1.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
2.
Panel show
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A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participates. Participants may compete with other, such as on The News Quiz, facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants, such as on Match Game/Blankety Blank. The genre can be traced to 1938, when Information Please debuted on U. S. radio, the earliest known television panel show is Play the Game, a charades show in 1946. The modern trend of comedy shows can find early roots with Stop Me If Youve Heard This One in 1939. While panel shows were popular in the past in the U. S. they are still very common in the United Kingdom. Panel shows also feature comedic banter, friendly ribbing and camaraderie among the panelists, scoring is often deemphasized in panel shows. The American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway, acknowledged this with the introduction, Welcome to Whose Line Is It Anyway, the show where everythings made up and the points dont matter. Panel shows can have any number of themes, many are topical and satirical, such as Wait Wait. Have I Got News for You, The News Quiz and Mock The Week, involves wordplay, Ive Got a Secret is about secrets, To Tell The Truth and Would I Lie to You. Deal with lies, and It Pays to Be Ignorant and Im Sorry I Havent A Clue are parodies, some panel shows are variations of classic parlor games. Twenty Questions is based on the game of the same name, Give Us a Clue is modeled after Charades. Frequently, a panel show features recurring panelists or permanent team captains, most shows are recorded before a studio audience. The first known example of a show in the world is the radio program Information Please. An evolution of the show format, Information Please added the key element of a panel of celebrities, largely writers and intellectuals. Listeners would mail in questions, winning prizes for stumping the panel, U. S. panel shows transferred to television early in the mediums history, with the first known example being Play the Game, a charades show that aired on DuMont and ABC beginning in 1946. The celebrity charades concept has been replicated numerous times since then, the most popular adaptation was Pantomime Quiz, airing from 1947 to 1959, and having runs on each of the four television networks operating at the time. Other charades shows have included Stump the Stars, Movietown, RSVP, Celebrity Charades, Showoffs, TV panel shows saw their peak of popularity in the 1950s and 60s, when CBS ran the three longest-running panel shows in prime time, Whats My Line. Ive Got a Secret and To Tell the Truth, at times, they were among the top ten shows on U. S. television, and they continue to experience occasional revivals
3.
Harry Thompson
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Harry William Thompson was an English radio and television producer, comedy writer, novelist and biographer. Born in London, Thompson was educated at Highgate School and Brasenose College and he soon focused his attention on comedy, working as a researcher for Not the Nine OClock News and BBC Radios The Mary Whitehouse Experience. Rising to the level of producer, he produced the BBC radio shows The News Quiz, Harry William Thompson was born on 6 February 1960 in London. His father was a manager who worked for The Guardian. He attended the privately run Highgate School before going on to study History at Brasenose College and it was there that he became editor of the university newspaper, Cherwell, working alongside arts editor Roly Keating, the future controller of BBC2. Leaving university, he joined the BBC as a trainee in 1981, here, he worked on the late-night news program Newsnight, later commenting that it was the most awful experience of my life, full of people who barked into phones, professionally. Switching his focus to comedy, he worked as a researcher for BBC2s Not the Nine OClock News and for various shows on BBC Radio. Rising to the level of producer, he was responsible for the production of long-established show The News Quiz as well as Alexei Sayles new comedy series, the Guardian would note that at this time he established himself as a maverick who pushed established boundaries with outrageous jokes. In the 1980s, several independent producers realised that BBC Radio 4 had a number of shows that could be successfully converted to television. Among them was the company Hat Trick Productions, who decided to adapt The News Quiz for television in 1989, jimmy Mulville, the companys managing director, asked Thompson to produce this venture, which first appeared in 1990 as Have I Got News For You. It was Thompson who selected Angus Deayton to present the show, with Ian Hislop and he oversaw the production of the show for 93 episodes over five seasons. He later remarked that when the show first began, he was extremely confident and it never occurred to me that anything else could be better… I know it sounds arrogant. Have I Got News For You initially screened on BBC2, moving on to produce other comedy quiz shows, in 1995 he began work on They Think Its All Over, a BBC sports show. He followed this in 1996 by the creation of a quiz show. In 1998 he was part of BBC Radio 4s 5-part political satire programme Cartoons, Lampoons, and Buffoons. In 1998 Thompson produced and co-wrote the first series of Channel 4s The 11 OClock Show, Thompson later wrote for spin-off Da Ali G Show. Defending the humour in the show, he announced that Youll never see anything PC or right-on in my shows. I get accused quite a lot of straying into bad taste, in 2003, Thompson, alongside Shaun Pye, created and wrote the adult cartoon comedy Monkey Dust
4.
Angus Deayton
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Gordon Angus Deayton, known professionally as Angus Deayton, is an English actor, writer, musician, comedian, and broadcaster. He also played Victor Meldrews long-suffering neighbour Patrick Trench in the comedy series One Foot in the Grave and he showed early promise as a footballer, and had a trial with Crystal Palace. He was captain of the Caterham U16 Rugby team, Deayton read languages at New College, Oxford, where he was recruited into the Oxford Revue, performing with them at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. This led to the creation of the band the Hee Bee Gee Bees in 1980, with the songs written by Richard Curtis. Their best-selling single Meaningless Songs was a parody of the style of disco hits by the Bee Gees. Deayton founded his career on Radio Active, a parody of British local radio stations broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 1981 and 1987, which he co-wrote and performed and it transferred to television as KYTV between 1989 and 1993. Deayton presented a tribute to Radio Active and KYTV colleague and friend Geoffrey Perkins for BBC Radio 4 on 4 October 2008, Deayton was frequently a straight man alongside Rowan Atkinson. From 1988-91, Deayton was a player in all three series of the Emmy award-winning sketch comedy programme Alexei Sayles Stuff. In 1990, Deayton was cast as the Meldrews neighbour Patrick Trench in the British suburban sitcom One Foot in the Grave and was selected as host of Have I Got News for You, the same year, he featured on television advertising the Vauxhall Nova. Andre Ptaszynski tried to persuade him to take the role in Steven Moffats sitcom Chalk. Deaytons suave manner as host of Have I Got News for You led to his being nicknamed TVs Mr Sex and he was much in demand as a presenter of television specials including the BBCs New Years Eve show and the BAFTA Awards. He also featured in a series of advertisements for Barclaycard and the films Savage Hearts, in an episode of Coupling, he appears in a fantasy sequence with Mariella Frostrup. In addition, he hosted the late-1990s BBC show Before They Were Famous, in May 2002, the News of the World suggested he had taken cocaine and had sex with prostitutes. He was ridiculed by Paul Merton and Ian Hislop in the episode of Have I Got News For You. Deayton began the episode with, Good evening and welcome to Have I Got News For You and he added later, For those watching at home, dont adjust your sets, my face really is this red. After more allegations in October, Deayton was sacked two episodes into the new series after Merton and Hislop repeatedly implied during the programme that Deayton should resign. After Have I Got News for You, his included a reunion of the Radio Active cast in a new episode in December 2002. In 2003, he guest-starred as Downing Streets spin doctor in an episode of the BBC comedy Absolute Power, starring Stephen Fry, in January 2004, he starred in the BBC comedy Nighty Night
5.
Ian Hislop
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Ian David Hislop is a British journalist, satirist, writer, broadcaster and editor of the magazine Private Eye. He has appeared on radio and television programmes, and is a team captain on the BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You. Hislop was born on 13 July 1960 in Mumbles, Swansea, to a Scottish father, David Hislop, from Ayrshire, Hislop did not know his grandparents. His paternal grandfather, David Murdoch Hislop, died just before he was born and his maternal grandfather, William Beddows, was originally from Lancashire. When he was five months old, Hislops family began to travel around the world because of his fathers job as a civil engineer, during his infant years, Hislop lived in Nigeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong. When Hislop was 12 years old his father died, his mother, Hislop and Newmans association continued when they attended Oxford University together, later working together at Private Eye and on a number of comedy scriptwriting jobs. Hislop applied to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford and his Oxford tutors included Bernard ODonoghue, John Fuller and David Norbrook. While at university, Hislop was actively involved in student journalism and he graduated with a BA in 1981. Hislop married Victoria Hamson on 16 April 1988 in Oxford and they have two children, both born in the London borough of Wandsworth, Emily Helen, who read English at Brasenose College, Oxford, and William David, who read History at Jesus College, Oxford. Hislops wife has a career as an author, and in 2010 Hislop played a role in the Greek television series The Island. The series premiered on 11 October 2010 on Greeces Mega television channel, Hislop enjoys visiting art galleries and museums, and has collected antique cutlery for over three decades. At Oxford, Hislop revived and edited the magazine Passing Wind, for which he interviewed Richard Ingrams, who was editor of Private Eye. Hislops first article appeared in 1980 before he sat his university finals, a parody of The Observer magazines Room of My Own feature, it described an IRA prisoner on the dirty protest decorating his cell in fetching brown. Hislop joined the publication immediately after leaving Oxford, and became editor in 1986 following Ingramss departure, Cook, reportedly drunk after the lunch, instead announced Hislop was welcome aboard. The new editor, dismissive of society gossip, sacked both McKay and Dempster from the magazine without hesitation. As editor of Private Eye, Ian Hislop is reputedly the most sued man in English legal history, after the case Hislop quipped, Ive just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech. Hislop told reporters waiting outside the High Court, If thats justice, the award was dropped to £60,000 on appeal. In an interview with Third Way Magazine in 1995 he explained his intentions in his work, Satire is the bringing to ridicule of vice, folly, all the negatives imply a set of positives
6.
