1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Hed PE
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Hed PE, also known as Planet Earth and stylized as p. e. is an American rap rock band from Huntington Beach, California. Formed in 1994, the band performs a style of music which it refers to as G-punk, after releasing three albums on Jive Records, Hed PE left the label to record independently, eventually signing with Suburban Noize Records in 2006. Since 2006, the band has known for its involvement in the 9/11 Truth movement, referencing it in many of their song lyrics and concerts. To date, they have released nine albums, one live album. The band was formed by vocalist Jared Gomes, formerly of The Clue, also known as M. C. U. D. and guitarist Wes Geer, Gomes and Geer recruited guitarist Chizad, bassist Mawk, drummer B. C. Vaught and DJ Product ©1969 and they named the group Hed, which stands for higher education. The band built a following with their performances at local venues. Legal issues forced Hed to change their name, adding PE, Hed PE signed with Jive Records, releasing their self-titled debut album in 1997. In his review of the album, Allmusics Steve Huey wrote There are some slow and/or unfocused moments but overall, its aggression will probably play well with late-90s metal and punk fans. Due to the contractual terms and the disappointing sales of the album. Gomes is quoted as saying We had these visions of the music industry. So we fulfilled that dream, but it was probably the worst thing that could have happened. Weve had offers from Sony and others that we cant take because we owe Jive so much money, on June 6,2000, Hed PE appeared on the tribute album Nativity in Black II, covering Black Sabbaths Sabbra Cadabra. Hed PE released their studio album, Broke on August 22,2000. It peaked at No.63 on the Billboard 200, while its first single, Bartender, peaked at No.23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, the most negative response to the album came from critics who viewed its lyrics as misogynistic. On October 27,2000, Gomes was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in Waterbury and he was released on a US$1,500 bond. In 2001, Hed PE performed on the Ozzfest tour alongside bands such as Korn, Static-X, a music video for Killing Time, the second single from Broke, was produced in promotion of the film 3000 Miles to Graceland, which featured the song on its soundtrack. Hed PE released their studio album, Blackout, on March 18,2003
3.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
4.
Nu metal
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Nu metal is a form of alternative metal that combines elements of heavy metal music with elements of other music genres such as hip hop, alternative rock, funk and grunge. Nu metal bands have drawn elements and influences from a variety of musical styles, Nu metal rarely features guitar solos, the genre is heavily syncopated and based on guitar riffs. Many nu metal guitarists use seven-string guitars that are down-tuned to play a heavier sound, DJs are occasionally featured in nu metal to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic backgrounds. Vocal styles in nu metal include singing, rapping, screaming and growling, Nu metal is one of the key genres of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Nu metal became popular in the late 1990s with bands and artists such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, many heavy metal fans have criticized nu metal, and do not regard it as true heavy metal. Many nu metal musicians have rejected the nu metal label and also have rejected being labeled as heavy metal, Nu metal is also known as nü-metal and aggro-metal. It is a subgenre of alternative metal, MTV states that the early nu metal group Korn arrived in 1993 into the burgeoning alternative metal scene, which would morph into nü-metal the way college rock became alternative rock. Stereogum has similarly claimed that nu metal was a outgrowth of the Lollapalooza-era alt-metal scene. Nu metal merges elements of metal music with elements of other music genres such as grunge, hip hop, funk. Nu metal bands also are influenced by and use elements of genres of metal music such as death metal, rap metal, groove metal, funk metal, alternative metal. Some nu metal bands such as Static-X and Dope made nu metal music elements of industrial metal. Nu metal music is heavily syncopated and is based mostly on guitar riffs, mid-song bridges and a general lack of guitar solos contrasts it with other genres of heavy metal. N its efforts to tune down and simplify riffs, nu-metal effectively drove a stake through the heart of the guitar solo. Another contrast with other metal genres is nu metals emphasis on rhythm, rather than on complexity or mood. The wah pedal is occasionally featured in nu metal music, Nu metal guitar riffs occasionally are similar to death metal guitar riffs. Nu metal bassists and drummers are often influenced by funk and hip hop, respectively, blast beats, which are common in heavy metal subgenres such as black metal and death metal, are extremely rare in nu metal. sound a Mack truck being crushed by a collapsing skyscraper. Some nu metal bands use seven-string guitars that are generally down-tuned, likewise, some bass guitarists use five-string and six-string instruments. Bass guitar-playing in nu metal often features an emphasis on elements such as slap bass, a percussive style of playing in which the thumb slaps the low strings
5.
Jive Records
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Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records. Formerly headquartered in New York City, the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s, and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s, jIVEs best-selling artists worldwide were the Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, and Britney Spears. Today, the Jive brand is being used under the Sony Music France division under the name JIVE Epic France. In 1971, South African musicians Clive Calder and Ralph Simon began a publishing and it was named Zomba Records and relocated to London, England, four years later, their first client was a young Robert Mutt Lange. Zomba originally wanted to record labels, choosing instead to focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material. Later that decade, the opened offices in the US. In 1981, Zomba formed JIVE Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music such as Q-Feel, A Flock of Seagulls and its name was inspired by township JIVE, a type of music that originated in South Africa. Davis had hoped that Zombas connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having finding potentially successful rock acts. By 1982, Calder was introduced to Barry Weiss, a college graduate who took Calder out to hip-hop clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba. He was immediately impressed, Together, they began grooming musicians for what would eventually become Whodini, after two days, the group created and recorded its hit single Magics Wand. While the group would eventually leave JIVE, the success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s. In 1987, JIVE cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Daviss authority, who eschewed hip-hop. As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a deal with RCA Records, by the late 1990s, JIVE began signing pop acts Backstreet Boys, NSYNC, and Britney Spears. All three achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the labels history, in 1991, Barry Weiss became CEO and president of JIVE Records. After two decades, he left JIVE in March 2011 for Universal Music Group, the company was later reorganized with some artists moving to a restructured Epic Records, while others stayed with JIVE as it moved under the RCA Music Group. In April 2011, it was reported that Jay-Z had outbid executives at JIVE to acquire independent record label Block Starz Music. On October 7,2011, it was announced that JIVE, along with Arista and J Records would be shut down to refresh, all artists on those labels were moved to RCA Records. JIVE Records remains active in France as JIVE Epic, serving as the label for international pop
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Church of Realities
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Church of Realities is an extended play by American punk rock band Hed PE. Self-distributed in 1995, it was the bands first release, the music of Church of Realities establishes the bands trademark style, which primarily fuses elements of punk rock and hip hop. It also includes elements of funk, jazz and metal, the only two songs that are not featured on the self-titled album, or any following album are Inro and Hangman. 1st Song became Firsty, Spam became Schpamb, and Darky, ground and Hill kept their respective titles. The album was produced by the band and distributed without a supporting label in 1995. Following the EPs release, the changed its name, adding PE, which stood for Planet Earth, and signed with Jive Records. Several tracks from this EP were recorded for the LP, — lead vocals Mawk — bass Wesstyle — guitars Chizad — guitars, vocals B. C. — drums and percussion DJ Product ©1969 — turntables The Finger — keyboard
8.
