1.
Bicameralism
–
A bicameral legislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the national legislatures are bicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country and this can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house, some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England. Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility. The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature, the idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence, the Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the fickleness. He noted further that the use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with system and with more wisdom. Madisons argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, the Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, as part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British three-tier model, nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived. An example of controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France. The relationship between the two chambers varies, in cases, they have equal power, while in others. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments, the latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. In the United States both houses of the U. S and this is due to their original location in the two-story building that was to house them. In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister
2.
Hawaii Senate
–
The Hawaiʻi State Senate is the upper chamber of the Hawaii State Legislature. The senate consists of members elected from an equal number of constituent districts across the islands. The senate is led by the President of the Senate, elected from the membership of the body, the forerunner of the Hawaii State Senate during the government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was the House of Nobles originated in 1840. In 1894 the Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii renamed the house the present senate. Senators are elected to terms and are not subject to term limits. Like most state legislatures in the United States, the Hawaii State Senate is a part-time body, the lower chamber of the legislature is the Hawaiʻi House of Representatives. The membership of the Senate also elects additional officers to include the Senate Vice President, Senate Chief Clerk, Assistant Chief Clerk, Senate Sergeant at Arms, the Hawaiʻi Senate convenes in the Hawaiʻi State Capitol in Honolulu. The Democratic Party is the party in the Hawaii Senate. The Hawaiʻi Senate is also the state legislative chamber with no minority members. See also, Politics of Hawaiʻi The Hawaiʻi State Senate has been meeting at the Hawaiʻi State Capitol in downtown Honolulu since March 15,1969. Previous to the decision of Governor John A. Burns to build the new Capitol building, the Hawaiʻi State Senate met in ʻIolani Palace
3.
Hawaii House of Representatives
–
The Hawaii House of Representatives is the lower house of the Hawaii State Legislature. It is led by the Speaker of the House elected from the membership of the House, the current Speaker of the House is Joseph M. Souki. Legislators are elected to terms and are not subject to term limits. As in many state legislatures in the United States, the Hawaii House of Representatives is a part-time body, the upper chamber of the legislature is the Hawaii State Senate. The Democratic Party holds a supermajority of seats in the chamber, majority Leader of the Hawaii House of Representatives Hawaii State Legislature Hawaii State Legislature Legislative Reference Bureau Hawaii State House of Representatives Hawaii State Senate
4.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
5.
Speaker (politics)
–
The speaker of a deliberative assembly, especially a legislative body, is its presiding officer. The title was first used in 1399 in England, the speakers official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, and the like. The speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to members who break the procedures of the chamber or house. The speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial, the title was first recorded in 1377 to describe the role of Thomas de Hungerford in the Parliament of England. By convention, speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as Mister Speaker, if a man, or Madam Speaker, in other cultures other styles are used, mainly being equivalents of English chairman or president. Many bodies also have a pro tempore, designated to fill in when the speaker is not available. The Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives is the officer of the Australian House of Representatives. The President of the Australian Senate is the officer of the Australian Senate. Now constitutional community highlights changes also in this role, in Canada, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the individual elected to preside over the House of Commons, the elected lower house. The speaker is a Member of Parliament and is elected at the beginning of new parliament by fellow MPs. The Speakers role in presiding over Canadas House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in countries that use the Westminster system. The Speaker does not vote except in the case of a tie, by convention, if required to vote, the Speaker will vote in favour of continuing debate on a matter, but will not ultimately vote for a measure to be approved. The Speaker of the Senate of Canada is the officer of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of procedure and parliamentary privilege. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General of Canada from amongst sitting senators upon the advice of the Prime Minister, the Speaker has a vote on all matters. In the event of a tie, the matter fails, at the provincial level, the presiding officer of the provincial legislatures is called the Speaker in all provinces except Quebec, where the term President is used. The presiding officer fulfills the role as the Speaker of the House of Commons. In the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the elected to preside over the elected House of Commons
6.
Democratic Party of Hawaii
–
The Democratic Party of Hawaii is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Hawaii. The party is an organization established to promote the party platform as drafted in convention biennially. It is also charged with registering voters and delivering voter turnout through county organizations for Hawaii County, Kauaʻi County, Maui County, the Hawaii Democratic Party maintained political control of the state government in Hawaii for over forty years, from 1962 to 2002. A major factor in the organization is the ethnicity of Hawaii itself. As Democrats emerged as the dominant political party in 1962, they sought to support from Native Hawaiians. This success is attributed to the efforts of portraying themselves as not belonging to the power elite, for decades, the party had little difficulty in winning local and statewide elections, with a significant number of Democrats running unopposed in certain years. State-level organizational meetings are held at the precinct, district, county, the party adheres to a complex set of bylaws that addresses eligibility for membership, election of officers, holding conventions, and recruiting delegates to represent the party at conventions. A minimum of two delegates are required from each precinct, with an number of men and women. While there is no permanent location for conventions, nearly all of them have been held on the island of Oahu since 1960. The party is governed by a Chair and the State Central Committee and that committee is composed of representatives from each senatorial district, as well as representatives from each county, for each caucuses and the Young Democrats of Hawaii. Gender equality policies require the State Central Committee to be split equally between male and female representatives, due to the physical distance from the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in Washington D. C. the party is relatively independent in its affairs. As a result, the party does not typically inquire contributions for fund-raising purposes. Due to the dominant status in the state, there is some over-representation at national party conventions. Despite certain advantages, the party remains somewhat isolated on the national level, the Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi was formed on April 30,1900 by supporters of the queen in the wake of a plague quarantine in Honolulu. The meeting brought together five men, John H. Wilson, son of Marshal of the Kingdom Charles B. The group believed that it was necessary for a party in Hawaii, now a region of the US, to have a counterpart to survive. The intention of the party was to promote Jeffersonian philosophy and home rule, following the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the Reform Party of Hawaii seized control of government and intended to annex Hawaii to the United States. The reformers became affiliated with the Republican Party for this support of Hawaiis annexation in contrast to the Democrats opposition, the American Union Party became the regional Republican party in Hawaii, leaving the Democratic Party for any opposition group
7.
