1.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
–
Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
–
Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
–
Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
2.
Rhythm and blues
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
–
T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
–
Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
–
Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
–
The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
3.
Garage rock
–
Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada. The term derives from the perception that groups were made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage. The style, a precursor to rock, is characterized by aggressive and unsophisticated lyrics and delivery. In the US and Canada, surf rock—and later the Beatles, hundreds of acts produced regional hits, and some had national hits. Though largely associated with North America, counterparts were present elsewhere as part of the beat boom of the era. As critics of the period began to prescribe a scope for genre, they used the term punk rock. Garage rock has experienced various revivals in the years and continues to influence acts who prefer a back to basics. In the early- to mid-1980s, several garage revival scenes sprung up featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look, in the 2000s, a wave of garage rock revival acts associated with the post-punk revival emerged, and a handful achieved airplay and commercial success. The term garage rock comes from the perception that its performers were young and amateurish, while numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties. The term garage band often refers to acts in this genre. Garage bands performed in a variety of venues, less-established groups typically played at parties, school dances, and teen clubs. For acts of legal age, bars, nightclubs, and college fraternity socials also provided regular engagements, occasionally, local groups had the opportunity to open at shows for famous touring acts. Some garage rock bands went on tour, particularly better-known acts, groups often competed in battles of the bands, which gave musicians an opportunity to gain exposure and a chance to win a prize, such as free recording time in a local studio. Battles of the bands were held, locally, regionally and nationally, and two of the most prestigious contests were held annually by the Tea Council of the U. S. A. and the Music Circus. Performances often sounded amateurish, naïve or intentionally raw, with typical themes revolving around the traumas of high school life, instrumentation was characterized by electric guitars often distorted through a fuzzbox, teamed with bass and drums. Guitarists sometimes played using aggressive-sounding bar chord riffs, sometimes referred to as power chords, organs such as the Farfisa were commonly used as well as mouth harmonicas or hand-held percussion such as tambourines. Occasionally, the tempo sped up in certain passages, sometimes referred to as raveups, Garage rock acts were diverse in both musical ability and in style, ranging from crude two- and three-chord music to near-studio musician quality. There were also variations in flourishing scenes, such as in California
Garage rock
–
The D-Men (later
the Fifth Estate) in 1964
Garage rock
–
Richard Berry, whose 1957 song "
Louie Louie " inspired
the Wailers,
the Kingsmen, and in turn thousands of other garage bands
Garage rock
–
Paul Revere and the Raiders in 1967
Garage rock
–
The Pleasure Seekers (Suzi Quatro at far right) pictured in 1966
4.
Folk rock
–
Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds, the term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. A distinct, eclectic style of folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle, Fairport Convention. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres, Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The style was influenced by the Beatles and other British bands. The term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world and, to a lesser extent, as with any genre, the borders are difficult to define. Of these, the first two owed direct debts to protest folk singers such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, along with the leftist Popular Front culture of the 1930s. The Weavers mainstream popularity set the stage for the revival of the 1950s and early 1960s. By 1951, however, the group had fallen afoul of the U. S, red Scare of the McCarthy era, and as a result they disbanded in 1952. The group reformed in 1955, releasing the influential album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall in 1957, before disbanding for a time in 1964. The crystal-clear harmony singing and liberal outlook that characterized American folk rock during the mid-1960s sprang directly from the music, while this urban folk revival flourished in many cities across the U. S. Like the 1950s Beat Generation before them, the vast majority of the urban folk revivalists shared a disdain for the values of mainstream American mass culture, across the Atlantic, a parallel folk revival was occurring in the UK during the 1950s and early 1960s. However, it wasnt until 1956 and the advent of the skiffle craze that the British folk revival crossed over into the mainstream, skiffle was a blend of jazz, folk, and country blues, with roots in African-American folk music and the post-war British jazz scene. This renewed popularity of folk music forms in Britain led directly to the folk movement. Among the leading lights of the folk movement were Bert Jansch and John Renbourn
Folk rock
–
Pete Seeger entertaining
Eleanor Roosevelt (center), at a racially integrated Valentine's Day party.
Folk rock
–
Bob Dylan was the most influential of all the urban folk-protest songwriters.
Folk rock
–
The Byrds performing "Mr. Tambourine Man" on
The Ed Sullivan Show, 12 December 1965.
Folk rock
–
Dylan in 1963.
5.
Country rock
–
Country rock is subgenre of popular music, formed from the fusion of rock and country. It was developed by musicians who began to record country-flavored records in the late-1960s and early-1970s. These musicians recorded rock records using country themes, vocal styles, country rock began with Bob Dylan and The Byrds, reaching its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists such as Emmylou Harris, the Eagles, Michael Nesmith, Poco and Pure Prairie League. Country rock also influenced artists in genres, including The Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Rolling Stones. It also played a part in the development of Southern rock, john Einarson states, From a variety of perspectives and motivations, these musicians either played rock & roll attitude, or added a country feel to rock, or folk, or bluegrass, there was no formula. Dylans lead was followed by The Byrds, who were joined by Gram Parsons in 1968. Parsons had mixed country with rock, blues and folk to create what he called Cosmic American Music. Earlier in the year Parsons had released Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band, the result of Parsons brief tenure in the Byrds was Sweetheart of the Rodeo, generally considered one of the finest and most influential recordings in the genre. Country rock was a popular style in the California music scene of the late 1960s. Some folk-rockers followed the Byrds into the genre, among them the Beau Brummels, one of the few acts to successfully move from the country side towards rock were the bluegrass band The Dillards. Former members of Ronstadts backing band went on to form the Eagles, however, the principal country influence in the Eagles came from Bernie Leadon of the Flying Burrito Brothers, and little country influence was left in the band after he left in late 1975. The genre declined in popularity in the late 1970s, but some established artists, List of country rock albums List of country rock musicians
Country rock
–
Gram Parsons in 1972
Country rock
–
Emmylou Harris, the "Queen of country rock", playing in
Rotterdam,
Netherlands (2006)
Country rock
–
Dickey Betts of The
Allman Brothers Band, brought elements of country rock into the band during the 1970s
6.
