1.
Outlaw motorcycle club
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An outlaw motorcycle club is a motorcycle subculture that has its roots in the immediate post-World War II era of American society. In the United States, such clubs are considered outlaw as they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture, while organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms. Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters, the president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues. Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound, some biker clubs employ a process whereby members must pass several stages such as friend of the club, hang-around, and prospect, on their way to becoming full-patch members. The actual stages and membership process can and often vary widely from club to club. Oftentimes, an individual must pass a vote of the membership, some clubs have a unique club patch adorned with the term MC that are worn on the riders vest, known as a kutte. During this time, the prospect may wear the name on the back of their vest. To become a member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club, the final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are referred to as full patch members or patchholders. It has been said that other groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image while objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws. Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs, charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature, events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears about the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events. In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event, the primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and this garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colours or cut. Many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, the club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the clubs patches
2.
Harley-Davidson
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Harley-Davidson, Inc. or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kansas City, Missouri, Manaus, Brazil, Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches and four-inch flywheels. The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame, over the next two years, Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend, Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthurs brother, Walter Davidson, upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance. They quickly wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a learning experiment. Work immediately began on a new and improved second-generation machine and this first real Harley-Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches with 9.75 inches flywheels weighing 28 lb. The machines advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle, the bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, the prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft ×15 ft shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the parts, however, were made elsewhere. This prototype machine was functional by September 8,1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park and it was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth. This is the first documented appearance of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in the historical record, in January 1905, small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, complete motorcycles were in production on a limited basis. That year, the first Harley-Davidson dealer, Carl H. Lang of Chicago, in 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street, at the current location of Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft ×60 ft single-story wooden structure, the company produced about 50 motorcycles that year. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering and that year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907, the company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, in 1907 William A. Davidson, brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson, quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company. Production in 1905 and 1906 were all models with 26.84 cubic inch engines
3.
Organized crime
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Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for so-called protection, gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization or gang can also be referred to as a mafia, mob, or crime syndicate, European sociologists define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi law enforcement. There is a tendency to distinguish organized crime from other forms of crime, such as crime, financial crimes, political crimes, war crime, state crimes. This distinction is not always apparent and academics continue to debate the matter, for example, in failed states that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, organised crime, governance and war sometimes complement each other. The term Oligarchy has been used to describe democratic countries whose political, social and economic institutions come under the control of a few families, in the United States, the Organized Crime Control Act defines organized crime as he unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association. Criminal activity as a process is referred to as racketeering. In the UK, police estimate that organized crime involves up to 38,000 people operating in 6,000 various groups, bureaucratic/corporate organized crime groups are defined by the general rigidity of their internal structures. An estimate on youth street gangs nationwide provided by Hannigan, et al. marked an increase of 35% between 2002 and 2010, the term “street gang” is commonly used interchangeably with “youth gang, ” referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet “gang” criteria. Some reasons youth join gangs include to feel accepted, attain status, a sense of unity brings together many of the youth gangs that lack the family aspect at home. Zones of transition are deteriorating neighborhoods with shifting populations, in such areas, conflict between groups, fighting, turf wars, and theft promote solidarity and cohesion. Participation in gang-related events during adolescence perpetuate a pattern of maltreatment on their own children years later, klein like Spergel studied the effects on members of social workers’ interventions. More interventions actually lead to greater participation and solidarity and bonds between members. Downes and Rock on Parker’s analysis, strain theory applies, labeling theory, control theory and these may also be defined by age or peer group influences, and the permanence or consistency of their criminal activity. These groups also form their own identity or public representation which are recognizable by the community at large. Some studied street gangs involved in drug dealing - finding that their structure, members saw themselves as organized criminals, gangs were formal-rational organizations, Strong organizational structures, well defined roles and rules that guided members’ behavior. Also a specified and regular means of income, padilla agreed with the two above. However some have found these to be rather than well-defined and lacking persistent focus, there was relatively low cohesion, few shared goals
4.
United States Department of Justice
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The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project
5.
Hell's Angels (film)
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Hells Angels is a 1930 independently made American epic aviation war film, directed and produced by Howard Hughes, that stars Ben Lyon, James Hall, and Jean Harlow. The film, which was written by Harry Behn and Howard Estabrook, was released by United Artists, originally shot as a silent film, Hughes retooled Hells Angels over a lengthy gestation period. Most of the film is in black-and-white, but there is one color sequence, despite its initial poor performance at the box office, the film eventually earned its production costs twice over. Hells Angels is now hailed as one of the screens first sound action films, Roy and Monte Rutledge are very different British brothers. Strait-laced Roy loves and idealizes the apparently demure Helen, Monte, on the other hand, is a womanizer. Their German friend and fellow Oxford student Karl is against the idea of having to fight England when World War I breaks out, meanwhile, the oblivious Monte is caught in the arms of a woman by her German officer husband, who insists upon a duel the next day. When Roy is mistaken for his brother, he goes ahead with the duel and is shot in the arm. Karl is conscripted into the German Air Force, and the two British brothers enlist in the Royal Flying Corps, Monte only to get a kiss from a girl at the recruiting station, when Roy finally introduces Monte to Helen, she invites Monte to her flat. Monte tries to rebuff her advances for his brothers sake, the next morning, however, he is for once ashamed of himself. Meanwhile, Karl is an officer aboard a Zeppelin airship sent to bomb Trafalgar Square, as the bombardier-observer, he is lowered below the clouds in a spy basket. He deliberately guides the Zeppelin over water, where the bombs have no effect, four RFC fighters are sent to intercept the Zeppelin. Roy pilots one, with Monte as his gunner, to gain altitude more quickly, the airship commander orders everything possible be jettisoned. When that is not enough, he decides to sacrifice Karl by cutting the cable that secures his pod and he then accepts the advice of another officer, the officer and other crewmen obediently leap to their deaths for Kaiser and fatherland. German machine gunners shoot down three aircraft, Roy and Monte survive a crash landing, after his machine guns jam or run out of ammunition, the last British pilot aloft dives his fighter into the dirigible, sending it crashing in a blazing fireball. The brothers narrowly avoid the debris, later, in France, Monte is branded a coward for shirking his duty when his replacement is shot down in his place. When a Staff Colonel asks for two volunteers for a mission, Roy and Monte step up. They are to destroy a vital enemy munitions depot their squadron had tried to blow up for days and they will sneak in using a captured German bomber the next morning so that a British brigade will have a chance in their otherwise hopeless afternoon attack. That night, Roy discovers a drunk Helen in a nightclub with Captain Redfield, when he tries to take her home, she turns on him, revealing that she never loved him, that she was, in fact, not the young innocent he believed her to be
6.
Aviation in World War I
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World War I was the first major conflict involving the large-use of aircraft. Tethered observation balloons had already employed in several wars. Germany employed Zeppelins for reconnaissance over the North Sea and Baltic and also for strategic bombing raids over Britain, aeroplanes were just coming into military use at the outset of the war. Initially, they were used mostly for reconnaissance, pilots and engineers learned from experience, leading to the development of many specialized types, including fighters, bombers, and ground-attack aeroplanes. Ace fighter pilots were portrayed as modern knights, and many became popular heroes, the war also saw the appointment of high-ranking officers to direct the belligerent nations air war effort. This legislation was rooted in a fear that airplanes would be used to attack undefended cities, at the start of the war, there was some debate over the usefulness of aircraft in warfare. Many senior officers, in particular, remained sceptical, early scepticism and low expectations quickly turned to unrealistic demands beyond the capabilities of the primitive aircraft available. Even so, air reconnaissance played a role in the war of movement of 1914. On 22 August 1914, British Captain L. E. O, wadham reported German General Alexander von Klucks army was preparing to surround the BEF, contradicting all other intelligence. The British High Command took note of the report and started to withdraw toward Mons, later, during the First Battle of the Marne, observation aircraft discovered weak points and exposed flanks in the German lines, allowing the allies to take advantage of them. In Germany the great successes of the early Zeppelin airships had largely overshadowed the importance of heavier-than-air aircraft, out of a paper strength of about 230 aircraft belonging to the army in August 1914 only 180 or so were of any use. The French military aviation exercises of 1911,1912, and 1913 had pioneered cooperation with the cavalry and artillery, Great Britain had started late and initially relied largely on the French aircraft industry, especially for aircraft engines. The initial British contribution to the total allied airwar effort in August 1914 was three squadrons with about 30 serviceable machines. By the end of the war, Great Britain had formed the worlds first air force to be independent of either army or naval control, by the end of 1914 the line between the Germans and the Allies stretched from the North Sea to the Alps. The initial war of movement largely ceased, and the front became static, three main functions of short range reconnaissance squadrons had emerged by March 1915. The first was photographic reconnaissance, building up a complete map of the enemy trench system. The first air cameras used glass plates, artillery spotting enabled the ranging of artillery on targets invisible to the gunners. Radio telephony was not yet practical from an aircraft, so communication was a problem, by March 1915, a two-seater on artillery observation duties was typically equipped with a primitive radio transmitter transmitting using Morse code, but had no receiver
7.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
8.
