1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Districts of Israel
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There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot and Arabic as mintaqah and fifteen sub-districts known as nafot. Each sub-district is further divided into Cities, municipalities, and Regional councils it contains, the Judea and Samaria Area, however, is not included in the number of districts and sub-districts as Israel has not applied its civilian jurisdiction in that part of the West Bank. Population,1,358,600 District capital, Nazareth Safed – population,113,700 Kinneret – population,110,500 Yizreel – population,482,300 Akko – population,605,700 Golan – population,46,400. Population,966,700 District capital, Haifa Haifa – population,560,600 Hadera – population,406,000 Central District. Population,2,024,500 District capital, Ramla Sharon – population,446,500 Petah Tikva – population,685,000 Ramla – population,326,400 Rehovot – population,566,600 Tel Aviv District. Population,1,350,000 District capital, Tel Aviv Southern District, currently only the Coordination and Liaison Administration operates there. Jewish Population,407,118, Palestinian population, roughly 1.8 million, largest city, Modiin Illit The name Judea and Samaria for this geographical area is based on terminology from the Hebrew and other sources relating to ancient Israel and Judah/Judea. The territory has been under Israeli control since the 1967 Six-Day War but not annexed by Israel, in Jewish religious terms, it is part of the Land of Israel, which leads to politically contentious issues. However, it is not considered part of the State of Israel by the UN, urban Israel, Details and pictures about many cities in Israel
3.
Central District (Israel)
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The Central District of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region. It is further divided into 4 sub-districts, Petah Tikva, Ramla, Sharon, the districts largest city is Rishon LeZion. Its population as of 2014 was 2,024,500, el Al maintains its corporate headquarters on the grounds of Ben Gurion Airport and in the Central District. Districts of Israel List of cities in Israel
4.
Regional council (Israel)
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As of 2003, there were 53 regional councils, usually responsible for governing a number of settlements spread across rural areas. Regional councils include representation of anywhere between 3 and 54 communities, usually spread over a large area within geographical vicinity of each other. Each community within a regional council usually does not exceed 2000 in population and is managed by a local committee and this committee sends representatives to the administering regional council proportionate to their size of membership and according to an index which is fixed before each election. Those settlements without an administrative council do not send any representatives to the regional council, representatives from those settlements which are represented directly are either chosen directly or through an election. The predominant form of communities represented on regional councils are kibbutzim and moshavim, the following sortable table lists all 53 regional councils by name, and the district or area according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. The list includes the regional councils in the Golan Heights and the West Bank, areas considered occupied territories under international law, city council Local council List of Israeli cities Local Government in Israel
5.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
6.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
7.
Hadera
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Hadera is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the city has a population of about 91,634, which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In 2015 it had a population of 88,783, Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams. Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, the land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality, the only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, the first settlers lived in a house known as the Khan near Haderas main synagogue. Initially, Hadera was a lonely outpost of 10 families and 4 guards, in its early years, however, the town had issues with land ownership having drained the swamps with the aid of Egyptian workers sent to them by Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540,210 died of malaria, relations between the residents of Hadera and neighboring Bedouins were poor and HaShomer organization was assigned to guarding the fields. By the early century, the town had become a regional economic center. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, by which time, free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school. Haderas population began to grow dramatically after Israeli independence in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country, among the immigrants to the city were Russian and other European immigrants and also 40 Yemenite families. In 1953, Israels first paper mill opened in the town, sponsored by investors from within Israel as well as from the United States, Brazil, and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israels paper needs. It was also at this time that the Givat Olga neighborhood was constructed on the coast, in 1964, Hadera was declared a city. The city grew dramatically during the 1990s as it absorbed large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants, in addition, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop on October 28,2001. However, since the construction of the nearby West Bank barrier, on August 4,2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah, Hadera has traditionally been known as a backwater
8.