Hawaii Republican Party
–
The Hawaiʻi Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party of the United States. Based in Honolulu, the party is an organization established for the promotion of the party platform as it is drafted in convention every other year. It is also charged with registering voters and delivering voter turnout through four major county organizations for Hawaiʻi, Kauaʻi, Maui, as compared with the national Republican Party, Republicans in Hawaiʻi who hold elective office tend to be moderates. On social issues such as abortion, they tend to be less conservative than the national party as a whole. For example, former Republican Governor Linda Lingle is pro-choice, as a whole, Hawaiʻi Republicans advocate limited government, lower taxes, decentralized control of public schools, and improving Hawaiʻis business climate. Republicans have been supportive of big plans and commitments to allow companies in Hawaiʻi to rival. Republicans have also been supportive of interstate and international commerce, for example, former Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona has been a strong proponent of keeping the National Football Leagues Pro Bowl in Hawaii. Former Governor Linda Lingle proposed tax reduction incentives to businesses to hire and encourage work, reform Party member Lorrin Thurston was a strong supporter of the formation of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Governor Lingle proposed a Clean Energy Initiative to encourage and promote clean, the goal of the Initiative is to make Hawaii 70% energy self-sustainable by 2030. The indicative uses solar, wind, ocean, geothermal, and biomass as energy resources, despite the influence of the early missionaries, and despite recent national trends, the party steadily lost its Christian overtone over time. After annexation Christians proselytized to new coming immigrants contracted to work on Hawaiis growing sugar industry, the court found the laws unconstitutional and violating the liberty of the parents right to choose the education of their children. Duke Aiona, a Republican, presented a proclamation to the president of the Junior Young Buddhist Association in 2004, the Coalition swelled Republican membership by 50% but at the expense of infighting and by 1993 the party had lost more legislative seats than it started with. Sam Slom, the last remaining Hawaiian Republican senator, was defeated during the state elections on November 8,2016 Democratic Party of Hawaii Andrade Jr. Ernest. Unconquerable Rebel, Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903, shaping history, the role of newspapers in Hawaii. Shaping history, the role of newspapers in Hawaii, a synopsis of Traditional Hawaiian Culture, the Events Leading to the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Government. East Wind, Vol. III, No.1, east Wind, Vol. III, No.1. Hawaiʻi Republican Party Hawaii Federation of College Republicans Oahu League of Republican Women Official Website
8.
Hawaii State Capitol
–
The Hawaii State Capitol is the official statehouse or capitol building of the U. S. state of Hawaii. From its chambers, the executive and legislative branches perform the duties involved in governing the state and its principal tenants are the Governor of Hawaii and Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, as well as all legislative offices and the Legislative Reference Bureau. Located in downtown Honolulu, the Hawaii State Capitol was commissioned and dedicated by John A. Burns and it opened on March 15,1969, replacing the former statehouse, the ʻIolani Palace. The site was once Haimoeipo, the residence of Queen Dowager Kalama and later King Lunalilo. Several other capitol building monuments decorate the statehouse grounds, father Damien was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995, and canonized on October 11,2009, by Pope Benedict XVI. His feast Day is celebrated on May 10, in Hawaiʻi, it is celebrated on the day of his death, April 15. Likewise, the Korean-Vietnam War Memorial pays tribute to members who died in those conflicts. Dedicated on July 24,1994 by Benjamin J. Cayetano, fifth Governor of Hawaii, a larger marble slab bears a Hawaiian language inscription of remembrance. The Hawaii State Capitol is an American adaptation of the Hakonya style termed Hawaiian international architecture and it was designed by a partnership between the firms of Belt, Lemon and Lo, and John Carl Warnecke and Associates. Unlike other state capitols modeled after the United States Capitol, the Hawaii State Capitols distinct architectural features symbolize various aspects of Hawaii. Among them, The building is surrounded by a reflecting pool, the two legislative chambers are cone-shaped, symbolizing volcanoes that formed the Hawaiian Islands. The columns around the perimeter of the building have shapes resembling royal palm trees. The Capitol is built with a design, allowing sun, wind, and rain to enter. Four kukui nut trees are a reference to the four main counties in the State of Hawaii. Sets of four appear in many other places in the building. It is said that the sky is Hawaiis capitol dome, from the time the Capitol was completed in 1969, the reflecting pool has had a persistent algae growth problem, due partly to the fact the pool is fed with brackish water from on-site wells. Attempts by the state to fix the problem included introducing tilapia fish into the pool, the state currently has the pool lining scrubbed manually with enzymes added to the water to combat growth. Some Capitol regulars say the growth has come to represent the pollution of the Pacific Ocean
9.