Veteran
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A veteran is a person who has had long service or experience in a particular occupation or field. This page refers to military veterans, i. e. a person who has served or is serving in the armed forces and those veterans that have had direct exposure to acts of military conflict may also be referred to as war veterans. Military veterans often receive special treatment in their countries due to the sacrifices they made during wars. Different countries handle this differently, some openly support veterans through government programs, Veterans are also subject to illnesses directly related to their military service such as posttraumatic stress disorder. War veterans are generally treated with respect and honour for their contribution to the world. Veterans of unpopular or lost conflicts may be discriminated against, Veterans of short or small conflicts are often forgotten when the country fought bigger conflicts. Many countries have longstanding traditions, ceremonies, and holidays to honour their veterans, in the UK Remembrance Day is held on November the 11th and is focused mostly on the veterans who died in service to the monarch and country. A red or white poppy is worn on the lapel in the weeks up to the date, in Russia, a tradition was established after World War II where newly married couples would on their wedding day visit a military cemetery. In France, for instance, those wounded in war are given the first claim on any seat on public transit, most countries have a holiday such as Veterans Day to honour their veterans, along with the war dead. Britain, with its historic distrust of standing armies, did little for its veterans before the 19th century and it did set up two small hospitals for them in the 1680s. In London and other cities the streets teemed with disabled or disfigured veterans begging for alms, the First World War focused national attention on veterans, especially those who had been partly or wholly disabled. The Kings National Roll Scheme was an employment program for disabled veterans of the First World War, kowalsky says it was practical, innovative, and ahead of its time and was the most important piece of legislation enacted for disabled veterans in interwar Britain. In the 21st century Britain has one of the highest densities of veterans in a country, with 13 million in 2000. Some veterans from the Belgian commitment of the Congolese to WWII live in communities throughout the Congo, though they received compensation from the government during the rule of the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, after his overthrow they no longer receive pensions. The most common usage is for former armed services personnel, a veteran is one who has served in the armed forces, especially one who has served in combat. The National Guard and Reserve is included and it is especially applied to those who served for an entire career, usually of 20 years or more, but may be applied for someone who has only served one tour of duty. A common misconception is that only those who have served in combat or those who have retired from active duty can be called military veterans, the American Civil War produced veterans organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic and United Confederate Veterans. The treatment of veterans changed after the First World War, in the years following, discontented veterans became a source of instability
9.
Fontana, California
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Fontana is a city of 203,003 residents in San Bernardino County, California. Founded by Azariel Blanchard Miller in 1913, it remained essentially rural until World War II, when entrepreneur Henry J. Kaiser built a large steel mill in the area. It is home to the largest of the San Bernardino County system libraries, a historic theater, a municipal park. Fontana also hosts the Fontana Days Half Marathon and 5K run and this race is the fastest half-marathon course in the world. The United States Census Bureau estimated Fontanas 2013 population at 203,003, making it the second most populous city in San Bernardino county, the name fontana is Italian for fountain or water source, being in close proximity to the Santa Ana River to the west. Fontana was founded in 1913 by Azariel Blanchard Miller, within a few years it became an agricultural town of citrus orchards, vineyards and chicken ranches astride U. S. Route 66. The Fontana area was transformed during World War II when Henry J. Kaiser built one of only two steel mills west of the Mississippi River outside the city limits. To provide for the plant workers health needs, Henry J. Kaiser constructed the Fontana Kaiser Permanente medical facility, in the 1950s and 60s, Fontana was home to a drag racing strip that was a venue in the NHRA circuit. Mickey Thompsons Fontana International Dragway was also referred to as Fontana Drag City or Fontana Drag Strip. When the Ro-Val museum closed, the vehicles were sold to Bill Harrah, a Nevada casino owner and automobile collector, who placed them on display in the museum located at his casino. As of the 2000 census, the city had a population of 128,929. There are also deposits of similar age from Etiwanda Creek on the western edge of the city. However, the northern and southern edges of the city are formed by the much older San Gabriel and Jurupa mountain ranges, the Jurupa Mountains are composed primarily of Cretaceous and Paleozoic-era rocks, as are the San Gabriels, which also include even older, Proterozoic formations. The most prominent of the San Gabriel Mountains visible from Fontana is Cucamonga Peak and it is estimated to be capable of producing earthquakes approximately of magnitude 6. 0-7.0. The citys listed elevation, measured from the northeast corner of the intersection of Upland Avenue and Sierra Avenue, however, the highest elevation within the city limits is approximately 2,600 feet, in the northernmost part of the Panorama neighborhood of Hunters Ridge. The lowest point within the city limits is approximately 840 feet, at the intersection of Etiwanda and Philadelphia avenues and this difference in elevation is due to the southward slope of the Lytle Creek alluvial fan. The city is affected by the strong, hot and dry Santa Ana winds as they blow through the nearby Cajon Pass of the San Gabriel mountains. Fontana can also be hot in summer, well over 100 degrees Fahrenheit
10.
Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington
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The Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington is a motorcycle club that, in 1947, along with the Boozefighters and the Market Street Commandos, participated in the highly publicized Hollister riot. After the Hollister incident, a prominent Pissed Off Bastard named Otto Friedli split with the club and formed his own group on March 17,1948 in Fontana and he called it the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club. In 1954 Ottos new club merged with the Market Street Commandos to become the Hells Angels San Francisco Chapter, the POBOB were one of the earliest motorcycle and car clubs. The POBOB members played a role in the Hollister riot, on which the movie The Wild One was based. Two months later, the same clubs went to Riverside, California for the Labor Day weekend, the same thing happened again as it did in Hollister. Over four thousand people, bikers and citizens, took over the main street. A Riverside sheriff, Carl Rayburn, blamed a bunch of kids for disrupting his town, saying Theyre rebels. Six months later, Otto Friedli and some disgruntled POBOB members formed the first Hells Angels charter on March 17,1948, in San Bernardino, also known as Berdoo. That same year, the AMA made a statement that ninety-nine percent of the motorcyclists are good people enjoying a clean sport, the term one percenter is born. MC came back as a club, in the city of Fontana known as Felony Flats. The club still exists today with a group of known as the Pissed Off Bastards of Berdoo, throughout California
11.
Flying Tigers
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The shark-faced nose art of the Flying Tigers remains among the most recognizable image of any individual combat aircraft or combat unit of World War II. The group consisted of three squadrons of around 30 aircraft each. It trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II with the mission of defending China against Japanese forces, the group of volunteers were officially members of the Chinese Air Force. The members of the group had contracts with salaries ranging from $250 a month for a mechanic to $750 for a squadron commander, while it accepted some civilian volunteers for its headquarters and ground crew, the AVG recruited most of its staff from the U. S. military. The group first saw combat on 20 December 1941,12 days after Pearl Harbor, AVG pilots earned official credit, and received combat bonuses, for destroying 296 enemy aircraft, while losing only 14 pilots in combat. The combat records of the AVG still exist and researchers have found them credible, on 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded. It was replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces, fourteenth Air Force with General Chennault as commander. The 23rd FG went on to achieve combat success, while retaining the nose art on the left-over P-40s. Chiang then asked for American combat aircraft and pilots, sending Chennault to Washington as adviser to Chinas ambassador and Chiangs brother-in-law, T. V. Soong. Since the U. S. was not at war, the Special Air Unit could not be organized overtly, the resulting clandestine operation was organized in large part by Lauchlin Currie, a young economist in the White House, and by Roosevelt intimate Thomas G. Corcoran. Financing was handled by China Defense Supplies – primarily Tommy Corcorans creation – with money loaned by the U. S. government, purchases were then made by the Chinese under the Cash and Carry provision of the Neutrality Act of 1939. Previously in the 1930s, a number of American pilots including Annapolis graduate Frank Tinker had flown combat during the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side, members were organized into the Yankee Squadron. He also laid the groundwork for a bomber group and a second fighter group. Of the pilots,60 came from the Navy and Marine Corps and 40 from the Army Air Corps, although sometimes considered a mercenary unit, the AVG was closely associated with the U. S. military. Most histories of the Flying Tigers say that on 15 April 1941, however, Flying Tigers historian Daniel Ford could find no evidence that such an order ever existed, and he argued that a wink and a nod was more the presidents style. In any event, the AVG was organized and in part directed out of the White House, during the summer and fall 1941, some 300 men carrying civilian passports boarded ships destined for Burma. They were initially based at a British airfield in Toungoo for training while their aircraft were assembled and they called Chennault the Old Man due to his much older age and leathery exterior obtained from years flying open cockpit pursuit aircraft in the Army Air Corps. Most believed that he had flown as a pilot in China
12.
