1.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
2.
Matthew H. Carpenter
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Matthew Hale Carpenter was an American attorney and U. S. Senator representing the state of Wisconsin and he served in the Senate from 1869–1875 and again from 1879–1881. Recognized as an authority on law, he made some of the most important legal arguments of 19th century America. Carpenter presented cases before the U. S. Supreme Court involving such matters as states rights, originally a Democrat, he evolved into a Republican during the Civil War, and helped perpetuate the Wisconsin partys political machinery. A gifted orator, he was dubbed the Webster of the West, Carpenter was born in Moretown, Vermont in the Mad River Valley of the Green Mountain range. His pioneering forebears were English, and came to America soon after the Pilgrims and his grandfather Cephas Carpenter helped establish Moretown, owned a store, served as a colonel in the militia and took part in the War of 1812. Cephas Carpenter served in office including justice of the peace. His son Ira Carpenter was chiefly a farmer, but he gained prominence through positions such as justice of the peace, postmaster. Grandson Merritt displayed intelligence and oratorical talents at an age, impressing people with his abilities to recite Cicero. He also displayed an aversion to physical work, after an explosive argument with a schoolmaster, the 13-year-old Carpenter was expelled from school. He was dissatisfied with the limits of Moretown, and left home to live, for four years Carpenter attended the local grade school while absorbing Dillinghams law library. He returned to live in Dillinghams home and managed his law office while Dillingham was then a congressman in Washington, D. C. Upon Carpenters admission to the Vermont bar in November 1847 Dillingham offered to him his law partner. Choate was also impressed with Carpenter, and after a few months he too offered him a partnership, arriving in June 1848, Carpenter quickly established a reputation as a successful and affordable attorney, attracting much acclaim from the local community. His practice was interrupted by an inflammation of his eyes which rendered him blind. After traveling to New York to seek treatment, his sight gradually recovered after a year as he convalesced in the Waterbury home of his mentor Dillingham, before returning to Wisconsin he became engaged to Dillinghams daughter Catherine, and they married five years later. In 1850 Carpenter returned to resume his law practice in Beloit using a new name, Matthew Hale Carpenter, after Sir Matthew Hale, the noted English jurist of the 17th century. Despite an earlier warning from Choate to steer clear of politics, Carpenter successfully ran for Rock County district attorney, Carpenter put forth the theory that the original pre-emptor was still technically the owner of the property
3.
Thomas W. Ferry
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Thomas White Ferry was a U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan, Ferry was born in the old Mission House on Mackinac Island. The community on Mackinac at that time included the garrison, the main depot of John Jacob Astors American Fur Company. His father was a Presbyterian pastor, the Rev. William Montague Ferry, Rev. Ferry also was the pastor of the Protestant church on the island. Thomas moved with his parents to Grand Haven, Michigan, attended the public schools and he worked as a store clerk in Elgin, Illinois for two years from 1843 to 1845 before returning to Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives 1850-1852, on January 26,1857, Ferry, with his father William Montague Ferry, platted the village of Ferrysburg, Michigan, which his father had first settled in 1834. He was a delegate to the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 and he was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives for the 39th, 40th, and 41st Congresses, serving from March 4,1865 to March 4,1871. He was re-elected to the U. S. House for the 42nd Congress in the election of November 8,1870. The Michigan Legislature subsequently elected him to the U. S. Senate on January 18,1871, Ferry was reelected to the Senate in 1877, and served from March 4,1871 to March 4,1883. He was a candidate for reelection in 1882. Ferry was the first person from Michigan to have served in both houses of the Michigan State Legislature and in houses of the United States Congress. The second person to do so is Debbie Stabenow and he delivered an address as the presiding officer of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition on July 4,1876. As Ulysses Grant was no longer the President, and Hayes had not, at least in Ferrys view, assumed the office, while Senator, Ferry was chairman, Committee on Rules, Committee on Post Office and Post Roads. Ferry died in Grand Haven, Michigan, aged 69, and is interred in Lake Forest Cemetery, William Montague Ferry, Jr. brother Dictionary of American Biography Ziewacz, Lawrence E. The Eighty-First Ballot, The Senatorial Struggle of 1883, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Thomas W. Ferry at The Political Graveyard Thomas W. Ferry at Find a Grave Ferry, Thomas White
4.
Benjamin Wade
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Benjamin Franklin Bluff Wade was a United States Senator during Civil War reconstruction known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans. Had the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868 led to a conviction at the trial in the Senate, he would have assumed the presidential powers, Wade was born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27,1800 to Mary and James Wade. Benjamin Wades first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal and he also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure, in 1831. He became the attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the district in 1847. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County, after the decline of the Whigs power, Wade joined the Republican Party, and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and he fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was one of the most radical politicians in America at that time, supporting womens suffrage, trade union rights and he was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century. In March 1861, he became chairman of the Committee on Territories, there, he was almost captured by the Confederate Army. After arriving back at Washington, D. C. he was one of those who blamed the attack on the incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. Wade was also critical of Lincolns Reconstruction Plan, in December 1863, he and Henry Winter Davis sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The Wade–Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U. S. Senate. Tradition has it that Zachariah Chandler asked him if he plan on signing it or no. and Lincoln replied. On July 4,1864, he vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it. Lincoln later said that he didnt want to be held to one Reconstruction policy and this action drove Wade to sign, along with Davis, the Wade–Davis Manifesto, which accused the president of seeking reelection by the executive establishment of new state governments. On July 28,1866, the 39th Congress passed an act to adjust the peacetime establishment of the United States military, Wade proposed that two of the cavalry regiments should be composed of African American enlisted personnel. These units made up of black enlisted personnel and white officers were not the first of such units to serve on the Western Frontier, Wade, along with most other Radical Republicans, was highly critical of President Andrew Johnson
5.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
6.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
7.
