1.
Madras State
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Madras State was a state in the Republic of India. In 1969, Madras State was renamed to Tamil Nadu, meaning Tamil country, after Indian Independence, the Madras Presidency became the Madras Province on 15 August 1947. On 26 January 1950 it was formed as Madras State by the Government of India, as a result of the 1956 States Reorganisation Act, the states boundaries were re-organised following linguistic lines. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969. In the 1952 elections, the first as a part of independent India, however, the congress could not form the government as it did not have a clean majority, and the Communist Party of Indias led coalition appeared to be in a better position to form the government. Nevertheless, a government was formed in the state. However, he was not a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Hence, he was nominated by the governor to the Legislative Council, during this time Potti Sriramulu called for a separate state named Andhra and went on an unconditional fast until his goal was achieved. He died following complications that arose during the fast, and violent riots broke out in the Telugu areas of Madras State, serious allegations arouse that Rajaji did not intervene to break the fast or provide medical help for Sriramulu even though the fast had continued for over 50 days. On a side note, only one person, Jatin Das, before Sriramulu. In most cases they either gave up, were hospitalised or arrested, the State of Andhra was carved out of the Madras State in 1953, Rajaji remained aloof from the Andhra State and related issues. He removed controls on foodgrains and introduced a new education policy based on family vocation, according to this policy students had to go to school in the morning and to compulsorily learn the family vocation, like carpentry, masonry etc. after school. It was severely opposed as casteist and dubbed Kula Kalvi Thittam by his close friend Periyar who vehemently opposed it and this policy was under attack this from within the Congress as well as outside it. This ultimately led to his resignation in 1954, on 13 April 1954, K. Kamaraj reluctantly became the chief minister of Madras Province. To everyones surprise, Kamaraj nominated C, subramaniam and M. Bhakthavatsalam, who had contested his leadership, to the newly formed cabinet. Kamaraj removed the family vocation–based Hereditary Education Policy introduced by Rajaji, Kamaraj strove to eradicate illiteracy by introducing free and compulsory education up to the eleventh standard. He introduced the Mid-day Meal Scheme to provide at least one meal per day to the lakhs of poor school children, one of the first political acts of Kamaraj during his tenure as chief minister was to widen representation of the rising non-Brahmins in the cabinet. Ministerial berths were given to the non-Brahmin caste-based parties, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, both the parties were subsequently subsumed by the Congress
Madras State
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Map of
Southern India (1953-1956) before the
States Reorganisation Act of 1956 with Madras State in yellow
2.
Dominion of India
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The Dominion of India, also known as the Union of India, was an independent state that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. It was transformed into the Republic of India by the promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, george VI was the king and was represented by the Governor-General of India. However, the governor-general was not designated viceroy, as had been customary under the British Raj, two governors-general held office in India during the Dominion period, Mountbatten of Burma and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. Jawaharlal Nehru held office as minister of India throughout this period. The Partition of British India on 14/15 August 1947 led to the creation of two states, both dominions, Pakistan and India. The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India, drafted by a committee headed by Dr Rajendra Prasad, India became a federal, democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and his constitutional roles were mostly carried out by the Governor-General of India. The royal succession was governed by the Act of Settlement 1701, the monarchy was abolished on 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the Commonwealth, the first Commonwealth country to do so
Dominion of India
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King George VI
Dominion of India
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Flag
3.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
Tamil Nadu
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Location of Tamil Nadu (marked in red) in
India
Tamil Nadu
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Sage
Agastya father of Tamil literature,
Sangam period
Tamil Nadu
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Megalithic Sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu.
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
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Flag
India
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The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
5.
Indian people
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Indian people are citizens of India, the second most populous nation containing 17. 50% of the worlds population. Indian refers to nationality, but not ethnicity or language, the Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India hosts all major ethnic groups found in the Indian Subcontinent, population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The name Bhārata has been used as a name by people of the Indian subcontinent. The designation Bhārata appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, the name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas, which refer to the land that comprises India as Bhārata varṣam and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents. The Bhāratas were a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings. India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, in early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta was in popular use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti gives the name Āryāvarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern to the Western Sea, while the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία, via Latin India. The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, the next great ancient Empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India, the ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu decimal system during this period. During this period Indian cultural influence spread over parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. During the early period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty dominated the major part of the Indian subcontinent. From the 8th to 10th century and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four kings of the world. The greatest maritime Empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty, under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. The Mughal Empire unified much of Indian sub-continent under one realm, under the Mughals India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. This marked a huge influence in the Indian society, the Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire, the Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north and Bengal, India is one of the worlds oldest civilisations
Indian people
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Priest King
Indus Valley civilization
Indian people
Indian people
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Buddhist rock-cut architecture 2nd century BC.
Indian people
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Maratha Empire: Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals.
6.
Bharatiya Janata Party
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The Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. As of 2016, it is the countrys largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament and state assemblies. The BJP is a party, with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee, after the State of Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party, it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a term in office. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that election, Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of March 2017, the official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions, the BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Its key issues have included the abrogation of the status to Jammu and Kashmir, the building of a Ram temple in Ayodhya. However, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues and it instead focused on a largely neoliberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh and it was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 and it maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967. The Jana Sanghs first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the integration of Jammu. Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir and he died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail
Bharatiya Janata Party
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Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the
Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Bharatiya Janata Party
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Bharatiya Janata Party भारतीय जनता पार्टी
Bharatiya Janata Party
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP
prime minister (1998–2004)
Bharatiya Janata Party
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Lal Krishna Advani,
deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement
7.
Dharmendra
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Dharmendra is an Indian film actor. In 1997, he received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Hindi cinema and his starring roles in action films earned him nicknames such as Action King and He-Man. One of his most notable roles was in Sholay and he has been a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India, representing Bikaner constituency in Rajasthan from Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2012, he was honoured Indias third highest civilian honour Padma Bhushan by the Government of India, Dharmendra was born Dharam Singh Deol in Nasrali, a village in Ludhiana district, Punjab to Kewal Kishan Singh Deol and Satwant Kaur. His ancestral village is Dangon, near Pakhowal, Ludhiana and he spent his early life in the village of Sahnewal and studied at Government Senior Secondary School at Lalton Kalan, Ludhiana, where his father was the village schools headmaster. He did his intermediate from Ramgarhia College, Phagwara in 1952, Dharmendra won the Filmfare magazines new talent award and came to Mumbai from Punjab looking for work. He made his debut with Arjun Hingoranis Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere in 1960 and he had a supporting role in the film Boy Friend in 1961, and was cast as the romantic interest in several films between 1960-67. He had a hero role in Phool Aur Patthar, which was his first action film. It has been speculated for a time that Meena Kumari and Dharmendra had an intimate relationship in the 1960s. Phool Aur Paththar became the film of 1966 and Dharmendra received his first Filmfare nomination for Best Actor. His performance in Anupama was critically acclaimed and his comic timing in comedy films like Tum Haseen Main Jawan, Do Chor, Chupke Chupke, Dillagi, Naukar Biwi Ka was appreciated. His most successful pairing was with Hema Malini, who went on to become his future wife and his most notable acting performances include Satyakam with Hrishikesh Mukherjee, and Sholay, which is listed by Indiatimes as one of the Top 25 must see Bollywood films of all time. In 2005, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards awarded Sholay the special distinction of Filmfare Best Film of 50 Years, along with Rajesh Khanna he made a cameo appearance in the 1986 B film Mohabbat Ki Kasam. He has worked with directors, each with a different style of filmmaking. His longest collaboration was with director Arjun Hingorani from 1960-91, Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere was the debut film of Dharmendra as an actor and Arjuns first directorial venture with Dharmendra as the lead hero. Kahani Kismat Ki, Khel Khilari Ka, Katilon Ke Kaatil and Kaun Kare Kurbanie where Arjun Hingorani was the producer and the director and he worked with director Pramod Chakravorty in Naya Zamana, Dream Girl, Azaad and Jugnu. Dharmendra has played roles in many films such as Yakeen as both the hero and the villain, Samadhi as father and son, Ghazab as twin brothers. Dharmendra has worked with all members of the Kapoor family except for Prithviraj and he periodically made films in his native tongue of Punjabi, starring in Kankan De Ole, Do Sher, Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam, Teri Meri Ik Jindri, Putt Jattan De and Qurbani Jatt Di
Dharmendra
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Dharmendra on the set of India's Got Talent
Dharmendra
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Dharmendra with his sons
Bobby Deol and
Sunny Deol
8.