Broke (album)
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Broke is the second studio album by American rap rock band Hed PE. Released on August 22,2000, the album expanded the sound to incorporate classic rock. The album sold over 250,000 copies, allmusic described the musical style of Broke as Rap rock. In contrast to the bands first album, which solely mixed Hard rock with hip hop, Broke incorporates new elements, including classic rock and world music influences. The album peaked at #63 on the Billboard 200, while its first single, Bartender, peaked at #23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at #27 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. A music video for Killing Time, the single from Broke, was produced in promotion of the film 3000 Miles to Graceland. Rolling Stone -. The rare rap-metal act willing to admit that good times actually exist. Rap metal has found its Motley Crue, Q -. Focused and mature. they possess the wherewithal to express their anger and frustration musically. CMJ -. Weaves down-tuned guitars with booty-licious beats. and hardcore raps that are littered by more cussing than a sailor. Melody Maker -. Brilliant, about as black as this pimp-rock is gonna get, the most negative response to the album came from critics who viewed its lyrics as misogynistic. Bartender was the bands most successful single, jive Records included it on the compilation The Best of Hed Planet Earth, which was released without the bands authorization, permission, consent, or knowledge. It was also included on Major Pain 2 Indee Freedom, The Best of Hed P. E. which was compiled by the band and released by Suburban Noize Records. Aka Paulo Sergio — vocals Wesstyle — guitars Chad aka Chizad — guitars DJ Product ©1969 — turntables B. C. aka B. C, the Mizak Diza — drums and percussion Mawk — bass
9.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
10.
Self titled
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An eponym is a person, place, or thing for whom or for which something is named, or believed to be named. For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows eponymous to mean named after its central character or creator. In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens, Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon. Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of Fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles. In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander, the Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name, in ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have described as the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year. During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme based on the birth of Christ on both the public and royalty. Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedys Camelot, British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan, Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian are examples of these, trends Political trends or movements often become eponymous with a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy, Stalinism, Maoism, Obamacare, in intellectual property law an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin, heroin and thermos in the United States. In geography, places and towns can also be given a name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops, in historical times, new towns have often been named after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. In science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance, examples are Avogadros number, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stiglers law of eponymy, the term is also applied to music, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Companys first album was entitled Bad Company, titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous
11.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
12.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
13.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
14.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
15.
Industrial music
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Industrial music is a genre of experimental/electronic music that draws on transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. In general, the style is harsh and challenging, allMusic defines industrial as the most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music, initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments and punk provocation. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, musically and visually, such as fascism, serial killers and their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms. Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences. These artists expanded the genre by pushing it into noisier and more electronic directions, over time, its influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient and rock, all of which now fall under the post-industrial music label. Electro-industrial music is a subgenre that developed in the 1980s. These three distinct genres are often referred to as simply industrial, Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. Industrial music was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery, monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of the industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include The Velvet Underground, Joy Division, genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had a cassette library including recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Manson, and William S. Burroughs. P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as The Doors, Pearls Before Swine, The Fugs, Captain Beefheart, chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream. Boyd Rice was influenced by the music of 60s girl groups, Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express. Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick, Nurse with Wound cited a long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Daviss On the Corner, many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten, took inspiration from world music. Many of the industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians. Simon Reynolds declares that Being a Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism, John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, and Tristan Tzara. Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to the Marquis de Sade, another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork Music cites this album as inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, the album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrials use of non-musical sounds
16.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
17.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
18.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
19.
Cypress Hill
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Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from South Gate, California. Cypress Hill was the first Latino American hip hop recording group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums and they are considered to be among the main progenitors of West Coast rap and hip hop in the early 1990s, being critically acclaimed for their first four albums. The band has also advocated for medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States, senen Reyes and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes are brothers born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. In 1971, their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba and they initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1988, the two teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud and Louis Freese to form a hip-hop group named DVX. The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, after recording a demo in 1989, Cypress Hill signed a record deal with the major label, Columbia Records. Their self-titled first album was released in August 1991, the lead single was the double A-side The Phuncky Feel One/How I Could Just Kill a Man which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio. The other two singles released from the album were Hand on the Pump and Latin Lingo, the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics, the success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone. Cypress Hill contributed the song Shoot Em Up to the soundtrack of the movie Juice, the group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992. Black Sunday, the second album, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993. Also, with their debut still in the charts, they became the first rap group to have 2 albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time. With Insane in the Brain becoming a hit, the album went triple platinum in the U. S. The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support, then performed on a tour with Rage Against the Machine. In 1993, Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the Judgment Night soundtrack, teaming up with Pearl Jam on the track Real Thing and Sonic Youth on I Love You Mary Jane. The group later played at Woodstock 94, introducing new member Eric Bobo, son of Willie Bobo, rolling Stone magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers. Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two years, topping the bill in 1995. They also appeared on the Homerpalooza episode of The Simpsons, prior to Bobo joining the crew, Panchito Ponch Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting. Their third album III, Temples of Boom was released in 1995, Cypress Hill also contributed a track I Wanna Get High to the High Times sponsored Hempilation album to support NORML
20.