Honolulu
–
Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
10.
Hawaii
–
Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
11.
State legislature (United States)
–
A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U. S. states. The formal name varies from state to state, in 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota, every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers or houses. In each case the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is referred to as the upper house. This chamber typically, but not always, has the power to confirm appointments made by the governor. Members of the chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber. In 41 states, the chamber is called the House of Representatives. Five states designate the larger chamber the Assembly and three states call it the House of Delegates, members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the power to initiate taxing legislation. In 1964, the United States Supreme Court announced the one man, one vote standard, Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators, as a legislative branch of government, a legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. During a legislative session, the legislature considers matters introduced by its members or submitted by the governor, businesses and other special interest organizations often lobby the legislature to obtain beneficial legislation, defeat unfavorably perceived measures, or influence other legislative action. A legislature also approves the operating and capital budgets, which may begin as a legislative proposal or a submission by the governor. Under the terms of Article V of the U. S, under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the states presidential electors. Formerly, state legislatures appointed the U. S, Senators from their respective states until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 required the direct election of Senators by the states voters. Generally, the bodies and their committees use either Masons Manual of Legislative Procedure or an amended form thereof. During official meetings, a parliamentarian is available to ensure that legislation. The lawmaking process begins with the introduction of a bill in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, bills may be introduced in either house, sometimes with the exception of bills increasing or decreasing revenue, which must originate in the House of Representatives
12.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
Lower house
–
A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. Despite its official position below the house, in many legislatures worldwide. A legislature composed of one house is described as unicameral. In comparison with the house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics, Powers In a parliamentary system, Much more power. Able to override the upper house in some ways, can vote a motion of no confidence against the government. In a presidential system, Somewhat less power, as the house alone gives advice. Given the sole power to impeach the executive Status Always elected directly, while the house may be elected directly, indirectly. Its members may be elected with a different voting system to the upper house, most populated administrative divisions are better represented than in the upper house, representation is usually proportional to population. Elected all at once, not by staggered terms, in a parliamentary system, can be dissolved by the executive. Has total or original control over budget and monetary laws, lower age of candidacy than the upper house. Many lower houses are named in the manner, House/Chamber of Representatives/the People/Commons/Deputies
14.
Upper house
–
An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
15.
Oahu
–
Oʻahu or Oahu /oʊˈɑːhu/, known as The Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to about two-thirds of the population of the U. S. state of Hawaii, the state capital, Honolulu, is on Oʻahus southeast coast. Along with the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is one of the largest and northernmost islands of Polynesia, in the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles long and 30 miles across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles, the island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau Ranges, with a broad valley or saddle between them. The highest point is Kaʻala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet above sea level, the island was home to the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center from 1941 to 2012, it is now home to the National Security Agencys Hawaii Cryptologic Center. The island is home to 953,207 people in 2010, Oʻahu has for a long time been known as the Gathering Place. The term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself, ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the names origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son, residents of Oʻahu refer to themselves as locals, no matter their ancestry. The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the island of Oʻahu is in the Honolulu County, although as a place name. Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on Oʻahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use directions originally using Honolulu as the central point, to go ewa means traveling toward the western tip of the island, Diamond Head is toward the eastern tip, mauka is inland and makai toward the sea. Oʻahu is also known for having the longest rain shower in history, kaneohe Ranch, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27,1993 to April 30,1994. The island has many one of them being rainbow state. This is because rainbows are a sight in Hawaiʻi due to the frequent rain showers. The average temperature in Oʻahu is around 70 to 85 degrees, the weather during the winter is cooler, but still warm with the average temperature of 68-78 degrees. The windward side is known for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, lanikai Beach on the windward coast of Oʻahu has been consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. The 300-year-old Kingdom of Oʻahu was once ruled by the most ancient aliʻi in all of the Hawaiian Islands, the first great king of Oʻahu was Mailikukahi, the lawmaker, who was followed by many generation of monarchs
16.
Kingdom of Hawaii
–
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi originated in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi under one government. In 1810 the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom voluntarily, two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers, the United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan, or another power threaten to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the power of King Kalākaua. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, Hawaii became a republic until the United States annexed it in 1898. Before the founding of a formal, united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent aliʻi nui or supreme executives. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, Captain James Cook stumbled across the islands, but was killed while attempting to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island in 1779. Three years later Hawaii was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻus son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the rulers nephew, a series of battles, lasting 15 years, was led by the warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and advisors, such as John Young. Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in Kauaʻi, his effort hampered by a storm, eventually, Kauaʻis chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended the ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into an independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the traditions, from 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was ruled by two major dynastic families, the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government styled as Kamehameha, Lunalilo was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, were sons of Kamehameha the Great. For a period of Liholiho and Kauikeaoulis reigns, the wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui. Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands, in 1848 the Great Māhele was imposed by the king, it resulted in the selling off virtually all the village land farmed by the natives. For the natives, contact with the world represented demographic disaster. The Hawaiian population of natives fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite into the mid-19th century and they provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings, and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities
17.
Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii
–
The Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii was the bicameral legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Prior to this the monarchs ruled under a Council of Chiefs, the members of the upper House of Nobles were appointed by the Monarch with the advice of his Privy Council. It also served as the court of impeachment for any royal official, members were usually Hawaiian aliʻis, nobles, and royal or wealthy individuals. It originally consisted of the King plus five women and ten men, after the overthrow of the Kingdom and the subsequent United States annexation in 1898, this body was reconstituted as a Senate under the territorial constitution of the Territory of Hawaii. The members of the lower House of Representatives were elected by popular vote from several districts in the Kingdom, revenue-oriented bills were issued through the House of Representatives, and it also served as the grand inquest of the Kingdom. From 1840 to 1864, it existed as a bicameral parliament, however, with the 1864 Constitution, the Legislature was temporarily unified into a single-house legislature. After 1893, and the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, it became the Legislature of the brief Republic of Hawaii and this was followed 61 years later by the present Hawaii State Legislature in 1959 after the admission to the Union of the Territory as the 50th State. David Howard Hitchcock, Sr. Simon Kaloa Kaai Luther Aholo John Kauhane 1892 Legislative Session of the Kingdom of Hawaii Hawaii, robert Colfax Lydecker, ed. Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918
18.
Republic of Hawaii
–
The Territory of Hawaii was formally established as part of the U. S. on June 14,1900. The Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown in 1893 in a revolt against a Queen who rejected the constitution then in effect. American officials immediately recognized the new government and U. S, marines landed to protect American citizens during the upheaval. The Queens supporters charged their presence frightened the Queen and thus enabled the revolution, in 1887, members of the Reform Party of Hawaii forced the King to accept a new constitution limiting the monarchs constitutional power as defined by the Constitution of 1864. The Constitution of 1887, also called the Bayonet Constitution for the used to secure the kings approval, was enacted without legislative approval. In 1893 a coup détat against the monarch was carried out by more than 1,000 armed local men who were led by sugar planters. There was no bloodshed as the armed force did not resist. A temporary Provisional Government of Hawaii was formed by the Committee of Safety, the leaders of the coup, who had strong economic ties with the United States wanted to join the United States, in part to avoid import taxes. Annexation was delayed by two petitions with over 20,000 signatures representing over half of the Native Hawaiian population, the Queen herself took up residence in Washington to lobby for her restoration. President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat opposed to American expansion, sent an investigator who wrote the Blount Report, the report concluded that Minister Stevens had manipulated and orchestrated the revolt. Cleveland decided that the United States should restore the Queen, he asked for Doles resignation, however, the U. S. Senate held hearings regarding the Morgan Report, undermining the Blount Reports claims. Public opinion in the United States favored annexation, in May 1894 the U. S. President Cleveland thereupon dropped the issue, leaving the Republic of Hawaii to fend for itself. The Provisional Government convened a convention and established the Republic of Hawaiʻi on July 4,1894. The president of Hawaii was the head of state and head of government. The constitution provided that the term of office would be six years. The President had the authority to legislation, which could be overridden by two-thirds majority in both houses of the legislature, and he was also commander-in-chief of the military. The President appointed, subject to the confirmation of the Senate, Cabinet members were considered usurers of both houses of the Legislature, they could participate in proceedings, but could not vote as they were not elected members of the Legislature. If the presidency became vacant, the Minister of Foreign Affairs could serve as Acting President until the Legislature voted to elect a successor, article 23 of the 1894 Constitution specifically named Sanford B. Dole as the republics first President
19.
Territory of Hawaii
–
The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Atoll, The Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, Sand Island, or Kingman Reef. The U. S. Congress passed the Newlands Resolution which annexed the Republic of Hawaii to the United States, Hawaiis territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944—during World War II—when the islands were placed under martial law. Civilian government was dissolved and a governor was appointed. Thurston actively lobbied Congress while the former monarchy lobbied Democrats to protest, First annexation proceedings began when Democrat Grover Cleveland took office. Cleveland was an anti-imperialist and was strongly against annexation and he withdrew the annexation treaty from consideration, mounted an inquiry, and recommended the restoration of Liliʻuokalani as queen. The provisional government convened a convention to establish the Republic of Hawaii. Thurston was urged to become the nations first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation, Dole, former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new regime. Hawaiis strategic location to support the Spanish–American War in the Philippines made it important to American interests. On July 4,1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution and it was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7,1898, and came into effect on August 12,1898. Former President Sanford B. Dole was appointed Hawaiis first territorial governor, the Newlands Resolution established a five-member commission to study which laws were needed in the newly organized Territory of Hawaii. The commission included, Territorial Governor Sanford B, Dole, Senators Shelby M. Cullom and John T. Morgan, Representative Robert R. Hitt and former Hawaii Chief Justice and later succeeding Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear. The commissions final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year, the Organic Act established the Office of the Territorial Governor, an office appointed by the sitting American president and was usually from his own political party. The territorial governor served at the pleasure of the President of the United States and nominated by him and confirmed by the Senate, Representative in the U. S. House of Representatives Representation in the U. S. His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the mainland United States, matsons fleet included the SS Wilhelmina, rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by Americas wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa, SS Monterey, Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901, as the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the First Lady of Waikīkī. The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, in 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel, informally called the Pink Palace of the Pacific, opened for business. It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II, with annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset
20.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
21.