Philip Allen (politician)
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Philip Allen was an American manufacturer and politician from Rhode Island. He served as Governor of Rhode Island and as a Democratic member of the United States Senate, Allen was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Zachariah Allen and Nancy Crawford Allen. He was educated by tutors and attended Taunton Academy and Robert Rogers School in Newport. In 1803, he graduated from the College of Rhode Island, after graduation, he engaged in mercantile pursuits and foreign commerce before becoming a manufacturer of cotton goods in Smithfield, Rhode Island. He was president of the Providence Insurance Company, and in 1831 he began manufacturing cotton goods in Providence and he began his political career as a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, serving from 1819 to 1821. In 1827, he was appointed pension agent and president of the Rhode Island branch of the United States Bank, Allen was elected as the Democratic Governor of Rhode Island in 1851. He served as Governor until 1853, when he resigned office after being elected to represent Rhode Island in the United States Senate. He was not a candidate for renomination, and retired from politics and he died in Providence on December 16,1865, and is interred in the North Burial Ground in Providence. He married Phoebe Aborn in 1815, and they had eleven children, in 2016, Allen was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, philip Allen at Find a Grave National Governors Association
8.
William Paine Sheffield Sr.
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William Paine Sheffield was a United States Representative and Senator from Rhode Island. In 1841 and 1842 he was a delegate to the State constitutional conventions and was a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1842 to 1845, from 1849 to 1853 and he moved to Tiverton and returned to Newport. He was appointed as a Republican to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry B, anthony and served from November 19,1884, to January 20,1885, after which he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1892 Sheffield was elected as a member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati. Sheffield died in Newport in 1907, interment was in the Island Cemetery, Sheffield was the father of William Paine Sheffield, Jr. also a U. S. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, William Paine Sheffield Sr. at Find a Grave
9.
Governor of Rhode Island
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On May 30,2013, while in office, he switched his party affiliation to Democratic. This is a table of congressional seats, other federal offices, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Rhode Island except where noted. * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take, as of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Rhode Island who are currently living at this time, the oldest U. S. governor of Rhode Island being Philip W. Noel. The most recent U. S. governor of Rhode Island to die was J. Joseph Garrahy who died on January 24,2012, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Rhode Island to die was Bruce Sundlun, on July 21,2011. List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island
10.
Elisha Harris
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Elisha Harris of Coventry, Kent County, Rhode Island, was Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, 1846–47 serving under Governor Byron Diman and the 20th Governor of Rhode Island 1847–49. Harris was born in Cranston, Providence County, Rhode Island and he attended the local schools and the East Greenwich Seminary. He then embarked on a career, working initially as a bookkeeper. Active in politics as a Whig, Harris served several terms in the Rhode Island House of Representatives and he served as lieutenant governor from 1846 until 1847. In 1847 he became governor, and he served one term,1847 to 1849 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1848, and for election as governor in 1850. Harris became a Republican when the party was founded in the mid-1850s, Harris died in Coventry and was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Coventry. Henry Howard, who served as governor, was married to Harriss daughter Catherine. Elisha Harris at Find a Grave Elisha Harris at National Governors Association
11.
Coventry, Rhode Island
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Coventry is a town in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 35,014 at the 2010 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 62.3 sq mi.59.5 sq mi of it is land and 2.8 sq mi of it is water. The town is bordered by West Warwick to the east, Foster, Scituate, and Cranston to the north, West Greenwich and East Greenwich to the south, and Sterling, Connecticut to the west. It is the largest town in area in Rhode Island, being surpassed in total area only by South Kingstown, Rhode Island, with water. Coventry was first settled by English colonists in the early 18th century, since the area was so far away from the center of Warwick, the section that became Coventry grew very slowly. However, by 1741, enough farmers had settled in the area that they petitioned the General Assembly of Rhode Island to create their own Town, the petition was granted, and the new Town was named Coventry, after the English city of Coventry. For the rest of the 18th century, Coventry remained a town populated by farmers. Among the buildings that survive are the Waterman Tavern, the Nathanael Greene Homestead, the oldest church, Maple Root Baptist Church, dates from the end of the 18th century. The congregation was organized in 1762 and was affiliated with the General Six-Principle Baptists, during the American Revolutionary War, the people of Coventry were supporters of the patriot cause. Nathanael Greene, a resident of Coventry, rose through the ranks to become a general of the American army. By the end of the war, Greene was second in command in the US army after George Washington, in the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution came to Coventry with the building of the first mill in Anthony. Over the next century, the end of town became very industrialized, with manufacturing centers being located in Anthony, Washington, Quidnick. Many of the old factories still stand in the town, the demographics of the town changed, as industrial jobs at these new mill villages attracted French Canadian and Irish immigrants. By the end of the 19th century, almost one fourth of the population was born outside the US, not all immigrants worked in the factories. Census records from the late 19th century show that some owned farms, in the 20th century, the Town went through much change. The advent of the automobile brought an end of the railroad, by the mid-20th century, industry had largely left the Town and most of the factories closed. Since the late 20th century, the town has attracted new residents, in the early 21st century, a movement in the Town has developed to limit residential development to keep the rural flavor of the western part of the town. Coventry offers a few recreation facilities, the town has youth sport leagues for football, basketball, baseball, and softball
12.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
13.