Netanya
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Netanya is a city in the Northern Central District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is 30 km north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km south of Haifa, Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus of Macys, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early 20th century. Its 14 kilometres of beaches have made the city a popular tourist resort, in addition, the city is known for its large immigrant population. In 2015, it had a population of 207,946, an additional 150,000 people live in the local and regional councils within 10 kilometres of Netanya which serves as a regional center for them. The city mayor is Miriam Feirberg, the city is expected to reach a population of 350,000 by 2020. The idea to create the settlement of Netanya was drawn up at a meeting of the Bnei Binyamin association in Zikhron Yaakov, Netanya. was named for Straus in the hope he would donate money to them. When he told them he had no money to give they were disappointed. In 1928 members of Bnei Binyamin and Hanote, a set up after Straus was informed of the establishment of the settlement. On December 14,1928 a team led by Moshe Shaked began digging for water at the site, subsequently, on February 18,1929, the first five settlers moved onto the land, plowing and cultivating it for the first time. In the weeks that followed, more settlers began arriving, the land was divided between the settlers in June 1929 as slowly the vision of the settlement became reality. Development was set back, however when the 1929 Palestine riots, by September, however, development was back on track with the cornerstones for the first 10 houses being laid on Sukkot. In the following years, Netanya continued to grow, with the first kindergarten and shop opening in 1930, in 1933, the British architect Cliff Holliday proposed a plan for Netanya to become a tourist city. Holliday also prepared urban projects in Jaffa, Tiberias, Lydda,1933 also saw the completion of the Tel-Aviv Hotel, the first hotel in the city, as well as the establishment of two new neighborhoods, Ben Zion and Geva. The moshava as it then was continued to grow in 1934 and these operations continued until 1939, with over seventeen ships landing near the city, being aided by the residents of Netanya. Whilst flourishing agriculturally,1934 also saw the city diversify with Primazon opening the first factory there, producing fruit, following this, the first industrial zone was set up, whilst the Shone Halahot Synagogue was built and the Bialik School, the first school, inaugurated. In 1940, the British Mandate government defined Netanya as a council of which Oved Ben-Ami was elected head of. Expansion continued after this point, with the settlement of Neve Itamar created near Netanya in 1944, later becoming a neighborhood, in November 1947, an Egged bus which left Netanya for Jerusalem was attacked in Petah Tikva. In 1948, following the withdrawal of British forces from Netanya and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when fighting calmed down, Netanya was designated, on December 3,1948 a city, the first city to be designated in the newly established State of Israel
9.
Mediterranean Sea
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The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
10.
Tulkarm
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Tulkarm or Tulkarem, is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, located in the Tulkarm Governorate. The Israeli city of Netanya is to the west, the Palestinian Nablus, according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2007 Tulkarm had a population of 51,300 while its adjacent refugee camp had a population of 10,641. The Arabic name, which translates as the long of the vineyard is derived from the Aramaic words Toor Karma, meaning mount of vineyards. During the Ayyubid era, after the Muslim reconquest of Palestine under Sultan Saladin in 1187, the Zaydan would come to politically dominate Tulkarm and the vicinity until the early 17th century. Around 1230, during the late Ayyubid period, a group of Arabs from southern Palestine immigrated to Tulkarm and they had originally migrated to Palestine from Arabia many generations prior and had become semi-nomadic farmers and grazers. Among the Arab families were the Fuqaha clan, who were considered ashraf, two-thirds of the villages farmlands were confirmed as part of this trust in 1354 by the deputy-governor of Damascus, Faris al-Din al-Baki. During Mamluk rule another wave of Arab immigrants arrived in Tulkarm from North Africa and they largely engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, supplying hides to leather merchants in the coastal villages, retaken from the Crusaders in the second half of the 13th century. Tulkarm was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, afterward, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent transferred Tulkarms waqf to the al-Jawhariyya Madrasa, located in the Muslim Quarter, northwest of the al-Aqsa Mosque. Under this arrangement, Tulkarms inhabitants paid a third of their harvest as a tax towards the waqf, at the time of the waqfs reassignment, the population of the village was estimated at 522 and the qasm consisted of eight carats of wheat and three carats of barley. The towns elite families administered the trust, which enabled them to higher social. The population increased through intermarriage with families fleeing violent feuds between the clans of Jabal Nablus. By 1548, the population had grown significantly to 189 households or roughly 1,040 persons, in 1596 Tulkarm appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya of Qaqun, which was a part of the sanjak of Nablus. The largest village in the nahiya, Tulkarm had a population of 176 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats, beehives and a press for olives or grapes. During this early period of Ottoman rule, there were five neighborhoods centered around the Shaykh Ali al-Jazri al-Mughrabi Mosque, because of the decentralized nature of the Ottoman state, these families and their successors in later centuries ruled the area with a high degree of autonomy. The Zaydan had particular authority over Tulkarm, being appointed as the mutassalim on behalf of the central authorities, in the mid-17th-century most members of the Zaydan family, with the exception of the children and the elderly, were killed in a massacre by Tulkarms inhabitants during Friday prayers. Consequently, political power in Tulkarm passed to the Badran clan, while the Fuqaha family took control of administering the waqf lands, the Fuqaha had derived much of their authority from their classification as ashraf and their association with the Sufi Rifaiyya zawiya of the village. The western neighborhood was emptied of Zaydan members and would serve as the main area of settlement for newcomers. Tulkarm appears on sheet 45 of Jacotins map drawn-up during Napoleons invasion in 1799, following the adoption of the Ottoman Land Code in 1858, the musha system was gradually abrogated and residents were required to register their property with the central authorities
11.
