1.
Liberal Party (Norway)
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The Liberal Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Norway. The party is the oldest in Norway, and has enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage and state schooling. For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norways largest and dominant political party, the party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds nine seats in the Parliament, and has an agreement with the incumbent government parties. Since 2010, the leader of the party is Trine Skei Grande, the party is regarded as social-liberal and advocates personal freedom under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained an environmentalist position, the Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender. The party is also a supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway. Overall, it has had a centrist position in the Norwegian political landscape, since the 1880s, the party has seen many internal schisms. Venstre is a liberal, social-liberal and centrist party, through its history it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party, since the 2005 general election. More recently the party has been a proponent of a Blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, in the last few election campaigns, Venstres main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment and it prefers continued membership in the European Economic Area. In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legal file sharing, the party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, when the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstres leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground, the election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet in 1920, after World War II, Venstre has been part of four coalition governments, the most recent one being the second government of Kjell Magne Bondevik from 2001 to 2005. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament, since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party
2.
Surnadal
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Surnadal is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Nordmøre region, the administrative centre is the village of Skei. Other villages in Surnadal include Glærem, Mo, Stangvik, Surnadalsøra, Sylte, Todalsøra, a mild climate and rich soil make Surnadal well suited for agriculture. The local economy is based on agriculture, forestry and industrial production, the parish of Surnadal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. In 1858, the district was separated from Surnadal to form the new Rindal Municipality. This left Surnadal with 3,105 residents, on 1 January 1877, part of Stangvik was transferred to Surnadal. In 1879, part of Surnadal was transferred to Stangvik, on 1 January 1886, the Møklegjerdet farm, just west of Glærem, was transferred from Stangvik to Surnadal. On 1 January 1897, the Sjøflot farm was transferred from Stangvik to Surnadal. On 1 January 1965, the municipality of Åsskard and most of the municipality of Stangvik were merged into Surnadal. The newly enlarged municipality had a population of 5,934, the Old Norse form of the name was Súrnardalr. The first element is the case of the river name Surna. The meaning of the name is unknown. Before 1918, the name was written Surendalen, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. It shows two silver wavy lines on a green background, the silver lines represent the many rivers in the municipality, the most notable one being the Surna. The Church of Norway has five parishes within the municipality of Surnadal and it is part of the Indre Nordmøre deanery in the Diocese of Møre. The municipality is made up by the valley, Surnadalen through which the river Surna runs. There are also many side valleys including Stor-Bæverdalen, Settemsdalen, Øvstbødalen, Todalen. There are three main fjords that cut into the municipality, Åsskardfjorden, Hamnesfjorden, and Surnadalsfjorden, the landscape is a combination of forests, fjords, and mountains
3.
Young Liberals of Norway
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Young Liberals of Norway is the youth league of the Norwegian political party Venstre. Young Liberals was founded on 27 January 1909, with Anders Kirkhusmo as the first leader, the current president is Tord Hustveit, since 2013. Vice presidents are Grunde Almeland and Øydis Lebiko, and the International Officer is Elin Engerbakk and it advocates a more liberal version of the mother partys social liberalist ideology. To avoid confusion, the official English-language name of the party is Young Liberals of Norway, proposals to change the name of Unge Venstre to Liberal Ungdom have been defeated in successive congresses. The Young Liberals are strongly in favour of fighting climate change, the Young Liberals oppose the construction gas power stations without Carbon capture and storage, and opposes subsidies for polluting industries. The Young Liberals are also in favour of other types of environmental protection, the Young Liberals are in favour of free trade, especially the removal of tariffs on the products of developing nations. This is seen as an part of achieving global economic justice rather than a threat to it. The Young Liberals are arguably the most pro-immigration political group in Norway, the Young Liberals supports compulsory classes in Norwegian as a prerequisite for gaining citizenship. The Young Liberals have recently become prominent in the debate on drug policy. It is calling for decriminalizing use of all drugs, as well as marijuana legalization and regulation, the youth party also advocates administration of clean heroin to drug addicts who have not succeeded in other means of rehabilitation. Furthermore, the party stresses that more resources must be spent on rehabilitation, health care, Young Liberals of Norway are independent of Venstre but co-operates closely with them, for example the leader of Young Liberals is automatically a member of the central governing body of Venstre. Venstre and Young Liberals have different opinions on matters, most prominently in that Young Liberals of Norway supports Norwegian entry into the European Union while Venstre opposes this. The Young Liberals of Norway failed to make Venstre pro-EU during Venstres party congress in April 2009, the Young Liberals are generally more liberal in their views than the mother party, both on social and economic issues. They aim to influence Venstre views so that they accords more with those of the Young Liberals, notable recent victories include convincing Venstre to support heroin prescription in the treatment of addiction, to consider drug decriminalization and to support intellectual property reform. Young Liberals of Norway is organized into 19 regional branches, with clubs in about 50 municipalities. The highest decision-making body of the organisation is the national congress. Between the national congresses, the organisation is governed by a national board and an executive board
4.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
5.