American Volunteer Group
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The American Volunteer Groups were volunteer air units organized by the United States government to aid the Nationalist government of China against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The only unit to see combat was the 1st AVG. Army, Navy and Marine Corps for service in China and they envisioned a small air corps of 500 combat aircraft, although in the end, the number was reduced to 200 fighters and 66 light bombers. The group assembled at RAF Mingaladon in Burma by November 1941 for training, the Flying Tigers did not go into combat until after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Under Chennaults command, the Flying Tigers became famous in the defense of Burma and it was disbanded and replaced by the United States Army Air Forces 23rd Fighter Group in July 1942, with only five of its pilots choosing to continue with the AAF. Other pilots reported to San Francisco, and were scheduled to depart aboard the Lockheed Hudsons on 10 December. The Douglas DB-7s, meanwhile, were to have gone by freighter to Africa, where they would be assembled and ferried to China, but the attack on Pearl Harbor caused the program to be aborted. The vessels at sea were diverted to Australia, the aircraft were back into American service. The 3rd AVG was to have been a group like the 1st. Because the 2nd AVG had been recruited from the U. S. Army, recruiting for the 3rd was to have limited to the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps. These plans too were abandoned as a result of the U. S. entry into World War II, roster of the 2nd AVG Cables about recruiting the bomber group Rossi, J. R. AVG American Volunteer Group - Flying Tigers
13.
Howard Hughes
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Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was an American businessman, investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. He first made a name for himself as a film producer, later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle, oddities that were caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder and chronic pain from a plane crash. As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes gained prominence in Hollywood beginning in the late 1920s, when he made big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket, Hells Angels, later he controlled the RKO film studio. Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers and he spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules. He acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines and later acquired Air West, Hughes was included in Flying Magazines list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranked at No.25. Today, his legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the birthplace of Howard Hughes is recorded as either Humble or Houston, Texas. The date remains uncertain due to conflicting dates from various sources and he repeatedly claimed that his birthday was on Christmas Eve. A1941 affidavit birth certificate of Hughes that was signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp states that he was born on December 24,1905, in Harris County, Texas. Hughes was the son of Allene Stone Gano and Howard R. Hughes Sr. a successful inventor and he was of English, and some French Huguenot, ancestry, and was a descendant of John Gano, a minister who allegedly baptized George Washington. His father had patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places, the senior Hughes made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the Hughes Tool Company in 1909. Hughes uncle was the famed novelist, screenwriter, and film director Rupert Hughes, at a young age, Hughes demonstrated interest in science and technology. In particular, he had great engineering aptitude and built Houstons first wireless radio transmitter at age 11 and he went on to be one of the first licensed ham radio operators in Houston, having the assigned callsign W5CY. At 12, Hughes was photographed in the newspaper, identified as being the first boy in Houston to have a motorized bicycle. He was an indifferent student, with a liking for mathematics, flying and he took his first flying lesson at 14, and later attended math and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech. The red brick house where Hughes lived as a teenager at 3921 Yoakum St. Houston today serves as the headquarters of the Theology Department of the University of St. Thomas and his mother Allene died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. Howard Hughes Sr. died of an attack in 1924. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a research laboratory in the will that he signed in 1925 at age 19. Howard Sr. s will had not been updated since Allenes death, on his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his life
14.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
15.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
16.
Gardena, California
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Gardena is a city located in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 58,829 at the 2010 census, up from 57,746 at the 2000 census, until 2014, the US census cited the City of Gardena as the place with the highest percentage of Japanese Americans in California. Gardena has a large Japanese population helping make the South Bay region of Los Angeles home to the largest concentration of Japanese companies within the mainland United States, based on archaeological findings, the Tongva people hunted and fished in the area of todays Gardena. The Tongva Indians — also known as Gabrielino Indians — are probably descendants of those who crossed from Asia to North America around 10,000 years ago, part of this land contained what became known as Gardena Valley. After the American Civil War veterans bought parts of the land, union Army Major General William Starke Rosecrans in 1869 bought 16,000 acres. The Rosecrans Rancho was bordered by what later was Florence Avenue on the north, Redondo Beach Boulevard on the south, Central Avenue on the east, the Rosecrans property was subdivided and sold in the early 1870s. One of those became the 650-acre Amestoy Ranch, Gardena proper began in 1887 when the Pomeroy & Harrison real estate developers subdivided the ranch, anticipating the coming of the Los Angeles and Redondo Railway. Civil War veteran Spencer Roane Thorpe is credited with starting the first settlement in Gardena in 1887, railroads put Gardena on the map following a real estate boom in the Los Angeles area in the 1880s. Some believe the city was named for its reputation for being the green spot in the dry season between Los Angeles and the sea. Because of its acres of berries, the city was dubbed Berryland, the Strawberry Day Festival and Parade was held each May. The berry industry suffered at the time of World War I as other crops were supported by the war economy, Japanese Americans settled in Gardena throughout its history. Their community was the subject of a 60 Minutes report in 1970, the only way Gardena could protect itself from a heavy county tax imposed on a planned project at a park site was to incorporate. The City of Gardena became incorporated on September 11,1930, from 1936 to 1980, Gardena held a local monopoly on legal cardrooms, the taxes from which accounted for nearly a third of its annual budget. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.9 square miles. A9. 4-acre wetland preserve, the Gardena Willows Wetland Preserve, is located at the southeast corner of Gardena and this is a naturally-occurring marshland where water seeps above-ground all year round. It hosts several species of trees and other vegetation and it is located near the intersection of Vermont Avenue and Artesia Boulevard. Gardena is bordered by Athens on the north, the Los Angeles neighborhood of Harbor Gateway on the east and south, Torrance on the southwest, Alondra Park on the west, the 2010 United States Census reported that Gardena had a population of 58,829. The population density was 10,030.0 people per square mile
17.
Chino, California
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Chino is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is located in the end of the Riverside-San Bernardino Area and it is easily accessible via the Chino Valley. The population was 77,983 at the 2010 census, chinos rich agricultural history dates back to the Spanish land grant forming Rancho Santa Ana del Chino. The area specialized in orchard, row crops and dairy, downtown Chino is home to satellite branches of the San Bernardino County Library and Chaffey Community College, the Chino Community Theatre, the Chino Boxing Club and a weekly Farmers Market. In 2008, the city of Chino was awarded the prestigious 100 Best Communities for Youth award for the time in three years. Chino hosted shooting events for the 1984 Summer Olympics at the Prado Olympic Shooting Park in the Prado Regional Park, two California state prisons for adults, as well as the Heman G. Stark Youth Correctional Facility, lie within the city limits. The land grant on which the town was founded was called Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, Santa Ana is Spanish for Saint Anne, but the exact meaning of Chino has been explained in different ways. One explanation is that the Chino was the chief of the local Native American village, the first inhabitants of Chino in modern times were the Tongva, who had a settlement called Wapijangna in the Santa Ana River watershed. Some residents of Wapijanga were baptized at Mission San Gabriel, which was established in 1771, the Spanish crown claimed the land, at least nominally, until Mexican independence was finalized and possession fell to the Mexican government. Some twenty years later, Mexican governor of Alta California Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho Santa Ana del Chino to Antonio Maria Lugo of the prominent Lugo family. Two years later, his successor, Governor Micheltorena, granted an additional three leagues to Lugos son-in-law Isaac Williams, who took charge of the rancho, Williams kept large quantities of horses and cattle, which attracted the envy of raiding Native Americans as well as unscrupulous whites. Early in the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Chino took place at Williams rancho, the battle ended prior to the arrival of the Mormon Battalion, dispatched on behalf of the United States, who instead labored in the ranchos agricultural harvest and constructed a grist mill. During the California Gold Rush, the rancho was a stopover for travelers. In 1850, California was admitted to the union, and the process of separating privately held lands from the public domain began, the Williams claim to the Chino Rancho was patented in 1869. Richard Gird was the owner of the Rancho. Beginning in 1887, his land was subdivided and laid out and it became the Town of Chino, and incorporated into a city in 1910. Sugar beets, corn, and alfalfa were raised there, the Chino Valley, located at the foot of an alluvial plain with fertile topsoil reaching depths of 4 feet, was an agricultural mecca from the 1890s up through the mid 20th century. Sugar beets were a significant part of the economy in the early 1900s, followed by corn, peaches, walnuts, tomatoes
18.
Pomona, California
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Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley, between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley, as of the 2010 United States Census, the citys population was 149,058. The area was occupied by the Tongva or Gabrielino Native Americans. The city is named for Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruit, the first Anglo-Americans arrived in prior to 1848 when the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in California becoming part of the United States. By the 1880s, the arrival of railroads and Coachella Valley water had made it the anchor of the citrus-growing region. Pomona was officially incorporated on January 6,1888, in the 1920s Pomona was known as the Queen of the Citrus Belt, with one of the highest per-capita levels of income in the United States. In the 1940s it was used as a location for major motion picture studios to see how their films would play to modally middle class audiences around the country. Religious institutions are deeply embedded in the history of Pomona, there are now more than 120 churches, representing most religions in todays society. The historical architecture of these churches provide glimpses of the European church design, in 2005, Pomona citizens elected Norma Torres, the first woman of Guatemalan heritage to be elected to a mayoral post outside of Guatemala. Pomona is an area of Los Angeles County in the Pomona Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.964 square miles. Pomona is approximately 27 miles east of downtown Los Angeles,25 miles north of Santa Ana,31 miles west of Riverside, the Los Angeles/San Bernardino county line forms most of the citys southern and eastern boundaries. Pomona has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters, august is the warmest month with an average daytime high temperature of 92 °F. Summers are characterized by days and very little rainfall during the months of June through September. Fall brings cooler temperatures and occasional showers, as well as seasonal Santa Ana winds originating from the northeast, december is the coolest month with an average high temperature of 68 °F. Winter also brings the majority of annual precipitation, snowfall is virtually unheard of, but frost can occur once or twice a year. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pomona had a population of 149,058, the population density was 6,491.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pomona was 71,564 White,10,924 African American,1,763 Native American,12,688 Asian,282 Pacific Islander,45,171 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 105,135 persons
19.