Esha Deol
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Esha Deol is an Indian film actress and model who predominantly appears in Hindi films. She earned critical acclaim for her performance and was part of commercially successesful films like LOC Kargil, Yuva, Dhoom, Insan, Kaal, Main Aisa Hi Hoon, Dus, No Entry, Shaadi No.1 and she made her comeback in Tell Me O Kkhuda. She starred opposite prominent actors like Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar, born to famous Bollywood actress of Tamil origin Hema Malini and Bollywood actor of Punjabi origin Dharmendra. She has a younger sister Ahana Deol and her older half siblings are Bobby Deol, Sunny Deol, Vijayta and Ajeeta, through her fathers first marriage to Prakash Kaur. Deol attended Mithibai College in Mumbai where she planned to become a fashion designer, Deol trained in the Odissi dancing style under Mumbai guru Rabindra Atibuddhi. She was trained by and performs classical Bharatanatyam dance with her mother, Deol decided to join the acting line of her parents and became a second-generation actress. She started her career in a lead role with Vinay Shuklas Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe opposite Aftab Shivdasani, with Sanjay Kapoor, Jaya Bachchan. This movie was a box office failure, Deol received mixed reactions from critics upon her performance. Savera R Someshwar of Rediff wrote Esha, as a person, shes athletic and seems perfectly capable of looking after herself in any situation. Esha, on screen, is required to convey three emotions, Love, sorrow and fear and she is just unable to look terrorised. Even her alleged romance with costar Aftab has not helped her shed her stern demeanour in her romantic scenes, rakesh Budhu of Planet Bollywood wrote She isn’t horrible, but given the hype, the demands and of course, comparisons, she surely isn’t up to the mark. Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe is just plain old mediocre in such a way that you end up noticing the flaws in Esha’s performance more and her facial expressions need work, her attitude is beautiful but she seems too stern when it is not required. Of course, she is close to being a washout. Despite mixed reactions and box office failure, Deol won numerous awards for her including the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut at the 48th Filmfare Awards. Deols second film was Arjun Sabloks love triangle Na Tum Jaano Na Hum opposite Saif Ali Khan, the film flopped at the box office. Taran Adarsh of IndiaFm praised her acting and wrote it is Esha Deol who surprises you with a mature performance, although her looks are inconsistent, the youngster takes on the role with utmost sincerity and comes out with a natural performance. She has been better presented when compared to her debut film, bhavna Giani of Rediff praised Deols acting and dancing and compared it to Deols mother Hema Malini. Giani wrote As far as go, Esha is quite good
Esha Deol
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Deol at an event for
Tell Me O Kkhuda, 2011
Esha Deol
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Deol at a press conference for
Just Married, 2007
Esha Deol
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Esha and Bharat Takhtani at their wedding ceremony at the
ISKCON temple
9.
Padma Shri
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Padma Shri is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Awarded by the Government of India, it is announced every year on Indias Republic Day and it has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India. The selection criteria have been criticized in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have left out in order to favor certain individuals. On its obverse, the words Padma, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and Shri, the geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished bronze. All embossing is in white gold, as of 2017,2913 people have received the award
Padma Shri
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Padma Shri
10.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
Bollywood
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Film poster for first Indian sound film,
Ardeshir Irani 's
Alam Ara (1931)
Bollywood
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Melodrama and romance are common ingredients to Bollywood films. Pictured
Achhut Kanya (1936)
Bollywood
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Amitabh Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.
Bollywood
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Madhuri Dixit, often regarded as the best actress of the Indian cinema for her critical and commercial success during the 80s and 90s.
11.
Amitabh Bachchan
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Amitabh Harivansh Rai Shrivastava Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for movies like Zanjeer and Deewaar, referred to as the Shahenshah of Bollywood, Star of the Millennium or Big B, he has since appeared in over 190 Indian films in a career spanning almost five decades. Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema, so total was his dominance on the movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director François Truffaut called him a one-man industry. Bachchan has won accolades in his career, including four National Film Awards as Best Actor and many awards at international film festivals. He has won fifteen Filmfare Awards and is the performer in any major acting category at Filmfare. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a singer, film producer. He has hosted several seasons of the show, Kaun Banega Crorepati, Indias version of the game show franchise. He also had a stint in politics in the 1980s, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1984, the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015 for his contributions to the arts. The Government of France honoured him with its highest civilian honour, Knight of the Legion of Honour, in 2007 for his career in the world of cinema. Bachchan made his Hollywood debut in 2013 with The Great Gatsby, Bachchan was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, in north central India. His ancestors hailed from a village called Babupatti in the Raniganj taluka of Pratapgarh district in Uttar Pradesh and his father Harivansh Rai Srivastava was a well-known Hindi poet and his mother Teji Bachchan was a Punjabi Sikh from Lyallpur, Punjab. Bachchan was initially named Inquilaab, inspired by the phrase Inquilab Zindabad popularly used during the Indian independence struggle, in English, Inquilab Zindabad means Long live the revolution. However, at the suggestion of fellow poet Sumitranandan Pant, Harivansh Rai changed the name to Amitabh. Although his surname was Shrivastava, Amitabhs father had adopted the pen name Bachchan and it is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films and for all other practical purposes, Bachchan has become the surname for all of his immediate family. Bachchans father died in 2003, and his mother in 2007, Bachchan is an alumnus of Sherwood College, Nainital. He later attended Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi and he has a younger brother, Ajitabh. His mother had a keen interest in theatre and was offered a film role. Teji had some influence in Amitabh Bachchans choice of career because she insisted that he should take the centre stage
Amitabh Bachchan
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Bachchan and wife
Jaya Bhaduri in 2013, the couple got married in 1973, after the release of
Zanjeer.
Amitabh Bachchan
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Bachchan in 2013
TeachAIDS interview
Amitabh Bachchan
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Bachchan at the
IIFA Awards in 2006
Amitabh Bachchan
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Bachchan with
Mohanlal
12.
Rajesh Khanna
–
Rajesh Khanna was an Indian actor, film producer and politician who is known for his work in Hindi cinema. He was referred to as the first superstar and the superstar of Indian cinema. He starred in 18 consecutive solo hit films in the period 1969 to 1972 and he made his debut in 1966 with Aakhri Khat. Through his career he appeared in more than 160 feature films and 17 short films and he received the Filmfare Best Actor Award three times and the BFJA Awards for Best Actor four times. In 1991, he was awarded the Filmfare Special Award and in 2005 and he was the highest paid Indian actor from 1970 to 1987 where Amitabh Bachchan shared the same tag with Khanna from 1980 to 1987. He was also a Lok Sabha member of the Indian National Congress from New Delhi constituency from 1992 to 1996 and he married Dimple Kapadia in March 1973, eight months before her debut film Bobby was released and had two daughters from the marriage. Their elder daughter Twinkle Khanna is married to actor Akshay Kumar, after being critically ill, Khanna died on 18 July 2012. Khanna has been posthumously awarded Indias third highest civilian honour Padma Bhushan and his father had migrated from pre-partitioned Pakistan to Gali Tiwarian in Amritsar. His biological parents were Lala Hiranand and Chandrani Khanna, Lala worked as headmaster of the MC High School in Burewala, Vehari District, Punjab, Pakistan. His adoptive parents belonged to a family of railway contractors who had moved from Lahore to Bombay in 1935, Khanna lived in Saraswati Niwas in Thakurdwar near Girgaon, Mumbai. He attended St. Sebastian’s Goan High School with his friend Ravi Kapoor, Khanna gradually started taking interest in theatre, did a lot of stage and theatre plays in his school and college day, and won many prizes in inter-college drama competitions. In 1962 Khanna played a wounded soldier in the play Andha Yug and impressed with his performance. Khanna became a rare newcomer who struggled in his own MG sports car to get work in theatre, Khanna did his first two years of Bachelor of Arts in Nowrosjee Wadia College in Pune from 1959 to 1961. Khanna later studied in K. C, College, Mumbai and Jeetendra studied from Siddharth Jain College. Khanna tutored Jeetendra for his first film audition, Khannas uncle KK Talwar changed Khannas first name to Rajesh when he decided to join films. His friends and his wife called him Kaka, Rajesh Khanna was one of eight finalists in the 1965 All India Talent Contest organised by United Producers and Filmfare from more than 10,000 contestants. Sippy and Nasir Hussain were the first to sign Rajesh Khanna after he won the contest, Aakhri Khat was India’s entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 40th Oscar Academy Awards in 1967. Khanna in an interview to Hindu newspaper said, Though Aakhri Khat is my first film, I received my first break as an actor in Ravindra Daves
Rajesh Khanna
–
Rajesh Khanna
Rajesh Khanna
Rajesh Khanna
–
Rajesh Khanna's funeral procession held in
Mumbai on 19 July 2012.
Rajesh Khanna
–
Celebrities at Rajesh Khanna's prayer meet
13.
Dev Anand
–
Dharamdev Anand, better known as Dev Anand, was an Indian film actor, writer, director, producer, and comedian known for his notable works in the history of Indian cinema. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand, Anand is regarded as one of the most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and his career spanned more than 65 years with acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 have him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films. Dev was born Dharamdev Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab and his father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate. Dev was the third of four born to Pishori Lal Anand. One of Devs younger sisters is Sheel Kanta Kapur, who is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur and his older brothers were Manmohan Anand and Chetan Anand and younger one was Vijay Anand. Dev Anand spent his years in Gharota village. He did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie, Later Dev completed BA degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Dev Anand had an emotional love affair with actress Suraiya during 1948-1951. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life, till she died on 31 January 2004, Later, in 1954, Dev Anand married Kalpana Kartik, a Christian Bollywood actress, originally from Shimla, in a very private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, Suneil Anand, who is unmarried and Devina Anand, Devina married in 1985, but was divorced a few years later. Devina has a daughter, Gina, who is married to a fashion stylist, after completing his BA degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore, Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the censors office at Churchgate. Later he joined as a clerk in a firm for a salary of Rs.85. He joined his brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian Peoples Theatre Association. Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumars performance in films like Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Dev Anand quoted in an interview that I remember when I gatecrashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that ‘this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence
Dev Anand
–
Felicitation of Dev Anand by the Indo-American Society
Dev Anand
–
Dev Anand
14.