Hawaii Admission Act
–
Statehood became effective on August 21,1959. Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States, prior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States. In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a territory under the administration of the United States. Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were Alaska Territory, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Out of a population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters,140,000 votes were cast. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands, of the approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. The acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy, many Native Hawaiians in Hawaii protested against statehood. There was a fear of establishing a state that was governed by an ethnic minority, lawmakers questioned the American patriotism of Hawaii residents. John A. Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the campaign and place more emphasis on the resistance to statehood in the islands. The reasons why Hawaii did not achieve statehood, say, ten years one could without much exaggeration say sixty years ago—lie not in the Congress. The most effective opposition to statehood has always originated in Hawaii itself, for the most part it has remained under cover and has marched under other banners. Such opposition could not afford to disclose itself, since it was so decidedly against the interests, Burns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that Communist Party sympathizers controlled Hawaii were blatant lies. Burns worked especially hard with the southern Democrats, led by Lyndon Johnson, upon leaving her seat as delegate from Hawaii, Elizabeth P. Farrington said, Of course, Lyndon Johnson was no friend of statehood. Farrington added, There were 22 times when he voted against us and he did everything he could, because he was representing the Southern racial opposition. She claimed Johnson had a fear that Hawaii would send representatives and senators to Congress who would oppose segregation, Kamokila Campbell testified at Iolani Palace in front of a small crowd of 600 to frequent applause. In 1947 Kamokila Campbell opened the Anti-Statehood Clearing House, where she sent “anti-statehood information, reports and arguments to congress. The State of Hawaiis territory was defined thus in the Act, An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union USC48 Ch 3, S.3 HAWAII
22.
United States Congress
–
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
–
The Lieutenant Governor is elected by popular suffrage of residents of the state on the same ticket as the Governor of Hawaiʻi. The Lieutenant Governor becomes acting Governor upon the absence of the Governor from the state, historically, Lieutenant Governors were members of either the Hawaiʻi Democratic Party or Hawaiʻi Republican Party. Three Lieutenant Governors have gone on to become Governor of Hawaii, George Ariyoshi, Ben Cayetano, the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaiʻi is limited to two four-year terms. Inauguration takes place on the first Monday in December following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends at noon four years later. The Lieutenant Governor must be thirty years old and be a resident of Hawaiʻi for five years previous to election. Unlike other states, the office of Lieutenant Governor of Hawaiʻi is a full-time position, the most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Hawaii was that of Nelson Doi, who died on May 16,2015. The most recently serving lieutenant governor to die was Jean King on November 24,2013, constitution of the State of Hawaiʻi Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaiʻi
24.
Politics of Hawaii
–
This only covers the history of the politics of the State of Hawaii. For information on the history of the previous two forms of government, see Territory of Hawaii - Organic Act and Kingdom of Hawaii - Government. Hawaiis congressional politics are dominated by Democrats. The state has elected just one Republican U. S. senator, Hiram Fong, who served from 1959 to 1977, Hawaii is currently represented in the Senate by Democrats Mazie Hirono and Brian Schatz. In the House, Colleen Hanabusa and Tulsi Gabbard represent the state, the legislative majority tends to hold significantly more power than any minority power and the position of the government and the position of the ruling party are closely aligned. This system was brought about by the 1887 Constitution which was forced on King David Kalākaua by what is now known as the Hawaii Republic Bayonet Constitution. The constitution diminished the power of the monarchy and empowered the legislature, Hawaiian nationalism is focused on producing a national identity. Most Hawaiian nationalists have argued that the Hawaiian race and their descendants should govern the islands as a constitutional monarchy and it is also important to note that Hawaiian nationalism is not limited to Native Hawaiians but have included other groups including Whites and Asians such as Walter M. Gibson. However, most citizens of Hawaii support continued membership in the United States, in 2004, John Kerry won the states 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county in the supported the Democratic candidate. In 2008, Hawaii native Barack Obama won by an overwhelming 45 point lead, 72% for the Democrat, Hawaii is the only actual state that gave either candidate more than 70% of the vote. Obama again won Hawaii by a margin in 2012, suffering only a small swing against him. Hawaii once again gave a vote share to Obama than any of the 49 other states, though on this occasion. Political party strength in Hawaii Colleen Hanabusas 2010 Website Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi
25.
United States Constitution
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
26.
