1.
Fashion accessory
–
A fashion accessory is an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to the wearers outfit, often used to complete an outfit and chosen to specifically complement the wearers look. The term came into use in the 19th century, Fashion accessories can be loosely categorized into two general areas, those that are carried and those that are worn. Traditional carried accessories include purses and handbags, eyewear, hand fans, parasols and umbrellas, wallets, canes, in Victorian fashion accessories such as fans, parasols and gloves held significance for how women experienced gender, race and class. In this era, there was a trend for women to adopt, or aspire to, consequently, gloves were often used by women to cover their hands and mask any signs of labor. Also, in the early 16th century in Italy hat badges were worn by men of a higher social status as decorative item. Hat badges were worn in conjunction with a decorative sword. Hat badges were fashioned after plaquettes and often depicted a scene with personal relevance to the wearer, status symbol Media related to Fashion accessory at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Elastomer
–
An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity and very weak inter-molecular forces, generally having low Youngs modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is used interchangeably with the term rubber. Each of the monomers which link to form the polymer is made of carbon. Elastomers are amorphous polymers existing above their glass transition temperature, so that considerable segmental motion is possible, at ambient temperatures, rubbers are thus relatively soft and deformable. Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts, application areas for different types of rubber are manifold and cover segments as diverse as tires, shoe soles, and dampening and insulating elements. The importance of rubbers can be judged from the fact that global revenues are forecast to rise to US$56 billion in 2020, Rubber like solids with elastic properties are called elastomers. Polymer chains are held together in elastomers by weakest intermolecular forces and this weak binding forces permit the polymers to be stretched. Natural rubber, neoprene rubber, buna-s and buna-n are elastomers, elastomers are usually thermosets but may also be thermoplastic. The long polymer chains cross-link during curing, i. e. vulcanizing, the molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a spaghetti and meatball structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed, as a result of this extreme flexibility, elastomers can reversibly extend from 5-700%, depending on the specific material. Without the cross-linkages or with short, uneasily reconfigured chains, the stress would result in a permanent deformation. Temperature effects are present in the demonstrated elasticity of a polymer. It is also possible for a polymer to exhibit elasticity that is not due to covalent cross-links, butyl rubber Halogenated butyl rubbers Styrene-butadiene Rubber Nitrile rubber, also called Buna N rubbers Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubbers Therban and Zetpol. One should go through all differentiation while editing between Plastics and articles thereof and Rubber and articles thereof
3.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
4.
Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
–
Alice is a fictional character and protagonist of Lewis Carrolls childrens novel Alices Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. Alices character has her origins in stories told by Carroll to entertain the Liddell sisters while rowing on the Isis with his friend Robinson Duckworth, and on subsequent rowing trips. Although she shares her name with Alice Liddells given name, it is controversial among scholars as to whether or not she can be identified as being based upon Liddell. Carroll characterised her as loving and gentle, courteous to all, trustful and his illustrations of her in Alices Adventures Under Ground, the first version of Alices Adventures in Wonderland are influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite artists. Political cartoonist John Tenniel illustrated Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Alice is a fictional child living during the middle of the Victorian era. In the text of the two Alice books, author Lewis Carroll often did not remark on the appearance of his protagonist. Details of her life can be discovered from the text of the two books. At home, she has an older sister, a pet cat named Dinah, an elderly nurse, and a governess. Additionally, she had gone to a day school at some point in the past, Alice has been variously characterised as belonging to the upper class, middle class, or part of the bourgeoisie. Her social class is reflected in her speech, dress. Commentators characterise her as innocent, imaginative, introspective, generally well-mannered, outspoken and forthright in challenging authority, the degree to which the character of Alice can be identified as Alice Liddell is controversial. Some critics identify the character as Liddell, or write that she inspired the character, others argue that Carroll considered his protagonist and Liddell to be separate. According to Carroll, his character was not based on any real child, Alice debuted in Carrolls first draft of Alices Adventures in Wonderland, Alices Adventures Under Ground. Under Ground originated from stories told to the Liddell sisters during an afternoon on 4 July 1862 while rowing on the Isis with his friend Robinson Duckworth, and on subsequent rowing trips. At the request of ten-year-old Alice Liddell, Carroll wrote down the stories as Alices Adventures Under Ground, under Ground contains thirty-seven illustrations, twenty-seven of which Alice is depicted in. As his drawings of Alice bear little resemblance to Alice Liddell, whose given name she shares, it has been suggested that Alices younger sister, Edith. He portrays his protagonist as wearing a tunic, in contrast to the fitted childrens dresses with soft trim that the Liddell sisters might have worn and he gave the hand-written Alices Adventures Under Ground to Alice Liddell in November 1864. John Tenniel illustrated Alice Adventures in Wonderland for a fee of £138, which was roughly a fourth of what Carroll earned each year, Tenniel was an already successful, well-known lead illustrator for the satirical magazine Punch, when Carroll employed him as an illustrator in April 1864
5.
Through the Looking-Glass
–
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There is a novel by Lewis Carroll, the sequel to Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Set some six months later than the book, Alice again enters a fantastical world. Through the Looking-Glass includes such celebrated verses as Jabberwocky and The Walrus and the Carpenter, the mirror which inspired Carroll remains displayed in Charlton Kings. Climbing up on the mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise. In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, Jabberwocky and she also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up. Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and this is a reference to the chess rule that queens are able to move any number of vacant squares at once, in any direction, which makes them the most agile of pieces. This is a reference to the rule of Promotion. Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee, She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, finally, the brothers begin acting out their nursery-rhyme by suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts. Chapter Five – Wool and Water, Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of her ability to remember future events before they have happened. Alice and the White Queen advance into the fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing. Thus the Queen/Sheep was speaking in a logical and meaningful way. In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, in this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of Anglo-Saxon messengers called Haigha and Hatta. Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a poem of his own composition called Haddocks Eyes. Chapter Nine – Queen Alice, Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook and she soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion. They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge. Chapter Ten – Shaking, Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the days nonsense, and begins shaking her violently with all her might. By thus capturing the Red Queen, Alice unknowingly puts the Red King into checkmate, Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it
6.
Tartessos
–
Tartessos or Tartessus was a semi-mythical harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. It appears in sources from Greece and the Near East starting during the first millennium BC, herodotus, for example, describes it as beyond the Pillars of Heracles. Archaeological discoveries in the region have built up a picture of a widespread culture, identified as Tartessian. The Tartessians were rich in metal, in the 4th century BC the historian Ephorus describes a very prosperous market called Tartessos, with much tin carried by river, as well as gold and copper from Celtic lands. Trade in tin was very lucrative in the Bronze Age, since it is a component of true bronze and is comparatively rare. Herodotus refers to a king of Tartessos, Arganthonios, presumably named for his wealth in silver, the people from Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, whose presence in Iberia dates from the 8th century BC and who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gadir. Several early sources, such as Aristotle, refer to Tartessos as a river, Aristotle claims that it rises from the Pyrene Mountain and flows out to sea outside the Pillars of Hercules, the modern Strait of Gibraltar. No such river traverses the Iberian peninsula, according to Pytheas, in the 4th century BC, as reported by Strabo in the 1st century AD, the Turduli occupied the area that was Tartessos which was the Baetis River. The river, which is the largest in Iberia and tidal, those of a day called Baetis and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of Carpia. The river known in his day as the Baetis is now the Guadalquivir, thus, Tartessos may be buried, Schulten thought, under the shifting wetlands. The river delta has gradually been blocked by a sandbar that stretches from the mouth of the Rio Tinto, near Palos de la Frontera, the area is now protected as the Parque Nacional de Doñana. In the 2nd century AD Appian thought that Karpessos was previously known as Tartessos, subsequent discoveries were widely reported, in September 1923 archaeologists discovered a Phoenician necropolis in which human remains were unearthed and stones found with illegible characters. It may have been colonized by the Phoenicians for trade because of its richness in metals, J. M. Luzón was the first to identify Tartessos with modern Huelva, based on discoveries made in the preceding decades. Alluvial tin was panned in Tartessian streams from an early date, the spread of a silver standard in Assyria increased its attractiveness. The invention of coinage in the 7th century BC spurred the search for bronze, henceforth trade connections, formerly largely in elite goods, assumed an increasingly broad economic role. By the Late Bronze Age, silver extraction in Huelva Province reached industrial proportions, pre-Roman silver slag is found in the Tartessian cities of Huelva Province. Cypriot and Phoenician metalworkers produced 15 million tons of pyrometallurgical residues at the vast dumps of Riotinto, tartessic artifacts linked with the Tartessos culture have been found, and many archaeologists now associate the lost city with Huelva. In excavations on spatially restricted sites in the center of modern Huelva, Huelva contains the largest accumulation of imported elite goods and must have been an important Tartessian center
7.