Electric guitar
–
The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
Electric guitar
–
A
Kramer XKG-20 electric guitar circa 1980, modified
Electric guitar
–
The "Frying Pan", 1932
Electric guitar
–
Gibson Les Paul Custom 1954
Electric guitar
–
Detail of a Squier-made Fender Stratocaster. Note the vibrato arm, the 3 single-coil pickups, the volume and tone knobs.
7.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
Bass guitar
–
A
Music Man StingRay bass
Bass guitar
–
(a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar)
Bass guitar
–
Musical instrument inventor Paul Tutmarc outside his music store in Seattle, Washington
Bass guitar
–
Design patent issued to Leo Fender for the second-generation
Precision Bass
8.
Drum kit
–
A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
Drum kit
Drum kit
–
South-African jazz drummer
Louis Moholo playing a four-piece kit
Drum kit
–
Dance band drummer Stan Farmer at Mark Foy's Empress Ballroom, Sydney, New South Wales, using a kit with bass drum pedal and low sock. Tom Lennon, 23 October 1935
Drum kit
–
Drummer in a Memphis "juke joint" orchestra playing a kit with four non-tunable
toms. Marion Post Wolcott, October 1939
9.
Keyboard instrument
–
A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
Keyboard instrument
–
The
piano, a common keyboard instrument
Keyboard instrument
–
Bandoneon
Keyboard instrument
–
Most common
10.
Harmonica
–
There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece, behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, when the free end is made to vibrate by the players air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches, tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds, an important technique in performance is bending, causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb is the body of the instrument, which. The term comb may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb, Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood but now are also made from plastic or metal. Some modern and experimental designs are complex in the way that they direct the air. There is dispute among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica, among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute, however, that comb surface smoothness and air-tightness when mated with the reedplates can greatly affect tone, the main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a comb can absorb moisture from the players breath. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem. Much effort is devoted by serious players to restoring wood combs, some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, players still dip harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes. The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing, the reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the side of the reed plate respond to blowing
Harmonica
–
A 16-hole chromatic (top) and 10-hole diatonic harmonica
Harmonica
–
Comb and two reedplates
Harmonica
–
Reed plate
Harmonica
–
Mark Wenner cups his hands around a "bullet mic" as he plays amplified harmonica.
11.
Midwest
–
It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
Midwest
–
Typical terrain of the
Driftless Area as viewed from
Wildcat Mountain State Park in
Vernon County, Wisconsin
Midwest
–
The Midwest as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Midwest
–
Flint Hills grasslands of Kansas
Midwest
–
Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
12.
Rust Belt
–
The term gained popularity in the U. S. in the 1980s. While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high-tech industries, others have not fared as well, witnessing rising poverty and declining populations. The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the proximity to the Great Lakes waterways. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains and this region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor. Following several boom periods from the late-19th to the century, cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic. As people migrate, they often coin new names for their destinations, since the term Rust Belt pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se, the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries. This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River, including St. Louis, before World War II, the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States. However, by the centurys end their population had fallen the most in the country. A gate was opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities. Coming in the direction were millions of European immigrants, who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then-unprecedented speed. Chicago, famously, was a trading post in the 1840s. Early signs of the difficulty in the states were evident early in the 20th century. Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region, one source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Some economists contend that the U. S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt, since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U. S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor, beginning with the recession of 1970–71, a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U. S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay-offs, in general, in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32. 9% between 1969 and 1996. A gradual expansion of the U. S. trade deficit with China began in 1985, in the ensuing years the U. S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval
Rust Belt
–
An abandoned
Fisher auto body plant in Detroit
Rust Belt
–
>58% loss
Rust Belt
–
A steel plant in
Bethlehem, PA. Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact, part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem.
Rust Belt
–
An unused
grain elevator in Buffalo
13.
Working class
–
The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
Working class
–
Working class life in
Victorian Wetherby,
West Yorkshire,
England.
Working class
–
Striking teamsters battling police on the streets of Minneapolis, June 1934.
Working class
–
Precursors
14.