Paul Merton
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Paul James Martin, known professionally as Paul Merton is an English writer, actor, comedian, radio and television presenter. He is known for his skill, his humour being rooted in deadpan, surreal. He was once considered, by critics, fellow comedians. He appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute and he has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players. Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green, London, to an English Anglican father, Albert Martin and he attended St Thomass School, Fulham and St Theresas, Morden. After leaving school, Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as an officer for seven years. Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus, remembering and he gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name, including an appearance as a yokel in Time, an episode of The Young Ones in 1984. On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken, so he renamed himself after Merton, the district of London where he grew up. Though he had harboured ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days, it was not until April 1982, at the Comedy Store in Soho. He recalls that on only his second or third night he found the role that has informed his comic approach ever since. He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985, Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008. His breakthrough as a performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4, though he had performed on the channels Saturday Live. He remained on Whose Line until 1993, have I Got News for You began in 1990, and two series of his own sketch show, Paul Merton, The Series, followed soon after. In 1995 he presented a series celebrating the history of the London Palladium. In 1996, Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series, six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock. These were very badly received by critics, and although a selection of episodes was released on VHS. Also in 1996, Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series, Merton later explained that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut
7.
The London Studios
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The London Studios or The South Bank Studios in Waterloo, Central London is a television studio complex formerly owned by London Weekend Television. The studios are located in Central London and are situated on the South Bank next to The IBM Building, the building is set on 2.5 acres of land and is 24 floors high. These include Good Morning Britain, The Graham Norton Show, Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway, the studios are also used for other programmes from various other channels including BBC and Channel 4. The Met Office weather studios which provide national weather forecasts are based at The London Studios. When LWT succeeded ATV for the London weekend ITV franchise in 1968, the site for the development was chosen beside the new Royal National Theatre on the South Bank of the River Thames. It was purchased in 1969 and construction work, awarded to Higgs and Hill, commenced in 1970 with the opening for transmission in 1972. The complex was owned by the National Coal Board Pension Fund Trustees and it was originally called The South Bank Television Centre and at the time was the most advanced television centre in Europe. On 28 January 2013 ITV plc finally bought the freehold to the now renamed London Television Centre for £56 million from what had now become Coal Pension Properties, on social media, the building is named ITV Towers since the purchase in January 2013. However, the name of the building is The London Television Centre with that being the logo in reception. Kent House is a 24 story tower block, and is home to ITV PLC, during the 1990s the Block was also home to Carlton Television and GMTV. It is seen in the titles of Good Morning Britain and Ant and it was designed by London-based architecture practice Elsom Pack & Roberts. On the east side of the site, there is a building called Gabriels Wharf. Previously belonging to Youngers Brewery, this building was added later to the site as a scenery store. When This Morning moved from Liverpool, the 3,000 square feet studio 8 was converted from the end of the first storey. The site houses programme production offices, edit suites, dubbing suites, VTR studio booths, audiences are used in many productions at The London Studios. The audience are instructed to queue to the hand side of the studios near to the reception entrance. There are two waterproof TV screens with the live ITV programmes shown on them, in 2016, the hand-prints of Ben Elton, Frances de la Tour, Derek Jacobi and Ian McKellen were added. In 1999 through to 2017 there have been a total of nine different studios during the complexs lifespan and it should also be noted that there are weather studios producing the ITV national, and some of the networks regional forecasts
8.
Hat Trick Productions
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Hat Trick Productions is a British independent production company that produces television programmes, mainly specialising in comedy. Hat Trick Productions was founded in 1986 by Rory McGrath, Jimmy Mulville and its first commission was Chelmsford 123, a situation comedy for Channel 4. Two years later, Geoffrey Perkins became company director, and helped to produce such as Father Ted, Whose Line Is It Anyway. Perkins left the organisation in 1995, to head of comedy for BBC Television. Boomers Dinner Date Episodes Have I Got News for You The Kumars at No.42 The Revolution Will Be Televised Room 101 Whose Line Is It Anyway
9.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
10.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
11.
576i
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576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
12.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
13.
Television in the United Kingdom
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Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing, there are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all broadcasts in the United Kingdom are in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable as well as over IP, set-top boxes are generally used to receive these services, however integrated digital televisions can also be used to receive Freeview or Freesat. Most TVs sold in the UK come with a DVB-T tuner for Freeview – a rare thing in Europe, BT TV and TalkTalk Plus TV, both based on YouView, utilise hybrid boxes which receive Freeview as well as additional subscription services. Households viewing TV from the internet are not tracked by Ofcom, the UKs five most watched channels, BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5, are available from all providers. Digital terrestrial television launched in 1998 as a service named ONdigital. Since October 2002, the broadcaster is Freeview, with BT TV providing additional subscription services. In all cases cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line, smallworld Cable is available in south-west Scotland and north-west England. Pricing ranges from £10.50 to £80 per month, wightFibre is available in the Isle of Wight. Virgin Media is available to 55% of UK households, pricing ranges from £11 a month to £30.50 a month, with additional fees for premium services such as Sky Sports. Virgin also market V+, a video recorder and high-definition receiver. Virgin Media is the cable provider to supply high-definition television and video on demand. There are three distinctly marketed direct-broadcast satellite services, Sky is a subscription service owned by Sky plc. It is the satellite provider to offer premium channels with the largest total number of channels compared to all other television providers. As of January 2017, subscriptions starts at £22 per month for the basic package, there is an upfront cost of £15 on sign up. Sky TV markets SkyQ Silver & SkyQ boxes as well as SkyQmini boxes, Sky TV also provides video on demand branded as SkyTV On Demand. As of October 2016, Sky UK stopped offering there aging Sky+HD hardware, Freesat from Sky, is a free satellite service owned by Sky plc
14.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
15.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
16.
Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
17.
Satirical
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Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of the things the satirist wishes to attack. Satire is nowadays found in artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, television shows. The word satire comes from the Latin word satur and the subsequent phrase lanx satura, satur meant full but the juxtaposition with lanx shifted the meaning to miscellany or medley, the expression lanx satura literally means a full dish of various kinds of fruits. The word satura as used by Quintilian, however, was used to denote only Roman verse satire, a genre that imposed hexameter form. Quintilian famously said that satura, that is a satire in hexameter verses, was a genre of wholly Roman origin. He was aware of and commented on Greek satire, but at the time did not label it as such, the first critic to use the term satire in the modern broader sense was Apuleius. To Quintilian, the satire was a literary form. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura, by about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus, St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies a satirist in prose. Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the satire, satura becomes satyra. The word satire derives from satura, and its origin was not influenced by the Greek mythological figure of the satyr, in the 17th century, philologist Isaac Casaubon was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time. Laughter is not a component of satire, in fact there are types of satire that are not meant to be funny at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily satirical, even when it uses the tools of irony, parody. Even light-hearted satire has a serious after-taste, the organizers of the Ig Nobel Prize describe this as first make people laugh, Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study. They provide the keenest insights into a groups collective psyche, reveal its deepest values and tastes, some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or anthropology. In a prominent example from ancient Greece, philosopher Plato, when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, historically, satire has satisfied the popular need to debunk and ridicule the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of power. Satire confronts public discourse and the imaginary, playing as a public opinion counterweight to power, by challenging leaders. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies, Satires job is to expose problems and contradictions, and its not obligated to solve them
18.