San Bernardino, California
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San Bernardino /ˈsæn ˌbɜːrnɑːrˈdiːnoʊ/ is a city located in the Riverside-San Bernardino metropolitan area. It serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, as one of the Inland Empires anchor cities, San Bernardino spans 81 square miles on the floor of the San Bernardino Valley and has a population of 209,924 as of the 2010 census. San Bernardino is the 17th-largest city in California and the 100th-largest city in the United States, San Bernardino is home to numerous diplomatic missions for the Inland Empire, being one of four cities in California with numerous consulates. The governments of Guatemala and Mexico have established their consulates in the area of the city. California State University, San Bernardino is located in the part of the city. The university also hosts the Coussoulis Arena, in addition, the city is home to the Inland Empire 66ers baseball team, they play their home games at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino. In August 2012, San Bernardino became the largest city to choose to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U. S. Bankruptcy code, San Bernardinos case was filed on August 1. On December 2,2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured, the city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople originally referred to as The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God. The Tongva Indians also called the San Bernardino area Waaach in their language, upon seeing the immense geological arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the hot and cold springs to which the arrowhead seemed to point. Politana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley, Two years later the settlement was destroyed by superstitious local tribesmen, following the powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Politana rancheria and they did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization, the city of San Bernardino one of the oldest communities in the state of California, and in its present-day location, was not largely settled until 1851, after California became a state. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons, hardworking Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was incorporated in the year 1857. Later that year most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War, once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county, many the new land owners unlike the sober Mormons, indulged in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair, in 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the reach of Lytle Creek
20.
Roger Corman
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Roger William Corman is an American independent film producer, director, and actor. He has been called The Pope of Pop Cinema and is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film, much of Cormans work has an established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe. In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award, Corman mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese and James Cameron. He also helped to launch the careers of actors Peter Fonda, a documentary about Cormans life and career entitled Cormans World, Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011. The films TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a screening at Sundance. Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne and William Corman and his younger brother, Eugene Harold Gene Corman, has also produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger. Corman and his brother were baptized in their mothers Catholic faith, Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study Industrial Engineering. While at Stanford, Corman enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, after the end of World War II, Corman returned to Stanford and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering in 1947. While at Stanford University, Roger Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon, in 1948, he worked briefly at U. S. Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days, he work on Monday and quit on Thursday. More interested in film, Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room and he worked his way up to a story reader. The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck, when Corman received no credit at all he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself. Under the GI Bill, Corman studied English Literature at Oxford University and he then returned to Los Angeles, beginning his film career in 1953 as a producer and screenwriter, then started directing films in 1955. Corman began to direct films in the mid-1950s, including Swamp Women, in his early period, he produced up to nine movies a year. His fastest film was perhaps The Little Shop of Horrors, which was shot in two days and one night. Supposedly, he had made a bet that he could shoot a feature film in less than three days. Another version of the claims that he had a set rented for a month. In addition to producing and directing films for American International Pictures, in 1959, Corman founded Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses
21.
The Wild Angels
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The Wild Angels is a 1966 Roger Corman film, made on location in Southern California. The Wild Angels was made three years before Easy Rider and was the first film to associate actor Peter Fonda with Harley-Davidson motorcycles and it was also the film that inspired the outlaw biker film genre that continued into the early 1970s. Small supporting roles are played by Michael J. Pollard and Gayle Hunnicutt and, according to literature promoting the film, members of the Hells Angels from Venice, members of the Coffin Cheaters motorcycle club also appeared. In 1967 AIP followed this film with Devils Angels, The Glory Stompers with Dennis Hopper and they blame a group of Mexicans in a repair shop, and the two groups brawl. The police arrive, chasing the Angels on foot, and the Loser escapes by stealing a police motorcycle, after a chase on mountain roads, one of the officers shoots the Loser in the back, putting him in the hospital. Blues leads a group of Angels that sneaks him out of the hospital. The nurse identifies Blues to police though he stopped the attack, without proper medical care, the Loser goes into shock and dies. His cohorts forge a death certificate and arrange a funeral in the Loser’s rural hometown. Blues interrupts the service, and the Angels have a party, later, the Angels proceed to the Sequoia Grove cemetery to bury the Loser. There, the locals throw stones at the Angels and provoke a fight, as police sirens approach and everyone scatters, Mike begs Blues to leave immediately, but he refuses and tells her to leave with another member of the gang. Blues stays behind, and before burying his friend on his own, says with resignation and they approached Roger Corman, who hired Charles B. Griffiths first draft was a near-silent movie which contrasted the bikers with the story of a motorcycle cop. Corman did not like it and had Griffith rewrite it, Corman still was not happy and gave it to Peter Bogdanovich to rewrite. Bogdanovich later estimated he rewrote 80% of the script and he later directed second unit and did various other odd jobs. George Chakiris and Peter Fonda were originally cast in the lead roles, however Chakiris could not ride a bike so he was replaced by Fonda. Film critic Leonard Maltin called The Wild Angels OK after about 24 beers and it opened the Venice Film Festival in 1966, to tepid response. But the film was shown anyway, Corman took chances with this subject matter and the Charles B. Griffith–authored screenplay, without being overly graphic, which paid dividends commercially, The Wild Angels was the 16th highest-grossing film of 1966, the film had admissions in France of 531,240
22.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
23.
Haight-Ashbury
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Haight-Ashbury is a district of San Francisco, California, named for the intersection of Haight and Ashbury streets. It is also called The Haight and The Upper Haight, the neighborhood is known for its history of, and being the origin of hippie counterculture. The street names commemorate two early San Francisco leaders, Pioneer and exchange banker Henry Haight and Munroe Ashbury, a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 1864 to 1870. Both Haight and his nephew as well as Ashbury had a hand in the planning of the neighborhood, the Haight-Ashbury district is noted for its role as a center of the 1960s hippie movement. The earlier bohemians of the movement had congregated around San Franciscos North Beach neighborhood from the late 1950s. Many who could not find accommodation there turned to the quaint, relatively cheap, the Summer of Love, the 1960s era as a whole, and much of modern American counterculture have been synonymous with San Francisco and the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood ever since. Before the completion of the Haight Street Cable Railroad in 1883, what is now the Haight-Ashbury was a collection of isolated farms and acres of sand dunes. The Haight cable car line, completed in 1883, connected the east end of Golden Gate Park with the geographically central Market Street line and the rest of downtown San Francisco. The cable car, land grading and building techniques of the 1890s and it was one of the few neighborhoods spared from the fires that followed the catastrophic San Francisco earthquake of 1906. The Haight was hit hard by the Depression, as was much of the city, residents with enough money to spare left the declining and crowded neighborhood for greener pastures within the growing city limits, or newer, smaller suburban homes in the Bay Area. During the housing shortage of World War II, large single-family Victorians were divided into apartments to house workers, others were converted into boarding homes for profit. By the 1950s, the Haight was a neighborhood in decline, many buildings were left vacant after the war. Deferred maintenance also took its toll, and the exodus of middle class residents to newer suburbs continued to many units for rent. In the 1950s, a freeway was proposed that would have run through the Panhandle, the Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council was formed at the time of the 1959 revolt. HANC is still active in the neighborhood as of 2008, the bohemian subculture that subsequently flourished there took root, and to a great extent, has remained to this day. The mainstream medias coverage of life in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America. Hunter S. Thompson labeled the district Hashbury in The New York Times Magazine, the Haight-Ashbury district was sought out by hippies to constitute a community based upon counterculture ideals, drugs, and music. This neighborhood offered a concentrated gathering spot for hippies to create an experiment that would soon spread throughout the nation
24.
