1.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
2.
Academy (English school)
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Academy schools are state-funded schools in England which are directly funded by the Department for Education and independent of local authority control. The terms of the arrangements are set out in individual Academy Funding Agreements, however, some primary schools, as well as some of the remaining first, middle and high schools, are also academies. Academies are self-governing non-profit charitable trusts and may receive support from personal or corporate sponsors. They do not have to follow the National Curriculum, but do have to ensure that their curriculum is broad and balanced, and they are subject to inspection by Ofsted. The following are all types of academy, Sponsored academy, A formerly maintained school that has transformed to academy status as part of a government intervention strategy. They are consequently run by a Government-approved sponsor and they are sometimes referred to as traditional academies. Converter academy, A formerly maintained school that has converted to academy status. It is not necessary for an academy to have a sponsor. Free school, Free schools are new academies established since 2011 via the Free School Programme, from May 2015, usage of the term was also extended to new academies set up via a Local Authority competition. The majority of schools are similar in size and shape to other types of academy. An academy trust that operates more than one academy is known as an Academy Chain, an Academy Chain is a group of schools working together under a shared academy structure that is either an Umbrella Trust or a Multi-Academy Trust. An academy with an official designation is sometimes referred to as a Faith Academy. Like other state funded schools, academies are required to adhere to the National Admissions Code, in terms of their governance, academies are established as companies limited by guarantee with a Board of Directors that acts as a Trust. The Academy Trust has exempt charity status, regulated by the Department for Education, the trustees are legally, but not financially, accountable for the operation of the academy. The Trust serves as the entity of which the school is part. The trustees oversee the running of the school, sometimes delegating responsibility to a governing body which they appoint. The day-to-day management of the school is, as in most schools, conducted by the Head Teacher, in Sponsored Academies, the sponsor is able to influence the process of establishing the school, including its curriculum, ethos, specialism and building. The sponsor also has the power to appoint governors to the governing body
3.
Crawley
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Crawley is a town and borough in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles south of Charing Cross,18 miles north of Brighton and Hove, Crawley covers an area of 17.36 square miles and had a population of 106,597 at the time of the 2011 Census. The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times, Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald. Its location on the road from London to Brighton brought passing trade. A rail link to London opened in 1841, Gatwick Airport, nowadays one of Britains busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London, the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. The town contains 13 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town, the nearby communities of Ifield, Pound Hill and Three Bridges were absorbed into the new town at various stages in its development. In 2009, expansion was being planned in the west and north-west of the town, economically, the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast. Its large industrial area supports manufacturing and service companies, many of them connected with the airport, the commercial and retail sectors continue to expand. The area may have been settled during the Mesolithic period, locally manufactured flints of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town. Tools and burial mounds from the Neolithic period, and burial mounds, Crawley is on the western edge of the High Weald, which produced iron for more than 2,000 years from the Iron Age onwards. Goffs Park—now a recreational area in the south of the town—was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces, ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout Roman times, particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built. In the 5th century, Saxon settlers named the area Crows Leah—meaning a crow-infested clearing and this name evolved over time, and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century. By this time, nearby settlements were established, the Saxon church at Worth, for example. Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the first written record of Crawley dates from 1202, when a licence was issued by King John for a weekly market on Wednesdays. Crawley grew slowly in importance over the few centuries, but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the turnpike road between London and Brighton. When this was completed in 1770, travel between the fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker, and Crawley prospered as a coaching halt. By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations, the George, a timber-framed house dating from the 15th century, expanded to become a large coaching inn, taking over adjacent buildings
4.
West Sussex
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West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Department for Education
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The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
7.
Ofsted
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The Office for Standards in Education, Childrens Services and Skills is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament via the Department for Education. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of institutions, including state schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, the official position of the Chief Inspector is appointed by an Order-in-Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. The current office holder is Amanda Spielman, since 2017, since August 2016 the Interim Chair of Ofsted has been James Kempton, to monitor the effectiveness of the grant, two inspectors of schools were appointed in 1837, Seymour Tremenheere and the Rev. John Allen. Dr. James Kay-Shuttleworth, then secretary of the Privy Council education committee, the grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee. Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, after the Education Act 1902, inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time, more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act. Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision, in April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate, Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, and Bristol. The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw, between 2011 and 2016, Amanda was chair of Ofqual, the qualifications regulator. From 2005 she was a member of the leadership team at the academy chain Ark Schools, where she became Research and Policy Director and an education adviser to Ark. She previously spent more than 15 years in consulting, finance and investment at KPMG, Kleinwort Benson, Mercer Management Consulting. Ofsted directly employs Her Majestys Inspectors, who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009 there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management,245 in the inspection of schools, all HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience. Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers, as of July 2009 there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors, in 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change. An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections, including 75% of those of secondary schools, reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently, an adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school
8.