Substituted amphetamine
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The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, empathogens, and hallucinogens, among others. Some of amphetamines substituted derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of Ephedra and these have been used since antiquity for their pharmacological effects. Amphetamine was first produced at the end of the 19th century, by the 1930s, amphetamine and some of its derivative compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as psychoactive agents. Their effects on the nervous system are diverse, but can be summarized by three overlapping types of activity, psychoanaleptic, hallucinogenic and empathogenic. Various substituted amphetamines may cause these actions either separately or in combination, amphetamines are a subgroup of the substituted phenethylamine class of compounds. Substitution of hydrogen results in a large class of compounds. Natives of Yemen and Ethiopia have a tradition of chewing khat leaves to achieve a stimulating effect. The active substances of khat are cathinone and, to a lesser extent, amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, although its pharmacological effects remained unknown until the 1930s. MDMA was produced in 1912 as an intermediate product, however, this synthesis also went largely unnoticed. In the 1920s, both methamphetamine and the dextrorotatory optical isomer of amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, were synthesized and this synthesis was a by-product of a search for ephedrine, a bronchodilator used to treat asthma extracted exclusively from natural sources. Over-the-counter use of substituted amphetamines was initiated in the early 1930s by the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French, as a medicine for colds and nasal congestion. Subsequently, amphetamine was used in the treatment of narcolepsy, obesity, hay fever, orthostatic hypotension, epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, alcoholism, the reinforcing effects of substituted amphetamines were quickly discovered, and the misuse of substituted amphetamines had been noted as far back as 1936. During World War II, amphetamines were used by the German military to keep their tank crews awake for long periods and it was noticed that extended rest was required after such artificially induced activity. The widespread use of substituted amphetamines began in postwar Japan and quickly spread to other countries, modified designer amphetamines gained popularity since the 1960s, such as MDA and PMA. In 1970, the United States adopted the Controlled Substances Act that limited non-medical use of substituted amphetamines, street use of PMA was noted in 1972. MDMA emerged as a substitute to MDA in the early 1970s, american chemist Alexander Shulgin first synthesized the drug in 1976 and through him the drug was briefly introduced into psychotherapy. Recreational use grew and in 1985 MDMA was banned by the US authorities in an emergency scheduling initiated by the Drug Enforcement Administration, since the mid-1990s, MDMA has become a popular entactogenic drug among the youth and quite often non-MDMA substances were sold as ecstasy. Ongoing trials are investigating its efficacy as an adjunct to psychotherapy in the management of treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder
21.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
22.
Frankenstein's monster
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Frankensteins monster, sometimes known as Frankenstein, is a fictional character who first appeared in Mary Shelleys 1818 novel Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus. Shelleys title thus compares the monsters creator, Victor Frankenstein, to the mythological character Prometheus, although nameless in Shelleys novel, the creature is often referred to by his creators surname, Frankenstein. In Shelleys Gothic story, Victor Frankenstein builds the creature in his laboratory through an ambiguous method consisting of chemistry, Shelley describes the monster as 8-foot-tall, hideously ugly, but sensitive and emotional. The monster attempts to fit into society but is shunned. According to the scholar Joseph Carroll, the monster occupies a territory between the characteristics that typically define protagonists and antagonists. Mary Shelleys original novel never ascribes an actual name to the monster, although when speaking to his creator, Victor Frankenstein, Victor refers to the monster as creature, fiend, spectre, the demon, wretch, devil, thing, being, and ogre. It has become common vernacular to refer to the creature by the name Frankenstein, as in Shelleys story, the monsters namelessness became a central part of the stage adaptations in London and Paris during the decades after the novels first appearance. In 1823, Shelley herself attended a performance of Presumption, the first successful adaptation of her novel. The play bill amused me extremely, for in the list of dramatis personae came _________, by Mr T. Cooke and this nameless mode of naming the unnameable is rather good. Within a decade of publication, the name of the used to refer to the monster. The story was adapted for the stage in 1927 by Peggy Webling, however, the monster has no name in the Universal film series starring Boris Karloff during the 1930s, which was largely based upon Weblings play. The 1931 Universal film treated the monsters identity in a way as Shelleys novel, in the opening credits. Nevertheless, the creature soon enough became best known in the imagination as Frankenstein. This usage is considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of Frankenstein as well-established. Thumbing through a book of the works of William Shakespeare, the monster chooses Proteus from The Two Gentlemen of Verona, as told by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein builds the creature in his laboratory through an ambiguously described scientific method consisting of chemistry and alchemy. Frankenstein is disgusted by his creation, however, and flees from it in horror, frightened, and unaware of his own identity, the monster wanders through the wilderness. He finds brief solace beside a remote cottage inhabited by a family of peasants, eavesdropping, the creature familiarizes himself with their lives and learns to speak, whereby he becomes eloquent, educated, and well-mannered. The creature eventually introduces himself to the blind father, who treats him with kindness
23.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
24.