Storting
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The Storting is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway. The unicameral parliament has 169 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen plural member constituencies, a member of the Storting is known in Norwegian as a Stortingsrepresentant, literally Storting representative. The assembly is led by a president and, since 2009 five vice presidents — the presidium, the members are allocated to twelve standing committees, as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament, the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee, in 2009, qualified unicameralism was replaced by unicameralism, through the dissolution of the two chambers, the Lagting and the Odelsting. Since 2013 Olemic Thommessen has been president, the alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as an entity in the 10th century. The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866, on 27 June 1940 the presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, about his abdication. In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo, and voted in favour of the results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders, however, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of the agreement of cooperation between parliament and occupation force. Although the Storting has always been unicameral, until 2009 it would divide itself into two departments in legislative matters. After elections, the Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting a sort of upper house, the division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment. The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an upper house. Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting, a standing committee, with members from both the Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision, most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent. If the Lagting amended the Odelstings decision, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting, if the Odelsting approved the Lagtings amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting, if the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted a plenary session of the Storting. In order to be passed, the bill should have then had the approval of a majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time a department voted on a bill, in all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations, the Storting would meet in plenary sessions
6.
Norwegian parliamentary election, 1965
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Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 12 and 13 September 1965. The Labour Party remained the largest party, winning 68 of the 150 seats, however, the four non-socialist parties succeeded in winning a majority between them and forming a government. Per Borten, the leader of the Centre Party, became Prime Minister, a The joint list of the Conservative Party and the Christian Peoples Party won two seats, with the parties taking one each. B The joint list of the Centre Party and the Liberal Party won one seat, taken by the Centre Party
7.
European Economic Community
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The European Economic Community was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states. It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957, upon the formation of the European Union in 1993, the EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community. In 2009 the ECs institutions were absorbed into the EUs wider framework and it gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty. In 1993, a single market was achieved, known as the internal market, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services. In 1994, the market was formalised by the EEA agreement. This agreement also extended the market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association. Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 and this was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union, which the treaty also founded. The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was renamed as such in 1993. In 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and this was an international community based on supranationalism and international law, designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members. In the aim of creating a federal Europe two further communities were proposed, a European Defence Community and a European Political Community. While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the Common Assembly, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, after the Messina Conference in 1955, Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union. The so-called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the negotiations at Val Duchesse castle in 1956. Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome, in 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse castle, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, the resulting communities were the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. These were markedly less supranational than the communities, due to protests from some countries that their sovereignty was being infringed. The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission, was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val-Duchesse, the EEC was to create a customs union while Euratom would promote co-operation in the nuclear power sphere. The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities, one of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment of common price levels for agricultural products. In 1968, internal tariffs were removed on certain products, another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962
8.