Three-tier education
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Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types. A similar system was trialled in Scotland, in three-tier authorities children begin their compulsory education in a first school. Sometimes also called a school, these schools cater for children aged up to an age between 8 and 10, and cover all of Key Stage 1 and the first years of Key Stage 2. Children then transfer to a Middle school and these schools cater for children during a period of 3 to 4 years between the ages of 8 and 14, depending on the local authority. These years cover parts of both Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3, following this, children transfer to a high school, sometimes known as an upper school for the remainder of their compulsory education, and sometimes on into sixth form. However, most have since reverted to align their schools to the National Curriculum, some LEAs reverted to the traditional age ranges as long ago as the late 1970s. Central Bedfordshire is now the authority with an exclusively three-tier structure. A further 18 authorities have a mix of standard two-tier and three-tier provision with middle schools, in 2006, it was reported that Central Bedfordshire, Northumberland and the Isle of Wight were the only LEAs still exclusively using the three-tier system. A three-tier system also exists in Gibraltar, presently, the 13+ intake mostly exists in the independent sector, although some have followed their respective LEAs and adopted the 11+ intake
9.
Middle school
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A middle school is an educational stage, which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school. The concept, regulation and classification of schools, as well as the ages covered. In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6,7 and 8, besides there is a change in the scenario. In Albania, middle school is included in the education which lasts 9 years. In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to secondary school. The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School. The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7–9 and high school year 10–12, many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle schools cover the grades/years 5 to 8, in Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called Ensino Fundamental II consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14. In Canada, the middle school and junior high school are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Another common model is grades 5–8, alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools include only grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from school to secondary school. Quebec uses a system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6 and these are called Secondary I to Secondary V. In the Peoples Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage and senior stage, some middle schools have both stages while some have either of them. Other students may avoid the exam, based on their talents, like athletics. In the Czech Republic after completing the elementary school a student may apply for high school. Students have the opportunity to enroll in school from Grade 5 or Grade 7 of elementary school. Thus they can spend five years in school, followed by eight in high school
10.
Private finance initiative
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The private finance initiative is a way of creating public–private partnerships by funding public infrastructure projects with private capital. PFI has also used simply to place a great amount of debt off-balance-sheet. PFI has been controversial in the UK, the National Audit Office felt in 2003 that it provided good value for money overall, however, more recently the Parliamentary Treasury Select Committee found that PFI should be brought on balance sheet. The Treasury should remove any perverse incentives unrelated to value for money by ensuring that PFI is not used to circumvent departmental budget limits and it should also ask the OBR to include PFI liabilities in future assessments of the fiscal rules. It is a sub-set of a broader procurement approach termed Public Private Partnership, a public sector authority signs a contract with a private sector consortium, technically known as a Special Purpose Vehicle. This consortium is typically formed for the purpose of providing the PFI. It is owned by a number of private investors, usually including a construction company and a service provider. The consortiums funding will be used to build the facility and to undertake maintenance, once the contract is operational, the SPV may be used as a conduit for contract amendment discussions between the customer and the facility operator. SPVs often charge fees for this go-between service, PFI contracts are typically for 25–30 years, although contracts less than 20 years or more than 40 years exist, they are considerably less common. During the period of the contract the consortium will provide certain services, the consortium is paid for the work over the course of the contract on a no service no fee performance basis. The public authority will design an output specification which is a document setting out what the consortium is expected to achieve, If the consortium fails to meet any of the agreed standards it should lose an element of its payment until standards improve. In most termination cases the public sector is required to repay the debt, in practice, termination is considered a last resort only. Many steps have been taken over the years to standardise the form of PFI contracts to ensure public interests are better protected, the main contract is between the public sector authority and the Topco. Requirements then flow down from the Topco to the Capco and Opco via secondary contracts, further requirements then flow down to subcontractors, again with contracts to match. Often the main subcontractors are companies with the shareholders as the Topco. Prior to the crisis of 2007–2010, large PFI projects were funded through the sale of bonds and/or senior debt. Since the crisis, funding by senior debt has more common. Smaller PFI projects — the majority by number — have typically always been funded directly by banks in the form of senior debt, refinancing of PFI deals is common
11.