Filmfare Award for Best Actress
–
The award was first given in 1954 for the films released in preceding year 1953. Kajol along with Nutan holds the maximum awards of 6 Nutan and her niece Kajol, two actresses, Meena Kumari and Madhuri Dixit, have four wins each. Four actresses, Vyjayanthimala, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi and Vidya Balan have three wins each. Eight actresses have won the award twice, in order, they are Waheeda Rehman, Dimple Kapadia, Rekha, Sridevi, Karisma Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukerji. Five actresses have won the award in years, in chronological order, they are Meena Kumari, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi, Rani Mukerji. There has been one tie in the history of this category. This occurred in 1974 when Jaya Bachchan and Dimple Kapadia were both given the award, Madhuri Dixit holds the record for maximum nominations, followed by Meena Kumari, Hema Malini / Kajol and Aishwarya Rai. Dixit also holds the record for most consecutive nominations with 10 between 1988 and 1995, being nominated twice in 1994 and 1995, winning thrice in 1990,1992 and 1994. She thus also holds the record of awards and maximum nominations in a single decade. Shabana Azmi, who received four out of the five nominations in 1984, Meena Kumari and Kajol had three nominations each in 1963 and 1999 respectively, which are the second highest number of nominations in a single year. Both won in their respective years, in 1963, Meena Kumari achieved an unusual feat by garnering all the three nominations. She was nominated for Aarti, Main Chup Rahungi and Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, Vyjayanthimala was the first actress to receive more than one nominations in 1959 and is the only actress to win the maximum awards, without ever losing, whenever been nominated. She received 3 awards among 4 nominations, being nominated twice in 1959 and once each in 1962 and 1965, Jaya Prada and has three nominations each, without ever winning. Nutan, who won the award for the time in 1979 at the age of 42, is the eldest winner. Dimple Kapadia, in 1973, became the youngest winner and youngest nominee at the age of 16, Meena Kumari was the most victorious actress with two wins in the 1950s. Nutan peaked with three wins in 60s, Jaya Bachchan ruled the 70s with two wins. Shabana Azmi and Rekha fetched two wins each in the 80s, in the 90s, Madhuri Dixit outperformed all actresses with four wins. Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukherji and Kajol had two each in the 2000s which were the highest
Filmfare Award for Best Actress
–
Nutan and
Kajol (above) hold the record for most awards in this category.
Filmfare Award for Best Actress
–
Madhuri Dixit holds the record of maximum nominations (14) and most consecutive nominations(10).
15.
Government of India
–
It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces
Government of India
–
The
Parliament of India in the background.
Government of India
–
The
Rashtrapati Bhawan, residence of the
President of India.
Government of India
–
The
Red Fort in
New Delhi. The
Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on the occasion of
Independence Day, from the
ramparts of this fort.
Government of India
–
The
Cabinet Secretariat of India.
16.
Sir Padampat Singhania University
–
Sir Padampat Singhania University is a private, residential university located in Udaipur, India. The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering. It has a management school that offers Master of Business Administration degrees, the university was established in 2008, and its pioneering batch of students graduated in 2011. It is named after the noted Indian industrialist and member of the Indian constituent assembly, Sir Padampat Singhania University has been ranked 95th in India and is one of the youngest institution to be so ranked. The Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India released the rankings of Category ‘A’ higher educational institutions of India, in 2005, the JK Cement Nimbahera Foundation envisaged the creation of a university in Rajasthan. Sir Padampat Singhania School of Engineering was established in 2007 when the first group of engineering students were admitted into the BTech program. In 2008, the school was established as a recognized University, with the passing of the Sir Padampat Singhania University, the university is located on a 100-acre campus 30 kilometres east of Udaipur along National Highway 76. The campus is recognizable by its white buildings, topped with yellow accents. The University is governed by a privately appointed 19-member Board of Management, the board includes representatives from international universities, multinational organizations and JK Cement. The university has two schools - the School of Engineering and the School of Management, the university participates in AIEEE through central counseling. The university awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in engineering, and masters degrees in business administration and this is a five-year program conducted by SPSU and the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Under this program, students spend first four years at SPSU, upon successful completion of the program, students are awarded a masters degree in engineering. Master of Business Administration Doctor of Philosophy in the following specializations, SPSU awards full one-year tuition waiver scholarships to the best-performing undergraduate student of each academic year. Additionally, the top students from each branch of study are granted partial one-year tuition waiver scholarships, the University is also involved in providing consultancy to the industry. All the departments have expert faculties which benefits the nearby industry by their knowledge, student-run clubs include, Cyborg, Technical Electronics, Electronics club Concept, organizers club which coordinates on-campus events and other activities. Electronics, Electronics club Elements, Writers club, endurance, Competitive/ recruitment exams training club Energy, Football club. SAE India, Automotive and aerospace club, chapter of SAE International, Track n Field, Track and field club. The university also participates in the National Service Scheme and maintains its own NSS cell, Electronics club was established on 24 August 2011 with aim to students feels electronics and they have proved it, their project was published in Times Of India, Ahmedabad edition on 19 March 2012
Sir Padampat Singhania University
–
Logo
17.
Honorary Doctorate
–
An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
Honorary Doctorate
–
The honoris causa
doctorate received by
Jimmy Wales from the
University of Maastricht (2015).
Honorary Doctorate
–
Letter from
Ezra Stiles to
George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of
Yale College (1781).
Honorary Doctorate
–
Elena Ceauşescu becoming
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
University of Manila,
Philippines, in 1975
18.
Indian cinema
–
The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
Indian cinema
–
Alam Ara poster (1931), the first Indian
sound film
Indian cinema
–
Advertisement in
The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India,
Shree Pundalik by
Dadasaheb Torne
Indian cinema
–
A scene from
Raja Harishchandra (1913), first full-length Indian motion picture
Indian cinema
–
Producer-director-screenwriter
Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema.
19.
National Film Development Corporation of India
–
The National Film Development Corporation of India based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, the primary goal of the NFDC is to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of the Indian Film Industry and foster excellence in cinema. Over the years, NFDC has provided a range of services essential to the growth of Indian cinema especially Indian parallel cinema in the 1970s and 80s. The NFDC has so far funded or produced over 300 films and these films, in various Indian languages, have been widely acclaimed and have won many national and international awards. A recent example is the third ever Kashmiri feature film, Bub, director Ramesh Sippy took over the position of chairman of NFDC in 2012. He replaced actor Om Puri who was appointed in 2008, in 2013, NFDC started its label, Cinemas of India, specifically to promote and distribute the parallel cinema film produced by it, since the 1960s. This also includes the separate Cinemas of India website, many of the movies which have long been out of circulation are now restored, and available as free online streaming and also as DVDs. Notable films in the series, include Mirch Masala, Ek Din Achanak, Train to Pakistan, Mammo, Uski Roti, in capacity as the producer of various films, NFDC has received various awards
National Film Development Corporation of India
–
Official Logo, National Film Development Corporation Ltd (NFDC), India
20.
Rajya Sabha
–
The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, however, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, in the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the houses members, the Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament, must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation. Must have their name present on the voters list, cannot be an insolvent, i. e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India. Should not be of unsound mind, must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament. In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in areas like arts. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution, the Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison. Money bills, as defined in the Constitution of India Act 110, when Lok Sabha passes a money bill, and transmits it to Rajya Sabha, Rajya Sabha has only fourteen days to return the bill to Lok Sabha. If Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill in fourteen days, also, if Lok Sabha rejects any of the amendments proposed by Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form Lok Sabha finally passes it. Hence, Rajya Sabha cannot stall, or amend, a bill without Lok Sabhas concurrence on the same. Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases, considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha, in Indian federal structure, Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature
Rajya Sabha
21.
Lok Sabha
–
The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
–
Lok Sabha लोक सभा House of the People
22.