Green Line (Israel)
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It served as the de facto borders of the State of Israel from 1949 until the Six-Day War in 1967. The name comes from the ink used to draw the line on the map while the armistice talks were going on. After the Six-Day War, the territories captured by Israel beyond the Green Line came to be designated as East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and these territories are often referred to as Israeli-occupied territories. The Green Line was intended as a line rather than a permanent border. The 1949 Armistice Agreements were clear that they were not creating permanent borders, similar provisions are contained in the Armistice Agreements with Jordan and Syria. The Green Line refers to the lines, rather than permanent borders. All movement across the lines was banned and monitored by the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization. Most commonly, the term was applied to the boundary between Jordan-controlled Jerusalem and the West Bank and Israel, the Palestinian and Arab leaders had repeatedly rejected any permanent partition of Mandatory Palestine. Although Israel has always argued that the Green Line has no legal significance. The territories beyond the Green Line were administered by the Israeli military or later also by the Palestinian Authority, citizenship by residence, for example, was determined with reference to the Green Line, as well as a persons refugee status. The extension of the municipality boundary of Jerusalem in 1980 was an exception to this position and this claim has not been recognised by any country or by the United Nations Security Council. A notional Green Line continues to divide Jerusalem at the boundary of East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights are another exception, having been informally incorporated by Israel with the 1981 Golan Heights Law. The UN Security Council declared this to be null and without any legal effect. Israeli settlements in these areas are subject to the laws of Israel rather than those of the Palestinian Authority. The sections of the Green Line that delineate the boundaries between Israel, the West Bank and Gaza run through heavily populated regions, consequently, the Green Line underwent various slight adjustments, and special arrangements were made for limited movement in certain areas. Jerusalem was divided in half, into East and West Jerusalem, the village of Bartaa, partially due to errors on the map, was left with one third of its area on the Israeli side and two thirds outside of it. Kibbutz Ramat Rachel was left almost entirely outside the Israeli side of the Green Line, the green line was redrawn in blue ink on the southern map to give the impression that a movement in the green line had been made. During the war in 1947-48, Jews residing east of the Line, all but a few of the Gush Etzion defenders were massacred
12.
Ruppin Academic Center
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Ruppin Academic Center, also known as Ruppin College, is a college and village in Israel. It was established in 1949, is named after Arthur Ruppin, and is located near the moshav Kfar Monash, in 2015, it had 4,500 students, whilst the village had a population of 480 in 2015. It was originally called Midreshet Ruppin and the Ruppert School, and was established to provide management education in the area of agriculture, the kibbutz, in 2001, it became a public school. In 2013, Ruppin and Tel Aviv University created a joint advanced multi-disciplinary center with the purpose of training students, with a focus on environmental issues in the Mediterranean Sea. In October 2014, it was announced that Noble Energy would establish a center to train technicians in the energy and it has four schools and 15 academic departments, and awards bachelors and masters degrees. Research plays a part in the Ruppin Academic Center. Ruppin researchers not only contribute in professional literature and conferences, Ruppin Academic Center established various novel conferences organized and hosted by researchers from Ruppin Academic Center. Her special approach is the organic paradigm, the Knowledge Engineering and Robotics Lab provides the infrastructure for a multidisciplinary group of researchers and many students interested in specializing in the area of robotics. This lab is first of its kind in Israel, the Organic Knowledge approach to robotics sees robot as different from other computerized systems in the robot being smarter, more involved, and more human-like. The OKbot has human expertise, sensors, actuators, more interactive with environment and especially with humans, one of the more important aspects of the Knowledge Engineering and Robotics Lab is variety of projects and especially comparative research of different robot platforms and hardware. Some are just development over preexisting platforms, some are more improvements and some are totally self designed. The various platforms span a range from Lego Mindstorm to Arduino. It can be used as an experiment by itself - to extrapolate and it is also very useful as a unique test field for different algorithms and technologies, especially nature-inspired ones. The Marine Robotics Lab applies the organic paradigm to marine robotics and it is inspired by two champion swimmers researchers in Ruppin. It is greatly assisted by the School of Marine Sciences of the Ruppin Academic Center, or Sasson, judoka Ruppin Academic Center Ruppin Academic Center Knowledge Engineering and Robotics
13.