GCE Advanced Level
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A number of countries, including Singapore, Kenya, Mauritius and Zimbabwe have developed qualifications with the same name as and a similar format to the British A Levels. Obtaining A Level or equivalent qualifications is generally required for university entrance, a Levels are generally worked towards over two years and split into two parts, with one part studied in each year. The first part is known as the Advanced Subsidiary Level, A1 Level or AS Level, the second part is known as the A2 Level and is more in depth and academically rigorous than the A1 Level. Up to June 2009 a third Special/Advanced Extension Award level was available for the brightest candidates, a number of countries use A Levels as a school-leaving qualification. The A Levels taken by students in some countries often differ significantly from the A Levels taken in the United Kingdom, a Levels are the secondary school leaving qualification offered in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. These are not compulsory, unlike GCSEs, in Scotland, A Levels are also offered by selected schools as an alternative school-leaving qualification in place of the Scottish Advanced Higher. The British variant of A/AS levels are taken in many Commonwealth and former Commonwealth countries. British international schools in foreign countries generally offer the British A Levels as offered through Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations, at select examination centres, the British A Level exams may also be available to private candidates. A-level has become a choice for a number of students in Nepal. A-levels offered in Pakistan by non-governmental, private institutions, along with International Baccalaureate, Examinations are handled by international British boards and the program is equivalent to Higher Secondary School Certificate. Academies are established all around the country which prepare the students to take the examinations as a private candidate, in Brunei, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Brunei or have a format, curriculum, in Malaysia, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Malaysia or have a format, curriculum, for instance, there are two types of A Level in Malaysia, Cambridge A Level and Edexcel International Advanced Level. A number of papers for offered, such as French, are customised to support the national educational standards. Additionally, International A Level qualifications from Edexcel are available, for which exams may be registered through the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate, in Seychelles, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Seychelles or have a format, curriculum, in Sri Lanka, A Level is offered by governmental and non governmental schools. The qualifications are awarded upon completion of examinations called Local A Levels while most of the private schools award them upon London A Levels. Local GCE Advanced Level qualification is offered by the Department of Examinations, passing A Levels is the major requirement for applying local universities
12.
Specialist schools programme
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The specialist schools programme was a UK government initiative which encouraged secondary schools in England to specialise in certain areas of the curriculum to boost achievement. The Specialist Schools and Academies Trust was responsible for the delivery of the programme, at the end of the status there were nearly 3,000 specialist schools, which was fully 88% of the state-funded secondary schools in England. When the new Coalition government took power in May 2010 the scheme was ended, the Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a new compulsory subject of Technology, but there were insufficient funds to equip all schools to teach the subject. A first attempt at developing centres of excellence, the City Technology College programme between 1988 and 1993, had produced only 15 schools, in 1994, the Conservative government, at the urging of Sir Cyril Taylor, designated 35 grant-maintained and voluntary aided schools as Technology Colleges. The schools were required to arrange private sponsorship of £100,000, the following year the programme was opened to all maintained schools, and specialism in Languages was added. Specialisms in Arts and Sport were added in 1996, as specialism implied diversity of schools, it was opposed by many supporters of comprehensive schools, including many in the Labour Party. Nevertheless, in 1997 the new Labour government, also encouraged by Sir Cyril Taylor, adopted the programme. However few have taken up this option, the emphasis was shifting from centres of excellence to a means of driving up standards in most schools. The required amount of sponsorship was halved, and could be made up of goods. In 2002 the government introduced the Partnership Fund, funded at £3 million per annum, specialisms in Humanities and Music were added in 2004. By 2008 approximately 90% of maintained secondary schools had become specialist schools, extension of the specialist programme to primary schools is being trialled at 34 schools in England, starting in 2007. The specialisms involved in the pilot are Arts, Music, Languages, Science, a specialist schools programme has been trialled by the Department of Education of Northern Ireland from 2006, with 44 schools being awarded the status by September 2009. To apply for specialist school status, a school must demonstrate reasonable standards of achievement, the school must also raise £50,000 in private sector sponsorship. Private sector sponsorship includes charitable trusts, internal fund raising and donations from private companies, in some cases donations can be made in cash from entities in the private sector such as Arcadia and HSBC, but may also be donations in kind of goods or services. The total sponsorship to date is of the order of £100m, the important aspect in the eyes of the government is the focus that the specialism provides for providing leadership in the quest for whole school improvement. This is normally targeted on additional staffing and professional development, though up to 30% may be spent on equipment. Schools that make an attempt at achieving their targets over the 4 year development plan period normally have their grants renewed at 3-year intervals with no further need to raise sponsorship. Some schools that demonstrated that they were achieving significantly higher results than other schools were invited to apply to be designated as High Performing Specialist Schools
13.
Humanities
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Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural, and sometimes social, sciences as well as professional training. The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, art, scholars in the humanities are humanity scholars or humanists. The term humanist also describes the position of humanism, which some antihumanist scholars in the humanities refuse. The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists, some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of English literature, global studies and art. Human disciplines like history and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the method does not apply to—and instead mainly use the comparative method. Anthropology is the science of humans, a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the sciences, humanities. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments, the humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. Anthropology does not easily fit into one of these categories, within the United States, anthropology is divided into four sub-fields, archaeology, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural anthropology. It is an area that is offered at most undergraduate institutions, the word anthropos is from the Greek for human being or person. Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, the goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological and it is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture, the archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a science and a branch of the humanities. It has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time
14.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
15.
