1.
Liberal Party (Norway)
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The Liberal Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Norway. The party is the oldest in Norway, and has enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage and state schooling. For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norways largest and dominant political party, the party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds nine seats in the Parliament, and has an agreement with the incumbent government parties. Since 2010, the leader of the party is Trine Skei Grande, the party is regarded as social-liberal and advocates personal freedom under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained an environmentalist position, the Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender. The party is also a supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway. Overall, it has had a centrist position in the Norwegian political landscape, since the 1880s, the party has seen many internal schisms. Venstre is a liberal, social-liberal and centrist party, through its history it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party, since the 2005 general election. More recently the party has been a proponent of a Blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, in the last few election campaigns, Venstres main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment and it prefers continued membership in the European Economic Area. In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legal file sharing, the party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, when the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstres leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground, the election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet in 1920, after World War II, Venstre has been part of four coalition governments, the most recent one being the second government of Kjell Magne Bondevik from 2001 to 2005. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament, since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party
2.
Surnadal
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Surnadal is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Nordmøre region, the administrative centre is the village of Skei. Other villages in Surnadal include Glærem, Mo, Stangvik, Surnadalsøra, Sylte, Todalsøra, a mild climate and rich soil make Surnadal well suited for agriculture. The local economy is based on agriculture, forestry and industrial production, the parish of Surnadal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. In 1858, the district was separated from Surnadal to form the new Rindal Municipality. This left Surnadal with 3,105 residents, on 1 January 1877, part of Stangvik was transferred to Surnadal. In 1879, part of Surnadal was transferred to Stangvik, on 1 January 1886, the Møklegjerdet farm, just west of Glærem, was transferred from Stangvik to Surnadal. On 1 January 1897, the Sjøflot farm was transferred from Stangvik to Surnadal. On 1 January 1965, the municipality of Åsskard and most of the municipality of Stangvik were merged into Surnadal. The newly enlarged municipality had a population of 5,934, the Old Norse form of the name was Súrnardalr. The first element is the case of the river name Surna. The meaning of the name is unknown. Before 1918, the name was written Surendalen, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. It shows two silver wavy lines on a green background, the silver lines represent the many rivers in the municipality, the most notable one being the Surna. The Church of Norway has five parishes within the municipality of Surnadal and it is part of the Indre Nordmøre deanery in the Diocese of Møre. The municipality is made up by the valley, Surnadalen through which the river Surna runs. There are also many side valleys including Stor-Bæverdalen, Settemsdalen, Øvstbødalen, Todalen. There are three main fjords that cut into the municipality, Åsskardfjorden, Hamnesfjorden, and Surnadalsfjorden, the landscape is a combination of forests, fjords, and mountains
3.
Young Liberals of Norway
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Young Liberals of Norway is the youth league of the Norwegian political party Venstre. Young Liberals was founded on 27 January 1909, with Anders Kirkhusmo as the first leader, the current president is Tord Hustveit, since 2013. Vice presidents are Grunde Almeland and Øydis Lebiko, and the International Officer is Elin Engerbakk and it advocates a more liberal version of the mother partys social liberalist ideology. To avoid confusion, the official English-language name of the party is Young Liberals of Norway, proposals to change the name of Unge Venstre to Liberal Ungdom have been defeated in successive congresses. The Young Liberals are strongly in favour of fighting climate change, the Young Liberals oppose the construction gas power stations without Carbon capture and storage, and opposes subsidies for polluting industries. The Young Liberals are also in favour of other types of environmental protection, the Young Liberals are in favour of free trade, especially the removal of tariffs on the products of developing nations. This is seen as an part of achieving global economic justice rather than a threat to it. The Young Liberals are arguably the most pro-immigration political group in Norway, the Young Liberals supports compulsory classes in Norwegian as a prerequisite for gaining citizenship. The Young Liberals have recently become prominent in the debate on drug policy. It is calling for decriminalizing use of all drugs, as well as marijuana legalization and regulation, the youth party also advocates administration of clean heroin to drug addicts who have not succeeded in other means of rehabilitation. Furthermore, the party stresses that more resources must be spent on rehabilitation, health care, Young Liberals of Norway are independent of Venstre but co-operates closely with them, for example the leader of Young Liberals is automatically a member of the central governing body of Venstre. Venstre and Young Liberals have different opinions on matters, most prominently in that Young Liberals of Norway supports Norwegian entry into the European Union while Venstre opposes this. The Young Liberals of Norway failed to make Venstre pro-EU during Venstres party congress in April 2009, the Young Liberals are generally more liberal in their views than the mother party, both on social and economic issues. They aim to influence Venstre views so that they accords more with those of the Young Liberals, notable recent victories include convincing Venstre to support heroin prescription in the treatment of addiction, to consider drug decriminalization and to support intellectual property reform. Young Liberals of Norway is organized into 19 regional branches, with clubs in about 50 municipalities. The highest decision-making body of the organisation is the national congress. Between the national congresses, the organisation is governed by a national board and an executive board
4.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
5.
Storting
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The Storting is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway. The unicameral parliament has 169 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen plural member constituencies, a member of the Storting is known in Norwegian as a Stortingsrepresentant, literally Storting representative. The assembly is led by a president and, since 2009 five vice presidents — the presidium, the members are allocated to twelve standing committees, as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament, the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee, in 2009, qualified unicameralism was replaced by unicameralism, through the dissolution of the two chambers, the Lagting and the Odelsting. Since 2013 Olemic Thommessen has been president, the alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as an entity in the 10th century. The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866, on 27 June 1940 the presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, about his abdication. In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo, and voted in favour of the results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders, however, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of the agreement of cooperation between parliament and occupation force. Although the Storting has always been unicameral, until 2009 it would divide itself into two departments in legislative matters. After elections, the Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting a sort of upper house, the division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment. The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an upper house. Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting, a standing committee, with members from both the Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision, most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent. If the Lagting amended the Odelstings decision, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting, if the Odelsting approved the Lagtings amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting, if the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted a plenary session of the Storting. In order to be passed, the bill should have then had the approval of a majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time a department voted on a bill, in all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations, the Storting would meet in plenary sessions
6.
Norwegian parliamentary election, 1965
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Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 12 and 13 September 1965. The Labour Party remained the largest party, winning 68 of the 150 seats, however, the four non-socialist parties succeeded in winning a majority between them and forming a government. Per Borten, the leader of the Centre Party, became Prime Minister, a The joint list of the Conservative Party and the Christian Peoples Party won two seats, with the parties taking one each. B The joint list of the Centre Party and the Liberal Party won one seat, taken by the Centre Party