British Comedy Awards
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The British Comedy Awards was an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom celebrating notable comedians and entertainment performances of the previous year. Jonathan Ross announced that he would not be presenting the 2008 awards, the 2007 show occurred on 6 December 2007, but was not televised due to the 2005 controversy and subsequent investigations. The following years ceremony was shown live on 6 December 2008, Compliance for the show was the responsibility of the ITV Compliance Unit of ITV Network Limited. In June 2010, it was announced that awards were to be broadcast on Channel 4 for three years, which was extended for one more year. Shortly afterwards, the 2010 ceremony was postponed until the 2010 ceremony finally aired in January 2011, in June 2015 Channel 4 announced they would be dropping the ceremony. The 2015 ceremony was cancelled due to a lack of a suitable broadcast partner. A new broadcast partner is being lined up for the 2016 ceremony, at the 2005 British Comedy Awards show, the wrong show received the Peoples Choice Award. Charged by the show with investigating the allegations of irregularities. It was understood that he would be if the recipients were Anthony McPartlin. In order to ensure his attendance, this assurance was given, but it could not be definitively established that Williams involvement led to the wrong winner being announced. Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway did however receive the Peoples Choice Award at the British Comedy Awards 2006, beginning on 26 July 2007, British tabloid newspapers reported the alleged involvement of the British Comedy Awards in the 2007 British television phone-in scandal. ITV announced that they postponed the British Comedy Awards 2007 due to the voting irregularities, in a statement, the company said, Pending conclusion of the investigation, broadcast of the British Comedy Awards 2007 will be postponed. ITV will not make any comment regarding this matter until the conclusion of the investigation. The 2007 awards did take place on 5 December 2007, in early May 2008 Ofcom announced its fining and sanctioning ITV plc in a press release. On 15 August 2008, it was announced that a scandal could have been committed in the award ceremony at the 2004 Awards. Angus Deayton replaced Jonathan Ross as the host of the British Comedy Awards, Ross returned to presenting the awards in 2009. Best Comedy Panel Show, Would I Lie to You, British Comedy Awards at British Comedy Guide
19.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
20.
BBC Nine O'Clock News
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The BBC Nine OClock News was the flagship BBC News programme. It was launched on 14 September 1970 and ran until 13 October 2000, the first week was presented by Robert Dougall, followed by Richard Baker and Kenneth Kendall, each presenting five consecutive nightly bulletins. The choice of three was significant as it echoed the first BBC television bulletins of 1955, which they had also presented. The Nine OClock News replaced The Main News at 8. 45pm in a response to the launch by ITN of the News at Ten and it was the first bulletin to have a closing set of music. A larger relaunch of all the BBC News output came on 10 May 1999 when the once again shared a common theme. Between 10 May 1999 and 13 October 2000, the programme would be advertised as the BBC News at Nine, the final bulletin was presented by George Alagiah in Jerusalem and Peter Sissons in London. The programme was broadcast on BBC1 and inspired a BBC2 comedy show running in the timeslot, Not the Nine OClock News
21.
BBC News at Ten
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The BBC News at Ten — also known as the BBC Ten OClock News or the Ten OClock News — is the flagship evening news programme for British television channel BBC One and the BBC News channel. It is presented by Huw Edwards, and deputised by Fiona Bruce and it is the final comprehensive news programme of the day on BBC One. The programme was moved from 9. 00pm on 16 October 2000. The main presenter simultaneously holds the lead role for major events, election night. It is broadcast Monday to Sunday at 10. 00pm and it features thirty minutes of British national and international news, with an emphasis on the latter. During the first three months of its revival, ITV News at Ten averaged 2.2 million viewers compared with an average of 4.8 million viewers watching the BBC bulletin over the same period. The BBC News at Ten is currently the most watched programme in Britain. The programme was launched on 16 October 2000, replacing the former BBC Nine OClock News and its launch presenters were Michael Buerk and Peter Sissons. The move to 10 oclock was a response to the axing of rival broadcaster ITVs News at Ten. ITV reinstated a 20-minute news bulletin at 10pm in 2001, instigating a head-to-head clash with the BBC, the BBCs Ten OClock News eventually became the more popular programme, establishing itself on the BBC One schedule for at least six nights a week. ITVs bulletin suffered as a result of scheduling, and in February 2004 the bulletin moved to 10.30. In 2008, ITV reinstated News at Ten which remains the BBCs main competitor, Buerk and Sissons left the BBC Ten OClock News on 19 January 2003 to make way for presenters Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce. To mark this presenter reshuffle, on Monday 20 January 2003 as Edwards and Bruce took over, the bulletin, since 5 February 2006, the bulletin has been simulcast on the BBC News channel as part of the BBC Ten OClock News Hour. It includes a paper, sport and business review, on 21 April 2008 the programme, along with the rest of BBC News, underwent a graphical refresh and moved into a refurbished studio. It also changed its name to the BBC News at Ten, after the regional news, there is a weather forecast from the BBC Weather Centre, presenters include Rob McElwee, Peter Gibbs, John Hammond and Philip Avery. BBC News at Ten was named News Programme of the Year at the RTS Television Journalism Awards in 2005,2009 and 2010. The programme, along with the BBC News channel and the other BBC One bulletins, moved to Broadcasting House, as well as presenting from the main studio, the main presenters are called upon to present on location when major stories break. For example, Huw Edwards reported live from Washington for the 2008,2012 and 2016 US Presidential Elections and has presented live from Basra at the withdrawal ceremony and he also regularly presented from Westminster, as well as from Edinburgh
22.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
23.
ITV News at Ten
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News at Ten is the flagship evening news programme on British television network ITV, produced by ITN and founded by news editor Geoffrey Cox in July 1967. News at Ten rose to popularity for its combination of in-depth, analytical news coverage. When the bulletin was axed in 1999 in order for primetime entertainment programming to air uninterrupted, there was a public outcry. ITV reluctantly brought News at Ten back in 2001, airing it at 10pm for a minimum of three nights per week, but eventually replaced it with the ITV News at 10,30 in 2004. It was not until January 2008 that News at Ten was reinstated to the ITV schedule, the programme is currently presented by Tom Bradby. ITN had been ITVs news provider since the launch in September 1955. News updates from ITN tended to run 14 minutes in length at most, ITV reluctantly agreed to give the proposed bulletin – a Monday-to-Friday programme, fixed at 10pm – a 13-week trial run to test its success. News at Ten began broadcasting on 3 July 1967 under the editorship of Cox, who stipulated that the aim of the new programme was to remove the spin and bring facts and the news as it really was. ITVs stance was seemingly confirmed early, the programme had little news to cover in its first few editions, a series of similar in-depth reports eventually helped to give News at Ten a regular viewership of seven million every night, forcing ITV to keep the programme. By 1969, News at Ten had become the first news bulletin in Britain to enter the top 20 most-watched programmes of the week, the original newscasting team included Alastair Burnet, Andrew Gardner, Reginald Bosanquet, George Ffitch and Leonard Parkin. News at Ten developed a reputation for its extensive coverage of international news stories. In the absence of Alastair Burnet, News at Ten paired Andrew Gardner, in 1978, Anna Ford became the bulletins first female newscaster, and Alastair Burnet rejoined the programme in the same year. Nonetheless, the continued to maintain a solid high audience during the 1980s. Alastair Burnet presented News at Ten from the United States during several campaigns, as well as the 1984 conventions of the Republican. Alastair Stewart presented News at Ten live from Saudi Arabia, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Burnet retired from ITN in 1991 after several clashes with the ITV companies over the future of the news organisation. In November 1992, News at Ten was given its first major relaunch, julia Somerville, John Suchet and Dermot Murnaghan each presented News at Ten when McDonald was absent. The bulletin carried this format until March 1999, despite News at Tens continued stature and popularity, ITV announced its intention to axe the bulletin in 1993, proposing two new peak-time bulletins at 6, 30pm and 11pm. The proposals were withdrawn after the ITC threatened ITV with legal action
24.