Ghana
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Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km², Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language. The territory of present-day Ghana has been inhabited for a millennium, numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti. Beginning in the 15th century, numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights, following over a century of native resistance, Ghanas current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast. On 6 March 1957, it became the first sub-Saharan African nation to become independent of European colonisation, a multicultural nation, Ghana has a population of approximately 27 million, spanning a variety of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. Five percent of the population practices traditional faiths,71. 2% adhere to Christianity and 17. 6% are Muslim and its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical jungles. Ghana is a country led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government. Ghanas economy is one of the strongest and most diversified in Africa, following a century of relative stability. Ghanas growing economic prosperity and democratic political system have made it a power in West Africa. It is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, Group of 24, Ghana was already recognized as one of the great kingdoms in Bilad el-Sudan by the ninth century. Ghana was inhabited in the Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms in the Southern and this included the Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Mankessim Kingdom. Until the 11th century, the majority of modern Ghanas territorial area was unoccupied and uninhabited by humans. Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, by the early 11th century, the Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo Region is named. From the 13th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create several Akan states of Ghana and these states included Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu Eastern region. By the 19th century, the territory of the part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti. The Kingdom of Ashanti government operated first as a loose network, prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan Ashanti people created an advanced economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities then traded with the states of Africa. The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states, the Mole-Dagombas came on horseback from present-day Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa. The death of Naa Gbewaa caused civil war among his children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba, Akan trade with European states began after contact with Portuguese in the 15th century
16.
Laura Moffatt
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Laura Jean Moffatt is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament for Crawley from 1997 until 2010. Born Laura Jean Field in London in 1954, she was educated at Hazelwick School in Crawley, from 1975 until her election to the House of Commons in 1997, she worked as a state registered nurse at Crawley Hospital. She joined the Labour Party in 1979 and was elected to Crawley Borough Council in 1984, remaining as a councillor until 1997, Moffatt stood in Crawley at the 1992 general election, but lost out to the sitting Conservative MP Nicholas Soames. For the following election she was selected as the Labour candidate. After an epic count, and numerous re-counts, Moffatt broke down in tears after being returned to Parliament, from 1997–2001 she served as a member of the Defence Select Committee. On 15 March 2010, Moffatt announced her intention to stand down at the 2010 General Election because the job had taken a toll on her family life and she married Colin Moffatt in 1975 in Crawley and they have three grown up sons, Russell, Alistair and Edward. She lives in the Broadfield area of the town, Moffatt has said she has felt unsafe travelling late at night on trains as she has been the victim of a flasher on two occasions on a late night train. She has a tattoo on her left foot of a Labour rose with the number 37 in order to remind her of her majority in 2005
17.
Sam Allardyce
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Samuel Allardyce, known as Big Sam, is an English football manager and former professional player, who is the current manager of Crystal Palace. Allardyce made 578 league and cup appearances in a 21-year career spent mostly in the Football League, a strong central defender, he had good awareness, heading skills and anticipation. He was signed by Bolton Wanderers from Dudley Town in 1969 and spent nine years at Bolton, helping the club to win the Second Division title in 1977–78. He spent the 1980s as a player, spending time with Sunderland, Millwall, Tampa Bay Rowdies, Coventry City, Huddersfield Town, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End. During this time he helped Preston to win out of the Fourth Division in 1986–87. Moving into management, he took charge of Irish club Limerick in 1991 and he returned to England to coach at Preston North End, also serving briefly as caretaker-manager. He took up his first permanent management role in England at Blackpool in July 1994 and he spent January 1997 to October 1999 in charge at Notts County, taking them to the Third Division title in 1997–98. He then returned to Bolton Wanderers as manager, leading the club to promotion out of the First Division via the play-offs in 2001, as well as a League Cup final and UEFA Cup qualification. Following a spell at Newcastle United from May 2007 to January 2008 and he was appointed Sunderland manager in October 2015 and saved the club from relegation. He was appointed as manager of the English national team for a spell in July 2016. Allardyce has been labelled as a long ball manager by some analysts and he takes a modern, technology and statistics centred approach to tactics and coaching, and has been praised for his organisational and man-management skills. Allardyce has been criticised for alleged corruption and has twice been the subject of undercover investigations, in September 2006, he and his son, Craig, were implicated in a BBC Panorama documentary for taking bungs, allegations which they denied. Following the Daily Telegraph investigation, Allardyce resigned as England manager in a agreement with the Football Association on 27 September. Samuel Allardyce was born in October 1954 in a house on the Old Park Farm Estate, Dudley. His father was a police sergeant, both parents originated from Scotland with his father from Nairn and his mother from Dumfries. He has a sister, Mary, born in Scotland in 1939. Allardyce was educated at Sycamore Green Primary School and later at Mons Hill School and he discovered in later life that he suffers from dyslexia. As a child, he supported Wolverhampton Wanderers and dreamed that one day he would play at, Allardyce spent his youth with semi-professional side Dudley Town, making his debut at the age of 14 he quickly learned how to play centre-half in the highly physical West Midlands League
18.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
19.