Municipal council
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A municipal council is the local government of a municipality. Specifically the term may refer to the institutions of various countries that may be translated by this term, in English, it may refer to what are also called city councils and town councils. The one exception is the city of Paris, where the city police is in the hands of the central state, not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a legacy of the French Revolution. Lists of communes of France Commune List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population See Nagar Palika for municipalities of India, the Municipal Council in Moldova is the governing body in five municipalities, Chişinău, Bălţi, Tiraspol and Bendery. The Municipal Council serves as a body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a determined number of counsellors elected every four years, representing political parties. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of the Municipal Council, there are two fractions in the Municipal Council, PCRM fraction and Meleag fraction. The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years, in Bălţi, Vasile Panciuc is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice, in 2003 during the anticipated elections, and in 2007. In Chişinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation, as a result, Dorin Chirtoacă, won the last mayor elections in Chişinău. The municipal council is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway, the municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council is led by a mayor and is divided into an executive board and it is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative or Government office, without leave of absence. The municipal council dates back to 1837 with the creation of the Formannskabsdistrikt, in cities the council is often called a city council. In the Republic of China, a municipal council represents a special municipality, members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every 4-5 years. Councils for the municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council, New Taipei City Council, Taichung City Council, Tainan City Council, Kaohsiung City Council
9.
University of Oslo
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The University of Oslo, until 1939 named the Royal Frederick University, is the oldest university in Norway, located in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. Until 1 January 2016 it was the largest Norwegian institution of education in terms of size, now surpassed only by the Norwegian University of Science. The Academic Ranking of World Universities has ranked it the 58th best university in the world, in 2015, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it the 135th best university in the world and the seventh best in the Nordics. While in its 2016, Top 200 Rankings of European universities, the university has approximately 27,700 students and employs around 6,000 people. Its faculties include Theology, Law, Medicine, Humanities, Mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, Dentistry, the universitys original neoclassical campus is located in the centre of Oslo, it is currently occupied by the Faculty of Law. Most of the other faculties are located at the newer Blindern campus in the suburban West End. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area, the university was founded in 1811 and was modeled after the University of Copenhagen and the recently established University of Berlin. It was originally named for King Frederick VI of Denmark and Norway, the university is informally also known as Universitetet, having been the only university in Norway, until 1946 and was commonly referred to as The Royal Fredericks, prior to the name change. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in the universitys Atrium, from 1947 to 1989, since 2003, the Abel Prize is awarded in the Atrium. Five researchers affiliated with the university have been Nobel laureates, in 1813, The Royal Frederiks University was founded in Christiania, a small city at that time. Circumstances then changed dramatically one year into the commencement of the university, however, independence was somewhat restricted, as Norway was obliged to enter into a legislative union with Sweden based on the outcome of the War of 1814. Norway retained its own constitution and independent state institutions, although royal power, at a time when Norwegians feared political domination by the Swedes, the new university became a key institution that contributed to Norwegian political and cultural independence. The main initial function of The Royal Frederick University was to educate a new class of civil servants, as well as parliamentary representatives. The university also became the centre for a survey of the survey of culture, language, history. The staff of the university strove to undertake a range of tasks necessary for developing a modern society. Throughout the 1800s, the academic disciplines gradually became more specialised. Classical education came under increasing pressure, Education, health services and public administration were among those fields that recruited personnel from the universitys graduates. Research changed qualitatively around the turn of the century as new methods, scientific theories and it was decided that teachers should arrive at their posts as highly qualified academics and continue academic research alongside their role as teachers
10.
Candidate of Law
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Candidate of Law is the degree awarded to jurists who have passed the law exam in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland after studying law for about 5–6 years. In Iceland, graduates are now awarded a degree in the field of law. The Swedish jur. kand is obtained after four and a half years at the normal pace, danish, Icelandic and Finnish degrees take five years. In Norway, the degree is obtained after five and a half years, in addition to a single term entrance examination in philosophy and ethics. In Norway it was replaced by the degree Master of Laws in 2003, Swedish universities switched to a curriculum leading up to a Master of Law rather than a jur. kand. in the fall of 2010. Previously in Finland the academic degree was awarded to a person after completing generally 5 years of study in the field of law, both before and after the Bologna process in 2005 the academic degree is split into two different grades. Previously, the degree was varanotaari / vicenotarie, and currently the lower degree awarded is oikeusnotaari / rättsnotarie after completing circa 3 years of study equal to LL. B. The upper degree is oikeustieteen maisteri / juris magister after additional 2 years of study equal to an LL. M. or JD, the oikeusnotaari/rättsnotarie degree alone doesnt give the right to practice law-related occupations. The cand. jur. education used to be the legal education in Norway usually completed in 6 years full-time. As a result of a reform of the Norwegian educational system. The Master of Laws is standardized to 5 years, based on the length of a bachelor+master education of 5 years. The final cand. jur. degree was awarded in the Spring of 2007, traditionally, the student must swear an oath to avoid straying from truth and justice, nor encouraging needless dispute. The oath is no longer spoken, but it is implied with a handshake during the graduation ceremony, in Scandinavian countries, the exam can only be taken at a university with a diploma privilege granted by the government – though any institution may provide legal education. The competition for a right in law at university is very fierce in all Nordic countries. There are usually more than 10 applicants for one place at the Law faculties, the admission system however vary from every country. The degree is equal to the Master of Laws in Europe
11.