Iron Age
–
The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions, meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC. Ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt ore, remove impurities. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BC and 600 BC, depending on the region, the earliest known iron artifacts are nine small beads dated to 3200 BC, which were found in burials at Gerzeh, Lower Egypt. They have been identified as meteoric iron shaped by careful hammering, meteoric iron, a characteristic iron–nickel alloy, was used by various ancient peoples thousands of years before the Iron Age. Such iron, being in its metallic state, required no smelting of ores. Smelted iron appears sporadically in the record from the middle Bronze Age. While terrestrial iron is abundant, its high melting point of 1,538 °C placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the second millennium BC. Tins low melting point of 231, similarly, recent archaeological remains of iron working in the Ganges Valley in India have been tentatively dated to 1800 BC. By the Middle Bronze Age, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects appeared in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, African sites are turning up dates as early as 1200 BC. Modern archaeological evidence identifies the start of iron production in around 1200 BC. Between 1200 BC and 1000 BC, diffusion in the understanding of iron metallurgy and use of objects was fast. As evidence, many bronze implements were recycled into weapons during this time, more widespread use of iron led to improved steel-making technology at lower cost. Thus, even when tin became available again, iron was cheaper, stronger, and lighter, and forged iron implements superseded cast bronze tools permanently. Increasingly, the Iron Age in Europe is being seen as a part of the Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East, in ancient India, ancient Iran, and ancient Greece. In other regions of Europe, the Iron Age began in the 8th century BC in Central Europe, the Near Eastern Iron Age is divided into two subsections, Iron I and Iron II. Iron I illustrates both continuity and discontinuity with the previous Late Bronze Age, during the Iron Age, the best tools and weapons were made from steel, particularly alloys which were produced with a carbon content between approximately 0. 30% and 1. 2% by weight. Steel weapons and tools were nearly the same weight as those of bronze, however, steel was difficult to produce with the methods available, and alloys that were easier to make, such as wrought iron, were more common in lower-priced goods
8.
Turban
–
A turban is a type of headwear based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear primarily by Sikh men, wearing turbans is common among Sikhs, including women, who refer to it as a Dastar. In certain other faith communities, the headgear also serves as a religious observance, including among Shia Muslims, greeks, in ancient times, wore a distinctive style of turbans. Additionally, turbans have often been worn by nobility, regardless of religious background and they are also sometimes donned to protect hair or as a headwrap for women following cancer treatments. The origins of turbans are uncertain, an early attestation for knowledge of the turban is found in the Roman author Ovids Metamorphoses, dating to the 1st century BC. Ovid recounts the myth that Midas king of the Phrygians, an Indo-European people of central Turkey, the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, who lived 570–632, is believed to have worn a turban in white, the most holy colour. Many Muslim men choose to wear green, because it represents paradise, in parts of North Africa, where blue is common, the shade of a turban can signify the tribe of the wearer. Contemporary turbans come in shapes, sizes and colours. Turban wearers in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, the cloth is usually under five meters in length. Some elaborate South Asian turbans may also be formed and sewn to a foundation. Turbans can be large or quite modest depending upon region, culture. Traditionally, turban has been the name of a type of headwear worn by women in Western countries, the wearing of such turbans by women in Western societies is less common than it was earlier in the 20th century. They are usually sewn to a foundation, so that they can be donned or removed easily, Turbans are commonly worn in the Horn of Africa by Muslim clerics, as well as Ethiopian Orthodox Christian priests. The headwrap has a presence in the region, where it was frequently sported by Sultans, Wazirs. Prominent historical Islamic leaders in the region that are known to have worn turbans include Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida. The colored turban, Ghabanah, is an inherited cultural turban in the regions of Hijaz. The Hijazi turbans with different shapes are the extension of the turban of Islamic prophet Muhammad who lived in Mecca and Madinah. There are several types of Ghabanah, perhaps the most famous is the yellow, that made in Aleppo, that characterized by different inscriptions, colorful turbans are the national costume in Oman, and also are common in some regions in south of Yemen and Hadhramaut
9.
Keffiyeh
–
The keffiyeh or kufiya, also known as a ghutrah, shemagh, ḥaṭṭah, mashadah, chafiye or cemedanî, is a traditional Middle Eastern headdress fashioned from a square scarf, usually made of cotton. It is typically worn by Arabs, as well as by some Mizrahi Jews and it is commonly found in arid regions as it provides protection from sunburn, dust and sand. During his sojourn with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq, Gavin Young noted that the local sayyids – venerated men accepted, as descendants of the Prophet Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib – wore dark green keffiyeh in contrast to the black-and-white checkered examples typical of the areas inhabitants. Many Palestinian keffiyehs are a mix of cotton and wool, which facilitates quick drying and, the keffiyeh is usually folded in half and the fold worn across the forehead. Often, the keffiyeh is held in place by a circlet of rope called an agal, some wearers wrap the keffiyeh into a turban, while others wear it loosely draped around the back and shoulders. A taqiyah is sometimes worn underneath the keffiyeh, in the past, the keffiyeh is almost always of white cotton cloth, but many have a checkered pattern in red or black stitched into them. The plain white keffiyeh is most popular in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf – in Kuwait and Bahrain, the keffiyeh is worn by men of all ages, whether on the head or around the shoulders. In Jordan, the keffiyeh is strongly associated with the country and its heritage. The Jordanian keffiyeh has decorative cotton or wool tassels on the sides, the bigger these tassels, the greater the garments supposed value and it has long been worn by Bedouins and villagers and used as a symbol of honor and/or tribal identification. The tasseled red-and-white Jordanian shemagh is much thicker than the untasseled red-and-white shemagh seen in Persian Gulf countries, in Yemen, the keffiyeh is used extensively in both red-white and black-white pattern and in some traditional Yemeni designs and colours. The shemagh is part of an ancient Middle Eastern headgear tradition, the keffiyeh, especially the all-white keffiyeh, is also known as the ghutrah. This is particularly common in the Arabian Peninsula, where the skullcap is called a keffiyeh, the garment is also known in some areas as the ḥaṭṭah. Roughly speaking, Ordinary keffiyeh A piece of cloth made from wool and cotton. Shemagh A piece of cloth, usually made of cotton or flax and decorated with many colors, ghutrah A piece of white cloth made of cotton mild, worn in western Iraq and by the Arabs of the Persian Gulf states. Rezza It is worn by inhabitants of North Africa and Egypt, traditionally worn by Palestinian farmers, the keffiyeh became worn by Palestinian men of any rank and became a symbol of Palestinian nationalism during the Arab Revolt of the 1930s. Its prominence increased during the 1960s with the beginning of the Palestinian resistance movement, Arafat would wear his keffiyeh in a semi-traditional way, wrapped around his head via an agal. He also wore a similarly patterned piece of cloth in the neckline of his military fatigues. Early on, he had made it his trademark to drape the scarf over his right shoulder only, arranging it in the rough shape of a triangle
10.
Mizrahi Jews
–
Yemeni Jews are sometimes also included, but their history is separate from Babylonian Jewry. The use of the term Mizrahi can be somewhat controversial, before the establishment of the State of Israel, Mizrahi Jews did not identify themselves as a separate Jewish subgroup. Instead, Mizrahi Jews generally characterized themselves as Sephardi, as follow the traditions of Sephardic Judaism. From the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, any rabbis of Mizrahi origin in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, as of 2005, over 61% of Israeli Jews are of at least partial Mizrahi ancestry. Mizrahi is literally translated as Oriental, Eastern, מזרח, Hebrew for east, in the past the word Mizrahim, corresponding to the Arabic word Mashriqiyyun, referred to the natives of Syria, Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa. In medieval and early times the corresponding Hebrew word maarav was used for North Africa. In Talmudic and Geonic times, however, this word maarav referred to the land of Israel as contrasted with Babylonia, for this reason many object to the use of Mizrahi to include Moroccan and other North African Jews. In modern Israeli usage, it refers to all Jews from Central and West Asian countries, the term came to be widely used more by Mizrahi activists in the early 1990s. Since then in Israel it has become an accepted semi-official and media designation, most of the Mizrahi activists actually originated from North African Jewish communities, traditionally called Westerners, rather than Easterners. g. Moroccan Jew, or prefer to use the old term Sephardic in its broader meaning, today, many identify all non-Ashkenazi rite Jews as Sephardic - in modern Hebrew Sfaradim, mixing ancestral origin and religious rite. This broader definition of Sephardim as including all, or most, the reason for this classification of all Mizrahim under Sephardic rite is that most Mizrahi communities use much the same religious rituals as Sephardim proper due to historical reasons. The prevalence of the Sephardic rite among Mizrahim is partially a result of Sephardim proper joining some of Mizrahi communities following the 1492 expulsion from Sepharad. Even before this assimilation, the rite of many Jewish Oriental communities was already closer to the Sephardi rite than to the Ashkenazi one. Many of the Sephardic Jews exiled from Spain resettled in greater or lesser numbers in many Arabic-speaking countries, such as Syria, in Syria, most eventually intermarried with and assimilated into the larger established communities of Arabic-speaking Jews and Mizrahi Jews. In some North African countries such as Morocco, Sephardic Jews came in greater numbers, in Arab nations, Mizrahim most often speak Arabic, although Arabic is now mainly used as a second language, especially by the older generation. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious and literary works of the Jews in Spain, North Africa, Neo-Aramaic is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is identified as a Jewish language, since it is the language of major Jewish texts such as the Talmud and Zohar, traditionally, Aramaic has been a language of Talmudic debate in yeshivoth, as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic. The current alphabet used for Hebrew, known as Assyrian lettering or the script, was in fact borrowed from Aramaic
11.