Turntablism
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The mixer is plugged into a PA system for live events and/or broadcasting equipment (if the DJ is performing on radio, TV or Internet radio, so that a wider audience can hear the turntablists music. Turntablists typically use two or more turntables and headphones to cue up desired start points on different records, the word turntablist was originated by Luis DJ Disk Quintanilla. The new term coincided with the resurgence of hip-hop DJing in the 1990s, some turntablists use turntable techniques like beat mixing/matching, scratching, and beat juggling. Some turntablists seek to have recognized as traditional musicians capable of interacting and improvising with other performers. The use of the turntable as an instrument has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s. Experimental composers used them to sample and create music that was produced by the turntable. Cages Imaginary Landscape No.1 is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and cymbal, edgard Varèse experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s, creedence Clearwater Revivals 1968 self-titled debut album features a backspin effect in the song Walk on the Water. However, turntablism as it is known today did not surface until the development of hip hop in the late 1970s, Turntablism as a modern art form and musical practice has its roots within African-American inner city hip hop and hip hop culture of the late 1970s. Kool DJ Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are widely credited for having cemented the now established role of DJ as hip hops foremost instrumentalist. Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing is generally regarded as the development in hip hop history. His influence on the concept of DJ as turntablist is equally profound, to understand the significance of this achievement, it is important to first define the break. Briefly, the break of a song is a musical fragment only seconds in length, Kool Herc introduced the break-beat technique as a way of extending the break indefinitely. This is done by buying two of the record, finding the break on each record, and switching from one to the other using the DJ mixer. Using that idea, Grandmaster Flash elaborated on Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing and came up with the quick-mix theory and he described it as being. like cutting, the backspin, and the double-back. Kool Hercs revolutionary techniques set the course for the development of turntablism as an art form in significant ways, most important, however, he developed a new form of DJing that did not consist of just playing and mixing records one after the other. The type of DJ that specializes in mixing a set is well respected for his/her own set of unique skills, the DJ would be examined critically by the crowd on both a technical and entertainment level. Grand Wizzard Theodore, an apprentice of Flash, who isolated the most recognizable technique of turntablism, [ Eshun
25.
Limp Bizkit
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Limp Bizkit is an American rap rock band from Jacksonville, Florida, formed in 1994. Their lineup consists of Fred Durst, Sam Rivers, John Otto and their music is marked by Dursts angry vocal delivery and Borlands sonic experimentation. Borlands elaborate visual appearance, which includes face and body paint, masks and uniforms, the band has been nominated for three Grammy Awards, have sold 40 million records worldwide and won several other awards. Borland left the group in 2001, but Durst, Rivers, Otto and Lethal continued to record and tour with guitarist Mike Smith. Following the release of their album, Results May Vary, Borland rejoined the band and recorded The Unquestionable Truth with Durst, Rivers, Lethal and they are currently recording their seventh studio album, Stampede of the Disco Elephants. Fred Durst grew up in Jacksonville, Florida, where he took an interest in breakdancing, hip hop, punk rock and he began to rap, skate, beatbox and deejay. While mowing lawns and working as a tattoo artist, he developed an idea for a band that combined elements of rock and hip hop. Durst played with three bands, Split 26, Malachi Sage, which were unsuccessful, and 10 Foot Shindig. Durst told Sam Rivers, the bassist for Malachi Sage, You need to quit this band and start a band with me thats like this, rappin and rockin. Rivers suggested that his cousin, John Otto, who was studying jazz drumming at the Douglas Anderson School of the Arts and playing in local avant garde bands, Durst, Rivers and Otto jammed and wrote three songs together, and Wes Borland later joined as a guitarist. Durst named the band Limp Bizkit, because he wanted a name that would repel listeners, according to Durst, The name is there to turn peoples heads away. A lot of people pick up the disc and go, Limp Bizkit and those are the people that we dont even want listening to our music. Other names that were considered by Durst included Gimp Disco, Split Dickslit, Bitch Piglet, every record label that showed an interest in the band pressured its members to change its name. Limp Bizkit developed a following in the underground music scene, particularly at the Milk Bar. The bands local popularity was such that Sugar Ray, who had a label contract. Milkbar owner, Danny Wimmer, stated that Limp Bizkit had the biggest draw for a local band and they went from playing ten people to eight hundred within months. Fred was always marketing the band and he would go to record stores and get people involved, he was in touch with high schools. However, the band knew that to achieve success, they would have to distinguish themselves in their live performances
26.
Linkin Park
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Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Formed in 1996, the rose to international fame with their debut album Hybrid Theory. Their following studio album Meteora continued the success, topping the Billboard 200 album chart in 2003. In 2003, MTV2 named Linkin Park the sixth-greatest band of the video era. Billboard ranked Linkin Park No.19 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart, in 2012, the band was voted as the greatest artist of the 2000s in a Bracket Madness poll on VH1. In 2014, the band was declared as the Biggest Rock Band in the World Right Now by Kerrang. Having adapted nu metal and rap metal to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in Hybrid Theory and Meteora, the album topped the Billboard charts and had the third-best debut week of any album that year. The band continued to explore a wider variation of musical types in their album, A Thousand Suns, layering their music with more electronic sounds. Their fifth album, Living Things, combines elements from all of their previous records. Their sixth album, The Hunting Party, returned to a rock sound. Their upcoming album One More Light is expected to be released May 19,2017, the band has collaborated with several other artists, most notably with rapper Jay Z in their mashup EP Collision Course, and many others on the remix albums Reanimation and Recharged. Linkin Park has sold over 70 million albums worldwide and has won two Grammy Awards, Linkin Park was founded by three high school friends, Mike Shinoda, Rob Bourdon, and Brad Delson. The three attended Agoura High School in Agoura Hills, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. After graduating from school, the three began to take their musical interests more seriously, recruiting Joe Hahn, Dave Phoenix Farrell. Though limited in resources, the began recording and producing songs within Shinodas makeshift bedroom studio in 1996, resulting in a four-track demo tape. Tensions and frustration within the band grew however after they failed to land a record deal, the lack of success and stalemate in progress prompted Wakefield, at that time the bands vocalist, to leave the band in search of other projects. Farrell also left to tour with Tasty Snax, a Christian punk, Bennington, formerly of a post-grunge band by the name of Grey Daze, became a standout among applicants because of the dynamic in his singing style. The band then agreed on changing its name from Xero to Hybrid Theory, in 1999 the band released a self-titled extended play, which they circulated across internet chat-rooms and forums with the help of an online street team
27.