UKTV
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UKTV is a multi-channel broadcaster, jointly owned by BBC Worldwide and Scripps Networks Interactive. It was formed in 26 March 1992 through a joint venture between BBC and Thames Television and it is one of the United Kingdoms largest television companies. UKTVs channels are available via satellite and cable subscriptions in the UK. Dave, Drama, Really and Yesterday channels are available in the UK on Freeview. The channels themselves are played out by Ericsson Broadcast and Media Services, the UKTV channels have broadcast in widescreen since 31 January 2008, although some programmes originally made in 16,9 format are screened in the compromise 14,9 semi-letterbox format. UKTV started as a channel, UK Gold. UK Gold launched on 1 November 1992, showing reruns of classic programming from the archives of the BBC. In a sense, UK Gold succeeded British Satellite Broadcastings Galaxy channel that had held these rights from the BBC. Later on, United Artists Holding Europe stepped in as owner, and that ownership eventually became a part of Flextech. In 1993, Flextech gained its first stake in the station after acquiring TCIs TV interests in Europe, in 1996, it started discussions about increasing its stake to gain full control, at that point Flextech held 27% with Cox, BBC and Pearson. By the Autumn, Flextech held 80% of UK Gold, flextechs main reason for increasing its stake in UK Gold was in partitioner of new talks with the BBC. During 1996, Flextech and the BBC held talks about a partnership to launch a new range of channels under the name UKTV. BSkyB tried to compete against Flextech for the right to develop the BBC channels and it is understood that BSkyB would have sought a significant share in the planned channels, in exchange for agreeing to offer them to its 3.8 million direct-to-home satellite subscribers. The deal between Flextech and BBC was completed and signed in March 1997, the BBC thought that this would undermine the rationale of the licence fee in the UK. The UK prefix was chosen for new channels to capitalise on the success of UK Gold. The UKTV network launched on 1 November 1997 with three new channels, arts channel UK Arena, lifestyle channel UK Style and documentary channel UK Horizons, UK Gold retained its name but received a new look in line with the rest of the network. Although the new network didnt use the BBC name and logo, its graphics, the new graphics for the BBC and UKTV were both designed by the same company, Lambie-Nairn. On the same date, UK Gold celebrated its 5th anniversary, UK Gold Classics was short lived however, and relaunched as UK Gold 2 in April 1999
25.
Dave (TV channel)
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Dave is a television channel owned by UKTV, which is available in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The channel is available on cable, IPTV, Freeview and some satellite platforms, the channel took the name Dave in October 2007, but it had been on air under various identities and formats since October 1998. UK Gold Classics, UKTVs first digital-only channel, was launched on 2 October 1998 and was only broadcast from Friday to Sunday on Sky Digital from 6. 00pm to 2. 00am. They also showed some recent shows from the channel. On weekdays, the channel was off air, showing a still caption of all the UKTV channels, the UK Gold subsidiary channel was again relaunched with a completely new programme line-up and renamed UKG² on 12 November 2003. The channel was promoted as being an alternative to UK Gold, like that channel. A fair amount is similar to the output of UK Play/Play UK before that channels closure, however, unlike Play. Along with the rest of the UKTV network, the UK prefix was changed to UKTV on 8 March 2004, on 7 October 2005, it was announced that they would show sports programming. This new line-up was called UKTV Sport and included a new show by the same name, UKTV Sport also had its own logo and DOG. There was talk that this could lead to a channel but it never happened, on 16 March 2006, they announced a deal to air extensive coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as a sub licensing of the BBCs rights to the tournament. UKTV G2 simulcast the BBCs live matches, including the match between Germany and Costa Rica, Englands game with Paraguay and the final. The channel also showed highlights of every match in the tournament, in September 2007, UKTV announced that they would relaunch and rename UKTV G2 as Dave on 15 October. UKTV said the name of the channel was chosen because everyone knows a bloke called Dave, the rebrand included the channel being available free-to-air on digital terrestrial platform, Freeview, replacing UKTV Bright Ideas which only averaged 0. 1% of the audience share. The move to Freeview saw Dave launch in the previously used by UKTV History which was moved to the time limited bandwidth once occupied by UKTV Bright Ideas. Dave is available daily, from 7. 00am to 3. 00am and it uses the tagline the home of witty comedy banter and uses Ralph Ineson as an announcer, along with David Flynn, Phill Jupitus, Iain Lee and BBC Radio 1 DJ Greg James. To ensure that all Freeview viewers receive the channel on number 19 and this later changed to the current location on Channel 12. From 31 January 2008, the channel broadcasting in widescreen. In April 2009, they aired 3 new instalments of Red Dwarf and this marked the channels first foray into scripted original programming
26.
Children in Need
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BBC Children in Need is the BBCs UK charity. Since 1980 it has raised over £600 million for disabled children, One of the highlights is an annual telethon, held in November and televised on BBC One, BBC One HD, BBC Two, and BBC Two HD from 7,30 pm until 2 am. Pudsey Bear is BBC Children in Needs mascot, whilst Terry Wogan was a long-standing host, following the temporary closure of Television Centre, the telethon broadcasts now take place at the BBC Elstree Centre. BBC Children in Need will move back to its home of BBC Television Centre in 2017. The BBCs first broadcast charity appeal took place in 1927, in the form of a radio broadcast on Christmas Day. It raised about £1,143, which equates to about £27,150 by todays standards, the first televised appeal took place in 1955 and was called the Childrens Hour Christmas Appeal, with the yellow glove puppet Sooty Bear and Harry Corbett fronting it. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio until 1979, during that time a total of £625,836 was raised. Terry Wogan first appeared during this five-minute appeal in 1978, sometimes cartoon characters such as Peter Pan and Tom and Jerry were used. In 1980, the first Children in Need telethon was broadcast and it was devoted to raising money exclusively destined for charities working with children in the United Kingdom. The new format, presented by Terry Wogan, Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen, saw an increase in public donations. This format has grown in scope to incorporate further events broadcast on radio, as a regular presenter, Wogan has become firmly associated with the annual event, continuing to front the event until 2014 stepping down due to ill health. In 1988, BBC Children in Need became a charity in England and Wales. An award called the Sir Terry Wogan Fundraiser of the Year has been presented since 2016 to someone who has gone above and beyond to help raise money for Children in Need. The award was set up by Terrys family and was presented by Terrys son, Mark, featured celebrities often include those from programmes on rival network ITV, including some appearing in-character, and/or from the sets of their own programmes. A performance by BBC newsreaders became an annual fixture, stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after curtain call in their respective theatres. Unlike the other BBC charity telethon Comic Relief, Children in Need relies a lot on the BBC regions for input into the telethon night, the BBC English regions all have around 5–8-minute round-ups every hour during the telethon. This does not interrupt the schedule of items shown from BBC Television Centre as presenter Terry Wogan usually hands over to the regions, giving those in the main network studio a short break. However BBC Scotland, BBC Wales and BBC Northern Ireland opted out of the schedule with a lot of local fundraising news
27.
Royal Variety Performance
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The Royal Variety Performance is a televised variety show held annually in the United Kingdom to raise money for the Royal Variety Charity It is attended by senior members of the British Royal Family. The Royal Variety Performance traditionally begins with the entrance of the members of the British Royal Family followed by singing of the national anthem, the first performance, on 1 July 1912, was called the Royal Command Performance, and this name has persisted informally for the event. This was held in the Palace Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London, in the presence of King George V and Queen Mary. It was planned to be in the Empire Theatre, Edinburgh, part of the vast Moss Empires group, after the death of Moss, Sir Alfred Butt was chosen as the impresario and it was staged in 1912. This was an occasion, and his London Palace Theatre was lavishly decorated. Top performers included Vesta Tilley, Sir George Robey, David Devant, Anna Pavlova, Harry Lauder, the organisers did not invite Marie Lloyd, because of a professional dispute. Her act was deemed too risqué and her three public, unsuccessful marriages were thought to make her unfit to perform in front of royalty and she held a rival performance in a nearby theatre, which she advertised was by command of the British public. The name of the event was changed to prevent possible royal embarrassment, the Royal Variety became an annual event at the suggestion of King George V from 1921 and the British Broadcasting Corporation began to broadcast it on radio. From 1928 through to 1938, the impresario-producer and manager of the London Palladium, George Black and he would also facilitate as compere at the shows. His first production was held on 1 March 1928 at the London Coliseum and his 1938 show returned to the London Coliseum. Throughout World War II from 1939 to 1944 no shows were presented, the show resumed in 1945 after the war ended. In both 1976 and 1978, the BBC broadcast the show live, the BBC usually staged the show in a West End theatre, and ITV in regional theatres outside London. From 2011, ITV have exclusive rights to televise the show, a wide range of acts has performed at the Royal Command Performance, including Laurel and Hardy in 1947, the Beatles in 1963, the Supremes in 1968 and the Blue Man Group in 2005. The orchestra was conducted by Edward Elgar, in 1921 it moved to the Hippodrome, and was held in November. It was the first time that the Royal Variety Performance became an annual event, in 1923 it moved to the Coliseum Theatre. Then after a gap in 1924, moved to the Alhambra Theatre in February 1925 and it was the first Royal Variety Performance to be broadcast, with the BBC providing live radio coverage. In 1927 there was another move, this time to the Victoria Palace Theatre, the 1928 show, on 13 December, was held at the Coliseum Theatre. The next show, on 22 May 1930, moved to the London Palladium with George Black and it was the start of seven successive years at the venue
28.