Bandeau
–
A bandeau is a garment comprising, in appearance, a strip of cloth. Today, the term most frequently refers to a garment that wraps around a womans breasts in sports or swimwear and it is similar to a tube top, but narrower. It is usually strapless, sleeveless and off the shoulder and it is commonly made from elastic material to stop it from slipping down, or is tied or pinned at the back or front. In the first half of the 20th century, a referred to a headdress, in the form of headache bands or headbands. The term is used to refer to a wimple-like garment in the costumes of nuns. The bandeau emerged as the top part of a two-piece swimsuit during the 1940s, in the 1950s the bandeau incorporated foundation so as to structure the contours of the body, while still retaining a relatively simple circle or band shape, emphasizing the bare midriff. Its popularity in swimwear declined during the string bikini era, but it reappeared in the 1980s, especially with Spandex, side stays, v-wire in the center front, O-rings, and the twisted top are popular design elements. In modern sports and swimwear, a bandeau is a garment worn around a womans breasts. It may be fastened in the front or back or be sufficiently elastic so as not to need a fastener at all, a bandeau may come with a detachable halter strap, for extra support. A strapless bandeau, or tube top, was worn as casual wear and sports wear starting in the 1970s. Actress Halle Berry wore a bandeau with matching pants to the MTV Video Music Award, miley Cyrus also wore a bandeau top with cropped high waisted pants at the 2014 VMA Awards and Jourdan Dunn wore a bandeau top with a long skirt. The outfits consisted of a top and a high waisted bottom. Wearing a bandeau to support a womans breasts may date back to ancient Greece and it consisted of a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. As a silhouette the bandeau was also worn in Roman times, in the Greco-Roman world, women athletes wearing two-piece garments were depicted on urns and paintings dating back to 1400 BC. The mosaic features ten maidens who have been dubbed the Bikini Girls. Other Roman archaeological finds depict the goddess Venus in a similar garment, in Pompeii, depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere, in the tablinum of the House of Julia Felix, and in an atrium garden of Via DellAbbondanza. In the 1920s the term was applied to a simply shaped brassiere, usually of a soft fabric, the design was patented in 1916 in the United States by Edgar Guggenheim and resembled the contours and wrapping effects of the scultetus binder used in hospitals. It was sometimes made from a material to flatten or suppress the breasts in the style of the period
12.
Crochet
–
Crochet is a process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn, thread, or strands of other materials using a crochet hook. The name is derived from the French term crochet, meaning small hook and these are made of materials such as metal, wood, or plastic and are manufactured commercially and produced in artisan workshops. The word crochet is derived from the Old French crochet, a diminutive of croche, in turn from the Germanic croc, although that fabric is not known to be crochet in the present sense, a genealogical relationship between the techniques sharing that name appears likely. Knitted textiles survive from early periods but the first substantive evidence of crocheted fabric relates to its appearance in Europe during the 19th century, earlier work identified as crochet was commonly made by nålebinding, a separate looped yarn technique. The first known published instructions for crochet explicitly using that term to designate the craft in its present sense and this includes a color plate showing five different style purses of which three were intended to be crocheted with silk thread. The first is simple open crochet, a mesh of chain-stitch arches, the second starts in a semi-open form, where chain-stitch arches alternate with equally long segments of slip-stitch crochet, and closes with a star made with double-crochet stitches. The third purse is made entirely in double-crochet, the instructions prescribe the use of a tambour needle and introduce a number of decorative techniques. The earliest dated English reference to garments made of cloth produced by looping yarn with a hook — shepherds knitting — is in, The Memoirs of a Highland Lady, by Elizabeth Grant. The journal entry, itself, is dated 1812 but was not recorded in its published form until some time between 1845 and 1867, and the actual date of publication was first in 1898. Nonetheless, the 1833 volume of Penélopé describes and illustrates a shepherds hook, in 1842, one of the numerous books discussing crochet that began to appear in the 1840s states, Crochet needles, sometimes called Shepherds hooks, are made of steel, ivory, or box-wood. They have a hook at one end similar in shape to a fish-hook, by which the wool or silk is caught and these instruments are to be procured of various sizes. It derives its present name from the French, the instrument with which it is worked being by them, from its crooked shape, termed crochet. This art has attained its highest degree of perfection in England, whence it has been transplanted to France and Germany, an instruction book from 1846 describes Shepherd or Single Crochet as what in current British usage is either called single crochet or slip-stitch crochet, with U. S. American terminology always using the latter and it similarly equates Double and French crochet. Notwithstanding the categorical assertion of a purely British origin, there is evidence of a connection between French tambour embroidery and crochet. The former method of production was illustrated in detail in 1763 in Diderots Encyclopedia, the 1823 Penélopé instructions unequivocally state that the tambour tool was used for crochet and the first of the 1840s instruction books uses the terms tambour and crochet as synonyms. This equivalence is retained in the 4th edition of work,1847. The strong taper of the shepherds hook eases the production of slip-stitch crochet but is less amenable to stitches that require multiple loops on the hook at the same time, early yarn hooks were also continuously tapered but gradually enough to accommodate multiple loops
13.
Lace
–
Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern, made by machine or by hand. Originally linen, silk, gold, or silver threads were used, now lace is often made with cotton thread, although linen and silk threads are still available. Manufactured lace may be made of synthetic fiber, a few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead of thread. The word lace is from Middle English, from Old French las, noose, strin, from Vulgar Latin *laceum, from Latin laqueus, noose, probably akin to lacere, there are many types of lace, classified by how they are made. These include, Needle lace, such as Venetian Gros Point, is using a needle. This is the most flexible of the lace-making arts, while some types can be made more quickly than the finest of bobbin laces, others are very time-consuming. Some purists regard needle lace as the height of lace-making, the finest antique needle laces were made from a very fine thread that is not manufactured today. Cutwork, or whitework, is constructed by removing threads from a woven background. Bobbin lace, as the name suggests, is made with bobbins, the bobbins, turned from wood, bone, or plastic, hold threads which are woven together and held in place with pins stuck in the pattern on the pillow. The pillow contains straw, preferably oat straw or other such as sawdust, insulation styrofoam. Chantilly lace is a type of bobbin lace, tape lace makes the tape in the lace as it is worked, or uses a machine- or hand-made textile strip formed into a design, then joined and embellished with needle or bobbin lace. Knotted lace includes macramé and tatting, tatted lace is made with a shuttle or a tatting needle. Crocheted lace includes Irish crochet, pineapple crochet, and filet crochet, knitted lace includes Shetland lace, such as the wedding ring shawl, a lace shawl so fine that it can be pulled through a wedding ring. Machine-made lace is any style of lace created or replicated using mechanical means, chemical lace, the stitching area is stitched with embroidery threads that form a continuous motif. Afterwards, the areas are removed and only the embroidery remains. The stitching ground is made of a water-soluble or non-heat-resistant material, the origin of lace is disputed by historians. An Italian claim is a will of 1493 by the Milanese Sforza family, a Flemish claim is lace on the alb of a worshiping priest in a painting about 1485 by Hans Memling. But since lace evolved from techniques, it is impossible to say that it originated in any one place
14.
Haute couture
–
Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
15.
Paul Poiret
–
Paul Poiret was a leading French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. His contributions to his field have been likened to Picassos legacy in 20th-century art, Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of Les Halles, Paris. His parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, there, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him. While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to Louise Chéruit, a prominent dressmaker, Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by Jacques Doucet in 1896. His first design, a red cape, sold 400 copies. Poiret later moved to the House of Worth, where he was responsible for designing simple, the brazen modernity of his designs, however, proved too much for Worths conservative clientele. When Poiret presented the Russian Princess Bariatinsky with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, What a horror. When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, Poiret established his own house in 1903, and made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure. He designed flamboyant window displays and threw parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, in 1909, he was so famous, Margot Asquith, wife of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, invited him to show his designs at 10 Downing Street. The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the salary of a scullery maid. Poirets house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance, in1911 Poiret unveiled “Parfums de Rosine with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event “la mille et deuxième nuit”, inspired by the fantasy of a sultans harem and his gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Madame Poiret herself luxuriated in a golden cage, Poiret was the reigning sultan, gifting each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, “Nuit Persane. ”His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. A second scent debuted in 1912 - “Le Minaret, ” again emphasizing the harem theme, in 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer Edward Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art in his work. Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and these were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, Jeanne Lanvin, also in 1911, Poiret launched the École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills, in 1911 Poret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the Galerie Barbazanges to exhibit contemporary art
16.