Ken Kesey
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Kenneth Elton Ken Kesey was an American novelist, essayist, and countercultural figure. He considered himself a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s, Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado and grew up in Springfield, Oregon, graduating from the University of Oregon in 1957. He mentored the Grateful Dead throughout their incipience and continued to exert an influence upon the group throughout their long career. In 1965, following an arrest for possession and subsequent faked suicide. Shortly thereafter, he returned home to the Willamette Valley and settled in Pleasant Hill, Oregon, in addition to teaching at the University of Oregon—an experience that culminated in Caverns, a collaborative novel written by Kesey and his graduate workshop students under the pseudonym of O. U. After a third novel was released to reviews in 1992, he reunited with the Merry Pranksters. Ken Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado, to dairy farmers Geneva, in 1946, the family moved to Springfield, Oregon. He graduated from Springfield High School in 1953, an avid reader and filmgoer, the young Kesey took John Wayne, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Zane Grey as his role models and toyed with magic, ventriloquism, and hypnotism. According to Kesey, Without Faye, I would have been swept overboard by notoriety and weird, dope-fueled ideas and flower-child girls with beamy eyes, married until his death at the age of 66, they had three children, Jed, Zane, and Shannon. Additionally, with the approval of Faye Kesey, Ken fathered a daughter, Sunshine Kesey, born in 1966, Sunshine was raised by Adams and her stepfather, Jerry Garcia. Kesey had a scholarship for his freshman year, but switched to University of Oregon wrestling team as a better fit to his build. After posting a.885 winning percentage in the 1956–57 season, in 1957, Kesey was second in his weight class at the Pacific Coast intercollegiate competition. He remains ranked in the top 10 of Oregon Wrestling’s all time winning percentage, a member of Beta Theta Pi throughout his studies, Kesey graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech and communication in 1957. Increasingly disengaged by the playwriting and screenwriting courses that comprised much of his major, hall, a cosmopolitan alumnus of the Iowa Writers Workshop who had previously taught at Cornell University and later served as provost of College V at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Hall took on Kesey as his protege and cultivated his interest in fiction, introducing Kesey to the works of Ernest Hemingway. Reinforcing these perceptions, Stegners deputy Richard Scowcroft later recalled that neither Wally nor I thought he had an important talent. According to Stone, Stegner saw Kesey. as a threat to civilization and intellectualism and sobriety and continued to reject Keseys Stegner Fellowship applications for the 1959–60 and 1960–61 terms. The course was taught that year by Viking Press editorial consultant and Lost Generation eminence grise Malcolm Cowley
25.
Merry Pranksters
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The Merry Pranksters were cohorts and followers of American author Ken Kesey in 1964. Kesey was in flight from a charge at the time. Notable members of the group include Keseys best friend Ken Babbs, Carolyn Mountain Girl Garcia, Lee Quarnstrom and these events are also documented by one of the original pranksters, Lee Quarnstrom, in his memoir titled When I Was a Dynamiter. And just out of the blue I said, Tis I, and our motto will be the obliteration of the entire nation. Not taken literally of course, we blow up their buildings. Kesey wanted to see what would happen when hallucinogenic-inspired spontaneity confronted what he saw as the banality and conformity of American society, Ken Babbs has suggested that the bus trip reversed the historic American westward movement of the centuries. The trips original purpose was to celebrate the publication of Keseys novel Sometimes a Great Notion and to visit the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York City. The Pranksters were enthusiastic users of marijuana, amphetamines, and LSD, Zane Kesey and Simon Babbs edited the video and audio clips made by the Pranksters on the trip to produce a DVD called simply The Acid Test which is distributed by Key-z Productions. Kesey and the Pranksters also had a relationship with the motorcycle gang the Hells Angels. The details of their relationship are documented in Wolfes above-mentioned book, in 1969, Further and the Pranksters attended the Woodstock rock festival. In the same year, they were present at the Texas Pop Festival at Lewisville. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audiotaped much of what they did during their bus trips, some of this material has surfaced in documentaries, including the BBCs Dancing In the Street. Some of the Pranksters have released some of the footage on their own, on August 14,1997, Kesey appeared with the Merry Pranksters at a Phish concert during a performance of the song Colonel Forbins Ascent from the album The Man Who Stepped Into Yesterday. The original Prankster bus is at Keseys farm in Oregon, in November 2005, it was pulled out of the swamp by Zane Kesey and family and a group of the original Merry Pranksters with the intent of restoring it. The Smithsonian Institution sought to acquire the bus, which is no longer operable, Kesey attempted, unsuccessfully, to prank the Smithsonian by passing off a phony bus. Kesey died of complications due to cancer in November 2001. On December 10,2003, Ken Babbs hosted a memorial to Kesey with String Cheese Incident and various other old and it was held at the McDonald Theatre in Eugene Oregon. The proceeds helped to raise money for the Ken Kesey Memorial sculpture designed by Peter Helzer, other benefactors for the project include Bob Weir, Paul Newman and Michael Douglas
26.
Allen Ginsberg
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Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet of Jewish origin, and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He was one of many influential American writers of his known as the Beat Generation. Ginsberg is best known for his poem Howl, in which he denounced what he saw as the forces of capitalism. In 1956, Howl was seized by San Francisco police and US Customs. S, Howl reflected Ginsbergs own homosexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner. Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that Howl was not obscene, adding, Ginsberg was a practicing Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in stores and residing in downscale apartments in New York’s East Village. One of his most influential teachers was the Tibetan Buddhist the Venerable Chögyam Trungpa, at Trungpas urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974. Ginsberg took part in decades of non-violent political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs and his collection The Fall of America shared the annual U. S. National Book Award for Poetry in 1974. In 1979 he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts, Ginsberg was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings, Poems 1986–1992. Ginsberg was born into a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, as a young teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to The New York Times about political issues, such as World War II and workers rights. While in high school, Ginsberg began reading Walt Whitman, inspired by his teachers passionate reading, in 1945, he joined the Merchant Marines to earn money to continue his education at Columbia. Ginsberg has stated that he considered the required freshman seminar to be his favorite course while at Columbia University and its subject was The Great Books and was taught by Lionel Trilling. According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in an institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room and it was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance. Ginsberg referred to his parents, in a 1985 interview, as old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers and his father Louis Ginsberg was a published poet and a high school teacher. Ginsbergs mother, Naomi Livergant Ginsberg, was affected by an illness that was never properly diagnosed. She was also a member of the Communist Party and took Ginsberg. Ginsberg later said that his mother made up stories that all went something like, The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers
27.
Jerry Garcia
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Jerome John Jerry Garcia was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for his work with the band the Grateful Dead, which came to prominence during the counterculture era in the 1960s. Though he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader or spokesman of the group, one of its founders, Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for their entire thirty-year career. He also released solo albums, and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician. He was well known for his guitar playing and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stones 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time cover story. Later in life, Garcia was sometimes ill because of his diabetes, Jerry Garcias ancestors on his fathers side were from Galicia in northwest Spain. His mothers ancestors were Irish and Swedish and he was born in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, California, on August 1,1942, to Jose Ramon Joe Garcia and Ruth Marie Bobbie Garcia, who was herself born in San Francisco. His parents named him after composer Jerome Kern, Jerome John was their second child, preceded by Clifford Ramon Tiff, who was born in 1937. Garcia was influenced by music at an age, taking piano lessons for much of his childhood. His father was a professional musician and his mother enjoyed playing the piano. His fathers extended family—who had emigrated from Spain in 1919—would often sing during reunions, Garcia experienced several tragedies during his youth. At age four, while the family was vacationing in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Garcia and his brother Tiff were chopping wood. Jerry steadied a piece of wood with his finger, but Tiff miscalculated, after his mother wrapped his hand in a towel, Garcias father drove him over 30 miles to the nearest hospital. A few weeks later, Garcia — who had not looked at his finger since the accident — was surprised to discover most of it missing when the bandage he was wearing came off during a bath. Garcia later confided that he used it to his advantage in his youth. Less than a year after he lost most of his finger, vacationing with his family near Arcata in Northern California in 1947, Garcias father went fly fishing in the Trinity River, part of the Six Rivers National Forest. Not long after entering the river, Garcias father slipped on a rock and he drowned before other fishermen could reach him. Blair Jackson, who wrote Garcia, An American Life, lends weight to McNallys claim, jacksons evidence, a local newspaper article describing Joses death failed to mention Garcia was present when his father died. Following the accident, Garcias mother took over her husbands bar, as a result, Ruth Garcia began working full-time, sending Jerry and his brother to live nearby with her parents, Tillie and William Clifford
28.
Grateful Dead
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The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
29.
Timothy Leary
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Timothy Francis Leary was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions. Leary conducted experiments under the Harvard Psilocybin Project during American legality of LSD and psilocybin, resulting in the Concord Prison Experiment, Learys colleague, Richard Alpert, was fired from Harvard University on May 27,1963 for giving psilocybin to an undergraduate student. Leary was planning to leave Harvard when his contract expired in June. He was fired, for failure to keep classroom appointments, with his pay docked on April 30, Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He used LSD himself and developed a philosophy of mind expansion and he popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as turn on, tune in, drop out, set and setting, and think for yourself and question authority. He gave lectures, occasionally billing himself as a performing philosopher, during the 1960s and 1970s, he was arrested often enough to see the inside of 36 different prisons worldwide. President Richard Nixon once described Leary as the most dangerous man in America, Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the only child in an Irish Catholic household. His father, Timothy Tote Leary, was a dentist who left his wife Abigail Ferris when Leary was 14 and he graduated from Classical High School in the western Massachusetts city. He attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts from September 1938 to June 1940, under pressure from his father, he then accepted an appointment as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. In the first months as a plebe, he was given numerous demerits for rule infractions and he was alleged to have gone on a drinking binge and to have failed to come clean about it. He was asked by the Honor Committee to resign for violating the Academys honor code and he refused and was silenced—that is, shunned and ignored by his fellow cadets as a tactic to pressure him to resign. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing measures continued in full force, the treatment continued in his sophomore year, and his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who conducted a personal investigation, behind the scenes, the Honor Committee revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Leary then resigned and was discharged by the Army. Almost 50 years later, he said that it was the fair trial Ive had in a court of law. To the chagrin of his family, Leary elected to transfer to the University of Alabama in late 1941 because of the institutions response to his application. Leary was drafted into the United States Army and reported for training at Fort Eustis in January 1943. After a fateful reunion with Ramsdell in Buffalo, New York, he was promoted to corporal
30.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
31.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
32.