Romesh Ranganathan
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Jonathan Romesh Ranganathan is a British stand-up comedian and actor. He was nominated for Best Newcomer at the 2013 Edinburgh Comedy Awards and he has made multiple appearances on comedy panel shows and in 2016, he co-presented Its Not Rocket Science, alongside Rachel Riley and Ben Miller. He is also regular panellist on Play to the Whistle and The Apprentice, in 2016, he completed his first major tour, Irrational Live, in which he performed in some iconic venues such as the Hammersmith Apollo. This tour was released as a DVD. Ranganathan started presenting Newsjack on Radio 4 Extra in March 2014 and he appeared on The Great British Bake Off, An Extra Slice in 2014, during which he presented his homemade vegan chocolate brownies. Ranganathan is a vegan, having been a vegetarian up until 2013, Ranganathan has guested on multiple episodes of 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. He has also appeared on Would I Lie to You, holby City, Soccer AM, Russell Howards Good News, Sweat the Small Stuff, The Last Leg, Virtually Famous, Have I Got News for You and Mock the Week. He was a contestant on the first series of Taskmaster. In 2015, he presented a series for BBC Three, Asian Provocateur, in October 2016, the second series was aired in which Ranganathan and his mother travel to America to meet more of his relatives. He also joined The Apprentice, Youre Fired. in 2015 as a regular panellist, the show is a spin-off from The Apprentice. In December 2015, he appeared in Josh Widdicombes sitcom, Josh, in 2016, he co-presented Its Not Rocket Science, a new entertainment series for ITV, alongside Ben Miller and Rachel Riley. He is married and a father of three, in 2014 Ranganathans wife, Leesa, was admitted to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary during The Edinburgh Fringe Festival where Ranganathan was appearing and gave birth to their son. Prior to his career, he was a freestyle rapper under rap name Ranga. Ranganathan taught maths and was head of form at Hazelwick School in Crawley before becoming a professional comedian in 2012. His wife was a teacher at Hazelwick. He is of Sri Lankan Tamil descent and a supporter of Arsenal F. C. Ranganathan is a vegan and was raised Hindu and his mother has said that he always prays before he leaves the home, although Ranganathan describes himself as not massively spiritual. In February 2015, shortly after the Chapel Hill shooting, he tweeted, alan Carrs 12 Stars of Christmas Big Fat Quiz of the Year Romesh Ranganathan at the Internet Movie Database Romesh Ranganathan on Twitter
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
22.
Crawley (UK Parliament constituency)
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Crawley is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Henry Smith of the Conservative Party. 1983-1997, The Borough of Crawley, and the District of Mid Sussex wards of Balcombe, Copthorne and Worth, Crawley Down, Slaugham, the constituency covers the whole of the town and borough of Crawley in West Sussex which includes London Gatwick Airport. Crawley borders Horsham in the county on all sides other than the north. The Boundary Commission analysed population increase and recommended no changes to the constituency were made for the 2010 general election so the seat remains coterminous with the borough. Before the 1983 General Election, Crawley had been part of the Horsham & Crawley, Horsham, labour had a majority of 37 votes in the 2005 election, making this seat the most marginal in the UK. The 2010 election saw Henry Smith win the seat at the attempt, beating Labours Chris Oxlade by 5,928. The Christian Peoples Alliance announced Katherine Mills as candidate, but she did not stand and this constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1992 and 1997 general elections and thus change in share of vote is based on a notional calculation
23.
Henry Smith (British politician)
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Henry Edward Millar Smith is a Conservative Party politician in the UK who was Leader of West Sussex County Council from 2003 to 2010. He is the Member of Parliament for Crawley, having been elected in the 2010 general election, Smith was educated at Frensham Heights School, a co-educational independent school in Farnham in Surrey, followed by University College London, where he obtained a B. A. in Philosophy. Smith was elected as a West Sussex County Councillor in 1997 and he became Leader of the Council in 2003 at the age of 34, becoming the youngest county council leader in the country. He was a Crawley Borough Councillor from 2002 to 2004, in 2001 and 2005 he stood against Laura Moffatt, the second time achieving the highest national swing from Labour to the Conservatives, reducing the majority to 37, the smallest in the country. Smith was the Chairman of the South East Counties Leaders Group from 2007 to 2010, and has served as a Governor at The Oaks, The Brook. He co-authored the 2005 publication Direct Democracy and he was elected to Parliament at the 2010 general election. Following his election as Crawley MP he resigned as a West Sussex County Councillor on 1 September 2010, Smith serves on the European Scrutiny Committee and is Vice-Chair of the Trans Atlantic & International Security APPG. Smith is a Eurosceptic who supported backbench calls for an referendum on exiting the EU. His parliamentary candidacy at the 2015 general election was endorsed by Queen guitarist Brian May on the grounds of his animal welfare record. May had worked with him in opposing the governments badger culling, in the UK Parliament Register of Members Financial Interests 24 January 2011 Smith declared he employed his wife Jennifer Millar-Smith as a secretary
24.
