quit This Morning in 2001, having been approached by Channel 4 to host a show, called Richard & Judy. The show was produced by Cactus TV, run by Jonathan Rosss brother Simon, in February 2007, Madeley and Finnigan apologised live on air due to the discovery of a TV quiz phone scam regarding the daily phone in You Say We Pay. Madeley and Finnigan took the decision to suspend the daily quiz until further notice, later that week, the news media confirmed that police investigations would be pursued, meaning the couple could be subject to a police interview. Channel 4 have admitted the scam may have been in force for two series of the show, whilst Madeley and Finnigan urged callers to continue entering, it was confirmed that winners were picked in the first ten minutes of the show. The couple both deny being involved in the scam and this scam was revealed by the Mail on Sunday newspaper after it was sold the story through media publicist Jonathan Hartley. The TV show also launched two successful clubs, the Richard & Judy Book Club and the Richard & Judy Wine Club, the book club featured literature by new and unknown writers. One book was reviewed each week and the winner, named Read of the Year, was announced at an awards ceremony, after seven years in production, the show ended in August 2008 The couple transferred to new primetime show on UKTVs new channel, Watch. Their new show still contained features such as the Book Club
43.
Robert Peston
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Robert James Kenneth Peston is a British journalist and presenter. He is the Political Editor of ITV News and host of the political discussion show Peston on Sunday. From February 2006 until March 2014, he was the Business Editor for BBC News and he became known to a wider public with his reporting of the late-2000s financial crisis, especially with his scoop on the Northern Rock crisis. Peston is the son of Maurice Lord Peston, an economist and Labour life peer, as the son of a baron, he is entitled to the courtesy title The Honourable, but does not use it. Peston attended Highgate Wood Secondary School, in Crouch End, North London, graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, Peston briefly worked as a stockbroker at Williams de Broë, becoming a journalist in 1983 at the Investors Chronicle and joining The Independent newspaper on its launch in 1986. From 1989 to 1990, Peston worked for the short-lived Sunday Correspondent newspaper as Deputy City Editor, from 1991 to 2000, he worked for the Financial Times. At the FT, he was – at various times – Political Editor, Banking Editor and he became close friends with fellow journalist, now PR man, Roland Rudd, where the two were known as the Pest and the Rat. His last position at the FT was Financial Editor, in 2000, he became editorial director of the online financial analysis service Quest, owned by the financial firm Collins Stewart. At the same time, he became an editor of The Spectator. In 2002, he joined The Sunday Telegraph as City editor and he became associate editor in 2005. In the minutes before the broadcast, buyers purchased millions of HBOS shares at the price of 96p, in the hour following it. The Conservative MP Greg Hands had written to the SFO about this, on 28 August 2009, Peston had a highly publicised row with James Murdoch, following the latters MacTaggart lecture. On 17 October 2013, Peston was appointed Economics Editor of BBC News and he continued as Business Editor, as well until his replacement Kamal Ahmed took over the post on 24 March 2014. On 4 October 2015, it was announced that Peston would leave the BBC to join ITV News as their Political Editor, Peston made his last appearance on BBC News on 25 November 2015, and his first appearance on ITVs News at Ten on 11 January 2016. He presents ITVs new weekly political show, Peston on Sunday. Also, his scoop on Lloyds TSBs takeover of HBOS won the Royal Television Societys Scoop of the Year award and he was voted Best Performer in a Non-Acting Role in the Broadcasting Press Guilds 2009 awards and Business Journalist of the Year in the London Press Clubs 2009 awards. In the 2008 Wincott Awards, he won the Broadcaster of the Year Award and he was Journalist of the Year in the Business Journalism of the Year Awards for 2007/08, and also won in the Scoop category. Peston won the Work Foundations Broadcast News Journalism Award and the Foundations Radio Programme of the Year Award and his blog won the digital media category in the Private Equity and Venture Capital Journalist of the Year Awards