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
–
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness, known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement or Hare Krishnas, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu religious organisation. ISKCON was founded in 1966 in New York City by A. C, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada who is worshipped by followers as Guru and spiritual master. Its core beliefs are based on select traditional Hindu scriptures, particularly the Bhagavad-gītā, ISKCON says it is a direct descendant of Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaishnava Sampradaya. ISKCON was formed to spread the practice of yoga, in which those involved dedicate their thoughts and actions towards pleasing the Supreme Lord. ISKCON today is a confederation of more than 550 centres, including 60 farm communities, some aiming for self-sufficiency,50 schools. In recent decades the most rapid expansions in membership have been within Eastern Europe, for further information see, Achintya Bheda Abheda and Gaudiya Vaishnavism ISKCON devotees follow a disciplic line of Gaudiya Bhagavata Vaishnavas and are the largest branch of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Vaishnavism means worship of Vishnu, and Gauḍa refers to the area where this branch of Vaishnavism originated. Gaudiya Vaishnavism has had a following in India, especially West Bengal and Odisha and these works are now available in more than seventy languages and serve as the canon of ISKCON. Krishna is described as the source of all the avatars of God, to devotees, Radha represents Krishnas divine female counterpart, the original spiritual potency, and the embodiment of divine love. The individual soul is a personal identity which does not ultimately merge into any formless light or void as suggested by the monistic schools of Hinduism. Prabhupada most frequently offers Sanatana-dharma and Varnashrama dharma as more names for the religious system which accepts Vedic authority. It is a tradition which has its roots in the theistic Vedanta traditions. The popular nickname of Hare Krishnas for devotees of this movement comes from the mantra that devotees sing aloud or chant quietly on tulsi mala and this mantra, known also as the Maha Mantra, contains the names of God Krishna and Rama. To propagate a consciousness of Krishna, as it is revealed in the Bhagavad-gita, the principle of reincarnation is accepted. To teach and encourage the movement, congregational chanting of the holy names of God as revealed in the teachings of Lord Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. To erect for the members, and for society at large, to bring the members closer together for the purpose of teaching a simpler and more natural way of life. With a view towards achieving the purposes, to publish and distribute periodicals, magazines, books. The four legs of Dharma are, Daya, Mercy Tapas, Self-Control or Austerity Satyam, Truthfulness Śaucam, Cleanliness of body, members try to spread Krishna consciousness, primarily by singing the Hare Krishna mantra in public places and by selling books written by Bhaktivedanta Swami
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
–
Logo of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
–
Pancha-Tattva deities:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu,
Nityananda,
Advaita Acharya,
Gadadhara and
Srivasa, installed in a Gaudiya Vaishnava temple
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
–
ISKCON's
Bhajan during
Navratri Golu at
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
23.
Tamil language
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Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and also by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is a language of two countries, Singapore and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is also used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Tamil is one of the classical languages in the world. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur and 2 and it has been described as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the classical traditions. A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years, the earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca.300 BC – AD300. It has the oldest extant literature among other Dravidian languages, the earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC. More than 55% of the inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka, the two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, the Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, the closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam, the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian, the linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been shortly thereafter
Tamil language
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Silver coin of king
Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (c. AD 160). Obv: Bust of king; Rev: Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with
Tamil Brahmi script
Tamil language
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Tamil
Tamil language
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Agastya, Chairman of first Tamil
Sangam,
Madurai,
Pandiya Kingdom
Tamil language
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Mangulam Tamil Brahmi inscription
24.
Chennai
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Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
Chennai
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Clockwise from top right:
Chennai Central,
Marina Beach,
Madras High Court,
TIDEL Park,
Ripon Building,
San Thome Basilica,
Kapaleeshwarar Temple,
Classical dance Bharata Natyam and
Valluvar Kottam.
Chennai
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Clive House at
Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in
India during 1609
Chennai
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Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach
25.
Sunny Deol
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Sunny Deol is an Indian film actor, director and producer known for his works exclusively in Hindi cinema. He is the son of veteran actor Dharmendra, and the brother of actor Bobby Deol. In a film career spanning thirty years, Deol has won two National Film Awards, and two Filmfare Awards. Box Office India listed Deol as the star of the nineties. Deol made his debut in the film Betaab for which he was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor and he made his debut as a director and producer with Dillagi, in which he also starred alongside his brother Bobby. Deol made his debut opposite fellow debutant Amrita Singh in Betaab and his performance won him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award Nomination. With his portrayal of an amateur boxer wrongly accused of his brothers murder in Rajkumar Santoshis Ghayal, produced by the home banner Vijayta Films, the movie was an instant hit with the masses and went on to win seven Filmfare Awards. His performance won him Filmfare Award for Best Actor and also National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention, in 1991, Sunny starred in about five films but only Narsimha was a success. Rajiv Rais Vishwatma in which he acted opposite Divya Bharti, was Sunnys only release in 1992 and his role of a lawyer in Damini – Lightning fetched him several awards and accolades including National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor and Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1993, he starred in Yash Chopras blockbuster Darr with Juhi Chawla and he also acted alongside younger brother Bobby Deol and Urmila Matondkar in his directorial debut. The partition saga went to become a blockbuster and was the highest grossing Bollywood film ever that time as well as the biggest hit of the 21st century. He won Screen Award for Best Actor and was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his portrayal, Sunnys next few projects were extremely patriotic in nature and struck a chord with audiences across the country. He has a younger brother Bobby Deol and two sisters Vijayta and Ajeeta who are settled in California and his step-mother is Hema Malini, through whom he has two paternal half-sisters, actress Esha Deol and Ahana Deol. His cousin Abhay Deol is also an actor, Deol made his debut in the 1983 romantic film Betaab in which his role was praised and he was nominated for best actor at Filmfare Awards. Deol has appeared in Rahul Rawails Arjun, in which he played the role of an unemployed youngster. The film went on to become a hit and established Deols status as an action hero. In 1986 he appeared alongside his father in Sultanat, in the final years of the decade he appeared in several hits including Dacait, Yateem and Paap Ki Duniya In 1989, he had back to back hits with Rajiv Rais Tridev and Pankaj Parashars ChaalBaaz. He even won his first filmfare award for best actor in Rajkumar Santoshis 1990 film Ghayal and he paired with Aditya Pancholi in Vishnu-Devaa
Sunny Deol
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Sunny Deol in June 2012
26.
Bobby Deol
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Bobby Deol is an Indian actor. Deol is the son of Bollywood actor Dharmendra and the brother of Sunny Deol, Deol has mostly acted in thriller films, often playing antiheroic characters who are forced to commit crime to avenge the deaths of loved ones. Examples of such films include Badal, Gupt, Jurm and Bichhoo and his films commonly involve themes of jealousy, deceit and revenge and his more romantic thrillers often involve him caught in love triangles. Some of his films are Barsaat, Gupt, Soldier, Badal, Ajnabee, Humraaz, Apne, Dostana. Deol was awarded the Filmfare Best Debut Award for his role in the 1995 film Barsaat and was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in Humraaz in 2002. Apart from acting, Deol owns a successful restaurants in Mumbai, Deol was born into a Punjabi Jatt family in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, in 1969 the second son of Bollywood Star Dharmendra and Prakash Kaur. He is the brother of Sunny Deol and also has two sisters Vijayta and Ajeeta who are settled in California. His step-mother is Hema Malini, through whom he has two paternal half-sisters, actress Esha Deol and Ahana Deol and his cousin Abhay Deol is also an actor. He completed his schooling from Jamnbai Narsee School and then graduated from Mithibai College - Commerce, Deol first briefly appeared as a child actor in the film Dharam Veer in 1977. Deol then made his debut with Twinkle Khanna in the 1995 Bollywood film Barsaat. Deol plays the character of Badal, a naive but intelligent young man who moves from a village to the big city and gets caught up with corrupt police. The film was nonetheless a success and garnered him the Filmfare Best Debut Award. In 1997, Deol starred in Gupt, The Hidden Truth and he escapes and tracks down the real killer. Gupt, The Hidden Truth was highly acclaimed for its storyline, in the same year, Deol appeared in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, alongside Aishwarya Rai in her debut Bollywood role. The film failed to do well at the box office, in 1998, Deol starred opposite Neha in the Vidhu Vinod Chopra film, Kareeb. Deol played the character of Birju, a young man from an upper-middle-class family in Himachal Pradesh with a love of petty thievery. Later in 1998, he appeared in Abbas Mustans military thriller Soldier, alongside Raakhee, Deol played the mysterious character of Vicky, later revealed as Raju, son of Vijay Malhotra who was convicted of arms smuggling. In 1999, Deol starred in Dillagi, directed by and co-starring his brother Sunny Deol, the film is noted for being the first time Sunny Deol directed a film and also the first time he acted alongside Bobby
Bobby Deol
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Bobby Deol
Bobby Deol
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Dharmendra and Bobby Deol celebrate Father's Day at their residence
Bobby Deol
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Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol visit Cinemax theatre at Eternity Mall Thane to promote Chamku
27.
Madhoo
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Madhoo Shah is an Indian film actress. She has acted in Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi, Telugu and she is best remembered for her portrayals in Maniratnams Roja, Sangeeth Sivans Yodha and Shankars Gentleman. Madhoobala Raghunath was born into a Tamil-speaking family and she is a niece of actress Hema Malini and therefore a maternal cousin of Esha Deol through her father. She did her schooling from St. Josephs High School in Juhu, madhoo was signed by action director Veeru Devgan for his son Ajay Devgans debut in Phool Aur Kaante, but her first release was K. Balachander s Azhagan co-starring Mammooty, Bhanupriya and Geetha. She made her debut in the Malayalam film Ottayal Pattalam opposite Mukesh and she made her comeback in 2008, in the Hindi film, Kabhi Socha Bhi Na Tha, and has been appearing in supporting roles in films since then. She married Anand Shah on 19 February 1999 and she has two daughters Ameyaa and Keia. Madhoo at the Internet Movie Database
Madhoo
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Madhoobala Shah
28.