Precious metal
–
A precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements and they are usually ductile and have a high lustre. Historically, precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment, Gold, silver, platinum, and palladium each have an ISO4217 currency code. The best known precious metals are the metals, gold. Although both have industrial uses, they are known for their uses in art, jewelry, fine jewelry. Other precious metals include the platinum metals, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium. The demand for metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments. Historically, precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals, a metal is deemed to be precious if it is rare. The discovery of new sources of ore or improvements in mining or refining processes may cause the value of a metal to diminish. The status of a metal can also be determined by high demand or market value. Precious metals in bulk form are known as bullion and are traded on commodity markets, bullion metals may be cast into ingots or minted into coins. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass, the level of purity varies from issue to issue. The purest mass-produced bullion coins are in the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, a 100% pure bullion is nearly impossible, as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had an amount of weight of alloy. The Krugerrand is the first modern example of measuring in pure gold, other bullion coins show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition. Many coins historically showed a denomination in currency, although nominally issued as legal tender, these coins face value as currency is far below that of their value as bullion. For instance, Canada mints a gold coin at a face value of $50 containing one troy ounce of gold—as of May 2011. Bullion coins minting by national governments gives them some numismatic value in addition to their bullion value, one of the largest bullion coins in the world was the 10, 000-dollar Australian Gold Nugget coin minted in Australia which consists of a full kilogram of 99. 9% pure gold
17.
Gemstone
–
A gemstone is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks or organic materials that are not minerals are used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone, apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings, such as cups, were major luxury art forms. A gem maker is called a lapidary or gemcutter, a worker is a diamantaire. The carvings of Carl Fabergé are significant works in this tradition, the traditional classification in the West, which goes back to the ancient Greeks, begins with a distinction between precious and semi-precious, similar distinctions are made in other cultures. In modern usage the precious stones are diamond, ruby, sapphire, other stones are classified by their color, translucency and hardness. Another unscientific term for semi-precious gemstones used in art history and archaeology is hardstone, in modern times gemstones are identified by gemologists, who describe gems and their characteristics using technical terminology specific to the field of gemology. The first characteristic a gemologist uses to identify a gemstone is its chemical composition, for example, diamonds are made of carbon and rubies of aluminium oxide. Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by their crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic, another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example, diamonds, which have a crystal system, are often found as octahedrons. Gemstones are classified into different groups, species, and varieties, for example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Other examples are the Emerald, aquamarine, red beryl, goshenite, heliodor, and morganite, gems are characterized in terms of refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and luster. They may exhibit pleochroism or double refraction and they may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum. Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions, gemstones may also be classified in terms of their water. This is a grading of the gems luster, transparency. Very transparent gems are considered first water, while second or third water gems are those of a lesser transparency, there is no universally accepted grading system for gemstones. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the Gemological Institute of America in the early 1950s, historically, all gemstones were graded using the naked eye
18.
1960s in Western fashion
–
The 1960s featured a number of diverse trends. It was a decade that broke many fashion traditions, mirroring social movements during the time, in the middle of the decade, culottes, go-go boots, box-shaped PVC dresses and other PVC clothes were popular. The widely popular bikini came into fashion in 1963 after being featured in the musical Beach Party, Mary Quant popularised the mini skirt, and Jackie Kennedy introduced the pillbox hat, both becoming extremely popular. False eyelashes were worn by women throughout the 1960s, and their hairstyles were a variety of lengths, people were dressing in psychedelic prints, highlighter colors, and mismatched patterns. The hippie movement late in the decade also exerted an influence on ladies clothing styles, including bell-bottom jeans, tie-dye. Designers were producing clothing more suitable for adults, which led to an increase in interest. Until the 1960s, high-profile designers from Paris and London dictated styles worn by people, however, during and after the 1960s young, common people dictated fashion, and designers would attempt to keep up with the trends that they created. Fashions in the years of the decade reflected the elegance of the First Lady. In addition to the cow, women wore Stiletto heel shoes and suits with short boxy jackets, simple, geometric dresses, known as shifts, were also in style. For evening wear, full-skirted evening gowns were worn, these often had a low décolletage and had close-fitting waists, for casual wear, capri trousers were the fashion for women and girls. The 1960s were an age for fashion innovation for women, the early 1960s gave birth to the drainpipe jeans and capri pants, worn by Audrey Hepburn. Casual dress became more unisex, and often consisted of plaid button down shirts worn with blue jeans, comfortable slacks. Traditionally, trousers had been viewed by society as masculine. These included Levi Strauss jeans, which had previously been considered blue collar wear, the women’s trousers came in a variety of styles, narrow, wide, below the knee, above the ankle, and eventually mid thigh. These mid-thigh cut trousers evolved around 1969, and became the modern shorts, by adapting men’s style and wearing trousers, women voiced their equality to men. Space age happened during the space race era and it is the age of space exploration. Designers, however, seemed to not promote the negative side and it may due to the hope of a better future. In the 1960s, synthetic fabrics were used for making garments, due to the fabric shortage during the Second World War, a lot of synthetic fabrics were invented and introduced in the 1960s
19.
Beehive (hairstyle)
–
It is also known as the B-52 due to a resemblance to the distinctive nose of the Boeing B-52 airplane. It originated as one of a variety of elaborately teased and lacquered versions of big hair that developed from earlier pageboy and she originally modeled it on a fez-like hat that she owned. In recognition of her achievement, Cosmetologists Chicago, an association with 60,000 members. The beehive style was popular throughout the 1960s, particularly in the United States and other Western countries, do you mind if we call it the beehive. Heldt died on June 10,2016, at a living community near Chicago. The beehive was by backcombing or teasing the hair with a comb, the longer the hair, the higher the beehive. Both of these can be distinguished from the style, the basic type of which is swept upwards from the forehead. The popular girl group, The Ronettes, helped popularize the hairdo and we came from Spanish Harlem, recalls the groups veteran lead singer, Veronica Ronnie Spector, in a Village Voice interview. So the Ronettes made their hair still higher—We used a lot of Aqua Net , the B-52s, a new wave rock band took their name from the hairstyle which was worn by members Cindy Wilson and Kate Pierson. Coronation Street character Bet Lynch wore a blonde beehive since the 1970s. The Manchester Evening News dubbed this the worst haircut in soap history even while acknowledging that it made her one of the series most memorable characters, marge Simpson from The Simpsons is a well known fictional character with the hairdo. Mari Wilson, British singer probably best known for hit Just What I Always Wanted in the 80s, was known for her beehive hairstyle throughout that decade. Amy Winehouses Beehive was inspired by Ronnie Spectors from the 60s group, but then I found out, no, its Amy. I didnt have on my glasses
20.
Veil
–
A veil is an article of clothing or cloth hanging that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. It is especially associated with women and sacred objects, one view is that as a religious item, it is intended to show honor to an object or space. The first recorded instance of veiling for women is recorded in the Bible in Genesis, chapter 24, verse 65, when Rebecca first sees Isaac, and veils herself. Another is found later from an Assyrian legal text from the 13th century BC, the Mycenaean Greek term
21.
Smog
–
Smog is a type of air pollutant. The word smog was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog, its opacity. The word was then intended to refer to what was known as pea soup fog. This kind of air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone. Human-made smog is derived from coal emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires, in certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Mexico City, Tehran and it is usually highly toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness, shortened life or death. Coinage of the smog is generally attributed to Dr. Henry Antoine Des Voeux in his 1905 paper, Fog. The following day the newspaper stated that Dr. Des Voeux did a service in coining a new word for the London fog. However, this is predated by a Los Angeles Times article of January 19,1893, coal fires, used to heat individual buildings or in a power-producing plant, can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog. Air pollution from this source has reported in England since the Middle Ages. London, in particular, was notorious up through the century for its coal-caused smogs. Traffic emissions – such as trucks, buses, and automobiles – also contribute. Airborne by-products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are an ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile compounds, sulfur dioxide. These molecules react with sunlight, heat, ammonia, moisture, and other compounds to form the noxious vapors, ground level ozone, Photochemical smog is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles and ground-level ozone. A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants react in the atmosphere, all of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization and it is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles. Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well, the composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s
22.