Social alienation
–
The term alienation has been used over the ages with varied and sometimes contradictory meanings. In ancient history it could mean a sense of achieving a higher state of contemplation, ecstasy or union—becoming alienated from a limited existence in the world. Examples of this usage have been traced to neoplatonic philosophers such as Plotinus, there have also long been religious concepts of being separated or cut off from God and the faithful, alienated in a negative sense. The New Testament mentions the term apallotrioomai in Greek—being alienated from, ideas of estrangement from a Golden Age, or due to a Fall of man, or approximate equivalents in differing cultures or religions, have also been described as concepts of alienation. A double positive and negative sense of alienation is shown in the spiritual beliefs referred to as Gnosticism. Alienation has also had a particular legal-political meaning since at least Ancient Roman times, the term alienation itself comes from the Latin alienus which meant of another place or person, which in turn came from alius, meaning other or another. An alienus in ancient Roman times could refer to someone elses slave, another usage of the term in Ancient Greco-Roman times was by physicians referring to disturbed, difficult or abnormal states of mind, generally attributed to imbalanced physiology. In Latin alienatio mentis, this usage has been dated to Asclepiades, once translations of such works had resurfaced in the West in the 17th century, physicians again began using the term, which is typically attributed to Felix Platter. In medieval times, a relationship between alienation and social order has been described, mediated in part by mysticism and monasticism, the Crusades and Witch-hunts have been described as forms of mass alienation. In the 18th century, Hutcheson introduced a distinction between alienable and unalienable rights in the sense of the term. In the same century a law of Alienation of affection was introduced for men to seek compensation from other men accused of taking away their woman. In the history of literature, the German Romantics appear to be the first group of writers, around the start of the 19th century, Hegel popularized a Christian and Idealist philosophy of alienation. Around the same time, Pinel was popularizing a new understanding of mental alienation and he argued that people could be disturbed by emotional states and social conditions, without necessarily having lost their reason, as had generally been assumed. Hegel praised Pinel for his moral treatment approach, and developed related theories, nevertheless, as Foucault would later write. Marx was initially in the Young Hegelian camp and, like Feuerbach, rejected the spiritual basis, marxs theory of alienation is articulated most clearly in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and The German Ideology. The young Marx wrote more often and directly of alienation than the mature Marx, marxs concepts of alienation have been classed into four types by Kostas Axelos, Economic and Social Alienation, Political Alienation, Human Alienation, and Ideological Alienation. In the concepts most prominent use, it refers to the economic and social aspect in which workers are disconnected from what they produce. Marx believed that alienation is a result of capitalism
Social alienation
–
Sociology
15.
Alternative country
–
Alternative country is a loosely defined subgenre of country music, which includes acts that differ significantly in style from mainstream or pop country music. It has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have incorporated influences ranging from rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock. Attempts to combine punk and country were pioneered by Jason and the Scorchers, members and figures associated with Uncle Tupelo formed three major bands in the genre, Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Other influential bands included Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, and Blood Oranges, lyrics may be bleak or socially aware, but also more heartfelt and less likely to use the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians. No Depression, the magazine dedicated to the genre, declared that it covered alternative-country music. Another major influence was country rock, the result of fusing country music with a rock & roll sound, the artist most commonly thought to have originated country rock is Gram Parsons, although Michael Nesmith, Steve Earle and Gene Clark are frequently identified as important innovators. The third factor was punk rock, which supplied an energy, the bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers further developed this tradition before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. List of alternative country musicians Heartland rock Red Dirt Southern rock Texas country music Notes Bibliography Alden, Grant, & Blackstock, no Depression, An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Modern Twang, An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory, kasten, Roy, Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday, Riverfront Times. Hogeland, William, Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, so what is insurgent country anyway. From American Studies at the University of Virginia
Alternative country
–
Son Volt performing in 2005
Alternative country
–
Blue Mountain on stage in 2008
16.
Roots rock
–
Roots rock is rock music that looks back to rocks origins in folk, blues and country music. Because roots music is used to mean folk and world musical forms. In the 1980s, roots rock enjoyed a revival in response to trends in rock, new wave. The same movement saw the beginning of the careers of Californian solo artists like Ry Cooder, Bonnie Raitt. The back to basics tendency would also be evident in the Rolling Stones Beggars Banquet and Exile on Main Street, the Beatles The White Album and Let It Be. The Doors Morrison Hotel and L. A. Woman, as well as the Grateful Deads Workingmans Dead Dylans lead was followed by The Byrds. The result of Parsons tenure in the Byrds was Sweetheart of the Rodeo, country rock was a particularly popular style in the California music scene of the late 1960s, and was adopted by bands including Hearts and Flowers, Poco and New Riders of the Purple Sage. Some folk-rockers followed the Byrds into the genre, among them the Beau Brummels, one of the few acts to successfully move from the country side towards rock were the bluegrass band The Dillards. Members of Ronstadts former backing band went on to form the Eagles, country rock began to fade in the late 1970s in the face of punk and new wave trends.38 Special, and Molly Hatchet. It has been seen as an American Midwest and Rust Belt counterpart to West Coast country rock and it can also be heard as an influence on artists as diverse as Billy Joel, Kid Rock and The Killers. As rock music in general, and blue collar and white working class themes in particular, lost influence with younger audiences, the term roots rock was coined during the mid-80s. Also part of trend and enjoying some mainstream success were Gun Club, Chris Isaak, John Mellencamp, BoDeans. In addition the alternative country movement, producing figures as Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Lucinda Williams and Uncle Tupelo. The movement began to decline in popularity again in the 1990s but produced some bands like Son Volt, Wilco, after disbanding Dire Straits in 1995, frontman and lyricist Mark Knopfler has largely returned to a roots-rock sound across his nine albums since. List of Roots rock bands and musicians
Roots rock
–
Bob Dylan
Roots rock
–
Duane Allman playing guitar at the
Fillmore East, June 26, 1971 (late show)
17.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
–
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
–
Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
18.