Phool Aur Kaante
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Phool Aur Kaante is a Hindi action romance film released in 1991. It stars Ajay Devgn, Madhoo, Aruna Irani, Jagdeep, the film marked the debut of Ajay Devgn, son of stunt and action choreographer Veeru Devgan, and Madhoo, niece of actress Hema Malini. The film won Ajay Devgn, the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for 1991, phool Aur Kaante was noted for its soundtrack and action sequences. The movie is based on the Malayalam film Parampara starring Mammootty. Ajay Devgans entry in the film became very popular where he appeared standing, balancing on two moving motorcycles, similar stunts have been repeated in a number of films since. Nageshwar alias Don heads a vast criminal empire and he has an only son, who is completely familiar with his dad and his business. So is Ajays wife, Pooja who would like to put an end to all criminal activities. When Nageshwar starts showing signs of ageing, he decides that it is now time for Ajay to take over from him, will Nageshwar negotiate his grandsons release, or will his grandson be another sacrifice of his empire. How will Ajay and his wife react to this, the album was a hit and songs Dheere Dheere Pyar Ko Badhana Hai, Maine pyar tumhi se kiya hai were very popular. Singers Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik & Alisha Chinai rendered their voice in this album, phool Aur Kaante at the Internet Movie Database
Phool Aur Kaante
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LP Vinyl Records Cover
29.
Roja
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Roja is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language musical romantic thriller film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. It stars Arvind Swamy and Madhoo in the lead roles, the film was also dubbed in Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam and Telugu languages. The film won three National Film Awards, including Best Film on National Integration, catapulting Ratnam to national acclaim, the film also gained international acclaim with its nomination for Best Film at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. The film was later re-released for international audiences in light of the fear of terrorist attacks across the world. It is the first in Ratnams trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Bombay, the soundtrack of the film by Academy Award winner A. R. Rahman is hailed as a masterpiece. He debuted as a composer with this film. He won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Tamil and this soundtrack is among the 10 Best Soundtracks of all time listed by TIME magazine, issued in 2005. In Srinagar, a Kashmiri terrorist, Wasim Khan, is captured by a led by Colonel Rayappa. In South India, 18-year old Roja is a village girl born. Roja fervently wishes that her sister Shenbagams marriage proposal with Rishi Kumar, unknown to her and her family, Shenbagam is in love with the son of her paternal aunt. When Rishi wishes to speak to Shenbagam alone, she gathers enough courage to convey this and politely asks him to reject her in front of her parents, to everyone’s surprise Rishi requests Rojas hand in marriage instead. Initially Roja does not like what Rishi did, but when she learns of Shenbagams love affair and consequent rejection of Rishi, she apologizes, love blossoms, and life is blissful for the couple for a short while. Meanwhile, due to the illness of his Chief, Rishi is assigned to a communications center in Baramulla to intercept military intelligence. The couple find themselves in a beautiful yet alien land, Rojas world turns upside down when Rishi is abducted by terrorists whose agenda is to separate Kashmir from India and free their leader, Wasim Khan, from judicial custody. Faced with the task of rescuing her husband, Roja runs from pillar to post, pleading with politicians. Further complicating matters is the gap, She cant speak their language. Meanwhile, Rishi, held captive by a group of terrorists led by Liaqat, liaqats sister shows a little compassion towards him. Initially, when Roja’s efforts fail, the Indian government denies any negotiations with the terrorists for the release of Rishi in the media, the angered terrorists attempt to burn an Indian flag
Roja
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Film poster
30.
Pandava Vanavasam
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Pandava Vanavasam is a mythological Telugu film directed by Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao and written by Samudrala Raghavacharya. The story revolves around the exile of the Pandavas in the Mahabharata, producer, Anjaneyulu Adusumilli Original Music, Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao Cinematography, Nageshwara Rao C. Art Direction, Krishna Rao Playback singers, Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, S. Janaki, Baavaa Baavaa Panneeru - Lyrics, Arudra, Singers, B. Hema Malini started her career before entering the Bollywood and later became the Dreamgirl. Pandava Vanavasam was also produced in Tamil, kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao, who later directed over 100 movies, started his career as an assistant director for this movie. Pandava Vanavasamu at the Internet Movie Database
Pandava Vanavasam
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Theatrical release poster
31.
Raj Kapoor
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Ranbir Raj Kapoor, also known as the greatest showman of Indian cinema, was a noted Indian film actor, producer and director of Hindi cinema. Kapoor is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers and actors in the history of Indian cinema and he was the winner of several accolades including 3 National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India. The Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award is named after Raj Kapoor and he was a two-time nominee for the Palme dOr grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival for his films Awaara and Boot Polish. His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine and his films attracted worldwide audiences, particularly in Asia and Europe. He was called the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts. Indias highest award in cinema the Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed him in 1987 by the Government of India, Raj Kapoor was born at the Kapoor Haveli near Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar, modern-day Pakistan, into a Punjabi Hindu family to Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor. He was the eldest of six children in the family and he was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor and great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, part of the famous Kapoor family. His brothers are actors Shashi Kapoor and the late Shammi Kapoor and he also had a sister named Urmila Sial. Two other siblings died in infancy and they later on moved from Peshawar into present-day India for residence and for education. As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the constant move meant Raj Kapoor attended several different schools in cities like Dehradun, Calcutta and Mumbai. At the age of ten, he appeared in films for the first time, after acting in several films over the next 12 years, Raj Kapoors big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady. In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khans hit film Andaz which was his first major success as an actor and he had his first success as producer, director and star of Barsaat released later that year. He went on to produce and star in hit films made under his R. K. These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplins most famous screen persona of The Tramp, outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Anhonee, Aah, Anari, Chhalia and Dil Hi To Hai. He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish. and Ab Dilli Door Nahin, in 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayantimala which was his first film in colour. This was his last major success as an actor as his later films like Around the World and Sapnon Ka Saudagar with younger starlets Rajshree. In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival, in 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete. His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in film playing the younger version of his character
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor
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Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor
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Raj Kapoor's birthplace,
Dhaki Munawar Shah,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Raj Kapoor
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Raj and Krishna Kapoor (1946)
32.
Johnny Mera Naam
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Johny Mera Naam is a 1970 bollywood crime action film directed by Vijay Anand. The film stars the brother, Dev Anand and Pran in the roles of brothers separated in childhood. Hema Malini, Jeevan, Premnath, I. S. Johar and Iftekhar also star in pivotal roles, at the 18th Filmfare Awards, Vijay Anand won the Filmfare Best Screenplay Award, while actor I. S. Johar received his first Best Performance in a Comic Role for his roles, a steward in aeroplane, an associate of criminals. The film was remade in Kannada as Apoorva Sangama with Dr. Rajkumar, in Telugu as Eduruleni Manishi with N. T. Rama Rao, Mohan and Sohan are the sons of a police inspector. Their father is killed by a goon following orders from Ranjit, Mohan kills the goon, takes refuge in a car boot, and goes missing. Years later Sohan goes on to become a CID officer called Sohan Kumar who solves his cases taking up different guises and he takes the identity of Johny, a petty thief and gets himself in jail, befriends Heera, solves a case wooing Rekha, and finds the criminal. Dev Anand as Johny / Sohan Hema Malini as Rekha Pran as Moti / Mohan Jeevan as Heera Premnath as Ranjit / Rai Saab Bhupendra Singh I. S, the movie boasts one of the best performances of Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle. Johny Mera Naam marked some of the best music composed by duo Kalyanji Anandji, the song Pal Bhar Ke Liye composed by Kalyanji-Anandji and performed by Kishore Kumar in this film was very popular. It was used at the end of The Simpsons episode Kiss Kiss, a scene of the film is shown in the 2007 thriller Johnny Gaddaar, prompting a character to give Johnny as a fake name and hence the film title. The song Pal Bhar Ke Liye was picturized at the Godawari garden near Kathmandu in which the girl, Hema Malini. The song O Mere Raja was shot at the ruins of Nalanda, Johny Mera Naam at the Internet Movie Database
Johnny Mera Naam
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Film poster
33.
Andaz (1971 film)
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Andaz is a 1971 Hindi romantic movie starring Shammi Kapoor, Hema Malini, Rajesh Khanna and Simi Garewal. The film was directed by Ramesh Sippy, the film was a considerable success and important in the career of Malini as an actress. The film features Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana, one of the best known Bollywood yodels which also featured on the soundtrack of Mira Nairs Mississippi Masala, the song fetched singer Kishore Kumar a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer. When this film released, films of Shammi Kapoor were not doing well at the box office, the 10-minute cameo including made by Rajesh Khanna is credited for turning Andaz into a hit film. This film is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971, by adding the two hero films Marayada and Andaz to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971. This film tells the story of a widow Sheetal who is devastated after the death of her husband Raj. She is left with a son to look after and teaches in a school, one of her students is the daughter of widower Ravi. The children become instrumental in getting the parents to meet. Andaz was one of the last movies for which the music directors duo. Jaikishan died of cirrhosis on 12 September 1971 at the young age of 42. Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana turned out to be the last song that Jaikishan recorded before his death, Andaz also proved to be the last hit for Shammi Kapoor as a lead. The success of this movie is credited to the Rajesh Khanna Mania of the 70s, as Rajesh Khanna only appeared for 15 minutes in the movie, and still created a stir. However, Shammis performance was received and it is considered to have been one of the most uncharacteristic roles in his acting career. So also, Ajit played a man who repents for his mistake not to accept Hema Malini as his daughter in law after the death of his son Rajesh Khanna
Andaz (1971 film)
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Andaz
34.