Public services in Crawley
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Revenue to fund these services comes principally from Council Tax. Some of Crawleys utilities and infrastructure are provided by outside parties, such as utility companies and West Sussex County Council, rather than by the borough council. Originally a quiet, prosperous area with a population of a few thousand people, Crawley Development Corporation was formed in 1947 to establish, administer and control the towns development, including the provision of services. Sewerage, drainage, and the supply of water, gas and electricity were all planned and laid out for the town as a whole, because work focused on the provision of services at first, housebuilding in the new town was slow in the first few years. Crawley police station is at the junction of Woodfield Road and Northgate Road in Northgate on the edge of the town centre and its front desk is open to the public 11 hours per day except on Sundays, until 2011 it was open daily from 8. 00am until midnight. There is also a station on the perimeter road at Gatwick Airport. Both are operated by the West Sussex Division of Sussex Police, in January 2013, a community hub was established at Broadfield Library to provide a full-time police presence in that neighbourhood. In July 2013, the announced that Crawley police station would not be closed during a forthcoming rationalistion of buildings. Crawleys first police station opened in 1883 on Station Road, the 1960s police station was itself replaced in the late 1990s by the present building on the opposite side of Woodfield Road. The new building was designed by the architects and cost £7 million. Tully DeAth Consultants were the civil engineers. The five-storey concrete-framed building was designed to resemble an office block and has a car park. A tunnel was built under Woodfield Road to allow people to walk between the building and the court opposite. The site covers 6,150 square metres, the project was first put out to tender in August 1994. The courthouse remains in use as Crawley Magistrates Court, refurbishment work was undertaken in 2012, but only the ground floor is accessible to disabled people as there is no lift access to the first floor, where two of the courtrooms are situated. There are two stations in the borough. Crawley fire station on Ifield Avenue opened in 1957, although building work started in 1955 and it is operated by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service, a council body, under the provisions of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004. The five-bay station has immediate response and retained firefighters, and its equipment includes three water tenders and a rescue tender
25.
New towns in the United Kingdom
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The new towns in the United Kingdom were planned under the powers of the New Towns Act 1946 and later acts to relocate populations in poor or bombed-out housing following the Second World War. They were developed in three waves, later developments included the expanded towns, existing towns which were substantially expanded to accommodate what was called the overspill population from densely populated areas of deprivation. Designated new towns were removed from local authority control and placed under the supervision of a development corporation and these corporations were later disbanded and their assets split between local authorities and, in England, the Commission for New Towns. Out-county London County Council housing developments, of which Becontree, Dagenham, was the largest and it was built in the 1920s and 1930s. Wythenshawe was built on what used to be Cheshire land in the 1920s as a Manchester overspill estate, other Manchester overspill estates include Hattersley, Gamesley, and Haughton Green. Castlemilk, Drumchapel, Easterhouse and Pollok in Glasgow, castle Vale in Birmingham, which was built in the 1960s in the extreme north-east of the city. The first wave was intended to alleviate the housing shortages following the Second World War. A couple of sites in County Durham were also designated and these designations were made under the New Towns Act 1946. Two of the locations below are situated near the West Midlands conurbation, dawley New Town was redesignated as Telford New Town, with a much larger area, as overspill for Birmingham and nearby towns including Wolverhampton. About halfway between Birmingham and London was the new town of Milton Keynes, while nearer to Birmingham, in East Anglia, the existing town of Peterborough was designated as a new town to accommodate overspill from London. The development is built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall and it is built according to the principles of Prince Charles, who is known for holding strong views challenging the post-war trends in town planning that were suburban in character. On 13 May 2007, chancellor Gordon Brown, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom the following month, the towns, around 20,000 population each — at least 5,000 homes — are planned to be carbon-neutral and will use locally generated sustainable-energy sources. Only one site was identified in the announcement, the former Oakington Barracks in Cambridgeshire - the already planned Northstowe development, Local councils will be invited to provide sites for the remaining four towns. The Town and Country Planning Association is advising the government on the criteria, in September 2014 the CBI called for all political parties to commit to building 10 new towns and garden cities to get to grips with the countrys housing shortage. Cwmbran Newtown Coed Darcy Tircoed Six new towns in Scotland were designated between 1955 and 1973, mostly for the population of Glasgow. Cumbernauld East Kilbride Glenrothes Irvine Livingston Stonehouse Ravenscraig Chapelton of Elsick Tweedbank, erskine and Inchinnan, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Renfrewshire. Dalgety Bay, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Fife and this was done in the case of Craigavon. On 3 April 1969, the development commission took over the functions of the two councils, the area becoming Londonderry Urban District
26.