Singer-songwriter
–
Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
Singer-songwriter
–
Woody Guthrie
Singer-songwriter
–
Bob Dylan
Singer-songwriter
–
Hank Williams
Singer-songwriter
–
Paul Simon in concert
19.
Bruce Springsteen
–
Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen is an American singer-songwriter. He is known for his work with the E Street Band, Springsteens recordings have included both commercially accessible rock albums and more somber folk-oriented works. His most successful albums, Born to Run and Born in the U. S. A. find pleasures in the struggles of daily American life. He has sold more 120 million records worldwide and more than 64 million records in the United States, in 2009, Springsteen was a Kennedy Center Honors recipient, in 2013 was named MusiCares person of the year and in 2016 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He married Patti Scialfa in 1991, and the couple have had three children – Evan James, Jessica Rae and Sam Ryan, Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen was born on September 23,1949, at Monmouth Medical Center in Long Branch, New Jersey. He was brought home from the hospital to Freehold Borough where he spent his childhood and he lived on South Street and attended Freehold Borough High School. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was of Dutch and Irish ancestry, Springsteen said his mother, Adele Ann, a legal secretary and of Italian ancestry, was the main breadwinner. His maternal grandfather was born in Vico Equense, a town near Naples and he has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela had a film career, but left acting to pursue still photography full-time, she took photos for his Human Touch, Lucky Town. The Springsteens are among the early Dutch families who settled in the colony of New Netherland in the 1600s, raised a Roman Catholic, Springsteen attended the St. In a 2012 interview, he explained that it was his Catholic upbringing rather than political ideology that most influenced his music and he noted in the interview that his faith had given him a very active spiritual life, although he joked that this made it very difficult sexually. He added, Once a Catholic, always a Catholic, in the ninth grade, Springsteen transferred to the public Freehold High School, but did not fit in there either. Former teachers have said he was a loner, who wanted nothing more than to play his guitar and he completed high school, but felt so uncomfortable that he skipped his own graduation ceremony. He briefly attended Ocean County College, but dropped out, Springsteen grew up hearing fellow New Jersey singer Frank Sinatra on the radio. He became interested in being involved in music himself when, in 1956 at the age of seven, in 1964, Springsteens mother bought him his first guitar for $18. 1964 was also an important year for Springsteen, having seen The Beatles appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, thereafter he started playing for audiences with a band called the Rogues at local venues such as the Elks Lodge in Freehold. In 1965, Springsteens mother took out a loan to buy her 16-year-old son a $60 Kent guitar, in the same year, he went to the house of Tex and Marion Vinyard, who sponsored young bands in town. They helped him become the lead guitarist and subsequently one of the singers of the Castiles
Bruce Springsteen
–
Bruce Springsteen performing at the
Roskilde Festival 2012.
Bruce Springsteen
–
New Jersey beach towns such as
Asbury Park inspired the themes of ordinary life in Bruce Springsteen's music.
Bruce Springsteen
–
Springsteen and the E Street Band, 1977
Bruce Springsteen
–
Springsteen at
Félix Houphouët-Boigny International Airport in Ivory Coast during
Amnesty International 's 1988
Human Rights Now! Tour
20.
Bob Seger
–
Robert Clark Bob Seger is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist and pianist. As a locally successful Detroit-area artist, he performed and recorded as Bob Seger, by the early 1970s, he had dropped the System from his recordings and continued to strive for broader success with various other bands. In 1976, he achieved a breakout with the studio album Night Moves. On his studio albums, he worked extensively with the Alabama-based Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. A roots rocker with a raspy, shouting voice, Seger wrote and recorded songs that deal with love, women. Seger also co-wrote the Eagles number-one hit Heartache Tonight, and his recording of Old Time Rock. With a career spanning six decades, Seger continues to perform, Seger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012. Seger was named Billboards 2015 Legend of Live honoree at the 12th annual Billboard Touring Conference & Awards, Seger was born at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Charlotte and Stewart Seger. At age five he moved with his family to Ann Arbor and he has an older brother, George. Segers father, a technician for the Ford Motor Company, played several instruments. Seger was also exposed to frequent arguments between his parents that disturbed the neighborhood at night, in 1956, when Seger was 10 years old, his father abandoned the family and moved to California. The remaining family soon lost their comfortable middle-class status and struggled financially, Seger attended Tappan Junior High School, and graduated from Pioneer High School in 1963. He ran track and field in high school, Seger also went to Lincoln Park High School for a year. As far as his musical inspirations are concerned, Seger has stated. Little Richard and, of course, Elvis Presley, come Go with Me by The Del-Vikings, a hit in 1957, was the first record he bought. Bob Seger arrived on the Detroit music scene in 1961 fronting a band called the Decibels. The band included Seger on guitar, piano, keyboards, and vocals, Pete Stanger on guitar, all of the members attended Ann Arbor High. The Decibels recorded a demo of a song called The Lonely One
Bob Seger
–
Seger performing in
Fargo, North Dakota in 2013
21.