Sanjeev Kumar (actor)
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For the politician from Jharkhand, see Sanjiv Kumar. Sanjeev Kumar was a noted Indian film actor and he won several major awards including two National Film Awards for Best Actor for his performances in the movies Dastak and Koshish. He acted in genres ranging from drama to thrillers. Unlike his peers, Sanjeev Kumar did not mind playing roles that were non-glamorous, movies like Sholay and Trishul exemplify his talents. He is well remembered for his versatility and genuine portrayal of his characters, Sanjeev Kumar was born as Harihar Jethalal Jariwala in Surat, Gujarat, to a Gujarati Leuva Patel family and spent his early years in Surat. His family eventually settled in Mumbai, a stint in a film school led him to Bollywood, where he eventually became an accomplished actor. Sanjeev Kumar had two brothers and one sister. Kumar started his career as stage actor, starting with IPTA in Mumbai. Even as a actor, he had a penchant for playing older roles, at age 22. Sanjeev Kumar made his debut with a small role in Hum Hindustani in 1960. Sanjeevs first film as a protagonist was the 1965 Nishan, in 1968, he acted alongside a famous actor of those times, Dilip Kumar, in Sangharsh. In 1970, the movie Khilona brought him recognition, in 1972, he played in an Indo-Iranian film Subah aur Shaam. This was when director Gulzar first spotted him, later he was to cast Kumar in the roles of man in Koshish, Aandhi. In the following year, in a play Damru directed by AK Hangal and he went on to star in the box office hits Seeta Aur Geeta, Manchali and Aap Ki Kasam. In 1973, he made a guest appearance during a song in a Tamil movie and he started working with Gulzar, a well-known director, in the early 1970s. He performed in nine movies with Gulzar, including Koshish, Aandhi, Mausam, Angoor and it was the producers and directors of the South, who wanted to remake their Tamil and Telugu films, in Hindi with either Sanjeev or Rajesh Khanna in lead. It was these Hindi film remakes which elevated him to a great actor, the film Khilona and its Tamil version Engirundho Vandhaal were made simultaneously. Sanjeev reprised the role played by Thengai Srinivasan in Yehi Hai Zindagi which was remake of Kaliyuga Kannan and he played the role which N. T. Rama Rao did originally in Devina Chesina Manushulu, in its Hindi version Takkar
Sanjeev Kumar (actor)
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Sanjeev Kumar
35.
Seeta Aur Geeta
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Seeta aur Geeta is a 1972 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Ramesh Sippy. The story is by Salim-Javed and the music by R. D. Burman, the story is about identical twins who are separated at birth and grow up with different temperaments. Hemas two partners in the movie are played by Dharmendra and Sanjeev Kumar, manorama plays the evil aunt who changes her tune after her arm is twisted. Furthermore, Hema Malini was noted for the novelty of her role as Geeta where she is rambunctious and this theme has been repeated in other movies before and after. A prior movie on this theme was Ram Aur Shyam starring Dilip Kumar in the dual role. Remakes in other languages include the Telugu film Ganga Manga and the Tamil film Vani Rani, Hema Malini won her only competitive Filmfare Best Actress Award of her career. P. Vaikunth won the Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award, in 1976, the film was shown in Soviet Union where it was a success. Seeta and Geeta are twin girls who were separated at birth, Geeta, a feisty girl is raised in a poor neighborhood and is a street performer, while Seeta is raised by her cruel aunt Chachi and meek uncle. Chachi treats Seeta like a servant, despite the fact that the family is living off her parents money. Seetas only consolation is her old grandmother, one day, Seeta decides life is not worth living and runs away to commit suicide. She is saved but is mistaken for her identical twin Geeta and is taken to Geetas home, meanwhile, Seetas aunt and uncle are frantically searching for her and find Geeta. They attempt to force Geeta to go with them but, using some of her tricks, she escapes them. She then meets Ravi and, though he also mistakes her for Seeta, Ravi is surprised by this Seeta and the Seeta he had met previously. Geeta realizes the cruelty that Seeta has been living under and vows to teach her aunt a lesson, meanwhile, the real Seeta is living in Geetas house. Her surrogate mother has attributed her new attitude to shock. Here, Seeta meets Raka, Geetas friend and fellow performer, Raka is also surprised by Geetas sudden gentle nature and desire to do housework. When he tried to coax her into performing, she is unable to do so, Ravi meanwhile falls in love with Geeta. At home, Geeta begins to set everything on a proper course and she resumes control of the money and restores her grandmother to the head of the household, where she belongs
Seeta Aur Geeta
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Film poster
36.
Filmfare Best Actress Award
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The award was first given in 1954 for the films released in preceding year 1953. Kajol along with Nutan holds the maximum awards of 6 Nutan and her niece Kajol, two actresses, Meena Kumari and Madhuri Dixit, have four wins each. Four actresses, Vyjayanthimala, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi and Vidya Balan have three wins each. Eight actresses have won the award twice, in order, they are Waheeda Rehman, Dimple Kapadia, Rekha, Sridevi, Karisma Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukerji. Five actresses have won the award in years, in chronological order, they are Meena Kumari, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi, Rani Mukerji. There has been one tie in the history of this category. This occurred in 1974 when Jaya Bachchan and Dimple Kapadia were both given the award, Madhuri Dixit holds the record for maximum nominations, followed by Meena Kumari, Hema Malini / Kajol and Aishwarya Rai. Dixit also holds the record for most consecutive nominations with 10 between 1988 and 1995, being nominated twice in 1994 and 1995, winning thrice in 1990,1992 and 1994. She thus also holds the record of awards and maximum nominations in a single decade. Shabana Azmi, who received four out of the five nominations in 1984, Meena Kumari and Kajol had three nominations each in 1963 and 1999 respectively, which are the second highest number of nominations in a single year. Both won in their respective years, in 1963, Meena Kumari achieved an unusual feat by garnering all the three nominations. She was nominated for Aarti, Main Chup Rahungi and Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, Vyjayanthimala was the first actress to receive more than one nominations in 1959 and is the only actress to win the maximum awards, without ever losing, whenever been nominated. She received 3 awards among 4 nominations, being nominated twice in 1959 and once each in 1962 and 1965, Jaya Prada and has three nominations each, without ever winning. Nutan, who won the award for the time in 1979 at the age of 42, is the eldest winner. Dimple Kapadia, in 1973, became the youngest winner and youngest nominee at the age of 16, Meena Kumari was the most victorious actress with two wins in the 1950s. Nutan peaked with three wins in 60s, Jaya Bachchan ruled the 70s with two wins. Shabana Azmi and Rekha fetched two wins each in the 80s, in the 90s, Madhuri Dixit outperformed all actresses with four wins. Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukherji and Kajol had two each in the 2000s which were the highest
Filmfare Best Actress Award
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Nutan and
Kajol (above) hold the record for most awards in this category.
Filmfare Best Actress Award
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Madhuri Dixit holds the record of maximum nominations (14) and most consecutive nominations(10).
37.
Dharmatma
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Dharmatama is a 1975 Hindi thriller movie and the first Bollywood film to be shot in Afghanistan. It was produced and directed by Feroz Khan, the movie is the first attempt in India to localise The Godfather. The title character was based on matka king Ratan Khatri and it is said that Khan sat down with Khatri to learn more about him and understand the nuances of matka. The cast includes Feroz Khan, Hema Malini, Rekha, Premnath, Imtiaz Khan, Danny Denzongpa, Farida Jalal, Ranjeet, Helen, Madan Puri, Jeevan, Iftekhar and Dara Singh, satyen kappu, the music is by Kalyanji Anandji. This film took Feroz Khan to new heights in his career as this was a blockbuster movie, the same year, Sholay and Deewar were released. The film is also its scenes featuring Buzkashi a Central Asian sport on horses, including aerial shots, wealthy, powerful and influential Seth Dharamdas leads a financially secure life in a palatial bungalow. He is known to help people who are beyond any hope of assistance. But Seth Dharamdas does have a number of skeletons in his closet and a life as a gangster. The only person whom he dislikes and fears is his own son Ranbir, after a heated argument over Dharmatmas matka business, Ranbir leaves home for Afghanistan, where he stays with his uncle and manages his business. One day in a forest while riding a horse, he finds a man named Jankura. He defends beautiful Reshma and falls for her, meanwhile, in India, his sister Mona is all set to marry Kundan, son of their fathers old friend. She writes to Ranbir to attend her wedding and give them his blessings, Ranbir accepts her invitation and arrives at the venue. The marriage commences and Mona departs after the ceremony, while in the car, she gives her husband a steel ring with I Love You inscribed on it. He proposes to Reshma, which she accepts and her foster-father also reluctantly agrees to their marriage. A fortune-teller there predicts that Reshma will bring death to Ranbir which has Reshma worried, meanwhile, in India, a business-rival by the name of Anokhelal proposes a narcotics deal to Dharmatma, which he refuses. His son-in-law tries to him to accept the scheme but is unsuccessful. Dharmatma recognises the nature of his son-in-law and apologises for his mistake of letting his daughter marry him and he misses Ranbir and orders his assistant Vikram Singh to bring Ranbir back from Afghanistan. Vikram Singh agrees but on the way he is kidnapped by Anokhelals sons Natwar and Rishi, in Afghanistan, Ranbir and Reshma prepare for their marriage
Dharmatma
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Theatrical poster
38.