Governor of Hawaii
–
The Governor of Hawaii is the chief executive of the state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V, Sections 1 through 6. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the Hawaii State Legislature, the role includes being commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Hawaii and having the power to use those forces to execute laws, suppress insurrection and violence and repel invasion. The Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii becomes acting governor upon the absence from the state or if the governor is unable to discharge the powers. Historically, the Governor of Hawaii has been either the Democratic Party of Hawaii or Hawaii Republican Party. The current Governor of Hawaii is Democrat David Ige, who assumed the position on December 1,2014, Hawaii was the first state to have an Asian American governor, George R. Ariyoshi served three terms between 1974–1986. Currently the state has had three Asian American governors, one Native Hawaiian governor, and four white governors, the Governor of Hawaii is limited to two four-year terms. Inauguration takes place on the first Monday in December following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends at noon four years later. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are the two elected statewide executive officers in Hawaii. All other statewide executives are appointed by either the governor or the state legislature, included within the governors sphere of jurisdiction is the power to appoint all judges of the various courts within the Hawaiian judicial system, subject to Senatorial approval. The state of Hawaii does not have fixed positions and departments. By law, the Governor of Hawaii has the power to create their cabinet and departments as needed as long as the department is composed of no more than twenty bodies. The Governor of Hawaii is also empowered to remove cabinet officers at will, with the exception of the Attorney General of Hawaii, who must be removed by an act of the Hawaii State Senate. The Governor of Hawaiis official residence is Washington Place, a mansion that was once a royal palace of Queen Liliʻuokalani and her husband. This new mansion, Hale Kia Aina was completed in 2002 and his successor, Governor Linda Lingle, became the first governor to begin a term in the new mansion. Despite the building of new mansion, Washington Place remains the official residence of the governor and is still used for state dinners. List of Governors of Hawaii Royal Governor of Hawaii Royal Governor of Maui Royal Governor of Oahu Royal Governor of Kauai Constitution of the State of Hawaii Office of the Governor of Hawaii
27.
David Ige
–
David Yutaka Ige is an American politician who serves as the eighth and current Governor of Hawaii, in office since 2014. A Democrat, he served in the Hawaii State Senate, representing the 16th district. In the 2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election, he won the Democratic primary by defeating incumbent Governor Neil Abercrombie with 66% of the vote, Ige defeated Republican Duke Aiona and Independent Mufi Hannemann in the general election with 49. 5% of the vote. He assumed office on December 1,2014, David Ige was born and raised in Pearl City, Hawaii, and is the fifth of six sons of Tokio and Tsurue Ige, both of Japanese descent. During World War II, Tokio served in the 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regimental Combat Team and was awarded the Purple Heart, after the war, his father worked as a steelworker on construction projects while his mother worked as a nurse and dental hygienist. Tokio Ige died in 2005 at the age of 86, Tsurue, now retired, resides in Pearl City. David Ige attended public schools in Pearl City – Pearl City Elementary School, Highlands Intermediate School and he also participated in community sports, beginning with eight years of playing in the Pearl City Little League. At the newly built Pearl City High School, Ige excelled in many activities, in his junior year, he was elected student body vice president, and he served as senior class president the following year. His campaign for student body president stressed diversity and an end to bullying, Ige also led his varsity tennis team to a championship and was honored as the “Scholar-Athlete of the Year. ”He graduated fifth in his class of more than 500 students in 1975. Ige attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, while at UH, he served as student body secretary and an officer of several honor societies as well as treasurer and vice-president of his fraternity, Phi Delta Sigma. UH is where Ige met his wife, Dawn, with whom he has three children, Lauren, Amy, and Matthew, after college, while working for GTE Hawaiian Tel, Ige took graduate courses at UH and earned a Master of Business Administration degree in decisions sciences. In 1986, Hawaii Business Magazine named him one of the university’s Top 10 MBA students, prior to being elected governor of Hawaii, Ige served as program/project manager with Robert A. Ige and Associates, Inc. Before that, he worked as an engineer for GTE Hawaiian Tel for more than 18 years and he served in the Hawaii State Senate from 1995 through 2015. During his legislative career, Ige has served as the chairman of nine different committees and he focused much of his career as a legislator on information and telecommunications policy. In the Legislature, he co-authored the Hawaii Telecommunications and Information Industries Act that established the information network. He has also been at the center of Hawaii’s efforts to diversify its economy, Ige was responsible for establishing seed capital and venture capital programs, software development initiatives, and technology transfer programs. Ige won reelection to the Hawaii State Senate in 2012, after defeating Republican challenger and former U. S. Naval Air crewman, Army Captain, Greco was the first challenger Ige faced in a general election in over a decade. Ige ran against incumbent Neil Abercrombie in the Democratic primary for the 2014 gubernatorial election, though he was outspent in the race by the incumbent, Ige defeated Abercrombie by 66% to 31%
28.
Shan Tsutsui
–
Shan S. Tsutsui is an American politician who has been the 12th Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii since 2012. He was previously a member of the Hawaii Senate from 2003 to 2012, born in Wailuku, Tsutsui graduated from Maui High School in 1989 and received a B. A. in Economics from the University of Hawaii in 1994. Tsutsui was a member of the Hawaii Senate from 2003 until becoming Lieutenant Governor in 2012, from 2003 to 2011, he represented district 4, which includes Waihee, Wailuku, and Kahului. Senator Daniel Inouye, Governor Neil Abercrombie appointed Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz to replace Inouye in the U. S. Senate, as president of the Hawaii Senate, Tsutsui was first in line to replace Schatz as lieutenant governor. If Tsutsui had declined the position of lieutenant governor, Hawaii House Speaker Calvin Say could have accepted the position, attorney General David M. Louie would have been next in line after Say. After consulting with his family, Senate leaders, and Governor Abercrombie, tsutsuis successor in the Senate was selected by Governor Abercrombie from a list of three names submitted by the central committee. Tsutsuis position as Senate president was filled by Senate vice president Donna Mercado Kim until Senate members voted on a new president on the day of the 2013 session. He has three daughters with his wife, Lyndelle, office of the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaiʻi
29.