Tom Petty
–
Thomas Earl Tom Petty is an American musician, singer, songwriter, multi instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as the singer of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, but is also known as a member and co-founder of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys. Petty has recorded a number of hit singles with the Heartbreakers and as a solo artist, many of which are mainstays on adult contemporary and his music has been classified as rock and roll, heartland rock, and even stoner rock. His music has become popular among younger generations, in his career, Petty has sold more than 80 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 2002, Petty was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, thomas Earl Petty was born and raised in Gainesville, Florida, and attended Gainesville High School. His interest in rock and roll music began at age ten when he met Elvis Presley. In the summer of 1961, his uncle was working on the set of Presleys film Follow That Dream in nearby Ocala, Florida, and invited Petty to come down and watch the shoot. He instantly became an Elvis Presley fan, and when he returned that Saturday, he was greeted by his friend Keith Harben, and soon traded his Wham-O slingshot for a collection of Elvis 45s. In a 2006 interview on the National Public Radio program Fresh Air, the minute I saw the Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show — and its true of thousands of guys — there was the way out. There was the way to do it and you get your friends and youre a self-contained unit. And it looked like so much fun and it was something I identified with. I had never been hugely into sports, I had been a big fan of Elvis. But I really saw in the Beatles that heres something I could do and it wasnt long before there were groups springing up in garages all over the place. One of his first guitar teachers was Don Felder, a fellow Gainesville resident, as a young man, Petty worked briefly on the grounds crew for the University of Florida, but never attended as a student. An Ogeechee lime tree that he planted while employed at the University is now called the Tom Petty tree and he also worked briefly as a gravedigger. Petty was extremely close to his mother, and remains close to his brother, shortly after embracing his musical aspirations, Petty started a band known as the Epics, later to evolve into Mudcrutch. Although the band, which featured future Heartbreakers Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench, were popular in Gainesville and their only single, Depot Street, remains popular among fans. The original Mudcrutch included guitarist Danny Roberts who was replaced by bassist Charlie Souza
Tom Petty
–
Tom Petty
Tom Petty
–
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers performing live in
Indianapolis, June 23, 2006.
Tom Petty
–
Hollywood Walk of Fame star.
22.
John Mellencamp
–
John J Mellencamp, also known as John Cougar Mellencamp, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, painter, and actor. He is known for his catchy, populist brand of heartland rock, Paper in Fire, and Cherry Bomb. He has amassed 22 Top 40 hits in the United States. In addition, he holds the record for the most tracks by a solo artist to hit one on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, with seven. Mellencamp released his latest album, Plain Spoken, on September 23,2014, Mellencamp was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 10,2008. His biggest musical influences are Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, James Brown, said longtime Rolling Stone contributor Anthony DeCurtis, Mellencamp has created an important body of work that has earned him both critical regard and an enormous audience. The late Billboard magazine editor-in-chief Timothy White said in 2001, John Mellencamp is arguably the most important roots rocker of his generation, Mellencamps best music is rock n roll stripped of all escapism, and it looks directly at the messiness of life as its actually lived. In his music, mortality, anxiety, acts of God, questions of romance and brotherhood and this is rock music that tells the truth on both its composer and the culture hes observing. Johnny Cash called Mellencamp one of the 10 best songwriters in music and he was born with spina bifida, for which he had corrective surgery as an infant. Mellencamp formed his first band, Crepe Soul, at the age of 14 and later played in the local bands Trash, Snakepit Banana Barn, when Mellencamp was 18, he eloped with his pregnant girlfriend Priscilla Esterline. Mellencamp became a father in December 1970, only six months after he graduated high school. His daughter, Michelle, later became a mother when she was 19, Mellencamp attended Vincennes University, a two-year college in Vincennes, Indiana, starting in 1972. I would lie there, listening to Roxy Music, right next to the player so I wouldnt have to get up to flip the record over. Id listen to this record, that record, there would be four or five days like that when I would be completely gone. Mellencamp reluctantly agreed, but the album was a complete failure, Mellencamp confessed in a 2005 interview, That was put on me by some manager. I went to New York and everybody said, You sound like a hillbilly, so thats where he came up with that name. I was totally unaware of it until it showed up on the album jacket, when I objected to it, he said, Well, either youre going to go for it, or we’re not going to put the record out. So that was what I had to do, but I thought the name was pretty silly
John Mellencamp
–
Mellencamp in 2014
John Mellencamp
–
Mellencamp (right) and his band perform at
Walter Reed Army Medical Center in 2007.
John Mellencamp
–
John Mellencamp and Sheryl Crow perform Mellencamp's 2008 single "My Sweet Love" in the
Hunter Region,
New South Wales, Australia on November 29, 2008.
23.