Industrial hip hop
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Industrial hip hop is a fusion genre of industrial music with the rhythms or vocals of hip hop. The origins of hip hop are in the work of Mark Stewart, Bill Laswell. In 1985, former Pop Group singer Mark Stewart released As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade, in the late 1980s, Laswells Material project began to take increasing influence from hip hop. Adrian Sherwood was a figure in British dub, as well as working with industrial groups such as Cabaret Voltaire, Einstürzende Neubauten, Ministry, KMFDM. Tackhead, a collaboration between Sherwood and the Sugar Hill band, picked up where Mark Stewart left off, the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, from San Francisco, and Meat Beat Manifesto, from the UK, are also early representatives of the style. Industrial hip hop groups tend to take a deal of influence from Public Enemys intensity, volume. The industrial group 23 Skidoo, Miles Daviss album On the Corner, industrial hip hop was carried forward by figures from a diverse number of scenes. Perhaps the most unlikely adopters were Justin Broadrick and Mick Harris, previously known for their invention of the style of extreme metal. After participating in the jazzcore group Pain Killer with Bill Laswell, Harriss Scorn project delved into dark ambient, subsequently, Broadrick began to work with Kevin Martin, previously of God. The later work of Broadricks Godflesh, as well as his collaborations with Martin, Ice, Techno Animal, the last of these was also a collaboration with Alec Empire, from Berlin, who also participated in the style in a number of his albums. The German label Mille Plateaux developed the sound throughout their series of Electric Ladyland compilations, Ice and Techno Animal also collaborated at times with El-P and other representatives of the Def Jux label. DJ Spookys illbient style is related to these developments in industrial hip hop. Industrial rock band Acumen Nation adopts hip hop influences, as does the side project DJ. A few other bands that combine hip hop elements in their music are Rabbit Junk, The Mad Capsule Markets, and The Shizit. Atari Teenage Riot have also known to incorporate hip hop elements in some of their songs. In the electro-industrial/industrial metal genre there is Steril, notable for combining hip hop beats, dj scratches, the Kompressor, often uses vocal distortion in the style of many Aggrotech artists. The industrial super group The Damage Manual is known to incorporate hip hop with their music, in beats. Corporate Avenger the rap metal band, often does industrial hip hop in their music
28.
The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy
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The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy was an American industrial hip-hop band, active during the early 1990s. The band was formed in 1990 by Michael Franti and Rono Tse, the bands name was derived in part from the phrase The Disposable Heroes of Hypocrisy, used in some Socialist literature. The group was associated with contemporary bands by genre, including House of Pain and they also were somewhat reminiscent of Gil Scott-Heron due to the half-spoken vocal styles of Franti and the up-front political messages in the music. The Disposable Heroes played many concerts, sometimes opening the bill for more well-known acts such as U2, Rage Against the Machine, Nirvana, guitarist Charlie Hunter made his recording debut with the Disposable Heroes before earning fame in jazz. Their debut album, Hypocrisy Is the Greatest Luxury, received critical and underground acclaim upon its release in 1992, Frantis lyrics address a wide range of social issues, from Mass Media bias and abuse to racial equality, and Homophobia. The album also included a cover of the Dead Kennedys track California Über Alles, television, which received wide airplay on college and alternative radio stations, had previously been recorded by Michael Frantis first band, The Beatnigs. The album was listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, among their contemporaries, the band had strong artistic, political, and personal ties to both Meat Beat Manifesto and Consolidated. The recording of Hypocrisy is the Greatest Luxury was co-produced by Consolidateds Mark Pistel, in 1993 the duo worked with William S. Burroughs, recording music for a collaborative album entitled Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales. This album diverged greatly from the style of the previous work, as they were largely providing musical background. The Disposable Heroes split up shortly after, Michael Franti formed Spearhead, who have released seven albums, while Tse worked with the Mystik Journeymen. Hypocrisy Is the Greatest Luxury Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales www. stayhuman. org, Spearhead & Michael Franti website Lyrics New York Times review
29.
Jared Gomes
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Paulo Sergio Jared Gomes, also known as Jahred and M. C. U. D. is a Brazilian American rapper and singer best known as the lead vocalist of the band Hed PE and The Clue. Born Paulo Sergio Gomes to a mother of Brazilian descent and his father of Afro-Brazilian descent, Gomes got his start in the 80s new wave band The Clue, which was active until 1990. He later met guitarist Wes Geer amidst the Orange County hardcore punk scene, vaught and DJ Product ©1969. They named the group Hed, which stands for higher education, the band built a following based on energetic performances at local venues such as Club 369, and released the self-financed extended play, Church of Realities. Legal issues forced Hed to change their name, adding PE, the album, the band found themselves unable to repay the cash advances given to them by Jive. Gomes is quoted as saying We had these visions of the music industry. So we fulfilled that dream, but it was probably the worst thing that could have happened. Weve had offers from Sony and others that we cant take because we owe Jive so much money, on October 27,2000, Gomes was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was released on a US$1,500 bail, after recording two more albums for the label, the band left Jive to release albums independently, eventually signing with Suburban Noize Records. Gomes has expressed interest in recording an album in the hip hop genre, stating I would like to. I just need to get my discipline down and use my time more wisely than watching South Park for eight hours straight, in 2007, Gomes appeared on Twiztids sixth studio album, Independents Day, contributing to the track Weak Shitz Out. According to Gomes, he had previously discussed appearances on albums by System of a Down bassist Shavo Odadjian and Korn guitarist James Shaffer. Gomes vocal style ranges from singing to rapping and death growls. His influences include Bob Marley, Black Sabbath, Rage Against The Machine, Sublime, Sex Pistols, The Clash, the Ramones, Beastie Boys, N. W. A, Tupac Shakur, along with various punk rock, reggae, ska, and heavy metal bands. Gomes is a supporter of the 9/11 Truth movement, and social liberal politicians such as Nancy Pelosi, Hed PE Broke Blackout Only in Amerika Back 2 Base X Insomnia The D. I. Y. Guys New World Orphans Truth Rising Evolution Forever
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Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
31.