London Weekend Television
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London Weekend Television was the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm to Monday mornings at 6, 00am. Like most ITV franchises, including Carltons, the London weekend franchise is operated by ITV plc. As of 2014, the franchise is still licensed, but unlike many other franchises. LWT is now managed with Carlton Television as an entity. London Weekend Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. The London Television Consortium was created and led by television presenter David Frost, the consortium also consisted of three ex-BBC members of staff, Michael Peacock, Frank Muir and Doreen Stephens. Frost had originally considered applying for the new Yorkshire region franchise, changes elsewhere in the system led Frost to believe that the existing Midlands weekday broadcaster ATV had a significant risk of losing its London weekend contract. The consortiums application promised a variety of arts and drama productions. It accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority, so keen were the ITA that they were quoted at the time as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from an extension in broadcasting hours. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends and this led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the centre of ATV at Foley Street. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC1, other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee on 9 September 1968. The NPC was being chaired by Lew Grade, ATVs managing director, and I know I hate David Frost. Frost was present but no one else spoke out against LWTs programming policy, meanwhile, the £6.5 million they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frosts vision for the future of television, ATV dropped Frosts major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support, the ITA made it clear that LWTs franchise proposals must be retained
29.
United Kingdom general election, 2001
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The United Kingdom general election,2001, was held on Thursday,7 June 2001, to elect 659 members to the British House of Commons. 4%, compared to 71. 3% in the previous election. Tony Blair went on to become the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a second full term in office. There was little change outside Northern Ireland, with 620 out of the 641 seats electing candidates from the party as they did in 1997. Factors contributing to the Labour victory were a strong economy and falling unemployment, the Conservative Party, under William Hagues leadership, was still deeply divided on the issue of Europe and the partys policy platform was considered to have shifted to a right-wing focus. The election was essentially a repeat of the 1997 election, with Labour losing only 6 seats overall, the Conservatives did manage to gain a seat in Scotland, which ended the partys status as an England-only party in the prior parliament. Although they did not gain seats, one of the new MPs elected was future Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron. The Liberal Democrats gained six seats, change was seen in Northern Ireland, with the moderately unionist Ulster Unionist Party losing four seats to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party. This transition was mirrored in the community with the moderate SDLP losing votes to the more staunchly republican. The election was marked with exceptionally low voter turnout, falling below 60% for the first time since 1918. The election was broadcast live on the BBC, and presented by Jeremy Paxman, Andrew Marr, Peter Snow, as of 2015, this was the last time that a single party received above 40% of the popular vote in a British general election. The election had been expected on 3 May, to coincide with local elections, the elections were marked by voter apathy, with turnout falling to 59. 4%, the lowest since the Coupon Election of 1918. By the end of 2000, however, the dispute had been solved, in total, a mere 29 parliamentary seats changed hands at the 2001 election. 2001 also saw the election of an independent. Dr. Richard Taylor of Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern unseated a government minister, there was also a high vote for British National Party leader Nick Griffin in Oldham, in the wake of recent race riots in the town. This polarisation was also seen in the nationalist community, with the Social Democratic and Labour Party vote losing out to more left-wing and it also saw a tightening of the parties as the small UK Unionist Party lost its only seat. For Labour, the last four years had run relatively smoothly, the party had successfully defended all their by-election seats, and many suspected a Labour win was inevitable from the start. Many in the party however were afraid of voter apathy, which was epitomised in the Hague with Lady Thatchers hair poster, for William Hague, however, the Conservative Party had still not fully recovered from the loss in 1997. The party was divided over Europe, and talk of a referendum on joining the Eurozone was rife
30.
Television Centre, London
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Television Centre in White City, West London was the headquarters of BBC Television between 1960 and 2013. Officially opened on 29 June 1960, it is one of the most readily recognisable facilities of its type, parts of the building are Grade II listed, including the central ring and Studio 1. Live television events from studios and routing of national and international sporting events took place within the Television Centre before being passed to the Broadcast Centre for transmission and it was announced on 21 September 2010 that the BBC would cease broadcasting from Television Centre in 2013. BBC Worldwide moved into space in the Stage 6 building following extensive refurbishment in 2015. The radio and television news departments moved to Broadcasting House in central London, the building is 4 miles west of central London, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The nearest Underground stations are White City and Wood Lane, London broadcasts at the time came from Alexandra Palace and Lime Grove Studios. It was to be the largest television centre in the world, riverside Studios in Hammersmith were used from 1954. It was planned to be 6 acres, but turned out to be twice as big, on 24 August 1956 the main contract was awarded to Higgs and Hill, which also built The London Studios for ITV in 1972. The building was planned to cost £9M, when it opened, the Director of BBC television was Gerald Beadle, and the first programme broadcast was First Night with David Nixon in Studio Three. In 1997 the BBC News Centre was opened, in a new complex at the front of the building, the building featured a central circular block around which were studios, offices, engineering areas and the News Centre. In the centre of the block was a statue designed by T. B. Huxley-Jones of Helios. At the foot of the statue were two reclining figures, symbolising sound and vision, the components of television, even though there was a foundation stone marked BBC1956 in the basement of the main building, construction began in 1951. With the migration of staff and functions to complexes in Salford and London W1, the overall design from the air appeared to resemble a question mark in shape. The architect, Graham Dawbarn CBE, drew a question mark on an envelope while thinking about the design of the building, an article in The BBC Quarterly, July 1946, proposed a circular design, several years before Dawbarn drew up his plans. The building was commissioned in 1949 with work starting in 1950, work resumed in 1953 on the TVC scenery block and work began in 1954 on the canteen block, which doubled as a rehearsal space. Work on Stage 3, the central office block and studios. The shells of TC1, TC6 and TC7 were constructed around the same time, BBC Television Centre officially opened with TC3 operational on 29 June 1960. Arthur Hayes worked on the building from 1956 to 1970 and was responsible for the creation of the iconic BBC Television Centre lettering on the façade of Studio 1, the lettering was later used all over the building, even in tile work outside lift entrances
31.
Norman Tebbit
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Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit, CH, PC is a British politician. He was a member of parliament from 1970 to 1992, representing the constituencies of Epping, in 1984, he was injured in the Provisional Irish Republican Armys bombing of the Grand Hotel in Brighton, where he was staying during the Conservative Party Conference. His wife Margaret was left disabled after the explosion. He left the government after the 1987 general election to care for his wife and he gave up his parliamentary seat for Chingford in 1992, and has since sat in the House of Lords as Baron Tebbit, of Chingford. Born in Ponders End, Middlesex to working parents, Tebbit went to Edmonton County Grammar School. Tebbit worked as a journalist for the Financial Times before serving with the Royal Air Force, during which time he flew Meteor and Vampire jets. In July 1954, at RAF Waterbeach near Cambridge, he had to open the cockpit canopy of a burning Meteor 8 aircraft to escape from it. On leaving the RAF he joined BOAC in 1953 as a navigator and pilot, of his airline navigation training, he later said, In those days it was a considerable academic syllabus. You had to be up to speed on spherical trigonometry to get through it. ”During his time at BOAC he was an official in the British Air Line Pilots Association and he flew Avro Yorks, Argonauts, Britannias, DC7Cs and the Boeing 707. He was elected MP for Epping in 1970 and then for Chingford in February 1974 and he is recorded as an MP member of the Conservative Monday Club in 1970. Tebbits first intervention as a MP was to ask a question of the then Minister at the Board of Trade and his question was on the subject of a crash of a Comet-4 aircraft in Spain on 3 July, which killed all the 112 people on board at the time. In 1975, six men were dismissed from their jobs because of the introduction of a shop and were denied unemployment benefit. Tebbit accused Foot of pure undiluted fascism and left Mr. Foot exposed as an opponent of freedom. The next day The Times first leader —titled IS MR, FOOT A FASCIST. —quoted Tebbit and went on, Mr. Foots doctrine is intolerable because it is a violation of the liberty of the ordinary man in his job. Mr. Tebbit is therefore using fascism in a descriptive sense when he accuses Mr. Foot of it. We perhaps need to revive the phrase social fascism to describe the modern British development of the corporate state, the question is not therefore, is Mr. Foot a fascist. But does Mr. Foot know he is a fascist, Tebbit involved himself in that dispute by making a controversial speech on 12 September 1977, in which he said, Inside Britain there is a. threat from the Marxist collectivist totalitarians. Just to state that fact is to be accused of union-bashing, such people are to be found in the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Parties
32.