Tom Wolfe
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His first novel, The Bonfire of the Vanities, published in 1987, was met with critical acclaim, became a commercial success, and was adapted as a major motion picture. Wolfe was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Louise, a landscape designer, Wolfe grew up on Gloucester Road in the historic Richmond North Side neighborhood of Sherwood Park. He recounts some of his memories of growing up there in a foreword to a book about the nearby historic Ginter Park neighborhood. Wolfe was student council president, editor of the newspaper and a star baseball player at St. Christophers School. Wolfe majored in English and practiced his writing outside the classroom as well and he was the sports editor of the college newspaper and helped found a literary magazine, Shenandoah. Of particular influence was his professor Marshall Fishwick, a teacher of American studies educated at Yale, more in the tradition of anthropology than literary scholarship, Fishwick taught his classes to look at the whole of a culture, including those elements considered profane. The very title of Wolfes undergraduate thesis, A Zoo Full of Zebras, Anti-Intellectualism in America, evinced his fondness for words, Wolfe graduated cum laude in 1951. Wolfe had continued playing baseball as a pitcher and had begun to play semi-professionally while still in college, in 1952 he earned a tryout with the New York Giants but was cut after three days, which Wolfe blamed on his inability to throw good fastballs. Wolfe abandoned baseball and instead followed his professor Fishwicks example, enrolling in Yale Universitys American studies doctoral program and his PhD thesis was titled The League of American Writers, Communist Organizational Activity Among American Writers, 1929–1942. In the course of his research, Wolfe interviewed many writers, including Malcolm Cowley, Archibald MacLeish, and James T. Farrell. A biographer remarked on the thesis, Reading it, one sees what has been the most baleful influence of education on many who have suffered through it, it deadens all sense of style. His thesis was rejected but it was finally accepted after he rewrote it in an objective rather than a subjective style. Upon leaving Yale he wrote a friend explaining through expletives his personal opinions about his thesis, though Wolfe was offered teaching jobs in academia, he opted to work as a reporter. In 1956, while preparing his thesis, Wolfe became a reporter for the Springfield Union in Springfield. Wolfe finished his thesis in 1957 and in 1959 was hired by The Washington Post, Wolfe has said that part of the reason he was hired by the Post was his lack of interest in politics. The Posts city editor was amazed that Wolfe preferred cityside to Capitol Hill and he won an award from The Newspaper Guild for foreign reporting in Cuba in 1961 and also won the Guilds award for humor. While there, he experimented with fiction-writing techniques in feature stories, in 1962, Wolfe left Washington for New York City, taking a position with the New York Herald Tribune as a general assignment reporter and feature writer. The editors of the Herald Tribune, including Clay Felker of the Sunday section supplement New York magazine, during the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, Wolfe approached Esquire magazine about an article on the hot rod and custom car culture of Southern California
33.
Gonzo journalism
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Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. The word gonzo is believed to have been first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson and it is an energetic first-person participatory writing style in which the author is a protagonist, and it draws its power from a combination of social critique and self-satire. It has since applied to other subjective artistic endeavors. Gonzo journalism disregards the strictly-edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for a personal approach. Use of sarcasm, humor, exaggeration, and profanity is common, absolute truth is a very rare and dangerous commodity in the context of professional journalism. The term gonzo was first used in connection with Hunter S. Thompson by The Boston Globe magazine editor Bill Cardoso in 1970. He described Thompsons article The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved, Cardoso claimed that gonzo was South Boston Irish slang describing the last man standing after an all-night drinking marathon. He also claimed that it was a corruption of the French Canadian word gonzeaux, another speculation is that the word may have been inspired by the 1960 hit song Gonzo by New Orleans rhythm and blues pianist James Booker. The 2013 documentary Bayou Maharaja, The Tragic Genius of James Booker quotes Thompsons literary executor as saying that the song was the origin of the term. Thompson himself first used the term referring to his own work on page 12 of the counterculture classic Fear and he wrote, But what was the story. So we would have to drum it up on our own, horatio Alger gone mad on drugs in Las Vegas. Do it now, pure Gonzo journalism, Thompson based his style on William Faulkners notion that fiction is often the best fact. While the things that Thompson wrote about are basically true, he used devices to drive his points home. He often wrote about drugs and alcohol use which added subjective flair to his reporting. The term gonzo has also come into use to describe journalism in Thompsons style, characterized by a drug-fueled stream of consciousness writing technique. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas followed the Mint 400 piece in 1971 and included a character by the name of Raoul Duke, accompanied by his attorney, Dr. Gonzo. Although this book is considered an example of gonzo journalism. He had intended it to be a record of everything he did as it happened
34.
Hunter S. Thompson
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Hunter Stockton Thompson was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to a family, Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty. He was unable to finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery. He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism and he traveled frequently, including stints in California, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, before settling in Aspen, Colorado, in the early 1960s. Thompson became internationally known with the publication of Hells Angels, The Strange, for his research on the book he had spent a year living and riding with the Angels, experiencing their lives and hearing their stories first-hand. The work he remains best known for, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream, politically minded, Thompson ran unsuccessfully for sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, in 1970, on the Freak Power ticket. Thompsons output notably declined from the mid-1970s, as he struggled with the consequences of fame and he was also known for his lifelong use of alcohol and illegal drugs, his love of firearms, and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism. He remarked, I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence, or insanity to anyone, after a bout of health problems, Thompson committed suicide at the age of 67. In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were fired out of a cannon in a ceremony funded by his friend Johnny Depp and attended by friends including then-Senator John Kerry, hari Kunzru wrote that the true voice of Thompson is revealed to be that of American moralist. One who often makes himself ugly to expose the ugliness he sees around him and his parents were introduced to each other by a friend from Jacks fraternity at the University of Kentucky in September 1934, and married on November 2,1935. Thompsons first name came from an ancestor on his mothers side. On December 2,1943, when Thompson was six years old, on July 3,1952, when Thompson was 14 years old, his father, aged 58, died of myasthenia gravis. Hunter and his brothers, Davison Wheeler and James Garnet, were raised by their mother, Hunter also had a much older half-brother, James Thompson, Jr. from his fathers first marriage, who was not part of the Thompson household. Virginia worked as a librarian to support her children, and is described as having become a heavy drinker following her husbands death, ultimately he never joined any sports teams in high school. Thompson attended I. N. Bloom Elementary School, Highland Middle School, also in 1952, he was accepted as a member of the Athenaeum Literary Association, a school-sponsored literary and social club that dated to 1862. Its members at the time, generally drawn from Louisvilles wealthy upper-class families, included Porter Bibb, during this time Thompson read and admired J. P. Donleavys The Ginger Man. As an Athenaeum member, Thompson contributed articles to and helped produce the clubs yearbook The Spectator, the group ejected Thompson in 1955, citing his legal problems. Charged as an accessory to robbery after being in a car with the perpetrator and he served 31 days and, a week after his release, enlisted in the United States Air Force
35.
Moral panic
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A moral panic is a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society. A Dictionary of Sociology defines a moral panic as the process of arousing social concern over an issue – usually the work of moral entrepreneurs and the mass media. The media are key players in the dissemination of moral indignation, simply reporting the facts can be enough to generate concern, anxiety, or panic. Stanley Cohen states that moral panic is a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values, marshall McLuhan gave the term academic treatment in his book Understanding Media, written in 1964. According to Stanley Cohen, author of a study about youth culture and media called Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values, many sociologists have pointed out the differences between definitions of a moral panic described by American and British sociologists. British criminologist Jock Young used the term in his participant observation study of drug taking in Porthmadog between 1967 and 1969, employing Cohens definition of moral panic, Hall et al. theorized that the. rising crime rate equation. Performs an ideological function relating to social control, Crime statistics, in Halls view, are often manipulated for political and economic purposes, moral panics could thereby be ignited to create public support for the need to. police the crisis. In 1971 Stanley Cohen investigated a series of moral panics, Cohen used the term moral panic to characterize the reactions of the media, the public, and agents of social control to youth disturbances. This work, involving the Mods and Rockers, demonstrated how agents of social control amplified deviance, according to Folk Devils and Moral Panics, the concept of moral panic were linked to certain assumption about the mass media. Stanley Cohen illustrated that the media is the primary source of the public’s knowledge about deviance. In addition, Cohen claimed that moral panic ‘cause’ folk devil by labeling more actions, transmitting the images – transmitting the claims, by the using the rhetoric of moral panics, Breaking the silence and making the claim Moral panics have several distinct features. The fear of disease and spread of panic dates back centuries and continues into the 21st century with diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika. Cohens idea of the devil and epidemics can be compared because of their role in spreading mass panic. The intense concentration on hygiene emerged, before the 20th century, the miasma theory states that disease was the direct result of the polluting emanations of filth, sewer gas, garbage fumes, and stenches that polluted air and water, which results in an epidemic. The Great Stink of 1858 was blamed on miasma, along with reoccurring cholera epidemics during the Victorian era, although the water was safe to drink in most parts of London, such a panic had arisen that very few people would dare drink the water. Research shows that fears of increasing crime is often the cause of moral panics, recent studies have shown that despite declining crime rates, this phenomenon, which often taps into a populations herd mentality, continues to occur in various cultures. There have been calls to violence in video games for nearly as long as the video game industry has existed
36.
Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents
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Members of the club have been accused of crimes and/or convicted in many host nations. The Hells Angels expanded to Australia in 1975, initially establishing chapters in Melbourne and Sydney and they are one of around 35 outlaw motorcycle clubs in Australia, which have an estimated 3,500 members in total. Members of the motorcycle gang, the Comancheros, and members of the Hells Angels were believed to be involved in a clash at Sydney Airport on Sunday. The clash resulted in one man, Hells Angels associate Anthony Zervas, Police estimated as many as 15 men were involved in the violence. Documents released by NSW Police detail the brawl as a result of a Comanchero gang member, four suspects were arrested as a result of the altercation. As a result of heightening violence, New South Wales Premier Nathan Rees announced the state police anti-gang squad would be boosted to 125 members from 50, in December 2015, Bruno was sentenced to nine years imprisonment, while Nuno was sentenced to seven years. Under the laws, it is an offence for members of organizations to gather in groups of three or more in public or wear gang colours and logos. Five alleged Hells Angels members and prospects became the first to be charged under the laws after they were arrested in a series of raids across Adelaide on December 31,2015. In 1980, Melbourne chapter founding members Peter Hill and Raymond Hamment flew to California to visit Oakland chapter president Kenny Walton in prison, Hill posted the phenylacetone in three-litre pineapple juice tins to his closest US contact, James Patton Sleepy Jim Brandes. The Hells Angels rented a farmhouse in Melbournes northeast, near Hurstbridge, the drug lab was raided by the Special Operations Group on March 10,1982, and Hill and three other Hells Angels were arrested. Eventually, investigators arrested 19 people and seized three kilograms of amphetamines, as well as cash, explosives, handguns and a machine-gun and this sparked an internal feud over the gangs operations that led to around 40 violent incidents. Hill and another member, Roger Biddlestone, cut their ties with the Hells Angels and cooperated with police, Hill was convicted on drugs charges in 1987 and jailed alongside a number of others. Brandes, who had previously been acquitted of the 1978 attempted murder two police officers in the US, flew to Melbourne but was immediately deported. His body was disposed of by having its legs cut off with a chainsaw and stuffed inside a 44-gallon drum with concrete and lime, according to a witness, Kenny was murdered by Allen because he called him a rat. Allen died of heart failure less than two years later, having never been charged with the murder, Police raided Tognolinis home and found five cannabis plants in the backyard. He was charged with assault, assault with a weapon, making threats to kill, possessing cannabis. The case against him collapsed, however, when Yildirim refused to testify after being repeatedly harassed. Hells Angels members Raymond Joseph Ray Hamment, Jr. Schievella was found with a toe amputated but told police he could not recall how it happened, Police arrested him on blackmail and arson charges and for a series of sex offences six months later
37.
Pagan's Motorcycle Club
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The club rapidly expanded and by 1965, the Pagans, originally clad in blue denim jackets and riding Triumphs, began to evolve along the lines of the stereotypical one percenter motorcycle club. The Pagans are categorized as a motorcycle gang by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They are known to fight over territory with the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club and other clubs, such as Fates Assembly MC. It is active in thirteen US states, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Michigan, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Pagans were established in Prince Georges County, Maryland by then president Lou Dobkin, in 1959, the group started out by wearing denim jackets and riding Triumph Motorcycles. Originally they were a comradeship of 13 motorcyclists, in the 1960s they adopted a formal constitution and formed a governing structure choosing a national president. They were a fairly non-violent group until 1965, when the Pagans evolved into a biker gang with ties to other organized crime groups such as the American Mafia. Under the leadership of John Satan Marron their violence grew in the early 1970s and their Mother Club is not in a fixed location but has been generally located in the North East. Pagan leaders number 13 to 18 members who are chapter presidents with the largest chapter located in Philadelphia, the Pagans have grown through merging with other smaller Outlaw Motorcycle gangs. Considered by law enforcement to be almost as complex and diversified as the Hells Angels, in the 1960s the Pagans were foot soldiers for George Lincoln Rockwells American Nazi Party. The Pagans MC patch depicts the Norse fire-giant Surtr sitting on the sun, wielding a sword, plus the word Pagans, in red, white, the image of Surtr was taken from an illustration by Jack Kirby in issue 97 of the comic book Journey into Mystery. Unlike most one percenter motorcycle clubs, the Pagans do not include on their club insignia a bottom rocker indicating the geographical chapter of the member wearing the clubs full patch. It is believed the club declines to follow this one percenter tradition because they do not want law enforcement to know what state chapters individual Pagans belong to, members wear blue denim vests called cuts or cutoffs with club patches, known as colors, on the front and back. Symbols of the Pagans also include a black number 13 on the back of their colors, the number 4, the number 5, the number 7, Nazi or White supremacist patches are also common on the front of the cuts, as are tattoos reading ARGO and NUNYA. Recently, the Pagans membership has begun to decline as their rival Hells Angels’ membership has grown, Pagans have approximately 350 to 400 members and 44 chapters and are active along the East Coast of the United States. Chapters are common in Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, the Pagans have a Mother Club or ruling council which ultimately rules the gang. The Pagans headquarters is currently in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, members must be at least 21 years old and owners of Harley-Davidson motorcycles with engines 900 cc or larger. The national sergeant-at-arms responsibility is to hand-pick 13 chapter members to serve as the enforcers or regulators and this body uses violence and intimidation to prevent any and all opposition to the Mother Club
38.
Outlaws Motorcycle Club
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The Outlaws Motorcycle Club, incorporated as the American Outlaws Association or its acronym, A. O. A. is a one-percenter motorcycle club that was formed in McCook, Illinois in 1935. Membership in the Outlaws is limited to men who own American-made motorcycles of a particular size and their main rivals are the Hells Angels, giving rise to a phrase used by Outlaws members, ADIOS. The Outlaws Motorcycle Club was established out of Matildas Bar on old Route 66 in McCook, Illinois, the club stayed together during World War II, but like most organizations at that time, their activities were limited. In the 1950s, the logo was changed, a small skull replaced a winged motorcycle. This design was embroidered on a shirt and hand painted on leather jackets. In 1954, the Crossed Pistons were added to the small skull. This design was embroidered on a black shirt with white piping. The movie The Wild One with Marlon Brando influenced this backpatch, the Skull and Crossed Pistons were redesigned in 1959, making them much larger with more detail. Logo was adopted as an answer to the A. M. A. logo, in England and Wales the group has around 30 different chapters. A number of one percenter motorcycle clubs are called the Outlaws and these are not part of the AOA and share only the name, having a different patch design and colors. In some countries, independent Outlaw MCs have joined, or been patched over to the now worldwide club. During the time that Bowman was a fugitive in 1998, it had chapters in more than 30 cities in the United States, federal agents also raided a home in Ormond Beach and two other clubhouses around the state. The search of the Jacksonville clubhouses netted federal agents 60 weapons including pocket, U. S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales announced a Detroit grand jury indictment of 16 of the Outlaws National Clubs members. The Detroit grand jury indictment included various charges, including assault, eleven Outlaws leaders and high-ranking members of the gang were arrested after a five-year investigation. The FBI said several gang members were charged with conspiracy to assault on members of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club in Indiana. Both Renegade members were several times but survived. On July 30,2008, several associated with the Outlaws in the Chicago area were raided by agents from the FBI. The FBI brought in a SWAT team and an assault vehicle to the clubhouse in the west side of the city in case violence were to break out
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Bandidos Motorcycle Club
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The Bandidos Motorcycle Club, also known as the Bandido Nation, is a one-percenter motorcycle club gang with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1966 by Don Chambers in Texas and its motto is We are the people your parents warned you about. In 2005, it was estimated to have 5,000 members in 210 chapters, the Bandidos were founded by 36-year-old dockworker Donald Chambers in March 1966 in Houston, Texas. He named the club in honor of the Mexican bandits who lived by their own rules and he recruited members from biker bars locally in Houston as well as in Corpus Christi, Galveston, and San Antonio. By the early 1970s, the club had one hundred members. The majority of the consists of Caucasian males and Hispanics. Their motto is We are the people your parents warned you about, the Bandidos has over 90 chapters in the United States,90 chapters in Europe, and another 17 in Australia,2 in New Zealand, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. In Canada, the Rock Machine Motorcycle club in Montréal merged with the Bandidos in 2000, there was a chapter in Toronto, the first Australian chapter was formed in 1983, in Sydney, by former members of the Comancheros. They have a small but growing presence in New Zealand after a start in 2012. They claim to have more than a dozen patched members and prospects in the Christchurch area, the first European chapter opened in Marseille in France in 1989, followed by chapters in Scandinavia, in Denmark in 1993 and Sweden in 1994. In recent years the club has also expanded heavily into Germany, Spain, Norway, Finland, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, as of March 15,2014, the club has opened a new Probationary Chapter in Sittard, in the Netherlands. Additionally, it is looking into setting up shop in Russia and Eastern Europe and also in Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. The Bandidos are organized by chapters, with state and regional officers, as well as a national chapter made up of four regional vice presidents. The first prospect chapter opened in Abu Dhabi in UAE in 2016, as of April 22,2016 and then became Probationary Chapter in April 2017, the club is considered the first international motorcycle club to open in the Middle East. Like the Hells Angels, The Bandidos also have a number of support clubs and these groups usually wear reverse colors. They also commonly wear a unique patch consisting of a patch in Bandidos colors on the front upper left of the colors. Most of these clubs are regional, in November 2006, Glenn Merritt of the Bellingham, Washington chapter was sentenced to four years in prison for drug possession and trafficking in stolen property. A total of 32 members were indicted in the investigation, on charges including conspiracy, witness tampering