Sholay
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Sholay is a 1975 Indian Hindi-language action-adventure film, directed by Ramesh Sippy and produced by his father G. P. Sippy. The film follows two criminals, Veeru and Jai, hired by a police officer to capture the ruthless dacoit Gabbar Singh. Hema Malini and Jaya Bhaduri also star, as Veeru and Jais love interests, Sholay is considered a classic and one of the best Indian films. It was ranked first in the British Film Institutes 2002 poll of Top 10 Indian Films of all time, in 2005, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards named it the Best Film of 50 Years. The film was shot in the terrain of Ramanagara, in the southern state of Karnataka. After the Central Board of Film Certification mandated the removal of violent scenes. In 1990, the directors cut of 204 minutes became available on home media. When first released, Sholay received negative reviews and a tepid commercial response. It broke records for continuous showings in many theatres across India, by some accounts, Sholay is the highest grossing Indian film of all time, adjusted for inflation. The film drew heavily from the conventions of Westerns, and is an example of the masala film. The combined sales of the soundtrack, scored by R. D. Burman. The films dialogues and certain characters became popular, contributing to numerous cultural memes. In January 2014, Sholay was re-released to theatres in the 3D format, in the small village of Ramgarh, the retired policeman Thakur Baldev Singh summons a pair of small-time thieves that he had once arrested. Thakur feels that the duo—Veeru and Jai —would be ideal to help him capture Gabbar Singh, Thakur tells them to surrender Gabbar to him, alive, for an additional ₹20,000 reward. The two thieves thwart the dacoits sent by Gabbar to extort the villagers, soon afterwards, Gabbar and his goons attack Ramgarh during the festival of Holi. In a tough battle, Veeru and Jai are cornered, Thakur, although he has a gun within his reach, does not help them. Veeru and Jai fight back and the bandits flee, the two are, however, upset at Thakurs inaction, and consider leaving the village. Thakur explains that Gabbar had killed all of his family members
Sholay
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Theatrical release poster
Sholay
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Ramdevarabetta, near the town of Ramanagara; much of Sholay was shot in rocky locations such as this.
Sholay
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Sholay
Sholay
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A line of Gabbar Singh (Tera kya hoga, meaning, "What will happen to you?") and a picture of him is painted on the back of an
auto rickshaw, a common mode of public transport. Dialogues and characters from the film have contributed to many cultural tropes in India's daily life.
39.
Trishul (film)
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Trishul is an Indian action film directed by Yash Chopra and produced by Gulshan Rai in 1978. It is written by Salim-Javed, with music by Khayyam and lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi, the movie was a Super Hit at the box office and one of the top grossers of 1978, along with Muqaddar Ka Sikandar and Don. The movie had previously inspired the Kamal Hassan starrer, Kadal Meengal, the movie is remade in tamil as Mr. Bharath and in Telugu also as Mr. Bharath starring Shoban Babu. The film focuses on the three intertwined stories of Amitabh, Sanjeev, and Shashi, Raj Kumar Gupta gives up his first love Shanti to marry a wealthy heiress Kamini who is the daughter of Seth Dindayal. Shanti comes by to wish him success on his marriage with the news that she is carrying his child and she gives birth to a boy and names him Vijay. After she dies, Vijay comes to Delhi to take revenge by destroying his fathers business, Shekhar and Kusum are Vijays half-siblings who are caught in the crossfire of Vijays revenge. Vijay also crosses paths with Geeta, the secretary of Gupta. When Geeta is fired Vijay hires her and he tries to create differences between Shekhar and Sheetal. Vijay also takes all the good deals which resulted in losses for Raj and he even encourages Kusum to marry Ravi against her fathers wishes which enrages Shekhar and he ends up fighting with Vijay. But Geeta comes and tells the truth, Raj in anger tells Balwant to kill Vijay. Later Vijay comes down and tells him that he is Rajs son, Raj tries to stop Balwant but he had already left and kidnapped Ravi in order to get to Vijay. Vijay, with the assistance of Shekhar and Raj, rescues Ravi, Balwant aims at Vijay but Raj comes in between and thus Raj is shot in the process by Balwant. Before dying Raj asks for forgiveness, Vijay forgives him and unites with the family. In addition, Vijay changes the name of his company from Shanti Constructions to Shanti-Raj Constructions, Amitabh Bachchan as Vijay Kumar Sanjeev Kumar as Raj Kumar Gupta / R. K. L. Verma Gita Siddharth as Kamini Gupta Manmohan Krishna as Seth Dindayal Yunus Parvez as Bhandari Mohan Sherry as Gangoo M. B. The soundtrack for this movie is credited for bringing the three legends of Indian film music K. J. Yesudas, Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar together in a single song Mohabbat Bade Kaam Ki Cheez Hai, trishul at the Internet Movie Database
Trishul (film)
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Film poster
40.
Joshila
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Joshila is a 1973 Bollywood thriller film directed by Yash Chopra. The film stars Dev Anand, Raakhee and Hema Malini and he has a young, beautiful and captive daughter named Shalini. Shalini is a poet, one day while reciting her poetry, she meets with a man, who introduces himself as Amar. The two of them spend beautiful moments together and finds themselves attracted to each other, Shalini wants to find out why Amar is in jail. She is told in no uncertain terms that Amar is in jail for murder - for killing the brother of his former lover, Sapna. She also found out that this is not true and would strive to the best of her merit to get Amar release from jail because she is in love with him, gupte Assistant Art Director - Sudhir Gaekwad Stunts - Ravi Khanna, M. B
Joshila
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Joshila
41.
Khushboo (1975 film)
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Khushboo is a 1975 Hindi drama film produced by Prasan Kapoor on Tirupati Pictures banner and directed by Gulzar, who had a prolific year, with two more releases in the same year, Mausam and Aandhi. It was based on the Bengali novel Panditmashai by Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, the film stars Jeetendra, Hema Malini, Asrani, Farida Jalal, Sarika and Sharmila Tagore. The films music composed by R. D. Burman, with lyrics of Gulzar, haunting song O Majhi Re sung by Kishore Kumar, was famous both for lyrics and melody. A couple of songs like do naino mein aansoo bhare hain. It was praised as a film with good acting by Sharmila Tagore, Hema Malini, Asrani. Kusum as a child gets married to Vrindavan in a small ceremony, after some time her father dies in a riot and blame erroneously comes to Vrindavans father. Due to this, Vrindavans father rejects Kusum to be his daughter-in-law, Kusum along with his brother and mother, moves to different village away from Vrindavans family. Now they grow up and Kusum considers herself as the wife of Vrindavan, eventually her mother dies and her brother Kunj stays single as he dont want to marry till he send his sister to in-laws. On the other side, Vrindavans father dies and he becomes a doctor, oblivious to Kusums feelings, he goes on to marry another girl Lakhi, who was also a victim of child marriage and has no one now. They had a son Charan and Lakhi dies after some time due to illness and he moves to his own village and starts practice there. Once, he happens to visit a patient in Kusums village where Kusum recognizes him, though he fails to as he only knows her pet name. Gradually they come closer and Vrindavans mother is happy to accept Kusum as daughter-in-law, but misunderstandings develop because Kusum considers them insensitive as they not only forgot what they have done to her family but also takes her for granted now. But Vrindavan, having soft corner for her wishes that she would come to him. Kusum grows close to his son Charan and keeps him with her during endemic in Vrindavans village, finally, Vrindavan and Kusum are able to overcome egoistic barriers and unite with the blessings of her brother, Vrindavans mother and little Charan. Jeetendra as Dr. D. Burman, and the lyrics were by Gulzar, kushboo at the Internet Movie Database
Khushboo (1975 film)
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Khushboo
42.