Dead Kennedys
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Dead Kennedys are an American punk rock band that formed in San Francisco, California, in 1978. The band was one of the first American hardcore bands to make a significant impact in the United Kingdom, Dead Kennedys lyrics were usually political in nature, satirizing establishment political figures and authority in general, as well as popular culture and even the punk movement itself. During their initial incarnation between 1978 and 1986, they attracted considerable controversy for their lyrics and artwork. This culminated in an obscenity trial between 1985 and 1986, which resulted in a hung jury, the group released a total of four studio albums and one EP before disbanding in 1986. Following the bands dissolution, Biafra continued to collaborate and record other artists including D. O. A. NoMeansNo and his own bands Lard and the Guantanamo School of Medicine, in 2000, Jello Biafra lost an acrimonious legal case initiated by his former Dead Kennedys band mates over songwriting credits and unpaid royalties. In 2001, the band reformed without Biafra, various singers have since been recruited for vocal duties, the original band lineup consisted of Jello Biafra on vocals, East Bay Ray on guitar, Klaus Flouride on bass, and Ted on drums and percussion. This lineup recorded their first demos, in early to mid July, the band recruited 6025 as a rhythm guitarist. Their first live show was on July 19,1978 at Mabuhay Gardens in San Francisco and they were the opening act on a bill that included DV8 and Negative Trend with The Offs headlining. Dead Kennedys played numerous shows at local venues afterwards, due to the provocative name of the band, they sometimes played under pseudonyms, including The DKs, The Sharks, The Creamsicles and The Pink Twinkies. The bands real name generated controversy,22, the 15th anniversary of John F. Kennedys assassination. Despite mounting protests, the owner of Mabuhay declared, I cant cancel them NOW—theres a contract, not, apparently, the kind of contract some people have in mind. However, despite popular belief, the name was not meant to insult the Kennedy family,6025 left the band in March 1979 under somewhat unclear circumstances, generally considered to be musical differences. In June, the released their first single, California Über Alles, on Biafra and East Bay Rays independent label. The band followed with a poorly attended East Coast tour, being a new and fairly unknown band at the time, in early 1980, they recorded and released the single Holiday in Cambodia. In June, the recorded their debut album, Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. The album reached number 33 on the UK Albums Chart, on March 25,1980, Dead Kennedys were invited to perform California Über Allesat the Bay Area Music Awards in an effort to give the event some new wave credibility, in the words of the organizers. The day of the performance was spent practicing the song they were asked to play, Weve gotta prove that were adults now
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Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables
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Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band Dead Kennedys. It was first released on September 2,1980 through Cherry Red Records in the United Kingdom and it has been certified gold by the BPI. The best selling and generally the most critically acclaimed album by Dead Kennedys and it is the only Dead Kennedys album to feature drummer Ted and the only one to feature guitarist 6025. Lead vocalist Jello Biafras strong political statements on songs such as California Über Alles, musically, Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables laid the blueprint for future Dead Kennedys releases, loud, noisy, fast, but with a sense of dynamics and musical individualism. The surf and rockabilly-inspired riffs owe something to Ramones most influential recordings, drawing from early American AM pop and rehashing it in the immediate, the lyrics lend a significant bite to the breakthrough of the already strident musical assault. On the original vinyl version Side A was tracks 1–7 and Side B was tracks 8–14, the songs on Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables were recorded with minimal overdubs limited to vocals and the addition of rhythm guitar in places. In 2014 the album became the subject of a book, released in the UK, US, Brazil, Finland and Germany, written by author Alex Ogg. In contemporary reviews, Trouser Press found that the style and content of the derived from the group The Sex Pistols. But the album may be the only legitimate companion piece to the Pistols Never Mind the Bollocks, the review concluded that The band works largely because of Jello Biafra, a distinctive and remarkable singer who thrives on extreme attitudes. The NME compared the album to music by the British punk group the UK Subs, stating that the Dead Kennedys hardly come across as anything but smarter, both musically and intellectually. Robert Christgau of the Village Voice stated that he found vocalist Jello Biafra poor, the original photograph, as found by Flouride at a garage sale, had no identifying remarks on it whatsoever, and was used because the band thought it was hilarious. Somehow Warner Wilder, the former vocalist of the lounge band learned of the photo. When Cleopatra Records reissued Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables in 2002 and this cover variation was not authorized by the band. During a 1981 performance at the 9,30 Club in Washington, Biafra mentions, Some of you stooped so low as to buy our wonderful album, even with the shitty Disneyland orange cover which was not our idea. Post-IRS, pre-Alternative Tentacles pressings on IRSs Faulty Products subsidiary added Police Truck to the middle of the Side A sequence, Some Cherry Red vinyl pressings added Too Drunk to Fuck to the end of Side A. Pirate pressings of Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables were manufactured in Italy, Spain, according to Biafra, these pressings were manufactured by someone who retained the master parts from defunct Italian licensees and put out what Biafra described as Clorox bottle-quality pressings. These pressings were sold by a distributor to record stores that were, in Biafras words. The run-out groove of the early Alternative Tentacles pressings as well as early Cherry Red pressings includes the text Well, - a reference to the song Who Are the Brain Police
33.