Blue-collar worker
–
In English-speaking countries, a blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs non-agricultural manual labour. Often something is physically being built or maintained, in contrast, the white-collar worker typically performs work in an office environment and may involve sitting at a computer or desk. A third type of work is a worker whose labour is related to customer interaction, entertainment. Many occupations blend blue, white or pink industry categorizations, blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid by the project or salaried. There is a range of payscales for such work depending upon field of specialty. Industrial and manual workers wear durable canvas or cotton clothing that may be soiled during the course of their work. Navy and light blue colors conceal potential dirt or grease on the clothing, helping him or her to appear cleaner. For the same reason, blue is a color for boilersuits which protect a workers clothing. Some blue collar workers have uniforms with the name of the business or the name embroidered or printed on it. Historically the popularity of the color blue among manual labourers contrasts with the popularity of white shirts worn by people in office environments. The blue collar/white collar color scheme has socio-economic class connotations, however, this distinction has become blurred with the increasing importance of skilled labour, and the relative increase in low-paying white-collar jobs. The term blue collar was first used in reference to trades jobs in 1924, Alden, a higher level academic education is often not required for many blue-collar jobs. However, certain fields may require specialized training, licensing or certification as well as a school diploma or GED. With the information revolution, Western nations have moved towards a service, many manufacturing jobs have been offshored to developing nations which pay their workers lower wages. This offshoring has pushed formerly agrarian nations to industrialized economies and concurrently decreased the number of jobs in developed countries. Due to this economic osmosis, the rust belt has experienced high unemployment, poverty, blue-collar can be used as an adjective to describe the environment of the blue-collar worker such as a blue-collar neighborhood, restaurant, or bar
Blue-collar worker
–
Welder making boilers for a ship, Combustion Engineering Company. Chattanooga, Tennessee, June 1942. Despite their name, blue-collar workers don't always or typically wear blue shirts.
Blue-collar worker
–
U.S. Navy sailors load a cargo container onto a container ship.
24.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
25.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
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Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
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Vernon Dalhart
Country music
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Roy Acuff
Country music
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Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
26.
Steve Earle
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Stephen Fain Steve Earle is an American rock, country and folk singer-songwriter, record producer, author and actor. Earle began his career as a songwriter in Nashville and released his first EP in 1982 and his breakthrough album was the 1986 album Guitar Town. Since then Earle has released 15 other studio albums and received three Grammy awards and his songs have been recorded by Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Travis Tritt, Vince Gill, Patty Loveless, Shawn Colvin, Ian Stuart Donaldson and Emmylou Harris. He has appeared in film and television, and has written a novel, a play, Earle was born in Fort Monroe, Virginia, where his father, Jack Earle, was stationed. His father was an air traffic controller, the family returned to Texas before Earles second birthday. They moved several times but Earle grew up primarily in the San Antonio area, Earle began learning the guitar at the age of 11 and was placed in a talent contest at his school at age 13. He is reported to have run away from home at age 14 to follow his idol, singer-songwriter Townes Van Zandt, Earle was rebellious as a youngster and dropped out of school at the age of 16. He moved to Houston with his 19-year-old uncle, who was also a musician, while in Houston Earle met Van Zandt, who became his hero and role model. Earles sister, Stacey Earle, is also a musician and songwriter, in 1974 at the age of 19 Earle moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and began working blue-collar jobs during the day and playing music at night. During this period Earle wrote songs and played guitar in Guy Clarks band. Earle appeared in the 1975 film Heartworn Highways, a documentary on the Nashville music scene which included David Allan Coe, Guy Clark, Townes van Zandt, Earle lived in Nashville for several years and assumed the position of staff songwriter at the publishing company Sunbury Dunbar. Later Earle grew tired of Nashville and returned to Texas where he started a band called The Dukes, in the 1980s Earle returned to Nashville once again and worked as a songwriter for the publishers Roy Dea and Pat Carter. A song he co-wrote, When You Fall in Love, was recorded by Johnny Lee, carl Perkins recorded Earles song Mustang Wine, and two of his songs were recorded by Zella Lehr. Later Dea and Carter created an independent record label called LSI, connie Smith recorded Earles composition A Far Cry from You in 1985 which reached a minor position on the country charts as well. Earle released an EP called, Pink & Black, in 1982 featuring the Dukes, acting as Earles manager, John Lomax sent the EP to Epic Records, and they signed Earle to a recording contract in 1983. In 1983 Earle signed a deal with CBS and recorded a neo-rockabilly album. After losing his contract with Dea and Carter, Earle met producer Tony Brown and after severing his ties with Lomax. Earle released his first full-length album, Guitar Town, on MCA Records in 1986, the title track became a Top Ten single in 1986 and his song Goodbyes All Weve Got Left reached the Top Ten in 1987
Steve Earle
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Steve Earle performing on a
mandolin at the City Winery Chicago in February 2015
Steve Earle
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Earle performing in 2007 at the
Midlands Music Festival in
Westmeath, Ireland
Steve Earle
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Earle performing in front of the
United States Supreme Court on July 1st 2003
Steve Earle
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Steve Earle onstage with
Allison Moorer at the
Bumbershoot event in 2007
27.