Summer of Love
–
Although hippies also gathered in many other places in the U. S. Canada and Europe, San Francisco was at time the most publicized location for hippie fashions. Hippies, sometimes called flower children, were an eclectic group, many were suspicious of the government, rejected consumerist values, and generally opposed the Vietnam War. A few were interested in politics, others were concerned more with art or religious, the Diggers established a Free Store, and a Free Clinic where medical treatment was provided. The prelude to the Summer of Love was a known as the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park on January 14,1967. James Rado and Gerome Ragni were in attendance, allegedly helping to inspire their musical drama Hair. Rado recalled, There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas and we hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins let our hair grow. It was very important historically, and if we hadnt written it and you could read about it and see film clips, but youd never experience it. We thought, This is happening in the streets, and we wanted to bring it to the stage, also at this event, Timothy Leary voiced his phrase, turn on, tune in, drop out. This phrase became the chisel for shaping the entire hippie counterculture and these ideas included communal living, political decentralization, and dropping out. The term dropping out became popular among high school and college students, who would often abandon their education for a summer of sex, drugs. The gathering of approximately 30,000 at the Human Be-In helped publicize hippie fashions, the term Summer of Love originated with the formation of the Council for the Summer of Love during the spring of 1967 as a response to the convergence of young people on the Haight-Ashbury district. The Council also assisted the Free Clinic and organized housing, food, sanitation, music and arts, along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups. The increasing numbers of traveling to the Haight-Ashbury district alarmed the San Francisco authorities. Adam Kneeman, a resident of the Haight-Ashbury, recalls that the police did little to help the hordes of newcomers. By spring, some Haight-Ashbury residents responded by forming the Council of the Summer of Love, the mainstream medias coverage of hippie life in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America. Hunter S. Thompson termed the district Hashbury in The New York Times Magazine, the event was also reported by the countercultures own media, particularly the San Francisco Oracle, the pass-around readership of which is thought to have exceeded a half-million people that summer. At Monterey, approximately 30,000 people gathered for the first day of the music festival, musician John Phillips of the band The Mamas & the Papas wrote the song San Francisco for his friend Scott McKenzie
23.
Hippie
–
The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
24.
Tie-dye
–
Tie-dye is a modern term invented in the mid-1960s in the United States ) for a set of ancient resist-dyeing techniques, and for the products of these processes. The process of tie-dye typically consists of folding, twisting, pleating, or crumpling fabric or a garment and binding with string or rubber bands, followed by application of dye. The manipulations of the prior to application of dye are called resists. Unlike regular resist-dyeing techniques, tie-dye is characterized by the use of bright, saturated primary colors and bold patterns. These patterns, including the spiral, mandala, and peace sign, the vast majority of currently produced tie-dyes use these designs, and many are mass-produced for wholesale distribution. A few artists continue to pursue tie-dye as an art rather than a commodity. A variety of dyes can be used in tie-dyeing, including household, fiber reactive, acid, most early tie-dyes were made with retail household dyes, particularly those made by Rit. This is the basis for the famous pink socks phenomenon that occurs when fabrics dyed with mixed dyes are washed with other garments. Most tie-dyes are now dyed with Procion MX fiber reactive dyes, a class of dyes effective on cellulose fibers such as cotton, hemp, rayon and this class of dyes reacts with fibers at alkaline pH, forming a wash-fast, permanent bond. Soda ash is the most common agent used to raise the pH and initiate the reaction, Procion dyes are relatively safe and simple to use, and are the same dyes used commercially to color cellulosic fabrics. Protein-based fibers such as silk, wool, and feathers, as well as the synthetic fiber, nylon. As may be expected from the name, acid dyes are effective at acidic pH, acid dyes are also relatively safe and simple to use. Vat dyes, including indigo, are a class of dyes that are effective on cellulosic fibers. Vat dyes are insoluble in water in their form. This is accomplished by heating the dye in a basic solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate containing a reducing agent such as sodium hydrosulfite or thiourea dioxide. The fabric is immersed in the dye bath, and after removal the vat dye oxidizes to its insoluble form, however, vat dyes, and especially indigo, must be treated after dyeing by soaping to prevent the dye from rubbing off. Vat dyes can be used to dye the fabric and to remove underlying fiber-reactive dye because of the bleaching action of the reducing bath. The extra complexity and safety issues restrict use of vat dyes in tie-dye to experts, discharge agents are used to bleach color from previously-dyed fabrics, and can be used in a sort of reverse tie-dye
25.
Paisley (design)
–
Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the buta or boteh, a droplet-shaped vegetable motif of Persian origin. Some design scholars believe it is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a cypress tree and it is a bent cedar, and the cedar is the tree Zarathustra planted in paradise. The heavenly tree was “bent” under the weight of the Arab invasion, the bent cedar is also the sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif was originated in the Sassanid Dynasty and later in the Safavid Dynasty of Persia, in these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population. According to Azerbaijani historians, the design comes from ancient times of Zoroastrianism and is an expression of the essence of that religion and it subsequently became a decorative element widely used in Azerbaijani culture and architecture. The pattern is popular in Iran and South and Central Asian countries. It is woven using gold or silver threads on silk or other high quality textiles for gifts, for weddings and special occasions. In Iran and Uzbekistan its use goes beyond clothing – paintings, jewelry, frescoes, curtains, tablecloths, quilts, carpets, garden landscaping, in Uzbekistan the most frequently found item featuring the design is the traditional doppi headdress. In Tamil Nadu the manga maalai with matching earrings is a feature of bharathanatyam dance. It is a prominent design in Kanchipuram saris and it has sometimes been associated with Hinduism. In Chinese it is known as the Ham hock pattern, in Russia this ornament is known as cucumbers. Imports from the East India Company in the first half of the 17th century made paisley and other Indian patterns popular, and it was popular in the Baltic states between 1700 and 1800 and was thought to be used as a protective charm to ward off evil demons. Local manufacturers in Marseilles began to mass-produce the patterns via early textile printing processes at 1640, england, circa 1670, and Holland, in 1678, soon followed. This, in turn, provided Europes weavers with more competition than they could bear, however, enforcement near the end of that period was lax, and France had its own printed textile manufacturing industry in place as early at 1746 in some locales. Paisley was not the design produced by French textile printers. In the 19th century European production of paisley increased, particularly in the Scottish town from which the pattern takes its modern name, soldiers returning from the colonies brought home cashmere wool shawls from India, and the East India Company imported more. The design was copied from the silk and wool Kashmir shawls and adapted first for use on handlooms. From roughly 1800 to 1850, the weavers of the town of Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland, unique additions to their hand-looms and Jacquard looms allowed them to work in five colors when most weavers were producing paisley using only two
26.
Kerchief
–
A kerchief also known as a bandana or bandanna, is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head or around the neck for protective or decorative purposes. The popularity of head kerchiefs may vary by culture or religion, as among Orthodox Jewish and Christian, Amish and it is also worn as headdresses by Malay men in traditional occasions such as weddings by the grooms and the pesilat. Their headdresses are better known as tengkolok, a handkerchief or hanky primarily refers to a napkin made of cloth, used to dab away perspiration, clear the nostrils, or, in Victorian times, as a means of flirtation. A woman could intentionally drop a dainty square of lacy or embroidered fabric to give a man a chance to pick it up as an excuse to speak to her while returning it. Handkerchiefs were sometimes scented to be used like a nosegay or tussy-mussy, the popularity of the bandana and kerchief was at it highest point in the 1970s, 80s and 90s depending on ones location. After that its popularity started waning in the west, but some eastern cultures maintained its usage for a while and it is largely seen as gender neutral and can be worn by both men and women. Its usage, when wrapped up, was replaced by the headband. A bandana is a type of large, usually colorful, kerchief, bandanas are frequently printed in a paisley pattern and are most often used to hold hair back, either as a fashionable head accessory, or for practical purposes. Originated in India as bright coloured handkerchiefs of silk and cotton with spots in white on coloured grounds, chiefly red, the silk styles were made of the finest quality yarns, and were very popular. Bandana prints for clothing were first produced in Glasgow from cotton yarns, the term, at present, generally means a fabric in printed styles, whether silk, silk and cotton, or all cotton. Colors can be worn as a means of communication or identification, as with the prominent California criminal gangs, the Bloods, the Crips, the 18th Street gang, in gang subcultures, the bandana could be worn in a pocket or around the head. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, the Bloods and the Crips wore red, Handkerchief Handkerchief code Other neckwear Ascot tie Cravat Fichu Neckerchief Scarf Other headwear Do-rag Hachimaki Headband Headscarf/Hijab Tengkolok How to tie a bandanna How to wear a bandanna
27.
Hard rock
–
Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
28.
Heavy metal music
–
Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
29.
Jimi Hendrix
–
James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
30.