Yehoshua Hankin
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Yehoshua Hankin was a Zionist activist who was responsible for most of the major land purchases of the Zionist Organization in Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine. Hankin was born in Kremenchuk, Russian Empire, and moved to Rishon LeZion with his parents in 1882, in 1887 his family moved to Gedera, where he became friendly with local Arabs, helping him negotiate the purchase of land. Hankins first purchase was the land of Rehovot, acquired in 1890, a year later he bought the land that later became the settlement and city of Hadera. He then purchased territories for the Jewish Colonial Association in the Galilee, in 1888 Hankin married Olga Belkind in Gedera. She was a twelve years his senior, who would become his partner in all his endeavors. In 1908, when the Zionist organization sent Arthur Ruppin and set up the Palestine Land Development Company, in 1909 or 1910, Hankin completed his first major purchase in the Jezreel Valley. He bought some 10,000 dunams of land in Al-Fuleh, in his article, Buying the Emek, Arthur Ruppin described the vicissitudes of this purchase, In order to execute this plan the Jaffa office communicated with Messrs. The latter, then a man of twenty-five had already demonstrated his skill in such negotiations in the acquisition of land for the colonies Rehoboth. This blow proved disastrous for the negotiations, because of the reluctance of Zionist organizations to pay for land, Hankin frequently agreed to purchase lands and then convinced the Jewish agency or others to finance the done deal. He hoped that the ICA, in whose employ he was at that time, but it was no simple matter to obtain the money for this purchase. 3,500 dunams were taken over by the National Fund for the colonies. During World War I, Hankin was exiled by the Turks to Anatolia, returning to Palestine, he soon resumed his work where he had left off. In 1920, he concluded a deal with the Sursuk family of Beirut for purchase of 60,000 dunams of land in the Jezreel Valley and he negotiated for this land when he had in fact not a penny to finance the purchase. This tract became home to numerous new kibbutzim and other settlements, including Nahalal, Ginegar, Kfar Yehezkel, Geva, Ein Harod, Tel Yosef, half of this land was unirrigated and considered of low value, but the remainder contained about 500 Arab tenant farmers. These latter, though reimbursed above and beyond the requirements of the law, subsequently, Hankin was involved in large scale purchases of land in and around Acco. In 1927, Hankin proposed an ambitious 20 year land purchase plan to the Jewish Agency for Israel, in 1932 he became head of the Palestine Land Development Corporation. Hankin understood the necessity to plan for Arab as well as Jewish settlement, Hankin died in Tel Aviv and was buried in the Galilee next to his wife Olga, at the house he had built for themselves at Ein Harod on Mount Gilboa. The notation of the group is A238
14.
Jewish National Fund
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The Jewish National Fund was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine for Jewish settlement. The JNF is a non-profit organization, by 2007, it owned 13% of the total land in Israel. Since its inception, the JNF says it has planted over 240 million trees in Israel and it has also built 180 dams and reservoirs, developed 250,000 acres of land and established more than 1,000 parks. In 2002, the JNF was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society, the JNF was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901 with Theodor Herzls support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, Zvi Hermann Schapira. Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee, in 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts, the Blue Box has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two wars, about one million of these blue and white tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise money, for a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were used as postage stamps during the transition from Palestine to Israel. The first parcel of land,200 dunams east of Hadera, was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Isaac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the Sea of Galilee and at Ben Shemen. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres, at the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land, JNF holdings by the end of the British Mandate period amounted to 936 km². By 1948, the JNF owned 54% of the held by Jews in the region. By the eve of statehood, the JNF had acquired a total of 936,000 dunums of land, most of the JNFs activities during the Mandatory period were closely associated with Yossef Weitz, the head of its settlement department. From the beginning, JNFs policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it, after Israels establishment in 1948, the government began to sell absentee lands to the JNF. On January 27,1949,1,000 km² of land was sold to the JNF for the price of I£11 million, another 1,000 km² of land was sold to the JNF in October 1950. Over the years questions about the legitimacy of these transactions have been raised, in 1953, the JNF was dissolved and re-organized as an Israeli company under the name Keren Kayemet LeYisrael. In 1960, administration of the held by the JNF-KKL, apart from forested areas, was transferred to a newly formed government agency. The ILA was then responsible for managing some 93% of the land of Israel, all the land managed by the ILA was defined as Israeli lands, it included both land owned by the government and land owned by the JNF-KKL
15.