Joe Ely
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Joe Ely is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist whose music touches on honky-tonk, Texas country, Tex-Mex and rock and roll. Ely spent his years from age 12 in Lubbock, Texas. In 1970, with fellow Lubbock musicians Jimmie Dale Gilmore and Butch Hancock, according to Ely, Jimmie was like a well of country music. And Butch was from the folk world, I was kinda the rock & roll guy, and we almost had a triad. We hit it off and started playing a lot together and that opened up a whole new world I had never known existed. In 1972, the released their first and—until 2002s Now Again—only album. Since the bands initial breakup just after their first album was cut, Elys own first, self-titled album, was released in 1977. The following year, his band played London, where he met punk rock group the Clash, Ely sang backing vocals on the Clash single Should I Stay or Should I Go. Joe Strummer planned to record with Elys band, but died before that ever happened—one of Elys greatest regrets, another collaboration was with Dutch flamenco guitarist Teye, with whom he recorded Letter to Laredo and Twistin in the Wind. Throughout his career, Ely has issued a stream of albums, most on the MCA label. The Joe Ely Band song Brainlock was featured in the 1980 movie Roadie starring Meat Loaf, Alice Cooper, Don Cornelius and Kaki Hunter. In the late 1990s, Ely was asked to write songs for the soundtrack of Robert Redfords movie The Horse Whisperer, a new album from the trio followed in 2002, with a third in 2004. In February 2007, Ely released Happy Songs From Rattlesnake Gulch on his own label, a book of Elys writings, Bonfire of Roadmaps, was published in early 2007 by the University of Texas Press. In early 2008, Ely released a new album featuring Joel Guzman on accordion recorded at the Cactus Cafe in Austin. The Flatlanders released their newest album Hills and Valleys on March 31,2009, in 2011, Ely released the critically acclaimed album, Satisfied At Last. In September 2015, he released Panhandle Rambler, an album with a reflective west Texas feel, the Flatlanders Los Super Seven Music of Austin JoeEly. Joe Ely Remembers The Clash, Austin Chronicle,19 May 2000
Joe Ely
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Joe Ely in concert, 2006
28.
Iron City Houserockers
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The Iron City Houserockers were an American rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, led by singer/guitarist Joe Grushecky, that existed from 1976 until 1984. Started in 1976 as the Brick Alley Band by Grushecky, a school special education teacher in Pittsburgh. In 1977 they signed to Cleveland International Records, headed by former Epic Records A&R chief, Popovich christened them the Iron City Houserockers, but this caused some problems when touring outside their native Pittsburgh — when they played Cleveland their tires were slashed. The bands debut album Loves So Tough was released in April 1979, with dense, no-frills production by Popovich and Marty Mooney, AKA the Slimmer Twins, the album successfully captured the bands live sound. Hideaway and Dance With Me were viewed as standout cuts, the tandem tavern-set tracks Old Man Bar and Juniors Bar were especially praised. Production was credited to the Slimmer Twins and Mick Ronson, with arrangements by Ian Hunter, the Houserockers third album, Blood on the Bricks, was produced by Steve Cropper. The 1983 edition of Rolling Stone Record Guide praised it as the bands best album, the band then changed its name to simply The Houserockers to avoid the geographic limitation the Iron City moniker had put them in. It also shed harmonica player Marc Reisman, Ned Rankin quit and was replaced by Ron Byrd Foster and saw Gil Snyder adding synthesizers to his trademark piano and organ. The subsequent album, Cracking Under Pressure, like all the previous efforts, drew critical raves. The band was dropped from MCA Records shortly after the albums release, Joe Grushecky went on to a modestly successful career on his own, often under the name Joe Grushecky and the Houserockers. He has co-written several songs with fellow heartland rocker Bruce Springsteen, the Iron City Houserockers first two albums, Loves So Tough and Have a Good Time but Get Out Alive. were released on compact disc in 1999. Blood on the Bricks and Cracking Under Pressure are still unreleased on CD, Ron Byrd Foster died at the age of 61 on June 30,2011, in Deltona, Florida, from liver cancer. John Farr - Stage Manager, Guitar tech Bob Matson- keyboards, vocal Jeff Swizz Sinicki - Guitar and Drums Tech 1979, Loves So Tough 1980, Have a Good Time but Get out Alive
Iron City Houserockers
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The Iron City Houserockers outside a bar in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the late 1970s.
29.
Tunnel of Love Express Tour
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The Tunnel of Love Express was a concert tour by Bruce Springsteen and featuring The E Street Band along with The Horns of Love that took place in 1988. It followed by four and a half months the release of Springsteens 1987 album, considerably shorter in duration than most Springsteen tours before or since, it played limited engagements in most cities, leading to tickets being in great demand. Shows were held in arenas in the U. S. and stadiums in Europe, Coming on the heels of the massively successful Born in the U. S. A. Tour, the Tunnel of Love Express was designed to disorient Springsteens audiences, a theatrical entrance began the show, a full horn section appeared, band members were rearranged from their customary positions, and on-stage spontaneity was kept to a minimum. Set lists were unusually static, and many of Springsteens most popular numbers were omitted altogether. Instead, the shows featured Springsteen B-sides and outtakes as well as renditions of obscure genre songs by others, critical reaction to the concerts was generally favorable, with some mixed reviews, while audiences were sometimes baffled. The show featured backup singer Patti Scialfa brought center stage and the object of sexually themed presentations unusual for Springsteen and that, combined with the dour nature of many Tunnel of Love songs, led to speculation that Springsteens marriage to Julianne Phillips was troubled. Springsteen and Scialfa eventually married, and the Tunnel of Love Express shows were the last full-length ones Springsteen would play with the E Street Band for eleven years. S. A. Which the album was partly a counter-reaction to – and already generated a hit single in Brilliant Disguise. In part, the unusual lag reflected the ambivalence of the album, Springsteen had first recorded it solely by himself, indeed, Springsteen and the band had started to drift apart over the previous two or three years, seldom speaking amongst themselves. Springsteen had considered going out on tour solo, and his management had provisionally booked 3, but he eventually decided against that approach, feeling the tone of the resulting show would be too dark. The tour was announced on January 6,1988. The United States leg of the tour took place in arenas, starting on February 25 at the Worcester Centrum and continuing for 43 shows. There were five-night stands in two markets, at the Los Angeles Sports Arena and at New York Citys Madison Square Garden. The European leg commenced on June 11 at the Stadio Comunale in Turin, Italy, Springsteens concerts from his beginnings up through the massively popular Born in the U. S. A. Tour had been a progression of basically the same show. Apparently having achieved all he could along those lines, and feeling that the Born in the U. S. A, Tour had done too much of it, Springsteen sought to change directions. As Springsteen later wrote in his 2016 memoir, Tunnel was a solo album, the Tunnel of Love Express was, as rock author Jimmy Guterman later wrote, a tour intended to disorient
Tunnel of Love Express Tour
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Tunnel of Love Express
Tunnel of Love Express Tour
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Springsteen performing at the
Radrennbahn Weißensee in
East Berlin on July 19, 1988
30.