Crawley Development Corporation
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A master plan supplied by planning consultant Anthony Minoprio would guide the Corporations work. The energy and enthusiasm of its chairman Thomas Bennett helped it meet many of its targets early and its assets passed to the Commission for New Towns in that year, they are now owned privately or by the local authority, Crawley Borough Council. The Corporation was based at Broadfield House, a 19th-century villa in the south of the town, professionals and specialists from many fields were employed, architects, engineers, designers, legal and financial experts were all involved during its 15-year existence. A committee headed by Bennett took overall charge and this was of great concern to West Sussex and East Sussex county councils, and the national government was also aware of the problem. Meanwhile, the government was making several proposals which together paved the way for the concept of New Towns. Patrick Abercrombies Greater London Plan of 1944 proposed taking 1 1⁄2 million residents out of London, one third were to be rehoused in ten new towns in a ring about 25 miles from the city. In 1945, Lord Reith and his committee described how these towns would be developed, they were intended to be self-contained and balanced communities for work, on 10 July 1946, Silkin met officers from the various local authorities that governed the Crawley area. In October 1946, Lewis Silkin set up a committee to run the affairs of the proposed Crawley New Town. In February 1947, shortly after the designation of New Town status. The national government would finance it as required through 60-year loans and it would be responsible for all the houses it built, in terms of both maintenance and finance, it could provide subsidies and charge rents as it saw fit. Governance was outside the Corporations remit, Crawley Urban District Council, when the Corporation was created in February 1947, its chairman was Sir Wilfred Lindsell. He asked town planner Thomas Wilfred Sharp to prepare a master plan. Within months, both men had left the Corporation, Lindsell was considered not dynamic enough by Lewis Silkin, local historian Peter Gwynne described this as an extraordinary decision which was never properly explained. Anthony Minoprio was appointed as consultant planner instead, by June 1947 he had prepared a new plan and Silkin had taken on a new chairman. Also in 1947, the Corporation acquired Broadfield House, originally a 19th-century villa in extensive grounds, the building was used as a country club until its closure in that year. The Corporation had already decided to operate temporarily from London while searching for suitable premises in Crawley, when the building came on the market in late 1947, the Corporation bought it, refitted it and on 23 August 1948 opened it as its headquarters. Ancillary buildings were put up in the grounds in mid-1949. W, passold, D. Bolton, Mr Lewis and Alderman James Marshall. Dame Caroline Haslett, educated locally, was an electrical engineer and writer
27.
Anthony Minoprio
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Sir Charles Anthony Minoprio was a British architect and town planner. Much of his work was in partnership with Hugh Spencely. Later he worked more as a planner, particularly the New Town of Crawley. His Beaux-Arts training informed his work on designing visually striking town plans. His architectural training came in Liverpool under Charles Herbert Reilly. This influenced his views on the importance of architecture being an integral part of the town planning process. He worked for a few months at a firm in New York. He went into practice in 1928 and initially worked on commissions for country houses. In 1932, Minoprio and Spencely designed an extension to the Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool, four years later, they designed Fairacres, Roehampton, a Grade II listed four-storey apartment block at Roehampton Lane, Roehampton, London. It was built for the property developer Charles Kearley, the block of 64 flats in a semi-elliptical arc is modern in style with 1930s curved walls, but traditional in construction. It has been little altered since being built. The two architects worked together again between 1944 and 1946 when they produced a plan for the postwar redevelopment of Worcester. Their plans showed extensive areas of space and parkland, especially around the cathedral. Minoprio was heavily involved with town planning after World War II, in September 1944 he prepared a survey and plan for the redevelopment of part of the Essex county town, Chelmsford. The somewhat grandiose vision was completed by two new roads and ten residential neighbourhood units. Nothing came of the plan, but elements of it made their way into the 1952 Development Plan for the County of Essex which guided Chelmsfords later development, by June 1947 Minoprio had prepared a new draft plan, and this was approved and published in December 1947. Crawley is now larger than originally anticipated, the plans target population of 50,000 was exceeded within 13 years of work beginning. Nevertheless, the design and layout remain substantially similar to Minoprios plan
28.
Bewbush
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Bewbush is a neighbourhood of Crawley in West Sussex, England and is one of the towns 13 designated neighbourhoods. Bewbush is located in south west Crawley and is bordered by Broadfield to the south, Ifield to the north, the neighbourhood has a population of approximately 9,000. A park was recorded at Bewbush as early as 1295 and it was a manor which later became known as the Holmbush Estate. The manor belonged for most of the century to the Clifton Brown family. In 1973, some 300 acres were purchased by Crawley Borough Council, the manor house was first mentioned in the early 14th century, although this no longer remains. A building with some 17th-century elements remains, although it was clad in brick in the 19th century, the building now stands amid modern developments in the neighbourhood. The borough council began development of the new neighbourhood of Bewbush in 1974, with a centre opening in 1984. Additional land was brought into the borough of Crawley from Lower Beeding in 1983 to see the extension of the neighbourhood to reach its capacity population of 9000, development of the neighbourhood continued into the 1990s. Bewbush neighbourhood is a co-terminus with the local government ward of Bewbush in the Borough of Crawley and it is also a ward of the upper-tier authority of West Sussex County Council. The neighbourhood forms part of the constituency of Crawley. As at the 2001 census, the ward had a population of 9081, the neighbourhood has a younger population than the national average, with some 77% of residents being aged under 45, compared to 60% nationally. This is also reflected in the age of the residents at 29. Around 90% of the properties in the neighbourhood are terraced properties or flats, the vast majority of the properties were originally council-owned, with over one-third remaining owned by the local authority of other social landlords. There is a diverse population in the neighbourhood, with a large proportion of black. This is reflected in the areas large Hindu and Muslim populations which are well above the national averages at 9% and 5% respectively. In terms of classification, the neighbourhood is made up of approximately 45% in the ABC1 grouping. Bewbush is served by two Primary schools, the first school to open in the neighbourhood was Bewbush First School in 1978. This was shortly followed by Bewbush Middle School in 1982, with Waterfield First School opening officially in 1985, at the same time, Waterfield First School was extended to become Waterfield Primary School
29.