Menachem Ussishkin
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Menachem Ussishkin was a Russian-born Zionist leader and head of the Jewish National Fund. Avraham Menachem Mendel Ussishkin was born in Dubroŭna in the Belarusian part of the Russian Empire, in 1889, he graduated as a technical engineer from Moscow Technological Institute. Ussishkin was among the founders of the BILU movement and the Moscow branch of the Hovevei Zion and he also joined the Bnei Moshe society founded by Ahad HaAm. In 1891, he made his first trip to Palestine and he served as Secretary of the First Zionist Congress. At the Sixth Zionist Congress he opposed the Uganda plan and he was one of the Jewish delegates to the Paris peace conference after World War I. In 1919, Ussishkin made aliyah to Palestine, in 1920 he was appointed head of the Zionist Commission in Palestine. In his pamphlet Our Program he advocated group settlement based on labour Zionism, under his influence the Zionist movement actively supported the establishment of agricultural settlements, educational and cultural institutions, and Jewish polytechnic - later the Technion. In 1923 he was elected President of the Jewish National Fund which he headed until his death, Ussishkin was behind major land acquisitions in the Hefer, Jezreel and Beit Shean valleys. He died in 1941 in Jerusalem at the age of 78 and he is buried in Nicanors Cave at the botanical gardens of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on Mount Scopus. Menachem Ussishkin Jewish Agency for Israel The personal papers of Menachem Ussishkin are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem, the notation of the record group is A24
16.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
17.
Zionist Congress
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The World Zionist Congress established by Theodor Herzl, is the supreme organ of the World Zionist Organization and its legislative authority. It elects the officers and decides on the policies of the WZO, the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897. Any Jew over age 18 who belongs to a Zionist association is eligible to vote, 38% of the delegates are allocated to Israel, 29% to the United States of America, and 33% to the remainder of the countries of the Diaspora. In addition there are about 100 delegates which are appointed by International Organizations affiliated with WZO, after the First Zionist Congress in 1897, the Zionist Congress met every year until 1901, then every second year from 1903 to 1913 and 1921 to 1939. Until 1946, the Congress was held two years in various European cities, save for interruptions during the two World Wars. Their goal was to build an infrastructure to further the cause of Jewish settlement in Palestine, since the Second World War, meetings have been held approximately every four years. Also, since the creation of the State of Israel, the Congress has met every four or five years in Jerusalem, at the 34th World Zionist Congress in 2002, the Green Zionist Alliance became the first environmental organization to ever hold a seat at the World Zionist Congress. The 36th Congress was held in June 2010 in Jerusalem and Avraham Duvdevani from the modern-Orthodox “Mizrahi” camp was elected as Chair, natan Sharansky was elected as head of the Jewish Agency for Israel which was separated again from the position of WZO Chair. The upcoming 38th World Zionist Congress will take place in 2020, the World Zionist Congress includes representatives of Zionist World Unions, Womens Zionist Organizations with Special Status and International Jewish Organizations. Zionist participants in the World Zionist Congress are free to form Brit Olamit or Zionist World Unions, however, as aliyah has brought Jews to Israel from other countries, Israeli representation in the legislature has increased at the expense of non-Israeli Jewish diaspora representation. A Brit Olamit must have representation in at least five countries to send a delegation to the Congress, hadassah – received special status by virtue of a decision of the Zionist General Council, in 1994. These bodies have limited voting rights - they do not vote on matters of candidature, observers with no speaking or voting rights can be invited by the Zionist Executive or the Congress Presidium. The Zionist Congress is conducted by the Congress Presidium, election of the new Executive, according to the proposal of the Congress Standing Committee. Reports of the committees and voting on the resolutions presented by them. The report of the Standing Committee and voting on its proposals for members of the Zionist General Council, the Comptroller, the United States will send 145 delegates to the 2015 Congress with 11 slates competing in elections held during January 13 through April 30,2015. Total number of seats won are shown in parenthesis after the list name and description, First Zionist Congress - Basle, Switzerland Theodor Herzl acted as chairperson. The Congress was attended by some 200 participants who formulated the Zionist platform, known as the Basel programme, and established the Zionist Organization. Herzl wrote in his diary, Were I to sum up the Basle Congress in a word - which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly - it would be this, At Basle I founded the Jewish State
18.
Kfar Vitkin
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Kfar Vitkin is a moshav in central Israel. Located near Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council and was the first Jewish settlement in the valley, in 2015 it had a population of 2,017. The community was established in 1930 by a group of 20 people, the moshav was moved to its final destination in 1933 when the founders moved into new buildings, and was named after Yosef Vitkin, an educator and leader of the Labour movement. The original house became known as Beit HaRishonim, the moshav covers 150 private farms. Niv Adiri, Oscar nominated sound engineer Official website
19.