Statistics Norway
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Statistics Norway is the Norwegian statistics bureau. Relying on a staff of about 1,000, Statistics Norway publish about 1,000 new statistical releases every year on its web site, all releases are published both in Norwegian and English. In addition a number of edited publications are published, and all are available on the web site for free, as the central Norwegian office for official government statistics, Statistics Norway provides the public and government with extensive research and analysis activities. It is administratively placed under the Ministry of Finance but operates independently from all government agencies, Statistics Norway has a board appointed by the government. It relies extensively on data registers, but are also collecting data from surveys and questionnaires. Hans Henrik Scheel has been the Director General since 2011, Statistics Norway was originally established in 1876. The Statistics Act of 1989 provides the framework for Statistics Norways activities
12.
Dagbladet
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Dagbladet is Norways second-largest tabloid newspaper, and the fourth-largest newspaper overall with a circulation of 71,514 copies in 2015, down from a peak of 228,834 in 1994. The editor in chief is John Arne Markussen, Dagbladet is published six days a week and includes the additional feature magazine Magasinet every Saturday. Part of the newspaper is available at Dagbladet. no. The daily readership of Dagbladets online newspaper was 1.24 million in 2014, Dagbladet was founded in 1869 by Anthon Bang. Hagbard Emanuel Berner served as its first editor in chief and the first issue was published on January 2,1869, from 1884 to 1977, the newspaper was affiliated to the Liberal party. The newspaper was in 1972 against Norway joining the EU, but had changed to pro in 1994, Dagbladet has played an important role in development of new editorial products in Norway. In 1990, the newspaper was the first in Norway to publish a Sunday edition in more than 70 years, in 2007 it had a circulation of 204,850 copies. The actual first newspaper was a paper called Brønnøysunds Avis. Over the past few years, Dagbladet has had success with the Saturday supplement Magasinet, due to the declining of daily circulation, the newspaper has reduced the number of workers the last couple of years by a few hundred. Because of this, the newspaper focused more on news, but recent years. Dagbladet was previously owned by the privately held company Berner Gruppen, jens P. Heyerdahl was the largest owner and had effective control through several different companies. DB Medialab AS also owned 50% of the Norwegian web portal and ISP start. no, in June 2013, Dagbladet with online products was sold from Berner Gruppen to Aller Media for reportedly about 300 million Norwegian kroner. As of 2016, 99% of the shares of Dagbladet AS are formally owned by Berner Media Holding AS, the remaining 1% of Dagbladet AS is owned by the foundation Dagbladets Stiftelse. The online edition of Dagbladet was launched on 8 March 1995 following Brønnøysunds Avis, in 1988, Dagbladet was criticised for the aggressive use of photographs of grieving next-of-kin in the aftermath of the Flight 710 air-disaster. This led to a change of practice within the Norwegian press regarding the handling of such incidents. This caused criticism and ridicule of the newspaper for being overly tabloid, Dagbladet was criticized by the Norwegian Press Association. The paper reprinted the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Postens 12 Muhammad Cartoons in 2005, in 2013, Dagbladet lost the appeal case in Borgarting Court of Appeal, but the legal ruling was slightly changed and the compensation reduced to 200,000 Nkr. In May,2013, Dagbladet appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Norway, the newspaper encountered criticism over a cartoon published in November 2011 that equated the Holocaust with the situation in the Gaza Strip
13.