Broadfield, West Sussex
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Broadfield is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Broadfield is located in the south west of the town and it is bordered by Bewbush to the north, Southgate to the north east and Tilgate to the east. Broadfield is divided into two local government wards, Broadfield was built in several stages and is relatively densely populated. There is a mixture of property types, including estates, housing association, council houses. Broadfield has one central shopping parade, the Barton, which is one of the largest neighbourhood parade in the town, unlike many of the parades in the town, which are council run, the Barton is owned and managed by the shop-owners. There is a variety of shops, a library, a church, a nearby mosque. There is also a community centre which is run as a charitable organisation overseen by trustees from the churches, there are two infant/primary schools in the neighbourhood, an adventure playground, several open spaces with football pitches, and Broadfield Stadium, home to Crawley Town Football Club. In 2005 a purpose built Sure Start Childrens Centre was opened on Creasys Drive providing support, the Broadfield centre works closely with a similar establishment in Bewbush. Next to the stadium is Broadfield Park which used to be part of the Tilgate Estate, Broadfield House was the hunting lodge for the estate, and the park contains a small lake and some woods. To the south of Broadfield are the Buchan Country Park and part of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty at Pease Pottage, the latter is currently home to a Scout camp. Broadfield is served by bus services including the 24-hour Crawley Fastway bus service to Gatwick. In recent years the neighbourhood has gained a positive image with which many residents are proud to be associated. Crawley Borough Councils website Broadfield Stadium Broadfield Youth & Community Centre Christ The Lord Church Broadfield Christian Fellowship
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Fernhill, West Sussex
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Fernhill is a hamlet close to Gatwick Airport in West Sussex, England. Its fields and farmhouses formerly straddled the county boundary between Surrey and West Sussex, but since 1990 the whole area has part of the county of West Sussex. Fernhill is bounded on three sides by motorways and the airport, a fatal aeroplane crash occurred here in 1969. Fernhill is in the far northeast corner of the borough of Crawley, the borough and county boundaries run along the M23 motorway, which lies to the north and east. To the west, Balcombe Road separates Fernhill from Gatwick Airport, antlands Lane leads from Tinsley Green to Shipley Bridge and Burstow, forming the southern boundary. Peeks Brook Lane runs south–north through the area, and Fernhill Road runs west–east, Gatwick Airport is 1 1⁄2 miles to the west, and the town of Horley is the same distance north. Fernhill was originally a hamlet in the parish of Burstow in southwest Surrey and its Baptist chapel was recorded in 1911 as one of two in the parish. In 1990, the Local Government Boundary Commission for England undertook a review of the boundaries of Surrey and West Sussex as part of a study of the boundaries of non-metropolitan counties. At the time, the hamlet was part of Burstow parish, Tandridge District and the county of Surrey, all objected to the proposal, when the proposal was formalised, further objections were raised. The nearest railway stations are Gatwick Airport and Horley, there are four listed buildings in Fernhill, and a further six have been given locally listed status by Crawley Borough Council. Just west of the Balcombe Road, and now within the boundary of Gatwick Airport, are two surviving buildings, Edgeworth House and Wing House. They are attached to each other at right-angles but are of different dates, Edgeworth House is 15th- or early 16th-century and it has Charlwood and Horsham stonework, brick, timber framing and a tiled roof. On Donkey Lane, which leads north from Fernhill Road and becomes a footpath, Lilac Cottage, Lilac Cottage is partly tile-hung and retains its original chimneys, inglenook fireplace and timber framing. Old Cottage is a similar but older house, it has brickwork, timber framing, on 5 January 1969, a Boeing 727 airliner operated by Ariana Afghan Airlines crashed in Fernhill, killing 50 people. It came down in heavy, freezing fog on its approach to Gatwick Airport on a flight from Kabul International Airport in Afghanistan. There were 48 fatalities on the aircraft, and two Fernhill residents were killed when it crashed into and destroyed their house, Longfield, on the side of Fernhill Road. A baby also in the house at the time survived