Attorney General of Hawaii
–
The Attorney General of Hawaii is the chief legal and law enforcement officer of Hawaii. He or she is responsible for the prosecution of offenses to the constitution, the Attorney General can only be removed by an act of the state senate. In rare occasions, the Attorney General serves as acting governor in the absence of both the governor and lieutenant governor from the state for a period of time. The office has existed in several forms throughout the history of the Hawaiian Islands and it was created by Kamehameha III and was part of the administration of each successive monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The office was kept in the government, after Liliuokalani and the monarchy was overthrown. Similarly in statehood, the office of Attorney General has traditionally appointed from the incumbent governors political party. The current Attorney General is Doug Chin, who was appointed by Governor David Ige. Andrews Cathedral, Territorial Building, the department also has relative offices elsewhere. The department oversees various public services, likewise, the agency provides other criminal history information through the statewide criminal history record information system and Automated Fingerprint Identification System. John Ricord served as the first Attorney General of Hawaii and he arrived in the Kingdom on February 27,1844 on the Columbia. He was the first Western-trained lawyer in the islands, the previous year a land dispute by Richard Charlton led to a British occupation known as the Paulet Affair. A related case of Ladd & Co. required lengthy arbitration and these cases would consume his entire time on the islands. Within a few weeks he swore allegiance to Kamehameha III and on March 9,1844, was appointed first Attorney General, in July 1845 he joined the Privy Council. On October 29,1845, the branch of the government was formally organized through legislation he proposed. On May 17,1847, he resigned all his offices, the office of Attorney General was suspended until the 1860s. His work on organizing the courts was taken over by the second trained attorney to arrive in the islands, on August 26,1862, Kamehameha IV revived the office and appointed Charles Coffin Harris as Attorney General. Having an attorney general proved useful on constitutional matters, Kamehameha V insisted on a new constitution that would restore some of the power to the monarchy that had been lost over time. Harris issued his opinion that the king had such a right. A constitutional convention failed to reach agreement, so Harris got the cabinet to negotiate directly with Kamehameha V leading to the promulgation of the 1864 Constitution, several attempts failed to create the constitutional amendment
30.
Doug Chin
–
Chin is an American Attorney and the current Attorney General of Hawaii. Chin was born in Seattle to Chinese immigrant parents, his mother a librarian and he grew up studying violin and piano. He earned his B. A. in English from Stanford University, Honolulu Mayor Peter Carlisle hired Chin as a city prosecutor in 1998. Chin spent 12 years at the Honolulu Prosecuting Attorneys office and was named first deputy in 2006, Chin was an associate attorney at the law firm Carlsmith Ball from 2005 to 2006. Carlisle nominated Chin to be the managing director in 2010. In 2013, he returned to Carlsmith Ball as managing partner, governor David Ige nominated Chin for Attorney General of Hawaii in January 2015. The Hawaii Senate was unanimous in its confirmation of Chin on March 12,2015, Chin is married and has two children. He has two dogs, Aristotle and River, office of the Attorney General of Hawaiʻi
31.
Hawai'i State Judiciary
–
The Hawaiʻi State Judiciary is the official name of the judicial system of Hawaiʻi in the United States. Based in Honolulu, the Hawaiʻi State Judiciary is a state court system that functions under the Chief Justice of the Hawaiʻi State Supreme Court who is its administrator-in-chief. The Hawaiʻi State Judiciary has four levels, two at the level and two at the appellate level. The trial level courts are the court, for lesser offenses and minor civil cases. The specific roles and names of the courts are as follows and it is also responsible for court rules, licensing and disciplining attorneys. The Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals is the intermediate appellate court. It reviews appeals from state court or administrative agency decisions. Its decisions, under circumstances, are subject to the Hawaii Supreme Courts review. The primary civil and criminal court in Hawaii is the known as the Hawaii State Circuit Courts. They rule all jury trial cases and have jurisdiction over probate, guardianship. The Hawaii State Family Courts deal with family law and they have exclusive jurisdiction over cases with minors involving delinquency, status offenses, abuse and neglect, termination of parental rights, adoption guardianships and detention among others. The Family Courts also oversee cases of domestic relations, include divorce, child support, the Hawaii State Small Claims Court is a division of district court dealing with small claims. The Hawaii Land Court has exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving land titles and is a part of circuit court, the Hawaii State Tax Appeal Court has jurisdiction over cases involving property, excise, liquor, tobacco, income and insurance taxes, and is a part of circuit court. The Hawaii State Family Courts are a part of both the circuit and district courts, national Center for State Courts Hawaiʻi State Judiciary
32.