Nordic Council
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The Nordic Council is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. It was formed after the Second World War in 1952 to promote co-operation between the five Nordic countries and its first concrete result was the introduction in 1952 of a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries citizens. The Council consists of 87 representatives from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden as well as the areas of the Faroe Islands, Greenland. The representatives are members of parliament in their respective country/area and are elected by those parliaments, the Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme. Since 1991 Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania participate with observer status, in 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers, an intergovernmental forum, was established to complement the Council. During World War II, Denmark and Norway were occupied by Germany, Finland fought a war with the Soviet Union, while Sweden, though neutral. Following the war, the Nordic countries pursued the idea of a Scandinavian defence union to ensure their mutual defence, however, Finland, due to its Paasikivi-Kekkonen policy of neutrality and FCMA treaty with the USSR, could not participate. It was proposed that the Nordic countries would unify their foreign policy and defence, remain neutral in the event of a conflict and not ally with NATO, which some were planning at the time. As Denmark and Norway sought US aid for their post-war reconstruction, further Nordic co-operation, such as an economic customs union, also failed. This led Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft to propose, in 1951 and this proposal was agreed by Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in 1952. The Councils first session was held in the Danish Parliament on 13 February 1953, when Finnish-Soviet relations thawed following the death of Joseph Stalin, Finland joined the council in 1955. On 2 July 1954, the Nordic labour market was created and in 1958, building upon a 1952 passport-free travel area and these two measures helped ensure Nordic citizens free movement around Scandinavia. A Nordic Convention on Social Security was implemented in 1955, there were also plans for a single market but they were abandoned in 1959 shortly before Denmark, Norway and Sweden joined the European Free Trade Area. Finland became a member of EFTA in 1961 and Denmark. This move towards the EEC led to desire for a formal Nordic treaty, further advancements on Nordic cooperation were made in the following years, a Nordic School of Public Health, a Nordic Cultural Fund and Nordic House in Reykjavík. Danish Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard proposed full economic cooperation in 1968, nordek was agreed in 1970, but Finland then backtracked, stating that its ties with the Soviet Union meant it could not form close economic ties with potential members of the EEC. As a consequence, Denmark and Norway applied to join the EEC, in 1970 representatives of the Faroe Islands and Åland were allowed to take part in the Nordic Council as part of the Danish and Finnish delegations. Norway turned down EEC membership in 1972 while Denmark acted as a builder between the EEC and the Nordics
14.
Norwegian Data Protection Authority
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The Norwegian Data Protection Authority is Norwegian Government agency responsible for managing the Personal Data Act of 2000, concerning privacy concerns. This Act replaced the Data Register Act of 1978, the authority is based in Oslo, and is an independent administrative body under the Ministry of Government Administration and Reform. It is the data protection authority for Norway. Helge Seip served as its first director from 1980 to 1989, ove Skåra served as acting director from April 2010. On 28 May 2010, Bjørn Erik Thon was appointed as new director, splitt og hersk — Regjeringen vil kvitte seg med enda en brysom vaktbikkje. Datatilsynet førte færre tilsyn for å overvåke personvernet ditt i 2011, datatilsynet til Faremo om NSA, Mange spørsmål gjenstår. Datatilsynet gir Folkehelseinstituttet 350.000 kroner i bot
15.