Hashomer Hatzair
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Hashomer Hatzair along with HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed of Israel are members of the International Falcon Movement – Socialist Education International. Hashomer Hatzair is the oldest Zionist youth movement still in existence, initially Marxist-Zionist, the movement was influenced by the ideas of Ber Borochov and Gustav Wyneken as well as Baden-Powell and the German Wandervogel movement. Hashomer Hatzair believed that the liberation of Jewish youth could be accomplished by aliyah to Palestine, after the war the movement spread to Jewish communities throughout the world as a scouting movement. Psychoanalysis was also an influence, partly through Siegfried Bernfeld, so was the philosopher Martin Buber, otto Fenichel also supported Hashomer Hatzairs efforts to integrate Marxism with psychoanalysis. Members of the movement settled in Mandatory Palestine as early as in 1919, in 1927, the four kibbutzim founded by Hashomer Hatzair banded together to form the Kibbutz Artzi federation. The movement also formed a party which shared the name Hashomer Hartzair. That is why, when a group of Zionist leaders met in New York in May 1942 in the Biltmore Hotel. The Socialist League was the only Zionist political party within the Yishuv to accept Arab members as equals, support Arab rights, by 1939, Hashomer Hatzair had 70,000 members worldwide. The movements membership base was in Eastern Europe, with the advent of World War II and the Holocaust, members of Hashomer Hatzair focused their attention on resistance against the Nazis. Mordechaj Anielewicz, the leader of Hashomer Hatzairs Warsaw branch, became head of the Jewish Fighting Organization, other members of the movement were involved in Jewish resistance and rescue in Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The leaders of Hashomer Hatzair in Romania were arrested and executed for anti-fascist activities, the head of Hashomer Hatzair in Łódź, Abraham Gancwajch, on the other hand, formed the Jewish Nazi collaboration network Group 13 in December 1940, active in the Warsaw Ghetto. He was also the leader of the infamous Gestapo-sponsored Jewish organisation Żagiew, after the war, the movement was involved in organizing illegal immigration of Jewish refugees to Palestine. Members were also involved in the Haganah military movement as well as in the leadership of the Palmach, today, Hashomer Hatzair continues as a youth movement based in Israel, and operates internationally. In Europe, North and Latin America, as well as in Australia, Hashomer Hatzair organizes activities, activities are still relatively ideological, but over time have been adapted to the needs of modern communities, vastly different from the context in which Hashomer Hatzair was created. Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Netherlands, Hungary, Bulgaria, Belarus, Ukraine, Australia, noam Chomsky sympathized with and worked with the group, although he was never a member. The movements even share an office in New York, today the movement operates in Tzavta Centro Comunitario, in the neighborhood of Almagro, City of Buenos Aires. It is one of 9 Zionist Youth Movements in the city and it has around 120 members, running regular Saturday activities and secular Kabalat Shabat service, besides two machanot per year. The movement in Australia is located in Melbourne and was established in 1953 as an away from Habonim Dror
20.
Ein HaHoresh
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Ein HaHoresh is a kibbutz in central Israel. Located to the north of Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 744. It was founded in November 1931 by Hashomer Hatzair members from Eastern Europe who reclaimed the land and it was one of the first settlements in the northern part of the Emek Hefer. The kibbutz was cordoned off and occupied by the British in December 1945 in connection with the struggle for free immigration and it was cordoned off and occupied by the British again in June 1946 along with its neighbor Givat Haim. As part of the war effort, the stepped up its food production. By 1947 the kibbutz had a population of 450, the kibbutz developed a successful mixed intensive farm. By 1968 it had 570 inhabitants engaged in farming in citrus plantations. The kibbutz also ran a factory producing sheet steel casks, abba Kovner Amos Meller Benny Morris Sagol 59 Official website
21.