Keith Richards
–
Keith Richards is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, best-selling memoirist and founding member of the rock band the Rolling Stones. The magazine of the same name credited Richards for rocks greatest single body of riffs on guitar, fourteen songs that Richards wrote with the Rolling Stones lead vocalist Mick Jagger are listed among Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The Stones are generally known for their guitar interplay of rhythm, in spite of this, Richards plays the only guitar tracks on some of their most famous songs including Paint It Black, Ruby Tuesday, Sympathy for the Devil, Gimme Shelter, and Angie. Richards was born 18 December 1943 at Livingston Hospital, in Dartford, Kent and he is the only child of Doris M. L. and Herbert W. Richards. His father was a worker who was injured in World War II during the Normandy invasion. His great-grandfathers family originated from Wales and his maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore Gus Dupree, who toured Britain with a jazz big band, Gus Dupree and his Boys, fostered Richards interest in guitar. Richards has said that it was Dupree who gave him his first guitar and his grandfather teased the young Richards with a guitar that was on a shelf that Richards couldnt reach at the time. Finally Dupree told Richards, that if Richards could reach the guitar then he could have it, Richards then devised all manner of ways of reaching the guitar, putting books and cushions on a chair and finally got the guitar and his grandfather let him have it. His grandfather taught him the rudiments of Richards first tune, Malagueña and he worked on the number like mad and then his grandfather let him keep the guitar. He called it the prize of the century, Richards played at home, listening to recordings by Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others. His father, on the hand, disparaged his sons musical enthusiasm. One of Richards first guitar heroes was Scotty Moore, Richards attended Wentworth Primary School with Mick Jagger and was his neighbour until 1954, when the family moved. From 1955 to 1959 he attended Dartford Technical High School for Boys, recruited by Dartford Techs choirmaster, R. W. Jake Clare, Richards sang in a trio of boy sopranos at, among other occasions, Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth II. In 1959 Richards was expelled from Dartford Tech for truancy and transferred to Sidcup Art College, at Sidcup he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys room. At this point Richards had learned most of Chuck Berrys solos, Richards met Jagger on a train as Jagger was heading for classes at the London School of Economics. The mail-order rhythm & blues albums from Chess Records by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters that Jagger was carrying revealed a mutual interest, along with mutual friend Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band, Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which Richards soon joined. The Blues Boys folded when Brian Jones, after sharing thoughts on their joint interest in the music, invited Mick and Keith to the Bricklayers Arms pub. By mid-1962 Richards had left Sidcup Art College to devote himself to music and moved into a London flat with Jagger and his parents divorced about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining estranged from his father until 1982
31.
Ted Nugent
–
Theodore Anthony Ted Nugent is an American musician and political activist. Nugent initially gained fame as the lead guitarist of the Amboy Dukes, after playing with the Amboy Dukes, he embarked on a solo career. Nugent is also noted for political views, his lifelong stance against drug and alcohol abuse and advocacy of hunting. He is a member of the National Rifle Association and a strong supporter of the Republican Party. Nugent was born the third of four siblings in Redford, Michigan, He moved to Palatine, Illinois as a teenager, raised Catholic, Nugent has mentioned his ties with Catholicism many times during interviews, and has stated that he regularly attends church. He attended William Fremd High School in Palatine, Illinois, then transferred after his year to St. Viator High School in Arlington Heights. Nugent has released more than 34 albums and has sold a total of 30 million records. He was known throughout his career in the 1970s for using Fender amps, a large part of his signature sound. Nugents 2005 plans involved a tour with country music singer-songwriter Toby Keith, Nugent toured with local Detroit musician Alex Winston during the summers of 2007 and 2008. On July 4,2008, at the DTE Energy Music Theater in Clarkston, Michigan, Ted Nugent played his 6, Derek St. Holmes, Johnny Bee Badanjek, and Nugents guitar teacher from 1958, Joe Podorsek, all jammed on stage with Nugent for various tunes. The Cellars house band at the time had been the Shadows of Knight, the Amboy Dukes second single was Journey to the Center of the Mind, which featured lyrics written by the Dukes second guitarist Steve Farmer. Nugent, an ardent anti-drug campaigner, has claimed that he had no idea that this song was about drug use. The Amboy Dukes, Journey to the Center of the Mind, Migration, on April 5,1968, Nugent along with a group of musicians paid tribute to Martin Luther King by having a folk, rock and blues jam session. Joni Mitchell played first, followed by Buddy Guy, Cactus, other musicians who participated were BB King and Al Kooper. After settling down on a ranch in Michigan in 1973, Nugent signed a deal with Frank Zappas DiscReet Records label. The following year, Tooth Fang & Claw established a fan base for Nugent, personnel changes nearly wrecked the band, which became known as Ted Nugent & the Amboy Dukes. Nugent reunited with the members of the Amboy Dukes at the 2009 Detroit Music Awards. The psychedelic band received a distinguished achievement honor at the event, the Dukes also played together at the ceremony, marking their first public performance in more than 30 years
32.
Bruce Springsteen
–
Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen is an American singer-songwriter. He is known for his work with the E Street Band, Springsteens recordings have included both commercially accessible rock albums and more somber folk-oriented works. His most successful albums, Born to Run and Born in the U. S. A. find pleasures in the struggles of daily American life. He has sold more 120 million records worldwide and more than 64 million records in the United States, in 2009, Springsteen was a Kennedy Center Honors recipient, in 2013 was named MusiCares person of the year and in 2016 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He married Patti Scialfa in 1991, and the couple have had three children – Evan James, Jessica Rae and Sam Ryan, Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen was born on September 23,1949, at Monmouth Medical Center in Long Branch, New Jersey. He was brought home from the hospital to Freehold Borough where he spent his childhood and he lived on South Street and attended Freehold Borough High School. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was of Dutch and Irish ancestry, Springsteen said his mother, Adele Ann, a legal secretary and of Italian ancestry, was the main breadwinner. His maternal grandfather was born in Vico Equense, a town near Naples and he has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela had a film career, but left acting to pursue still photography full-time, she took photos for his Human Touch, Lucky Town. The Springsteens are among the early Dutch families who settled in the colony of New Netherland in the 1600s, raised a Roman Catholic, Springsteen attended the St. In a 2012 interview, he explained that it was his Catholic upbringing rather than political ideology that most influenced his music and he noted in the interview that his faith had given him a very active spiritual life, although he joked that this made it very difficult sexually. He added, Once a Catholic, always a Catholic, in the ninth grade, Springsteen transferred to the public Freehold High School, but did not fit in there either. Former teachers have said he was a loner, who wanted nothing more than to play his guitar and he completed high school, but felt so uncomfortable that he skipped his own graduation ceremony. He briefly attended Ocean County College, but dropped out, Springsteen grew up hearing fellow New Jersey singer Frank Sinatra on the radio. He became interested in being involved in music himself when, in 1956 at the age of seven, in 1964, Springsteens mother bought him his first guitar for $18. 1964 was also an important year for Springsteen, having seen The Beatles appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, thereafter he started playing for audiences with a band called the Rogues at local venues such as the Elks Lodge in Freehold. In 1965, Springsteens mother took out a loan to buy her 16-year-old son a $60 Kent guitar, in the same year, he went to the house of Tex and Marion Vinyard, who sponsored young bands in town. They helped him become the lead guitarist and subsequently one of the singers of the Castiles
33.
Link Wray
–
Fred Lincoln Link Wray, Jr. was an American rock and roll guitarist, songwriter and vocalist who became popular in the late 1950s. Rolling Stone placed Wray at No.45 of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, in 2013 he was a nominee for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Though he began in music, his musical style went on to consist primarily of rock and roll, rockabilly. Wray was born on May 2,1929 in Dunn, North Carolina, to Fred Lincoln Wray, Sr. and his wife, three songs he performed were named for American Indian tribes, Shawnee, Apache, and Comanche. Apache was an instrumental composed by Jerry Lordan, it was originally a hit in the United Kingdom for The Shadows in 1960, Wray recorded a cover version 30 years later, when it was also associated with The Ventures and the Incredible Bongo Band. Wray served in the US Army during the Korean War, and contracted tuberculosis and his stay concluded with the removal of a lung, which doctors predicted would mean he would never be able to sing again. In 1958, Wrays first hit, Rumble, was banned in New York, the record was first released on Cadence Records as Cat #1347. Before, during and after his stints with major labels Epic and Swan, tiring of the corporate music machine, he began recording albums using a three-track studio he converted from an outbuilding on his brothers property that his father used to raise chickens. While living in the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1970s and he subsequently formed a band initially featuring special guest Cipollina along with the rhythm section from Cipollinas band Copperhead, bassist Hutch Hutchinson, and drummer David Weber. They opened for the band Lighthouse at The Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles from May 15–19,1974 and he later did numerous concerts and radio broadcasts in the Bay Area including KSAN and the Bill Graham venue Winterland Ballroom, with Les Lizama later replacing Hutchinson on bass. He toured and recorded two albums with retro-rockabilly artist Robert Gordon in the late 1970s, the 1980s to the present day saw a large number of reissues as well as new material. One member of his band in the 1980s, drummer Anton Fig, in 1994, he played on four songs of the album Chatterton by French rocker Alain Bashung. Wrays first three marriages—to Elizabeth Canady Wray, Katherine Tidwell Wray, and Sharon Wray—each ended in divorce, although Wray had eight children with his first three wives, he had little contact with any of them after relocating to Denmark in the early 1980s. He died of heart failure, aged 76, in 2005, survivors included his fourth wife, Olive Julie Povlsen Wray, and their son. He was buried in the crypt of the Christians Church, Copenhagen, jack Rose cited Wray as an influence, as did Iggy Pop and Neil Young. Jimmy Page says that Link Wray had a real rebel attitude, according to Rolling Stone, Pete Townshend of The Who once said, If it hadnt been for Link Wray and Rumble, I never would have picked up a guitar. The only people I ever really looked up to were Link Wray and Iggy Pop, Link Wray. are very special to me. On October 16,2013, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced that Link Wray was a nominee for inclusion in 2014, Wray was a featured collaborator on Robert Gordons 1977 single Red Hot
34.