Council of Europe
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The Council of Europe is an international organisation focused on protecting human rights, democracy, rule of law in Europe and promoting European culture. Founded in 1949, it has 47 member states, covers approximately 820 million people, No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws, the best known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights. The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of, the Secretary General heads the secretariat of the organisation. Other major CoE bodies include the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, the headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg, France. English and French are its two official languages, the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress also use German, Italian, Russian, and Turkish for some of their work. In a speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a kind of United States of Europe and he had spoken of a Council of Europe as early as 1943 in a radio broadcast. There were two schools of thought competing, some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London and those conventions and decisions are developed by the member states working together at the Council of Europe. Both organizations function as concentric circles around the foundations for European co-operation and harmony. The European Union could be seen as the circle with a much higher level of integration through the transfer of powers from the national to the EU level. The Council of Europe and the European Union, different roles, Council of Europe conventions/treaties are also open for signature to non-member states, thus facilitating equal co-operation with countries outside Europe. The Convention created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. It is to court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights. The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website, Promotion of the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and several conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas. Promotion of fair sport through the Anti-Doping Convention Promotion of European youth exchanges and co-operation through European Youth Centres in Strasbourg and Budapest, Promotion of the quality of medicines throughout Europe by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Pharmacopoeia. The institutions of the Council of Europe are, The Secretary General, mr Thorbjørn Jagland, the former Prime Minister of Norway was elected Secretary General of the Council of Europe in September 2009. In June 2014, he was re-elected, and his term in office commenced on 1 October 2014
16.
Store norske leksikon
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Store norske leksikon, abbreviated SNL, is a Norwegian language encyclopedia. The SNL was created in 1978 when the two publishing houses Aschehoug and Gyldendal merged their encyclopedias and created the company Kunnskapsforlaget, the name translates into English as Great Norwegian encyclopedia. Up until 1978 the two publishing houses of Aschehoug and Gyldendal, Norways two largest, had published Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon and Gyldendals konversasjonsleksikon, respectively, the respective first editions were published in 1907–1913 and 1933–1934. The fourth edition consists of 16 volumes, a total of 12,000 pages and 280,000 entries, on 12 March 2010 Store Norske Leksikon announced that from 1 July 2010 there would be no new editions of Store Norske Leksikon, because of lacklustre sales. The main reason behind this decision was stated to be Wikipedia, SNL became available online since 2000 and had several hundred thousand subscribers, both private and institutional. The number of articles is about 150,000. Since 25 February 2009, the encyclopedia has been free. The online version of the Store norske leksikon
17.
Gunnar Garbo
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Gunnar Garbo was a Norwegian journalist, politician, and ambassador. He represented the Liberal Party of Norway at the Norwegian Parliament during four periods, from 1958 to 1973. He was ambassador in Dar es Salaam from 1987 to 1992, Garbo was born in Bergen, as the son of Ingvald Garbo and Sara Haugland. His father Ingvald Garbo was shot by the Germans in 1941, for listening to radio, gunnar Garbo himself had to flee to Sweden in 1943, where he joined the police troops. He worked as a journalist for Bergens Tidende from 1945, and was editor of the newspaper Nidaros in Trondheim. Garbo was a member of Bergen city council from 1948 to 1954, as a representative he was a member of the Procol Committee, the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs, and the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Constitutional Affairs. He was chairman for the Liberal Party of Norway from 1964 to 1970 and he was a substitute assembly member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1963 to 1965 and 1966 to 1970. Garbo was a researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo from 1974 and he was Ambassador to Tanzania from 1987 to 1992. Garbo has written books and numerous articles on political issues, in particular on international politics, including themes such as disarmament. He has also written memoirs from his political life
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Liberal People's Party (Norway)