Supreme Court of Hawaii
–
The Supreme Court of Hawaii is the highest court of the State of Hawaii in the United States. Its decisions are binding on all courts of the Hawaii State Judiciary. The principal purpose of the Supreme Court is to review the decisions of the courts in which appeals have been granted. Appeals are decided by the members of the Supreme Court based on written records, like its mainland United States counterparts, the Supreme Court does not take evidence and uses only evidence provided in previous trials. The court meets in Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu, the Governors nominee is subject to confirmation by the Hawaii State Senate. Candidates must be U. S. citizens, Hawaii residents, the Judicial Selection Commission can opt to retain incumbent justices for additional ten-year terms. All justices must retire at 70 years of age
33.
Mark E. Recktenwald
–
Mark E. Recktenwald Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. Recktenwald graduated from Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and then Harvard University in 1978 and he wrote a thesis for his degree in anthropology titled State and economy in Moche III-IV society. He came to Hawaii in 1980 where he met his wife Gailynn and they had a son Andrew born c.1989 and daughter Sarah born c. He worked as a reporter in the United Press International’s Honolulu Bureau and he graduated from the University of Chicago Law School in 1986. He published a paper on employment discrimination cases, after law school, Recktenwald became a clerk for judge Harold Michael Fong until 1987. He then became an associate with Goodsill Anderson Quinn and Stifel in 1988, in 1991 he became assistant United States Attorney, litigating both civil and criminal cases. He served as the health care fraud coordinator and environmental law enforcement coordinator for the U. S. Attorney’s Office, in 1997 he became partner with the law firm of Marr Hipp Jones and Pepper specializing in employment litigation. In 1999 he returned to the U. S. Attorney’s Office and he became director of the Hawaii state Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs in 2003. In May 2007 he was appointed judge of the Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals. He participated in more than 250 cases and authored 10 published opinions, in February 2009 he replaced retired Associate Justice Steven H. Levinson on the Supreme Court of Hawaii. On August 13,2010, Recktenwald was nominated for chief justice by Governor Linda Lingle
34.
Paula A. Nakayama
–
Paula A. Nakayama of Honolulu, Hawaii is Associate Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court. She served her first term from 1993 to 2003 and she served her second term from 2003 to 2013. At a young age, Nakayama moved to San Jose, California where she graduated from Blackford High School and she then went on to study at the University of California at Davis where she obtained her bachelors degree in consumer economics. She obtained her doctorate of jurisprudence at the Hastings College of Law, in 1979, Nakayama joined the staff of the Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu as a deputy prosecutor. In 1982, she joined the law firm Shim, Tam, Sigal and it was from private practice that in 1992, Governor John Waihee appointed Nakayama to the Hawaii State Judiciary as a circuit court judge. Confident of her skill, the governor elevated Nakayama to the Hawaii State Supreme Court in 1993 — the first woman on the court in 26 years, the Hawaii Judicial Selection Commission retained and reappointed Nakayama for a second term in 2003 and for a third term in 2013. Nakayama is a member of the Hawaii Democratic Party
35.
Sabrina McKenna
–
Sabrina Shizue McKenna is a judge from the U. S. state of Hawaii. Since February 16,2011, she has served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii, McKenna was born on October 7,1957, in Tokyo, Japan. Her father was a professor from the Midwestern United States and her mother was a Japanese national, McKennas father died when she was 9 years old. McKenna graduated from Yokota High School in Tokyo, McKenna attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where she played on the Hawaii Rainbow Wahine womens basketball team. She was one of the first beneficiaries of Title IX and she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Japanese. McKenna then earned her Juris Doctor from the William S. Richardson School of Law, McKenna was an associate at Goodsill Anderson Quinn & Stifel until 1987, then served as general counsel to Otaka, Inc. until 1990. She became an assistant professor at the University of Hawaii Law School before being appointed a District Court judge on November 30,1993 and she was elevated to the Circuit Courts on June 29,1995. McKenna did not receive the nomination, which went to Leslie E. Kobayashi in April 2010, on January 25,2011, Governor Neil Abercrombie nominated McKenna to a seat on the Hawaii Supreme Court. The Hawaii Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on her nomination on February 4, over one hundred pieces of testimony were submitted to the Judiciary Committee with respect to her nomination, the vast majority of which were supportive of McKenna. Of the five testimonies that opposed McKennas appointment, four did so because of her sexual orientation, on February 16,2011, the Hawaii Senate approved her nomination by a vote of 23–0. McKenna is the first openly gay judge to serve on the Hawaii Supreme Court and she is one of nine openly LGBT state supreme court justices currently serving in the United States
36.
Richard W. Pollack
–
Richard W. Pollack is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. He was nominated by Governor Neil Abercrombie in 2012 to replace outgoing Justice James E. Duffy and his nomination was approved in the Hawaii State Senate by a vote of 24–1, and he was appointed on August 6,2012. He is eligible to serve until 2020, when he reaches the mandatory retirement age of 70, Pollack attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and University of California, Hastings College of the Law, receiving his Bachelors and his Juris Doctor, respectively. After passing the Hawaii Bar Exam, he became a Deputy Public Defender, in 1987, he became the State Public Defender, serving for thirteen years until he was appointed as a Judge on the Oahu First Circuit of the Hawaii State Circuit Courts. He is also a Lecturer at the University of Hawaii at Manoa William S. Richardson School of Law where he teaches Evidence and Criminal Procedure