Daily Mail
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The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and published in London. Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982, Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. A survey in 2014 found the age of its reader was 58. It had a daily circulation of 1,510,824 copies in November 2016. Its website has more than 100 million unique visitors per month, the Daily Mail has been accused of racism, and printing sensationalist and inaccurate scare stories of science and medical research. The Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a format on 3 May 1971. On this date it absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a tabloid by the same company. The publisher of the Mail, the Daily Mail and General Trust, is currently a FTSE250 company, the paper has a circulation of around two million, which is the fourth largest circulation of any English-language daily newspaper in the world. Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in March 2014 show gross daily sales of 1,708,006 for the Daily Mail. According to a December 2004 survey, 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour, the main concern of Viscount Rothermere, the current chairman and main shareholder, is that the circulation be maintained. The Mail has been edited by Paul Dacre since 1992, the Daily Mail, devised by Alfred Harmsworth and his brother Harold, was first published on 4 May 1896. It cost a halfpenny at a time when other London dailies cost one penny, and was more populist in tone and more concise in its coverage than its rivals. The planned issue was 100,000 copies but the print run on the first day was 397,215, Lord Salisbury, 19th-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, dismissed the Daily Mail as a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys. By 1902, at the end of the Boer Wars, the circulation was over a million, from the beginning, the Mail also set out to entertain its readers with human interest stories, serials, features and competitions. In 1900 the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London, the first national newspaper to do so, the same production method was adopted in 1909 by the Daily Sketch, in 1927 by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers. Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in 1968 and, for a while, in 1987, printing at Deansgate ended and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants. In 1906 the paper offered £1,000 for the first flight across the English Channel, punch magazine thought the idea preposterous and offered £10,000 for the first flight to Mars, but by 1910 both the Mails prizes had been won. Before the outbreak of World War I, the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire
33.
United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal
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Several members or former members of the House of Commons, and members of the House of Lords, were prosecuted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment. In May 2008 the High Court ruled in favour of releasing the information, in April 2009 the House of Commons authorities announced that publication of expenses, with certain information deemed sensitive removed, would be made in July 2009. But before this could place the expenses records and documentation were leaked to The Daily Telegraph newspaper. These disclosures dominated the British media for weeks, since most claims revolved around MPs second homes in London, a panel was established to investigate all claims relating to the second homes allowance between 2004 and 2008. Headed by former civil servant Sir Thomas Legg, the panel published its findings on 12 October as MPs returned to Westminster following the summer recess, each MP received a letter stating whether or not he or she would be required to repay any expenses claimed. Details of voluntary repayments by MPs amounting to almost £500,000 were also officially published and it was announced on 5 February 2010 that criminal charges of false accounting were to be prosecuted against four parliamentarians, all later jailed. On 19 May charges were brought against two more, on 13 and 14 October 2010 two more faced legal proceedings, three peers were suspended on 18 October 2010 due to their expenses claims. In the United Kingdom MPs can claim expenses, including the cost of accommodation, in January 2005 the Freedom of Information Act 2000 came into force, allowing members of the public to request disclosure of information from public bodies. One early request came from the journalist Jon Ungoed-Thomas, another request came from journalist and freedom of information campaigner Heather Brooke. Both asked for details of the expenses claimed by certain MPs to be released, the requests were subsequently passed over to the Information Commissioner, who joined the journalists cases together and ordered the release of some information on 15 June 2007. House of Commons authorities objected to this order in June 2007 and MPs had, in May 2007, in February 2008, after referral to an Information Tribunal, it was held that Commons authorities would release information on 14 MPs. This decision was appealed against, delaying the release of information. In the tax year 2007–2008 MPs costs of staying away from their homes was limited to £23,083. Labour MPs were placed under a three line whip in order to force the motion through the Commons, however, opposition parties stated they would vote against the proposals, and large-scale public opposition emerged. The proposals were dropped on 21 January 2009. The Commons authorities announced that full disclosure of all MPs’ expenses would be published on 1 July 2009, ultimately the media disclosure made the legal appeal moot, the appeal was finally heard at the High Court, which ruled on 16 May 2008 in favour of releasing the information. No appeal was lodged against the High Court ruling, and the details were made public on 23 May 2008. Examples of items publicised prior to the May 2009 disclosures included, Conservative Derek Conway was alleged in May 2007 to have employed and paid his son, a student at the time
34.
Blue Peter
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Blue Peter is a British childrens television programme, shown currently live on the CBBC television channel. A significant part of British culture, it first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running childrens TV show in the world. Although the show has a title and theme, it is a magazine/entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges. During its history there have been many presenters, often consisting of two women and two men at a time, the current presenters are Barney Harwood, Lindsey Russell and Radzi Chinyanganya. The show is produced mainly in a studio, but there is also a garden, often referred to as the Blue Peter Garden. The programme has featured a number of pets, currently a tortoise called Shelly makes appearances from time to time. Most programmes are broadcast live, but usually include at least one filmed report, There will also often be a demonstration of an activity in the studio, or a music or dance performance. Between the 1960s and 2011 the programme was made at BBC Television Centre, and often came from Studio 1 and this enabled Blue Peter to include large-scale demonstrations and performances within the live programme. From the September 2007 series, the programme was broadcast from a fixed set in Studio 2. However, from 2009 the series began to use the studios once more. The show is famous for its makes, which are demonstrations of how to construct a useful object or prepare food. Trace also used the line And now for something completely different, time is also often given over to reading letters and showing pictures sent in by viewers. Over 4,000 editions have been produced since 1958, Blue Peter was first aired on 16 October 1958. The Blue Peter is used as a signal, indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave. Hunter Blair also pointed out that blue was a favourite colour. The first two presenters were Christopher Trace, an actor, and Leila Williams, winner of Miss Great Britain in 1957, the two presenters were responsible for activities which matched the traditional gender roles. As broadcasting historian Asa Briggs expressed it in 1995, Leila played with dolls and they were supported on occasion by Tony Hart, an artist who later designed the ship logo, who told stories about an elephant called Packi. It was broadcast every Friday for fifteen minutes on BBC TV, over the first few months more features were added, including competitions, documentaries, cartoons, and stories
35.
Richard Bacon (broadcaster)
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Richard Paul Bacon is an English television and radio presenter. He is best known for having been a host of the childrens show Blue Peter—his first high-profile media role—from which position he was fired in 1998 after 18 months. Following Blue Peter he worked as a reporter or presenter on television shows, including The Big Breakfast. Beginning 14th November 2016, Bacon became the new presenter of The National Geographic Channels reboot of its documentary/panel discussion hybrid TV series and he studied Business Studies with Electronics at Nottingham Trent University, but dropped out after a year. Bacons first job before moving into media was working at a branch of McDonalds restaurants and his first job in the media was as a reporter for BBC Radio Nottingham, notably on the programme The Beat. Bacons television break was as a presenter on the childrens show Blue Peter and he presented alongside Romana DAnnunzio, Katy Hill, Konnie Huq and Stuart Miles. His tenure on the programme lasted just over 18 months, after his dismissal, the then Head of BBC childrens programmes Lorraine Heggessey went on air to explain the situation to CBBC viewers. Bacons television career survived the setback, and he has presented such shows as The Big Breakfast, Top of the Pops. Since 2006 he has narrated and presented BBC Threes series Most Annoying People, Bacon guest-hosted ITVs This Morning during 2005, Channel 5s The Wright Stuff on several occasions during 2007 and 2008, and BBC Twos Something for the Weekend from 2008 to 2009. He was the narrator for series 1 to 3 of Skys police documentary Brit Cops, in late 2010 he presented Richard Bacons Beer & Pizza Club on ITV4. A second series aired in late 2011, just before the 2010 World Cup he hosted a show called World Cups Most Shocking Moments, with Peter Crouch. Bacon presented editions of BBC Threes Young Voters Question Time, in October 2011 he hosted BBC Threes Up for Hire, an interactive series over the course of five nights tackling one of Britains biggest issues – youth unemployment. On 25 November 2013 Bacon hosted one series of ITVs game show Show Me the Telly, on 8 December 2013 he guest-presented an episode of Sunday Scoop. On 17 February 2014 he hosted a show, Benefits Britain, The Debate. In 2014 he presented the live Channel 4 programme How Rich Are You, in 2015 Bacon presented The Big Painting Challenge alongside Una Stubbs for BBC One, and sports show Eternal Glory for ITV. He also joined Reena Ninan as a substitute co-host of the American Broadcasting Companys World News Now overnight, beginning 14th November 2016, the U. S. S. Each film is then discussed before a studio audience with Bacon moderating. Then, at least one expert on either side of the issue also joins the discussion, the live-audience segments of each episode of Explorer are filmed at CBS Studios in New York City
36.