Meera (1979 film)
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Meera is a 1979 Hindi language film by Gulzar. The film is based on the life of Meera, a Hindu saint-poet who renounced princely comforts in pursuit of her love for Lord Krishna, the film portrays the life and times of Meera from a historical perspective rather than a mythological one. However the film did not perform well at the Indian box office, the story is set around 1580, in the time of King Akbar. Biramdev is the king of Medta, a province in Rajasthan and he has two daughters, Meera and Krishna and a son, Jaimal. Meera is in deep love with Lord Krishna, so much so that she considers Lord Krishna to be her husband. Akbar is becoming stronger day by day and hence other small provinces are trying to join against him, Medta, in one such political agreement, decides to join hands with Raja Vikramajit. As a part of this agreement Meera is married to Vikramajits son, but even after getting married her love for Lord Krishna remains the same and she follows her own ideals and way of living which are not very acceptable to Bhojraj and his family. She is jailed and a trial is ordered to decide her fate. But Meera is still unshakable and her spirituality keeps her going and she is not even afraid of death. Finally she is given a sentence and is ordered to drink a cup of venom in front of the public. Kunwarbai Vidya Sinha as Krishna Rathod Amjad Khan as Badshah Akbar Bharat Bhushan as Tansen A. K, manchanda Editing – Waman Bhosle, Gurudutt Shirali Cinematography – K. Starting with vibrant colours as a princess, she leave the palace in orange, gradually shifting to yellow, fawn, all lyrics written by Meera, all music composed by Pandit Ravi Shankar. 1980 Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Won - Vani Jairam for Mere To Giridhar Gopal Chatterjee, Saibal - Echoes and Eloquences, The Life and Cinema of Gulzar, Gulzar - Meera, Katha, Montage, Anusandhan aur Patkatha, Gulzar, Radhakrishan Prakashan. Meera at the Internet Movie Database
Meera (1979 film)
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Theatrical poster
43.
Dost (1974 film)
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For other films, see Dost Dost is a 1974 Hindi film. Produced by Premji it was directed by Dulal Guha, the film stars Dharmendra, Hema Malini, Shatrughan Sinha, Asit Sen and Rehman. The films music is by Laxmikant Pyarelal, Maanav is an orphan who was brought up by a Catholic Priest, Father Francis. After completing his M. A. he returns home to Taran Devi and he re-locates to Bombay by train, and a man named Gopichand Sharma attempts to steal his luggage, but Maanav chases him and retrieves it. The men become friends, despite of their differences - Maanav wants to lead an honest life, and Gopichand, who is estranged from his wife, a nurse, Kalyani, and son, Munna, is an alcoholic and thief. Gopichand eventually changes his lifestyle, decides to be honest, patches up with his family, but ends up antagonizing his crime boss, Monto Sardar, Maanav gets him a job with Hercules Milk Foods. Maanav meets with and falls in love with Kaajal Gupta, who is the daughter of the owner of Hercules Milk Foods, then one day Maanav disappears from Gopichand and Kaajals lives. Maanav decides to return to Bombay and attempts to sense why Gopichand committed this crime. Guptas ex-servant released from jail Kumari Naaz, police Inspector who arrested Kaajal Satyendra Kapoor. Police Inspector who paid visit to Mr. Gupta after Shyamals death Dost at the Internet Movie Database
Dost (1974 film)
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Theatrical poster
44.
Charas
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Charas is the name given to a hashish form of cannabis which is handmade in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Jamaica. It is made from the resin of the cannabis plant, the plant grows wild throughout Northern India along the stretch of the Himalayas and is an important cash crop for the local people. The difference between charas and hashish is that hashish is made from a dead plant and charas is made from a live one. Despite this long history, charas was made illegal in India under pressure from the United States in the 1980s and severe sentences were introduced for cultivation, even the mere possession had a mandatory ten-year prison sentence. These laws have been relaxed, but charas remains a medium for police to extort money from consumers of the drug. Even at the peak of the crackdown, charas was still popular and remains so today, especially young professionals. The Naga Sadhus, Aghoris and Tantric Bhairava sects smoke it freely as an part of their religious practice. Many smoke it in clay pipes called chillums, using a cloth to cover the smoking end of the chillum. Before lighting the chillum they will chant the names of Shiva in veneration. It is regaining the popularity it once enjoyed with younger generation of India regarding it as a drug of choice. It is freely available in places around India especially where there is a strong affluence of tourists. In southern India there are several places where charas is manufactured. Charas can be found in places around India simply because there are people that take charas from the source to distribute it in areas where there is a substantial demand of it. The nominal price of charas in these areas is higher than in the places where charas is made. There is also an amount of charas that is illegally exported across to Europe. High quality hashish in India comes from cannabis grown in the mountains, the variety from Himachal Pradesh is considered to be of the highest quality throughout India. It is easily available in Kinnaur, Rispa, Ribba, Shimla, Naldera, Karsog, Narkanda, for this reason, the Indian subcontinent has become very popular with backpackers and drug smugglers. During hand-harvesting, live cannabis plants flowering buds are rubbed between the palms of the hands, and by the end of the day one has perhaps 8 or 9 grams of charas
Charas
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Balls and sticks
Charas
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A
chillum
Charas
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Tosh Valley charas
45.
Jugnu
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Jugnu is a 1973 Indian Hindi movie produced and directed by Pramod Chakravorty. The story is about an extremely intelligent crook with a Golden heart who has the ability to steal from the most protected setups. The movie also stars Hema Malini, Lalita Pawar, Mehmood, Prem Chopra, Nazir Hussain, Ajit and Pran. The music is by S. D. Burman and it went on to become a box-office Superhit becoming the second highest grossing film of 1973. It had great songs, most notably the Diwali song picturised beautifully on Dharmendra and sung by Kishore Kumar, the song became a runaway hit going on to become an all-time a chart-buster of its time. It went on to one of the most loved and famous dialogues of all-time in Hindi cinema. Jugnu Remains a cult classic of Hindi cinema and represents one of Dharmendras finest performances and this film was remade into Tamil in 1980 as Guru
Jugnu
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Film poster
46.
Azaad (1978 film)
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Azaad is a 1978 Bollywood thriller film directed by Pramod Chakravorty. The film stars Dharmendra, Hema Malini, Ajit and Prem Chopra and this is the story of an eccentric young man, Ashok who believes in doing good without worrying about the consequences. This does not find any favor with his sister-in-law Sarla, but he persuades her to come back, and he decides to relocate and not cause any more trouble for Sarla. On his way he has a skirmish with the a princess Rajkumari Seema who he teaches a lesson to respect the poor and food grown in the fields. When he arrives in the city, due to his misfortune, he lands a job at a run by the Rajkumari. The Rajkumari also decides to teach him a lesson for the humiliation she suffered at his hands, but things work out differently, and Ashok ends up saving the life of the Rajkumari, and she falls in love with him. This jeopardizes the plans that Rajkumaris uncle has for her and her bethrothed Prem, rekha Sharma Azaad at the Internet Movie Database
Azaad (1978 film)
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Azaad
47.
Dillagi (1978 film)
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Dillagi is a 1978 romantic comedy directed by Basu Chatterjee, based on Bengali novel Chemistry O Kahaani by Bimal Kar. It stars Dharmendra playing SwarnKamal - a newly appointed Sanskrit professor in a girls college, hema Malini is a strict Chemistry lecturer and warden of the same college. Phoolrenu has been nicknamed carbon dioxide and Swarnkamal is lovingly called jijaji by the girls, while for Swarnkamal it is love at first sight, Phoolrenu detests him due to his style of teaching the works of Mahakavi Kalidas. From the celebrations of the festival - Holi to the Annual function, but confusion reins and Phoolrenus marriage is fixed with someone else. Will Swarnkamal be able to make it to the wedding in time, watch this sublime comedy to find out. K. Mahajan Editor – V. N. Dillagi at the Internet Movie Database
Dillagi (1978 film)
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Vinyl Record Cover
48.
Kranti
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Kranti is a 1981 Indian Hindi film produced and directed by Manoj Kumar. It stars Manoj Kumar along with an ensemble cast consisting of Dilip Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Hema Malini, Shatrughan Sinha, Parveen Babi, Sarika, Prem Chopra, Madan Puri, Paintal, the story was written by Salim-Javed. The film marked the return of Dilip Kumar after a five-year hiatus, the film takes place in the 19th Century British India and is the story of the fight for independence from the British between 1825 and 1875. The film tells the story of men lead the war against British Rule, Sanga, Bharat known as Kranti, a prince. Sanga is an honest and dedicated employee in the kingdom of Ramgarh, owing allegiance and he goes to report this outrage to Laxman Singh, only to find him stabbed to death. Sanga is charged with treason and of killing Laxman Singh, sentenced to death, he escapes and forms a group of revolutionaries who have only one goal - to drive the British out of India. This group multiplies into several armies, all united with one slogan - an Independent India, darmiyan Singh Shashikala. queen Charumati Dheeraj Kumar. prince Prem Nath. Meenakshis soldier The music is scored by Laxmikant Pyarelal, the music was popular with some hit songs like Zindagi Ki Na Toote Ladi and Chana Jor Garam. Net gross of approximately Rs. 10-crore 1st top-grossing film of the 1981 It ran for 67 weeks in theater and it was Golden Jubilee HIT, entailed good profits for all India distributors despite heavy price tag attached. It was costliest movie ever at that time, naya Daur Saat Hindustani Lagaan Pukar Anand Math Kranti at the Internet Movie Database
Kranti
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Kranti