Jewish Brigade
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The brigade was formed in late 1944, and its personnel fought the Germans in Italy. After the war, some of them assisted Holocaust survivors to emigrate illegally to Mandatory Palestine as part of Aliyah Bet, after World War I, the British Empire and the French empire replaced the Ottoman Empire as the pre-eminent powers in the Middle East. This change brought closer the Zionist movements goal of creating a Jewish state, the League of Nations incorporated the Declaration in the British Mandate for Palestine in 1922. Jewish immigration continued through the 1920s and 1930s, and the Jewish population expanded by over 400,000 before the beginning of the Second World War, however, in the White Paper of 1939, the British government under Neville Chamberlain abandoned the idea of establishing a Jewish Commonwealth. Chaim Weizmann, the President of the World Zionist Organization, offered the British government full cooperation of the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine, Weizmann sought to establish an identifiably Jewish fighting formation under the auspices of the British Army. His request for a formation was rejected, but many Jews in Mandatory Palestine wanted to fight the Nazis. Some of these were formed into separate Jewish companies in their battalions, there was a Jewish battalion attached to the British Army’s East Kent Regiment stationed in Mandatory Palestine. In all, fifteen Palestinian Jewish battalions were formed in the British Army in September 1940, but there was no designated all-Jewish formation. Jewish groups petitioned the British government to such a force. At that time, the White Paper was in effect, limiting Jewish immigration, some British officials opposed creating a Jewish fighting force, fearing that it could become the basis for Jewish rebellion against British rule. In August 1944, Winston Churchill finally agreed to the formation of a Jewish Brigade, according to Rafael Medoff, Churchill consented because he was moved by the slaughter of Hungarian Jewry was hoping to impress American public opinion. Of all races have the right to strike at the Germans as a recognizable body, the president replied five days later saying, I perceive no objection. After much hesitation, on July 3,1944, the British government consented to the establishment of a Jewish Brigade with hand-picked Jewish, the Zionist flag was officially approved as its standard. It included more than 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Mandatory Palestine organized into three battalions of the Palestine Regiment and several supporting units. Once regrets that the British Government has been so slow to seize a great opportunity, the brigade group took part in the Spring Offensive of 1945. It took positions on the front line in the Alfonsine sector, on March 19–20,1945, it initiated two attacks. The brigade then moved to the Senio River sector, where it fought against the German 4th Parachute Division commanded by Generalleutnant Heinrich Trettner, on April 9, the brigade crossed the river and established a bridgehead, widening it the following day. In addition, they were represented among the liberating Allied units at a Papal audience, the Jewish Brigade was then stationed in Tarvisio, near the border triangle of Italy, Yugoslavia, and Austria
22.
Avihayil
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Avihayil is a moshav in central Israel. Located to the north-east of Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 1,395. In 1921, Jewish veterans of the British Army during World War I settled on land allocated to it by the British Mandate government in the northeastern Negev. However, the settlement was abandoned after no water was found, as part of the Settlement of the Thousand scheme, a new village was founded in the Emek Hefer on 19 July 1932 on a stretch of sand dunes on land owned by the Jewish National Fund. Colonel Patterson visited the moshav in 1937, and in his last years expressed his desire to be buried in Israel with his men, in 1946 Avihayil merged with the neighboring moshav, Ein HaOved. The founders were immigrants from Canada, Russia and the United States, in 1947, Avihayil had a population of 600. In 1967 there were 605 inhabitants, and its economy was based on mixed farming including citrus. It established Beit HaGedudim, a museum of the Jewish Legion, colonel Patterson died in California in 1947, less than a year before the establishment of the State of Israel, and was interred at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Los Angeles. In 2014, Pattersons ashes were brought to Israel and buried at the cemetery, in the presence of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
23.
Givat Haim (Meuhad)
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Givat Haim is a kibbutz near Hadera in Israel. It falls under the jurisdiction Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 984. Today both kibbutzim belong to the Kibbutz Movement, as well as agriculture, the kibbutz is home to Prigat, a major soft drink company in Israel. Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, Minister of Transport and member of the Knesset for Mapam Uri Gil Uzi Geller Official website of the kibbutz
24.
Ma'abarot, Israel
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Maabarot is a kibbutz in Emek Hefer in central Israel. Established in 1933 and located to the east of Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 962. Maabarot was the kibbutz established by the Kibbutz Artzi federation and is located in the Sharon Plain. It was founded by members of the left-wing Hashomer Hatzair Zionist youth movement in Romania who organized themselves as a settlement group, upon their arrival in Palestine, the group waited several years until land for settlement was available. They worked as hired laborers in the meanwhile, in 1932, a large stretch of land in the Wadi Hawarith/Hefer Valley area was acquired by the Jewish National Fund of which a small part was given to the settlement group. In September 1933, they too moved to the site of Maabarot, over the following years, the kibbutz membership was augmented by additional Hashomer Hatzair groups, from Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, and Chile. Maabarot farms approximately 3,000 dunams of land, cotton is the major cash crop, and other branches include subtropical orchard, fish-breeding ponds and a dairy barn. In addition, Maabarot runs a plant that dehydrates a variety of foods. Foremost among these is Materna, a brand of infant formula. In 2017. In 1944, Nissim Nissimov, a composer with ties to the Labor movement organized a show inspired by the Song of Songs. In 1955, the French cellist Paul Tortelier, impressed by the ideals of the kibbutzim and he composed Israeli Symphony based on his experiences. Maabarot remains a collective kibbutz despite the introduction of privatization on many other kibbutzim, there are no differential wages, the communal dining hall still operates, and the members do not receive any special compensation for work. Burial caves and artifacts from prehistoric settlements have found on the grounds of the kibbutz. Geva Alon, musician Official website of the kibbutz On the lawn of Kibbutz Maabarot, documentary film] Pictures on Flickr. com of international volunteers working in MaAbarot in the 1970s
25.