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Karlsruhe
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Karlsruhe is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany, near the French-German border. It has a population of 307,755, the city is the seat of the two highest courts in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice. Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace, which was built in 1715, the city lies at an altitude between 100 m and 322 m. Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E, the 49th parallel runs through the city centre and its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten. Almost all of these survived until today. The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets, the central part of the palace runs east-west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest. The market square lies on the street running south from the palace to Ettlingen, the area north of the palace is a park and forest. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential, Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities. Summers are also hotter than elsewhere in the country and it is one of the sunniest cities in Germany, precipitation is almost evenly spread throughout the year. In 2008, the station in Karlsruhe, which had been operating since 1876, was closed, it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten. A variation of this claims that he built the new palace in order to find peace from his wife. Charles William founded the city on June 17,1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, the founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach and in 1771 of the united Baden until 1945, built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German State. In the aftermath of the revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected here. Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France, Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit. In 1860, the international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city. Much of the area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the post-war Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, in 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe
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85th Test and Evaluation Squadron
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The 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron is part of the 53d Wing at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. It conducts testing and evaluation for the F-15 Eagle, F-15E Strike Eagle, the 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron is responsible for conducting operational test and evaluation, tactics development, and programs for F-15C, F-15E, and F-16CM aircraft. The 85th focuses on air-to-air missile employment and tactics, suppression and destruction of air defenses. Moved to Egypt, October–November 1942, and became part of Ninth Air Force, trained with Curtiss P-40 Warhawkss while moving westward in the wake of the British drive across Egypt and Libya to Tunisia. Although many of the pilots flew combat missions with other organizations. By escorting bombers, attacking shipping, and supporting ground forces, took part in the Allied operations that defeated Axis forces in North Africa, captured Pantelleria. Assigned to Twelfth Air Force in August 1943 and continued to support British Eighth Army by attacking troop concentrations, gun positions, bridges, roads, operated in the area of the Anzio beachhead, January–March 1944. Participated in the drive on Rome, March–June 1944, and converted to P-47 Thunderbolts during that time, flew escort and strafing missions in southern France during August and September 1944, and afterward engaged in air interdiction and close air support operations in northern Italy. Remained overseas as part of United States Air Forces in Europe after the war as part of the occupation force, transferred, without personnel and equipment, to the US in June 1947. Re-equipped in January 1953 with F-86D Sabre Interceptors. afhra. af. mil/, cornett, Lloyd H. Johnson, Mildred W. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946–1980, peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. U. S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields D-Day to V-E Day, maxwell AFB, AL, Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Vol.21, 5–11, 26–31, 40–45, 54–59, 53d Test and Evaluation Group Fact Sheet
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386th Air Expeditionary Wing
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The 386th Air Expeditionary Wing is a provisional United States Air Force unit assigned to United States Air Forces Central. As a provisional unit, it may be activated or inactivated at any time and it is currently stationed at Ali Al Salem Air Base, Kuwait in Southwest Asia. During World War II, the predecessor unit, the 386th Bombardment Group was a B-26 Marauder bombardment group assigned to the Eighth. During the Battle of Normandy, it supported Allied forces at Caen, knocked out targets to help clear the Falaise pocket of German forces in August 1944 and hit strong points at Brest during September. The 386th Air Expeditionary Wing has a mission which canvases the CENTCOM AOR. The 386th AEW is the primary hub for Operation Iraqi Freedom and provides airlift support for Operation Enduring Freedom. The wing comprises the 386th Expeditionary Maintenance, Mission Support, Medical and Operations Groups, the 386th AEW is composed of Airmen from the National Guard, Air Force Reserve and active duty. They provide security at the largest Theater Internment Facility in Kuwait, security for convoys, the wing is also home to one of two contingency aeromedical staging facilities in the theater. The CASF serves as a gateway for patients airlifted to Germany or the United States for further medical treatment, the group was equipped with the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber. The group flew its first mission on 30 July, with operations concentrating on airfields but also attacked marshalling yards, the 386th was again transferred to RAF Great Dunmow on 24 September 1943. Missions of the 386th concentrated on airfields but also bombed marshalling yards, in common with all B-26 Marauder units of the Eighth Air Force, the 386th was transferred to Ninth Air Force on 16 October 1943. The 386th hammered gun positions, and airfields preceding the invasion of Normandy, struck coastal batteries on D-Day and hit bridges, supply and fuel stores, gun positions, and defended areas during the remainder of the Battle of Normandy. Supported Allied forces at Caen, and participated in the massive blows against the enemy at Saint-Lô on 25 July 1944, knocked out targets to help clear the Falaise pocket of German forces in August 1944 and hit strong points at Brest during September. In July 1944, the 553d Bomb Squadron was selected to perform operational testing on the new Douglas A-26 Invader, however, due to technical troubles with the aircraft, the type was withdrawn in September. Several damaged aircraft were moved to one side of the airfield, being abandoned along with wrecks of several Marauders, on 2 October 1944, the 386th Bomb Group moved to Beaumont-sur-Oise Airfield, in Normandy France. The 386th Bomb Group was inactivated on 7 November 1945, the 386th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium was established on 23 March 1953, but was never made active nor assigned any aircraft or mission. The 386th Fighter-Bomber Group was activated on 8 April 1956 at Bunker Hill AFB and it was assigned to Tactical Air Command The group had three squadrons, 552d, 553d and 554th. Initially training with North American F-86Fs, these were upgraded to the North American F-86H Sabre
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Overlock
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An overlock is a kind of stitch that sews over the edge of one or two pieces of cloth for edging, hemming, or seaming. Usually an overlock sewing machine will cut the edges of the cloth as they are fed through, though some are made without cutters, the inclusion of automated cutters allows overlock machines to create finished seams easily and quickly. An overlock sewing machine differs from a sewing machine in that it uses loopers fed by multiple thread cones rather than a bobbin. Loopers serve to create loops that pass from the needle thread to the edges of the fabric so that the edges of the fabric are contained within the seam. Overlock sewing machines usually run at speeds, from 1000 to over 9000 rpm. Overlock stitches are extremely versatile, as they can be used for decoration, reinforcement, overlocking is also referred to as overedging, merrowing, or serging. Though serging” technically refers to overlocking with cutters, in practice the four terms are used interchangeably, overlock stitching was invented by the Merrow Machine Company in 1881. J. Makens Merrow and his son Joseph Merrow, who owned a mill established in Connecticut in 1838. Merrows first patent was a machine for crochet stitching, and the Merrow Machine Company still produces crochet machines based on this original model and this technology was a starting point for the development of the overlock machine, patented by Joseph Merrow in 1889. Unlike standard lockstitching, which uses a bobbin, overlock sewing machines utilize loopers to create thread loops for the needle to pass through, merrows original three-thread overedge sewing machine is the forerunner of contemporary overlocking machines. Throughout the early 20th Century, the areas of Connecticut, USA and New York, USA were the centers of textile manufacturing, consequently many overlock machine companies established themselves in the Northeastern United States. They presented the concept to their company, but the idea was rejected, the group, so committed to this concept, quit their jobs and formed a new company, Juki Corporation, to design and build their dream machine. This was the birth of a machine that could produce an overlock stitch – a baby lock. Nick Tacony, founder of Tacony Corporation, had the foresight and ability to alert to new consumer demands. This eliminated the challenge of finishing seams with a machine by giving sewing enthusiasts the opportunity to create clothing like a professional garment manufacturer. In the United States, the term overlocker has largely replaced by serger. However, in parts of the world such as Australia and the UK. Overlock stitches are classified in a number of ways, the most basic classification is by the number of threads used in the stitch