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The Liberal Peoples Party is a classical liberal Norwegian political party created in 1992 by some of the members of the old Liberal Peoples Party. During the 1990s, some of the Progress Partys members considered the party to have less liberal than it had been in its earlier days. These members of the Progress Party then decided to join the DLF, the DLF has since then taken increasingly more classical liberal viewpoints on most issues, emerging as a promoter of economic liberalism and laissez-faire capitalism. The partys politics states that the state should only protect individuals rights through police, courts of law, with meager showings in parliamentary elections, DLFs best result was achieved in the 2009 parliamentary election. Running in only three of 19 counties, they achieved a total of 350 votes –0. 013% of the national vote, in the 2011 local elections they received 247 votes in Oslo, a doubling in the number of votes from the last local election. In 2014 Liberalistisk Ungdom seceded from the DLF and joined the Capitalist Party as their youth wing, DLF wants to, Replace the parliamentary system and the monarchy with a constitutional republic. Abolish all current restrictions regarding trade between Norway and other nations, viewing the EU as a social democratic, redistributive and protectionist organization, they oppose Norwegian membership. Simplify laws, end bureaucracy, decriminalize victimless crimes, and so forth, privatize roads, highways, railroads and other infrastructure, leaving their construction and upkeep to the free market. Abolish state financing of, special interest groups, business and industry, the agricultural and fishing sectors, the unemployed, abolish restrictions on immigration, provided that the above is accomplished beforehand. Abolish mandatory military service, instead relying on a fully professional defence force, complete the separation of church and state
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Einar Skavlan
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Einar Kielland Skavlan was a Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor, theatre critic and theatre director. His father Olaf Skavlan, was writer, literary historian and professor and he was father of actress and theatre director Merete Skavlan. Skavlan was a journalist for Verdens Gang from 1907, and for Tidens Tegn from 1910 and he was editor-in-chief for Dagbladet from 1915 to 1954, except for his period as director for the National Theatre from 1928 to 1930. From 1 April 1942 to 19 October 1943 he was imprisoned in Grini concentration camp
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Georg Apenes
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Georg Apenes was a Norwegian politician and jurist. After finishing secondary education, he worked as a substitute school teacher in his hometown in 1960 before entering Franklin. He studied there for a year before being enrolled in the Norwegian officers training school and he finished his studies in 1969, when he graduated with the cand. jur. Degree from the University of Oslo, while studying in Oslo he had been chairman of the Norwegian Students Society during the student-led Protests of 1968. He then went to Vest-Telemark to work as a deputy judge, while stationed there, he chaired the local Conservative Party chapter in Kviteseid from 1970 to 1971. He was given a license in 1971, but instead became a journalist for his hometown newspaper Fredriksstad Blad. After one year he was promoted to subeditor and he stayed in this job until 1977. In 1977 he was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Østfold constituency and he was later re-elected in 1981 and 1985 to serve two more terms. Unlike many national politicians, Apenes never held elected positions in local politics, as director of the Data Inspectorate, Apenes has made a mark in the political debate as a defender of privacy. He has opposed the European Union Directive 2006/24/EC, when commenting on Internet privacy, Apenes deplored the indifference with which people disseminate personally identifiable information. He added that the described by Aldous Huxley are probably not that far away. He stepped down in April 2010, until his successor Bjørn Erik Thon was named in late May, Ove Skåra was acting director. Georg Apenes has authored books, with topics spanning from monographies on political themes and analysis of political parties to festschrifts. In addition, he has written columns in the newspapers Fredriksstad Blad, Stavanger Aftenblad, Dagens Næringsliv and he was the son of district stipendiary magistrate Christian B. Apenes and housewife Inger-Johanne Apenes, née Framholdt Johansen, Inger-Johanne Apenes was murdered in 1978. The case was unsolved, until 2007 when someone confessed the murder, by that time, however, the case was juridically obsolete. Georg Apenes is also a nephew of engineer and archaeologist Ola Apenes
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Odvar Nordli
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Odvar Nordli is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He was Prime Minister of Norway from 1976 to 1981, Nordli grew up in Tangen in Stange, Hedmark. After World War II he served in the Independent Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany, by education he became a certified accountant before entering politics, and worked in this field until 1961. He served as deputy mayor of Stange municipality from 1951 to 1963 and he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1961, and was re-elected on five occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1954–1957, Nordli became a cabinet member in 1971, serving as Minister of Local Government in the first cabinet Bratteli. He became Prime Minister in 1976, heading the cabinet Nordli which succeeded the second cabinet Bratteli and he had to govern through several tough cases like the so-called double-resolution over NATO and the national controversy over the damming of the Alta-Kautokeino river. The cabinet Nordli sat until February 1981, when it was followed by another labour party cabinet, after retiring as prime minister in 1981, he was elected vice president of the Storting. He served as president until 1985. His career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Hedmark and he was also a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1985 to 1993. Since retiring, Nordli has had a number of books published, documentary featuring Nordli Growth to limits, the Western European welfare states since World War 2, Volume 4 by Peter Flora