1970s in Western fashion
–
Fashion in the 1970s was about individuality. In the early 1970s, Vogue proclaimed “There are no rules in the fashion game now” due to flooding the market with cheap synthetic cloting. Instead of brands and following the trends like previous eras, the 70s were about “Freedom”, “identity”, New technologies brought advances in production through mass production, higher efficiency, generating higher standards and uniformity. Generally the most famous silhouette of the mid and late 1970s for both genders was that of tight on top and loose on bottom. The 1970s also saw the birth of the indifferent, anti-conformist casual chic approach to fashion and they successfully adapted their design aesthetics to accommodate the changes that the market was aiming for. The top fashion models of the 1970s were Lauren Hutton, Margaux Hemingway, Beverly Johnson, Gia Carangi, Janice Dickinson, Cheryl Tiegs, Jerry Hall, the decade began with a continuation of the hippie look from the 1960s, giving a distinct ethnic flavor. Popular early 1970s fashions for women included Tie dye shirts, Mexican peasant blouses, folk-embroidered Hungarian blouses, ponchos, capes, bottom attire for women during this time included bell-bottoms, gauchos, frayed jeans, midi skirts, and ankle-length maxi dresses. Hippie clothing during this time was made in bright colors, as well as Indian patterns, Native American patterns. All of these replaced standard jewelry, unisex hippie accessories included headbands, floppy hats, balumba balls, flowing scarves, Birkenstocks, and earth shoes. Although the hippie look was widespread, it was not adopted by everyone, many women still continued to dress up with more glamorous clothes, inspired by 1940s movie star glamour. Other women just adopted simple casual fashions, or combined new garments with carefully chosen secondhand or vintage clothing from the 1930s, 1950s and 1960s. Pastel colors were most commonly used for style of clothing, such as mauve, peach, apple green, pink, yellow, white, wheat, camel, gray. Rust, tangerine, copper, forest green, and pistachio became more popularized from 1973 onwards, sweaters were a huge phenomenon in the early 1970s, often outfits being judged entirely by the sweater. This fragmented into more styles, such as coats, sweater dresses, floor-length sweaters. Many of them were trimmed with fur, especially faux, chunky, shawl-collared, belted cardigans, often in brown and white, were also commonplace. Golden chains, gold-button earrings and rhinestone clips started to become again in 1973 after several years of homemade jewelry. In the early 1970s boots were at the height of their popularity, women had boots for every occasion, with a wide variety of styles being sold in stores for affordable prices. Despite the wide variety, the most popular boots were Go-go boots, crinkle boots, stretch boots, by 1974, the T-shirt was no longer considered underwear, and was by then made in elaborate designs such as slogans, sports teams, and other styles
35.
Deely bobber
–
A deely bobber is a novelty item of headgear comprising a headband to which are affixed two springy protrusions resembling the antennae of insects or of stereotypical little green men. These antennae may be topped with simple shapes or more elaborate and fanciful decorations. The name deely bobber is a trademark, other names include deely-boppers, bonce boppers. In June 1982, a New York Times headline called them Martian antennae, stephen Askin invented the original deely bobber in 1981, inspired by the Killer Bees costumes on Saturday Night Live. Askin was an entrepreneur who had sold dartboards depicting Ayatollah Khomeini during the Iran hostage crisis of 1980. Askin made prototype Deely Bobbers in his kitchen and test-marketed them at the Los Angeles Street Fair of summer 1981 and he sold the invention to the Ace Novelty Co. of Bellevue, Washington, which launched it in January 1982 at the California Gift Fair. The name Deely Bobber was suggested by the wife of John Minkove and it was previously a brand of toy block sold 1969-73. Deely boppers began retailing in April 1982 at US$3 and they quickly became a fad in the United States, before reaching the United Kingdom in July. At the 1982 Worlds Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee,10,000 a day were sold, total sales by August were estimated at 2 million, imitations costing $1–2 undercut the original, though Askin applied for a patent. The original decorations for the antennae were polystyrene shapes covered in sparkles, spheres, stars, flashing lights were added to cash in on the hit movie E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, with seasonal themes for later holidays
36.
Fad
–
Fads are things or behaviors that have achieved short-lived popularity, but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden, quick spreading, and short-lived, Fads could include diets, clothing, hairstyles, toys, and more. Some popular fads throughout history are toys such as yo-yos, hula hoops and dances such as the Macarena, more current fads might include memes, planking, and Tebowing. Fads often fade quickly when the perception of novelty is gone, the specific nature of the behavior associated with a fad can be of any type including unusual language usage, distinctive clothing, fad diets or frauds such as Pyramid schemes. Apart from general novelty, fads may be driven by marketing, emotional blackmail, peer pressure. Fads may also be set by popular celebrities, e. g. the highly popularizing effect of Oprahs Book Club, in economics, the term is used in a similar way. Fads are mean-reverting deviations from intrinsic value caused by social or psychological forces similar to those that cause fashions in political philosophies or consumerisation, sometimes people use the words “fad” and “trend” interchangeably. Fads can be distinguished from trends in three ways, their reason for rise, their period and life span, and their scope. Trends have explainable rises, and are driven by functional needs and they reflect deep-rooted human desires and needs, while fads are generally driven by the emotional need to purchase. This emotional need can come from the hype that surrounds the product, trends rise slowly over time, but fads’ popularity spike quickly and they end up dying out just as quickly. Fads might last for just weeks or months, a trend encompasses several brands and products which can reach a large variety of people. A fad typically encompasses just one brand, or product, with limited appeal, an example of a fad would be Beanie Babies. Beanie Babies do not meet many needs of humans, their hype is what helped to bring in more customers. Fads tend to have a surge in popularity, and then disappear. Beanie Babies became very popular for a few years in the 1990s, but then their popularity quickly dropped, Beanie Babies were made by one company and had a narrow scope. Some more examples of fads include pole sitting, dancing the Shake, an example of a trend would be handbags. Trends are driven by functional needs, and handbags were created for functionality, trends tend to rise in popularity more slowly. The demand for handbags has steadily increased over the years, as for their scope, different types of people use handbags for different reasons, to carry things such as money, personal items, clothes, children’s things, and more
37.
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry and was the child and third daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, in 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer. She came to prominence in February 1981 when her engagement to Prince Charles was announced and her wedding to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981, held at St Pauls Cathedral, reached a global television audience of over 750 million people. While married, Diana bore the titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, the marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and she was celebrated for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. She was involved with dozens of charities including Londons Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, Diana remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Diana was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the Spencer family has been closely allied with the British Royal Family for several generations. Both of Dianas grandmothers had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on 30 August 1961, Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, with wealthy commoners as godparents. Diana had three siblings, Sarah, Jane, and Charles and her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born. The desire for an added strain to the Spencers marriage. Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, the Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew, Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced. Her mother later had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969, Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents separation in 1967, but during that years Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let Diana return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, in 1972, Lord Althorp began a relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Dame Barbara Cartland. They married at Caxton Hall, London in 1976, as an upper-class child at the time, Diana was first educated under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen. She began her education at Silfield Private School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Diss
38.