Jigsaw puzzle
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A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often oddly shaped interlocking and tessellating pieces. Each piece usually has a part of a picture on it, when complete. In some cases more advanced types have appeared on the market, such as spherical jigsaws, Jigsaw puzzles were originally created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, and then cutting that picture into small pieces with a jigsaw, hence the name. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercializing jigsaw puzzles around 1760, Jigsaw puzzles have since come to be made primarily of cardboard. Typical images found on jigsaw puzzles include scenes from nature, buildings, castles and mountains are two traditional subjects. However, any kind of picture can be used to make a jigsaw puzzle, completed puzzles can also be attached to a backing with adhesive to be used as artwork. During recent years, a range of jigsaw puzzle accessories including boards, cases, frames, the engraver and cartographer John Spilsbury, of London, is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw. Early jigsaws, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, such dissected maps, were used to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte by royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch. The name jigsaw came to be associated with the puzzle around 1880 when fretsaws became the tool of choice for cutting the shapes, since fretsaws are distinct from jigsaws, the name appears to be a misnomer. Jigsaw puzzles soared in popularity during the Great Depression, as provided a cheap, long-lasting. It was around this time that jigsaws evolved to more complex. They were also given away in product promotions, and used in advertising, sales of wooden jigsaw puzzles fell after World War II as improved wages led to price increases, while at the same time improvements in manufacturing processes made cardboard jigsaws more attractive. Most modern jigsaw puzzles are made out of cardboard since they are easier and cheaper to mass-produce than the wooden models. An enlarged photograph or printed reproduction of a painting or other artwork is glued onto the cardboard before cutting. This board is fed into a press. The press forces a set of hardened steel blades of the desired shape through the board until it is fully cut and this procedure is similar to making shaped cookies with a cookie cutter. A puzzle die is a board, often made from plywood. These knives are set into the slots and covered in a material, typically foam rubber
37.
Giblets
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Giblets /ˈdʒɪbləts/ is a culinary term for the edible offal of a fowl, typically including the heart, gizzard, liver, and other visceral organs. A whole bird from a butcher is often packaged with the giblets, the neck is often included with the giblets, as in the West it is usually separated from the body during butchering. There are a number of recipes that use giblets, if a bird is to be stuffed, the giblets are traditionally chopped and added to the stuffing, however the USDA recommends cooking giblets separate from the bird. If not, they can be used for other purposes, such as pie or. With the exception of giblet gravy, the liver is not usually included in these recipes and it may be used in liver-specific recipes, such as pâté or yakitori. Giblets can also be used to make alicot, a French stew, in the Turkish cuisine, iç pilav, a traditional pilaf dish, is made with rice, chicken liver, nuts, and spices. Jerusalem mixed grill is an Israeli delicacy made with giblets, usually eaten with pita bread, most poultry, especially those sold in supermarkets, is quartered and consequently the giblets are not included. Giblets can be bought separately from a butcher, but the demand for consumption is low in most Western countries. USDA Giblets fact sheet Tillery, Carolyn Quick, the African-American Heritage Cookbook, Traditional Recipes and Fond Remembrances From Alabamas Renowned Tuskegee Institute
38.
Wheel of Fortune (UK game show)
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Wheel of Fortune is a British television game show created by Merv Griffin. Contestants compete to solve puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash. The title refers to the shows giant carnival wheel that contestants spin throughout the course of the game to determine their cash and/or prizes and it mostly follows the same general format from the original version of the programme from the United States, with a few minor differences. Points earned from all players carried on to proceeding rounds, and were susceptible to Bankrupts, meaning a winner could be crowned that never solved a puzzle, but acquired a large amount of points. This rule would actually encourage sacrificing a players turn if he or she didnt know the puzzle rather than risking his or her points by spinning again. For the first three series, before recording of episode, each contestant spun the wheel and the contestant with the highest score would start the first round. The contestant would be asked a 50/50 trivia question and if the contestant answered correctly, if the letter appeared on the puzzle board once, the contestant would earn the value. If the letter appeared on the board twice, the contestant would earn double the value. If the letter appeared on the puzzle board thrice, the contestant would earn triple the value, a player may purchase a vowel for 250 points, regardless of how many times that vowel appeared in the puzzle. In the speed round, the host would spin the wheel with the centre players arrow determining the point value for each contestant, vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun. The left player would go first, from the fourth series onward, the 50/50 trivia individual questions were dropped. Instead, at the start of round, the contestants would be asked a general knowledge question. Also from the fourth series onward, from Round 3 to the end, the centre players arrow determined the point value for each consonant in the speed-up round. Vowels were worth nothing, and consonants were worth whatever the value spun, in the Grand Finale, the winning contestant chose from one of three bonus prizes to play for, a car, a luxury holiday or a cash prize. The series in 1994 differed in that the prize the contestant won for solving the puzzle was a car plus the prize of £10,000. In one episode in 1994 the prize was two cars and £10,000, from 1995-1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with £20,000. After choosing five consonants and a vowel, the contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize, unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was A CUP OF TEA, the player could solve OF, then A, then TEA, in the final series, LOSE A TURN was changed to MISS A TURN, for reasons unknown, and a 500 Gamble wedge was added
39.
Slot machine
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A slot machine, informally fruit machine, puggy, the slots, poker machine or simply slot, is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed. Many modern machines are equipped with a legacy lever in addition to the button. Slot machines include a currency detector that validates the money inserted to play, the machine pays off according to patterns of symbols visible on the front of the machine when it stops. Modern computer technology has resulted in variations on the slot machine concept, Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70 percent of the average US casinos income. The slot machine term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins, fruit machine comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels, such as lemons and cherries. Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, U. S. developed a machine in 1891 which was a precursor to the modern slot machine. It contained five drums holding a total of 50 card faces and was based on poker and this machine proved extremely popular and soon many bars in the city had one or more of the machines. Players would insert a nickel and pull a lever, which would spin the drums and the cards they held, the player hoping for a good poker hand. To make the better for the house, two cards were typically removed from the deck, the ten of spades and the jack of hearts. The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a players chance of winning, the bell gave the machine its name. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels, Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. Even when the use of these devices was banned in his home state after a few years. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers, thus in 1907, manufacturer Herbert Mills from Chicago produced a slot machine called the Operator Bell. By 1908 lots of bell machines were installed in most cigar stores, saloons, bowling alleys, brothels, early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museums Fey Collection. Other early machines, such as the trade stimulator, gave out winnings in the form of fruit-flavoured chewing gums with pictures of the flavours as symbols on the reels, the popular cherry and melon symbols derive from this machine. The BAR symbol now common in slot machines was derived from a logo of the Bell-Fruit Gum Company. In these cases, a mint vending machine was declared to be a device because by chance the machine would occasionally give the next user a number of tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the fact that the result of the next use would be displayed on the machine, the courts ruled that he appealed to the players propensity to gamble
40.
High striker
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A high striker, also known as a strength tester, or strongman game, is an attraction used in funfairs, fundraisers, and carnivals. It operates by utilizing the lever where one end holds a puck attached to the tower, the aim of players is to ring the bell suspended on top of the tower. If the lever is struck with enough force, the puck will rise enough to hit the bell. Modern versions use a version of the lever, others use an enclosed striking mechanism. Operators entice people to try the high striker with phrases such as, or Who are the men out of the boys. A high striker is usually composed of a base, a long vertical tower, a bell, a puck, a lever. Initial versions of the base were of frame construction, later models were of unibody construction, the tower may be of wood, fiberglass, or aluminum material. The puck/dinger/chaser is suspended to a groove that runs along the towers length. The bell is identical to that of a school bell in construction. Levers were traditionally constructed with a rubber padding above and below the end where the mallet is supposed to strike, in order to amplify the force, long-handled 10-pound rubber mallets are used, but can vary depending on the high strikers size. High strikers come in different shapes and sizes, heights range from 4 feet to 20 feet. There are many brands of high strikers commercially available, most models use a spring-loaded lever that can be adjusted to increase or decrease the force required to propel the puck to hit the bell. Other high strikers are themed in design, the tower can feature an image of a tall person, with the bell representing a part of the head. Electronic high strikers exist in arcades and these variants are not as real-time as the more popular high striker. When the target is hit by the player, sensors underneath determine a measured amount of distance that the puck will climb, depending on the force, the game will indicate how the player ranked, ranging from poor to excellent. In the 1930s, some High Striker operators preyed on young men and rigged the High Striker unit to prevent anyone, no matter how strong and they usually picked a small man to demonstrate how easy it was to swing the mallet and impact the arm, ringing the bell. Then, when a person attempted, they failed. Players attempted the game repeatedly to avoid humiliation, eventually, the operator would allow that player to ring the bell so as to not discourage others from attempting
41.