Beit Yitzhak-Sha'ar Hefer
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Beit Yitzhak-Shaar Hefer is a moshav in central Israel Located in the Sharon plain near Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council. In 2015 Beit-Yitzhak-Shaar Hefer had a population of 2,105, Beit Yitzhak was founded in 1939. According to a 1949 book by the Jewish National Fund, the village was founded by middle-aged German immigrants who farmed, the book goes on to say the moshav was built by Rassco and financed by the Feuerring legacy. It was named after Yitzhak Feuerring, a German Zionist leader, by 1948 it had a population of 300. It later merged with the villages of Shaar Hefer, Nira. Ganot Hadar was originally part of the merger, but broke away to become independent again, Hefer was an administrative district with a district chief in the time of King Solomon. The economy of Beit Yitzhak is based primarily on agriculture, particularly fruits, the 778 private jam factory was founded by two English families used to produces a popular line confitures. 778 was sold and the factory was closed, today there is another private factory in the moshav under the trade name of Beit Yitzchak Natural Products that produces fruit spreads, preserves, jams and honey. At an annual show for kosher products in the United States. Another private enterprise is Alexander winery, using grapes from its vineyards at Kerem Ben Zimra in the Upper Galilee, in 1961, two brothers from the Netherlands, Benyamin and Harry Meyer, opened a dairy in Beit Yitzhak which produced high quality Gouda cheese. The dairy is now run by Benyamin Meyers son and his wife, official website Media related to Beit Yitzhak-Shaar Hefer at Wikimedia Commons
26.
Bitan Aharon
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Bitan Aharon is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain between Hadera and Netanya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 361. The moshav was founded in 1936, during its first years the members of the moshav hired workers to plant orange groves while its members lived in the cities. A decade later the village became developed with new settlers joining. In 1947 it had a population of 100, the village was named after Aharon Freeman, a Canadian Zionist activist. A 46-dunam nature reserve was declared in 1968, just east of the moshav, flora includes Ziziphus spina-christi and Pancratium parviflorum
27.
Burgata
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Burgata, also Burgeta, is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain on Highway 57 between Netanya and Tulkarm, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 1,128. The date of the construction of the fort is unknown, until 1189, it was property of the Knights Templar. The Maria Latin convent, erected on the site, was acquired by the Knights Hospitallers in 1248, the moshav was founded in 1949 by immigrants from Morocco and Turkey, and was named after the town of Burgata from the Amoraim era. Like many moshavim in Israel, the original homesteads now have given way to new neighbourhoods on the b lands, formally known as Habanim, or in English, originally these lands were cultivated mostly but it was forbidden to build on them. Since the regulations were relaxed, many of the moshavniks began building villas on the acreage in order to compensate for lost revenues in the ever depressing agricultural sector. Whole new neighbourhoods have sprung up in many moshavim sometimes with better municipal services then the original homesteads, due to newer building codes
28.
Elyashiv
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For the rabbi, see Yosef Sholom Eliashiv. Elyashiv is a moshav in central Israel, located in the Sharon plain, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council. In 2015 it had a population of 728, the moshav was founded on a site once occupied by the Arab village Khirbet esh Sheikh Mohammed. Kh. esh Sheikh Muhammed became settled during the rule of Ibrahim Pasha, in 1882, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine found that it consisted of a few adobe huts among ruins. Ancient glazed pottery has been found there, although Yemenite neighborhoods had been established near many agricultural settlements, it was not until 1930 that independent Yemenite settlements were approved. After a prolonged struggle by the Yemenite Workers Federation in Palestine, of these, Elyashiv was the largest and the only one that survived as a moshav. The original fifty families were Yemenite Jews who had been in Palestine since the 1920s and they belonged to an organization of Yeminite Jews called Shabazi, founded in Petach-Tikva in 1931. Agricultural instructors were provided by the Jewish Agency, however, unlike with other moshavot in the Hefer Valley, no financial assistance was provided by the moshav movement. The first decades were marked by conflict with the Jewish Agency. The population was 310 in 1945 and 460 in 1952, Survey of Western Palestine, Map 10, IAA, Wikimedia commons Google-map
29.
Geulei Teiman
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Geulei Teiman is a religious moshav in central Israel. Located near Hadera in the Sharon plain, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hefer Valley Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 369. The moshav was founded in 1948 by residents of Kfar Yavetz, the residents were immigrants and refugees from Yemen. In 1967, Geulei Teiman was split into a moshav and a housing project, but the two neighborhoods were reunited in 1992