Emerald
–
Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7. 5–8 on the Mohs scale, most emeralds are highly included, so their toughness is classified as generally poor. The word emerald is derived, from Vulgar Latin, esmaralda/esmaraldus, a variant of Latin smaragdus, emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters–the four Cs of Connoisseurship, Color, Clarity, Cut and Carat weight. Before the 20th century, jewelers used the water, as in a gem of the finest water. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion, however, in the grading of emeralds, clarity is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, in the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of emerald to include the green vanadium-bearing beryl as emerald. As a result, vanadium emeralds purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the UK, in America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as Colombian Emerald. In gemology, color is divided into three components, hue, saturation, and tone, emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds, only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emerald, light-toned gems are known instead by the species name green beryl. The finest emerald are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone would be colorless, in addition, a fine emerald should be well saturated and have a hue that is bright. Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emerald, Emerald tends to have numerous inclusions and surface breaking fissures. Unlike diamond, where the standard, i. e. 10× magnification, is used to grade clarity. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye it is considered flawless, stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometime described as jardin, imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue, with no more than 15% of any hue or combination of a medium-dark tone. The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in cabochon form, faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around the top edge. Most emeralds are oiled as part of the process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved. Cedar oil, having a refractive index, is often used in this widely adopted practice
39.
Diamond
–
Diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material and those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells. Because of its extremely rigid lattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such as boron, small amounts of defects or impurities color diamond blue, yellow, brown, green, purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion, most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers in the Earths mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years. Diamonds are brought close to the Earths surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma, Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earths mantle. An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition, several non-diamond materials, which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties. Special gemological techniques have developed to distinguish natural diamonds, synthetic diamonds. The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας – adámas unbreakable, the name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας, proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed, from ἀ-, un- + δαμάω, I overpower, I tame. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years, Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history, later in 1797, the English chemist Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, the most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The dispersion of light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds, four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds, these are carat, cut, color, and clarity. A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon and these conditions are met in two places on Earth, in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike. The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure
40.
Choker
–
A choker is a close-fitting necklace worn around the neck. Chokers can be made of a variety of materials, including velvet, plastic, beads, leather, metal, such as silver, gold or platinum and they can be adorned in a variety of ways, including with sequins, studs, or a pendant. The common types of choker include Victorian, vintage, open collar, Gothic, pendant, gemstone, Chokers were worn as early as the First Century A. D. They are mentioned in the Talmud as a common womens accessory, historically, it was associated with high fashion, but could take on different meanings under different circumstances. Ballerinas and the class in the late 19th century commonly wore certain types of chokers. However, at same time, the late 19th century. A plain black woven choker or ribbon could signify secret lesbianism in the Depression era, the 19th century fashion for broad Chokers reached its peak around 1900 in part due to Queen Alexandra of Denmark wearing one to hide a small scar. Chokers were trendy into the 1920s and again in the 40s as colliers de chien, Chokers became quite popular among women and girls in the 1970s and late 1990s. The 1990s fashion trend has recently resurfaced in the mid-2010s, media related to Chokers at Wikimedia Commons
41.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
42.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
43.
Flag and coat of arms of Corsica
–
The Flag of Corsica was adopted by General of the Nation Pasquale di Paoli in 1755 and was based on a traditional flag used previously. It portrays a Moors Head in black wearing a white bandana above his eyes on a white background, previously, the bandana covered his eyes, Paoli wanted the bandana moved to above the eyes to symbolise the liberation of the Corsican people. It was used by the ill-fated Corsican Republic and was banned after 1769. This was to pay the costs of the French expeditionary corps which should have helped Genoa to secure its control on Corsica, during this period under French rule, 1769–1789, Corsican patriots again used the version of the flag with blindfolded eyes, as a mark of protest. The unblindfolded version, quartered with the British coat of arms, was used as the flag during the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom of 1794-1796. It then fell into disuse until 1980, when it was re-adopted as a regional flag. The Moors Head is also used on the Coat of Arms of Corsica, the Flag of Sardinia, and on the crest of Clan Borthwick. In a coat of arms book of the late 14th century compiled in the Germanic area, the Armorial book of Gelre, the unblindfolded Moors Head is reported for Corsica in the states of the Crown of Aragon
44.
Hachimaki
–
A hachimaki is a stylized headband in Japanese culture, usually made of red or white cloth, worn as a symbol of perseverance, effort, and/or courage by the wearer. These narrow strips of fabric are generally decorated with slogans, like 日本一. The historical origin of hachimaki is uncertain, one theory links the cloth to those worn by early religious ascetics. Another theory states that they originated in headbands worn by samurai that kept their helmets on, to absorb perspiration and this is similar to the purpose of the European cloth arming cap. Perhaps the most well known usage of the hachimaki was by the kamikaze pilots toward the end of World War II, kamikaze pilots would frequently don a hachimaki, usually with the kanji 神風, before flying to their deaths
45.
Hwarang
–
Hwarang, also known as Flowering Knights, were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century. Chinese sources referred only to the beauty of the Flower Youths. Originally, the hwarang were known for their use of make-up and cosmetic decorations, the history of the hwarang was not widely known until after the liberation of 1945, after which the hwarang became elevated to a symbolic importance. The Hwarang were also referred to as Hyangdo, the word hwarang, the word remained in common use until the 12th century but with more derogatory connotations. In the late 1980s, an alleged Hwarang Segi manuscript was discovered in Gimhae, South Korea, according to the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, two bands of females called Wonhwa preceded the Hwarang. The precise nature and activities of the Wonhwa are also unclear, however, considering that they were trained in ethics, this may be a later patriarchal reading into the Wonhwa. Women played a more prominent social role in pre-Joseon dynasty Korea, especially in Silla. Both sources record that during the reign of King Jinheung, groups of girls were chosen and taught filial and fraternal piety, loyalty. However, the leaders of the two bands of Wonhwa, Nammo 南毛 and Junjeong 俊貞, grew jealous of one another, when Junjeong murdered her rival the Wonhwa were disbanded. e. In the case of the wonhwa, devotion to philosophy and the arts, furthermore, while the names nammo and junjeong could have been appellations adopted by these two ladies for use in court, one cannot overlook the obvious descriptions they portray. Nammo hints at one who is careless yet lucky, or perhaps someone who is innately insightful, junjeung clearly indicates a person who is talented and virtuous, despite the fact that she was the one who succumbed to homicidal tendencies. At some point thereafter, according to the Samguk Yusa, the Silla king, again issued a decree and chose boys from good families who were of good morals and renamed them hwarang. The actual word used in this chronicle is hwanang, meaning flower girls and this suggests that the Hwarang were not originally military in character, as the Wonhwa were not soldiers. The youths who were chosen by the Silla Kingdom became the knights, a close relationship did exist between the Hwarang and Buddhism because Buddhism was accepted as a state religion by the royalty and aristocrats within the Silla Kingdom. The Buddhist monks were often mentors for the Hwarang in both physical and spiritual ways. Won Gwang trained these youths in three areas 1. )Won Gwang gave to these Hwarang, martial techniques that combined the secret Buddhist monks physical exercises, along with Taek Kyeon. Won Gwang also proposed 5 principles or guidelines that were called the Five Precepts for Secular Life which became a list of ethics that the Hwarang could embrace,1. )Treat ones parents with respect. Exhibit trust and sincerity amongst friends, exercise discretion when taking a life
46.
Rafael Nadal
–
Rafael Rafa Nadal Parera is a Spanish professional tennis player. He is widely regarded as the greatest clay-court player in history and his evolution into an all-court threat has established him as one of the greatest players in tennis history, with some considering Nadal to be the greatest player of all time. Nadal has won 14 Grand Slam singles titles, the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles,28 titles in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 events and he was also a member of the winning Spain Davis Cup team in 2004,2008,2009, and 2011. In 2010, he became the player in history and youngest of four in the Open Era to achieve the Career Grand Slam at age 24. He is the male player, after Andre Agassi, to complete the singles Career Golden Slam. In 2011, Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, the left-hander is the sixth player in the Open Era to reach more than 100 finals on the ATP World Tour. Nadal and Mats Wilander are the two male players who have won at least two Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces—hard court, grass, and clay. Nadal holds the record for most consecutive titles at one event after winning his eighth straight Monte-Carlo Masters in 2012 and he is the only player in the open era to achieve such a feat. Nadal is the male player in tennis history to win one Grand Slam. He equalled Guillermo Vilass Open Era record of 49 clay-court titles by winning the Barcelona Open in 2016, Rafael Nadal was born in Manacor, Balearic Islands, Spain. His father, Sebastián Nadal, is a businessman who owns a company and a glass and window company, Vidres Mallorca. His mother is Ana María Parera, a housewife and he has a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a professional footballer, who played for RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona. Nadal supports football clubs Real Madrid and RCD Mallorca, recognizing that Nadal had a natural talent for tennis, another uncle, Toni Nadal, a former professional tennis player, introduced him to tennis when he was three years old. At age eight, Nadal won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was also a football player. This may be due to the fact he is ambidextrous, playing tennis with his left hand, when Nadal was 12, he won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group and was playing tennis and football all the time. Nadals father made him choose between football and tennis so that his work would not deteriorate entirely. Football had to stop straight away, when he was 14, the Spanish tennis federation requested that he leave Mallorca and move to Barcelona to continue his tennis training
.jpg)