Electronic rock
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The use of electronic music technology in rock music coincided with the practical availability of electronic musical instruments and the genres emergence as a distinct style. Rock music has been dependent on technological developments, particularly the invention and refinement of the synthesizer. In the 1980s, more commercially oriented synthpop dominated electronic rock, in the new millennium the spread of recording software led to the development of new distinct genres including electroclash, dance-punk and new rave. The worlds first computer to play music was CSIRAC in 1950-1, designed and built by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard and programmed by mathematician Geoff Hill. It was used by avant garde and classical musicians in the twentieth century and was used on a large number of 1940s and 50s science fiction films. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, early synthesisers were monophonic, but polyphonic versions began to be produced from the mid-1970s, among the first being the Prophet-5. MIDI was created in 1982, as a protocol that enables electronic musical instruments, computers and other electronic equipment to communicate. Such advances have seen as democratizing music creation, leading to a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the internet. One of the earliest composers to use electronic instruments in music was Joe Meek with the album I Hear A New World. The 1960s saw the utilization of studio techniques and new technologies to achieve unusual, small guitar stomp boxes and various guitar effects are developed which distort or alter the sound quality of the electric guitar in various ways. The late 60s also saw the popularization of the Moog synthesizer, a few months later, the title track of the Doors 1967 album Strange Days would also feature a Moog, played by Paul Beaver. Walter Carloss Switched-On Bach, recorded using a Moog influenced numerous musicians of that era and is one of the most popular recordings of music ever made. The sound of the Moog also reached the market with Simon and Garfunkels Bookends in 1968. Progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes were soon using the new portable synthesizers extensively. Other early users included Emerson, Lake & Palmers Keith Emerson, Pete Townshend, Electric Light Orchestra, Genesis, Return to Forever, instrumental prog rock was particularly significant in continental Europe, allowing bands like Kraftwerk, Tangerine Dream, Can and Faust to circumvent the language barrier. Their synthesiser-heavy Kraut rock, along with the work of Brian Eno, in 1972, jazz musician Stan Free, under the pseudonym Hot Butter had a top 10 hit in the United States and United Kingdom with a cover of the 1969 Gershon Kingsley song Popcorn. It is considered a forerunner to synthpop due to the use of the Moog synthesizer, the same year, Isao Tomita released the electronic album Electric Samurai, Switched on Rock, which featured Moog synthesizer renditions of contemporary rock songs. Osamu Kitajimas 1974 progressive psychedelic rock album Benzaiten, featuring Haruomi Hosono, utilized a synthesizer, rhythm machine, and electronic drums
Electronic rock
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A
Mellotron, an early form of music sampler, used extensively in the late 1960s and early 1970s
Electronic rock
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The first commercial Moog synthesizer, commissioned by the Alwin Nikolais Dance Theater of NY in 1964
Electronic rock
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Mike Pinder of the
Moody Blues, a pioneer of electronic rock, in 1974
Electronic rock
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Keith Emerson performing in St. Petersburg in 2008
31.
Rust belt
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The term gained popularity in the U. S. in the 1980s. While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high-tech industries, others have not fared as well, witnessing rising poverty and declining populations. The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the proximity to the Great Lakes waterways. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains and this region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor. Following several boom periods from the late-19th to the century, cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic. As people migrate, they often coin new names for their destinations, since the term Rust Belt pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se, the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries. This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River, including St. Louis, before World War II, the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States. However, by the centurys end their population had fallen the most in the country. A gate was opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities. Coming in the direction were millions of European immigrants, who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then-unprecedented speed. Chicago, famously, was a trading post in the 1840s. Early signs of the difficulty in the states were evident early in the 20th century. Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region, one source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Some economists contend that the U. S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt, since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U. S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor, beginning with the recession of 1970–71, a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U. S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay-offs, in general, in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32. 9% between 1969 and 1996. A gradual expansion of the U. S. trade deficit with China began in 1985, in the ensuing years the U. S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval
Rust belt
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An abandoned
Fisher auto body plant in Detroit
Rust belt
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>58% loss
Rust belt
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A steel plant in
Bethlehem, PA. Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact, part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem.
Rust belt
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An unused
grain elevator in Buffalo