Brand Nubian
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Brand Nubian is an American hip hop group from New Rochelle, New York, composed of three emcees, Grand Puba, Sadat X and Lord Jamar, and formerly two DJs, DJ Alamo and DJ Sincere. About. com placed the group on its list of the 25 Greatest Rap Groups of All Time, Brand Nubian formed in 1989 and their first single, Brand Nubian, was released in 1989. Signed to Elektra Records by A&R man Dante Ross, their debut album, generally acclaimed, the album drew fire for militant Five-Percenter rhetoric on tracks such as Drop the Bomb and Wake Up. The controversy helped selling in excess of 400,000 copies, a version of the Fab Five Freddy-directed video of the single Wake Up, featuring a black man in white-face makeup, was banned from MTV. On that channel and from official WEA sources, this image was replaced by a Baptist preacher, the singles Slow Down, All for One, and Wake Up all became hits on Billboard’s Hot Rap Tracks chart in 1991. Shortly after the debut release, Sadat X and Lord Jamar quarreled with Grand Puba. Following this, Lord Jamar and Sadat X asked DJ Sincere to join the group in 1992, the same year, Puba released his solo debut, Reel to Reel. At the end of 1992, Brand Nubian released the single Punks Jump up to Get Beat Down. The track created controversy because of its content such as Sadat Xs line I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot/I dont understand their ways. Despite this, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 77, later versions omitted the line and replaced it with different lyrics, including the version on the greatest hits compilation The Very Best of Brand Nubian. In early 1993, Brand Nubian released their album, In God We Trust, which included the song Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down. That same year, the groups song Lick Dem Muthaphuckas was released as part of the Menace II Society soundtrack, Brand Nubian’s next release, Everything is Everything, came out in November 1994. Reviews were mixed and sales mediocre, despite the top-40 Hot Rap Tracks singles Word is Bond, in 1995, Brand Nubian broke up and its members started solo careers in music and television. That same year, Grand Puba released his solo effort,2000, featuring another Billboard Hot 100 single, I Like It. Brand Nubians original members reunited in 1997 and contributed A Child is Born to the Soul in the Hole soundtrack, in 1997, Keep It Bubblin appeared on the Money Talks soundtrack. In 1998, Brand Nubian released the album Foundation on Arista/BMG Records and it featured contributions from producers such as DJ Premier, Buckwild, Lord Finesse, and Diamond D. The lead single Dont Let It Go to Your Head became, at number 54, in 2000, Brand Nubian once again teamed up with Buckwild of D. I. T. C. Releasing the single Rockin It, after which the members, once again, Sadat X released a solo EP in 2000, The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy
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Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down
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Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down is a song by the band Brand Nubian included on their 1993 album In God We Trust. The song was included on their 2001 greatest hits compilation album. The song samples Gonna Fly Now by Bill Conti and Its Your Thing by Lou Donaldson. The track created controversy because of its content such as Sadat Xs line I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot/I dont understand their ways. Despite of this, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 77, later versions omitted the line and replaced it with different lyrics, including the version on The Very Best of Brand Nubian
35.
Consumer culture
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In cultural studies, media culture refers to the current Western capitalist society that emerged and developed from the 20th century, under the influence of mass media. The term alludes to the impact and intellectual guidance exerted by the media, not only on public opinion. The alternative term mass culture conveys the idea that such culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, the expression media culture, on the other hand, conveys the idea that such culture is the product of the mass media. Another alternative term for media culture is image culture, Media culture, with its declinations of advertising and public relations, is often considered as a system centered on the manipulation of the mass of society. Corporate media are used primarily to represent and reproduce dominant ideologies, prominent in the development of this perspective has been the word of Theodor Adorno since the 1940s. Media culture is associated with consumerism, and in this sense called alternatively consumer culture, Popular culture and the mass media have a symbiotic relationship, each depends on the other in an intimate collaboration. The news media mines the work of scientists and scholars and conveys it to the general public, for instance, giant pandas have become well-known items of popular culture, parasitic worms, though of greater practical importance, have not. Both scholarly facts and news stories get modified through popular transmission, hannah Arendts 1961 essay The Crisis in Culture suggested that a market-driven media would lead to the displacement of culture by the dictates of entertainment. Susan Sontag argues that in our culture, the most. intelligible, persuasive values are drawn from the entertainment industries, as a result, tepid, the glib, and the senselessly cruel topics are becoming the norm. Some critics argue that culture is dumbing down, newspapers that once ran foreign news now feature celebrity gossip. According to Altheide and Snow, media culture means that within a culture, the media increasingly influences other institutions, since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for molding public opinion. In Rosenberg and Whites book Mass Culture, Dwight Macdonald argues that Popular culture is a debased, the masses, debauched by several generations of this sort of thing, in turn come to demand trivial and comfortable cultural products. Critics have lamented the replacement of high art and authentic folk culture by tasteless industrialised artefacts produced on a scale in order to satisfy the lowest common denominator. This mass culture emerged after the Second World War and have led to the concentration of power in ever larger global media conglomerates. The popular press decreased the amount of news or information and replaced it with entertainment or titillation that reinforces fears, prejudice, scapegoating processes, paranoia, and aggression. Critics of television and film have argued that the quality of TV output has been diluted as stations pursue ratings by focusing on the glitzy, the superficial, in film, Hollywood culture and values are increasingly dominating film production in other countries. The plots often seem simplistic, a standardized template taken from the shelf, the characters are shallow and unconvincing, the dialogue is also simple, unreal, and badly constructed. More recently, scholars turned to the concept of the mediatization of culture to address the various processes through which culture is influenced by the modus operandi of the media
36.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
37.