Dominic West
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Dominic Gerard Francis Eagleton West is an English actor, musician, and director. He stars as Noah Solloway on the Showtime drama series, The Affair, West was born and brought up in Sheffield, the sixth of seven siblings in a Roman Catholic family, largely of Irish descent. His mother, Pauline Mary Moya, was an actress, and his father, Thomas George Eagleton West, West attended Eton College and Trinity College, Dublin. He graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1995, wests screen appearances include True Blue, Chicago, Richard III, and Mona Lisa Smile. His most notable role has been as the American police detective Jimmy McNulty on the HBO television police drama The Wire. West was praised for the accuracy of his characters American accent, during his stint on The Wire, West directed the season 5 episode Took. West starred as Lysander in the 1999 film version of William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, in feature films, he portrayed the heavy metal guitarist Kirk Cuddy in the 2001 film Rock Star. In 2006 West made a guest appearance as an actor in a sketch in The Catherine Tate Show, in 2007, he played the Spartan politician Theron in 300 and Detective Poppil in Hannibal Rising. West played the supervillain, Jigsaw, in the 2008 film Marvels Punisher, in 2010 he had a role as General Virilus in Neil Marshalls adventure thriller Centurion. West starred in the UK ghost film, The Awakening, West has done other work on TV and radio. He appeared in the role of Oliver Cromwell in the Channel 4 series The Devils Whore and he also performed as Dr. West, the opening track on Eminems 2009 album Relapse, as a doctor discharging Eminem from a rehab facility. West played the part over the phone in January 2009 while Eminem was recording it in a Miami studio, in 2011, West appeared as a news presenter on the BBC-TV period drama series The Hour. In 2012, West was offered the role of Mance Rayder in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones and he played gay activist Jonathan Blake in the 2014 film Pride about the 1984-1985 miners strike in the UK. West stars as Noah Solloway on Showtimes series The Affair, which premiered October 2014, the series was renewed for a third season in 2015. As a theatre actor, West has played Edward in Harley Granville Barkers The Voysey Inheritance directed by Peter Gill at the Royal National Theatre in 2006. He took the role in Simon Grays classic comedy, Butley. In the September he returned to his native Sheffield to play Iago to his former Wire co-star Clarke Peterss Othello at the Crucible Theatre, from mid December 2012 to January 2013, West starred as Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. In 2015-16 he starred alongside Janet McTeer in Les Liaisons Dangereuses at the Donmar Warehouse in London, in 2009, West starred in a series of online films known as The Carte Noire Readers
42.
The Wire
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The Wire is an American crime drama television series set and produced in Baltimore, Maryland. Created and primarily written by author and former police reporter David Simon, the Wire premiered on June 2,2002, and ended on March 9,2008, comprising 60 episodes over five seasons. Each season of The Wire introduces a different institution in the city of Baltimore and its relationship to law enforcement, while retaining characters and advancing storylines from previous seasons. In chronological order these are, the drug trade, the seaport system, the city government and bureaucracy, the school system. The large cast consists mainly of actors who are known for their other roles, as well as numerous real-life Baltimore and Maryland figures in guest. Simon has said that despite its framing as a drama, the show is really about the American city. Its about how institutions have an effect on individuals, whether one is a cop, a longshoreman, a drug dealer, a politician, a judge or a lawyer, all are ultimately compromised and must contend with whatever institution to which they are committed. The Wire is lauded for its themes, its uncommonly acute exploration of society and politics. Simon has stated that he set out to create a police drama loosely based on the experiences of his writing partner Ed Burns. Simon chose to set the show in Baltimore because of his familiarity with the city, Simon wanted to avoid a repeat of these conflicts and chose to take The Wire to HBO, because of their working relationship from the miniseries The Corner. HBO was initially doubtful about including a drama in its lineup. Simon approached the mayor of Baltimore, telling him that he wanted to give a bleak portrayal of aspects of the city. He hoped the show would change the opinions of some viewers, the casting of the show has been praised for avoiding big-name stars and using character actors who appear natural in their roles. The looks of the cast as a whole have been described as defying TV expectations by presenting a range of humanity on screen. Most of the cast is African-American, consistent with the demographics of Baltimore, the initial cast was assembled through a process of auditions and readings. Lance Reddick received the role of Cedric Daniels after auditioning for other parts. Michael K. Williams got the part of Omar Little after only a single audition, Jay Landsman, a longtime police officer who inspired the character of the same name, played Lieutenant Dennis Mello. Baltimore police commander Gary DAddario served as the technical advisor for the first two seasons and has a recurring role as prosecutor Gary DiPasquale
43.
Police car
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A police car is a ground vehicle used by police for transportation during patrols and to enable them to respond to incidents. Some police cars are specially adapted for certain locations or for certain operations, Police cars typically have rooftop flashing lights, a siren, and emblems or markings indicating that the vehicle is a police car. Some police cars may have reinforced bumpers and alley lights, for illuminating darkened allies, terms for police cars include cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. In some places, a car may also be informally known as a cop car, a black and white, a cherry top, a gumball machine. Depending on the configuration of the lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit. The first police car was a run by electricity fielded on the streets of Akron, Ohio. The first operator of the patrol wagon was Akron Police officer Louis Mueller. It could reach 16 mph and travel 30 mi before its battery needed to be recharged, the car was built by city mechanical engineer Frank Loomis. The US$2,400 vehicle was equipped with lights, gongs. The cars first assignment was to pick up a man at the junction of Main. In some areas of the world, the car has become more widely used than police officers walking the beat. Vehicles also allow for the transport of larger numbers of personnel, decommissioned police cars are often sold to the general public, either through a police auction or a private seller, after about 3–5 years of use. Such cars are usually sold relatively cheaply due to the high mileage on such cars, in some cases exceeding the 300. In some cases, the cars are re-purposed as a taxicab as a way for cab companies to buy cars instead of fleet vehicle services. There are several types of police car, the car that replaces walking for the beat police officer. Their primary function is to normal police officers between their duties. Patrol cars are able to respond to emergencies, and as such are normally fitted with visual. A response car is similar to a car, but is likely to be of a higher specification, capable of higher speeds
44.
Buzzer
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A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, the electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in early doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favor of musical chimes, which had a softer tone. Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are called, were invented by Japanese manufacturers. This advancement mainly came about because of efforts by Japanese manufacturing companies. Early devices were based on a system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word buzzer comes from the noise that electromechanical buzzers made. A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer, a piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, while technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used
45.
Mastermind (TV series)
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Mastermind is a British game show, well known for its challenging questions, intimidating setting, and air of seriousness. Wright drew inspiration from his experiences of being interrogated by the Gestapo during World War II, the atmosphere is helped by Masterminds famously ominous theme music, Approaching Menace by the British composer Neil Richardson. The quiz programme originated and was recorded in Manchester at studios such as New Broadcasting House and Granada Studios, for the first round, the questioner invites the first contestant to begin. He or she walks over to a chair and sits down. The contestant is given a set period of time, usually two minutes, to answer questions on a specialised subject which he or she has chosen. The questioner announces the start of the period, and then reads out a question. If the contestant gives the answer, he or she scores one point. If a question is answered incorrectly, the questioner will give the answer before reading out the next question. However, if the contestant passes, the questioner moves straight on to the next question, after the two minutes are up a buzzer is sounded, which is made up of four beeps. This convention leads to the famous catchphrase, Ive started so Ill finish. If a question has been out in full when the buzzer sounds, but the contestant has not yet given an answer. Starting from the 2016-2017 series, home viewers can realise that the round is coming to a close when the frame of the starts to turn blue when theres 10 seconds remaining on the clock. After this, the contestant is told how many points he or she has scored, the next contestant then takes his or her place in the black chair, and the procedure is repeated. This continues until every contestant has had one turn, after the contestants have answered the specialised questions, they are given general knowledge questions. The procedure is similar to that used in the first round, except that the contestants usually have two-and-a-half minutes each. As originally aired, the contestants would return for the round in the same order as for their specialised subject. The contestants are now recalled in order of number of points scored in the first round. The winner is the contestant with the most points, if two or more contestants have an identical number of points, then the contestant with the fewer passes is the winner