Extraterrestrial life
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Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life, is life that does not originate from Earth. These hypothetical life forms may range from simple single-celled organisms to beings with civilizations far more advanced than humanity, although many scientists expect extraterrestrial life to exist in some form, there is no evidence for its existence to date. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of extraterrestrial life in all its forms is known as exobiology. The science of astrobiology considers life on Earth as well, in 2015, remains of biotic life were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia, when the young Earth was about 400 million years old. According to one of the researchers, If life arose relatively quickly on Earth and it has also played a major role in works of science fiction. Over the years, science fiction works have increased the publics interest in the possibility of extraterrestrial life, some encourage aggressive methods to try for contact with intelligent extraterrestrial life, whereas others argue that it might be dangerous to actively call attention to Earth. Alien life, such as microorganisms, has been hypothesized to exist in the Solar System and this hypothesis relies on the vast size and consistent physical laws of the observable universe. The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang,13.8 billion years ago, Life may have emerged independently at many places throughout the universe. Alternatively, life may have formed less frequently, then spread—by meteoroids, in any case, complex organic molecules may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of dust grains surrounding the Sun before the formation of Earth. According to these studies, this process may occur outside Earth on several planets and moons of the Solar System, since the 1950s, scientists have argued the idea that habitable zones around stars are the most likely places to find life. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists, astrobiologists have also considered a follow the energy view of potential habitats. Life on Earth requires water as its solvent in which biochemical reactions take place, More generally, life based on ammonia has been suggested, though this solvent appears less suitable than water. It is also conceivable that there are forms of life whose solvent is a liquid hydrocarbon, about 29 chemical elements play an active positive role in living organisms on Earth. About 95% of this matter is built upon only six elements, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus. These six elements form the building blocks of virtually all life on Earth. The unique characteristics of carbon make it unlikely that it could be replaced, even on another planet, the carbon atom has the unique ability to make four strong chemical bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. These covalent bonds have a direction in space, so that carbon atoms can form the skeletons of complex 3-dimensional structures with definite architectures such as nucleic acids, carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined. The great versatility of the atom makes it the element most likely to provide the bases—even exotic ones—for the chemical composition of life on other planets
38.
Conspiracy theory
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Conspiracy theories often produce hypotheses that contradict the prevailing understanding of history or simple facts. The term is a derogatory one, people formulate conspiracy theories to explain, for example, power relations in social groups and the perceived existence of evil forces. Conspiracy theories have chiefly psychological or socio-political origins, some people prefer socio-political explanations over the insecurity of encountering random, unpredictable, or otherwise inexplicable events. Some philosophers have argued that belief in conspiracy theories can be rational, the Oxford English Dictionary defines conspiracy theory as the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties, spec. A belief that some covert but influential agency is responsible for an unexplained event, as a neutral term, conspiracy is derived from Latin con- and spirare. In many respects, they have a right to be angry, the phrase conspiracy theory is not neutral. It is value-laden and carries with it condemnation, ridicule, and it is a lot like the word cult, which we use to describe religions we do not like. Clare Birchall at Kings College London describes conspiracy theory as a form of knowledge or interpretation. By acquiring the knowledge, conspiracy theory is considered alongside more legitimate modes of knowing. The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledge, Birchall claims, is far closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory would have us believe, other popular knowledge might include alien abduction narratives, gossip, some new age philosophies, religious beliefs, and astrology. Harry G. West discusses conspiracy theories as a part of American popular culture, comparing them to hypernationalism, some theories have dealt with censorship and excoriation from the law such as the Holocaust denial. Currently, conspiracy theories are present on the Web in the form of blogs and YouTube videos. Whether the Web has increased the prevalence of conspiracy theories or not is a research question. By contrast, the term Watergate conspiracy theory is used to refer to a variety of hypotheses in which those convicted in the conspiracy were in fact the victims of a deeper conspiracy. In criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime at some time in the future, as one basic American police academy text defines it, When a crime requires a large number of people, a conspiracy is formed. Conspiracy theory examines the actions of secretive coalitions of individuals. S, sociologist Türkay Salim Nefes underlines the political nature of conspiracy theories. He suggests that one of the most important characteristics of these accounts is their attempt to unveil the real, according to Barkun, the appeal of conspiracism is threefold, First, conspiracy theories claim to explain what institutional analysis cannot. They appear to sense out of a world that is otherwise confusing
39.
Sublime (band)
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Sublime was an American ska punk band from Long Beach, California, formed in 1988. The bands line-up, unchanged until their breakup, consisted of Bradley Nowell, Eric Wilson, Lou Dog, Nowells dalmatian, was the mascot of the band. Nowell died of an overdose in 1996. In 1997, posthumous songs such as What I Got, Santeria, Wrong Way, Doin Time, Sublime released three studio albums, one live album, five compilation albums, three EPs and one box set. 13 on the Billboard 200, and spawned the single What I Got, as of 2009, the band has sold over 17 million albums worldwide, including about 10 million in the U. S. alone. Michael Miguel Happoldt and Marshall Goodman Ras MG contributed to several Sublime songs, in 2009, the surviving members decided to reform the band with Rome Ramirez, a young guitarist and admitted Sublime fan from California. In January 2010 the lawsuit was settled and the new lineup now performed as Sublime with Rome, in 2011 Gaugh announced his departure from the Sublime with Rome band. Eric Wilson and Bud Gaugh were childhood friends, having grown up in the same Long Beach neighborhood, Erics father, Billy Wilson taught Gaugh how to read music and play the drums. Gaugh and Wilson together with future Sublime manager, Michael Happoldt, about this time, Bradley Nowell, who had recently dropped out of University of California, Santa Cruz, joined the band. Nowell helped introduce Gaugh and Wilson to reggae and ska, who at the time listened exclusively to punk rock, Sublime played its first gig on the Fourth of July,1988 in a small club. Music venues were skeptical of the eclectic musical fusion and many refused to book the band. For the next years, the group focused primarily on playing at parties and small clubs throughout Southern California with local ska bands Smokestacks, No Doubt. The trio recorded a few songs and put forth a number of short demos, in February 1990, Nowell adopted an abused dalmatian puppy from a shelter and named him Louie after his grandfather. Louie Nowell, King Louie, or Lou Dog as he was called, Gaugh recalled that Lou Dog just loved Brad because it was the first time he had ever actually been shown love. Lou Dog was often allowed to wander around the stage during the concert performances. One of Sublimes early club venues in 1990 was at a club in Long Beach called Toe Jam. This Club was owned and operated by David Rice, James Walker, Jason Burch, a private party was held in February 1991 at Toe Jam for one of the owners. Special thanks can be found for Toe Jam and the owners on the back of the later produced album, in late 1990, music student Michael Miguel Happoldt approached the band, offering to let the band record in the studio at the school where Happoldt was studying
40.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
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