Swan Point Cemetery
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Swan Point Cemetery is a cemetery located in Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Established in 1846 on a 60-acre plot of land, it has approximately 40,000 interments, First organized under the Swan Point Cemetery Company, with a board of trustees. In 1858, a new charter was developed to make the cemetery administration non-profit, cleveland was hired to redesign the area. It is a park with its design inspired by the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. Among the first to use of a tract of land within the cemetery was the First Congregational Society. They moved several interments from older plots in Providence to Swan Point, over the years additional land acquisition has expanded the cemetery to 200 acres, and is still open to new interments today. The Swan Point Cemetery is widely considered to be the most prestigious cemetery in Rhode Island due to the number of prominent citizens of the state buried there, there are more governors, senators and congressmen buried there than any other cemetery in Rhode Island. Swan Point Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and it is one of the two largest cemeteries in Providence with the other one being the North Burial Ground. Congressman Malcolm Greene Chace, industrialist, hockey innovator, and amateur tennis player Malcolm Greene Chace, congressman Thomas Wilson Dorr, Political reformer, revolutionary and Governor of Rhode Island Sarah Elizabeth Doyle, Educator and reformer. Thomas Arthur Doyle, long-serving mayor of Providence Elisha Dyer, Governor of Rhode Island Elisha Dyer Jr, Governor of Rhode Island, Mayor of Providence Benjamin Tucker Eames, U. S. Congressman C. M. Eddy, Jr. author Theodore Foster, garvin, Governor of Rhode Island Darius Goff, Pawtucket businessman and textile mill owner. Congressman Theodore F. Green, Governor of Rhode Island and U. S, senator William S. Hayward, Mayor of Providence Robert Henri, American painter and teacher William Warner Hoppin, Governor of Rhode Island Charles Tillinghast James, U. S. Congressman William Jones, Governor of Rhode Island Herbert W. Ladd, Governor of Rhode Island Benedict Lapham, industrialist, philanthropist Oscar Lapham, congressman Charles W. Lippitt, Governor of Rhode Island Henry Lippitt, Governor of Rhode Island Henry Frederick Lippitt, U. S. Senator Alfred Henry Littlefield, Governor of Rhode Island H. P. Lovecraft, American author Jesse Houghton Metcalf, senator Seth Padelford, Governor of Rhode Island Charles H. Page, U. S. Smith, Mayor of Providence and Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague III, Governor of Rhode Island, senator William Sprague IV, Governor of Rhode Island and U. S. Senator Alfred E. Stone, Providence architect Royal C
14.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
15.
Know Nothing
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The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. The motivators of the Partys rise were,1. )Nativist sentiment caused by the sudden, unprecedented influx of German and Irish immigrants in the late 1840s,2. )A rapid, steep decline in wages caused by the sudden influx of very large numbers of Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine,3. )The threat members perceived that the expansion of slavery into factory labor. In the eyes of supporters of both the Free Soil and Know Nothing movements, the existence of black slavery threatened to reduce free, white workers to wage slaves, and 4. )Fear that land in the western territories would be awarded to wealthy slave plantation owners rather than to white small farmers. It was due to fear that slavery would destroy the economic prospects of working families that the Party enrolled massive numbers of voters in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The Partys most prominent leaders were U. S, the American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election. Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played little role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and it then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration. It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843, under the banner of the American Republican Party, the movement quickly spread to nearby states, using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, in the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important. They merged in New York in the early 1850s as an order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics. The name Know Nothing originated in the organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, outsiders called them Know Nothings, and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label, the immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls, Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty, democracy and Republicanism. One Boston minister described Catholicism as the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school. In 1849, a secret society, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City. Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party, activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause. When asked about these organizations, members were to reply I know nothing. Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier, most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities
16.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
18.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
19.
Providence Journal
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The Providence Journal, nicknamed the ProJo, is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, Rhode Island and is the largest newspaper in Rhode Island. The newspaper was first published in 1829 and is the oldest continuously-published daily newspaper in the United States, the newspaper has won four Pulitzer Prizes. The papers history has reflected the waxing and waning of newspaper popularity throughout the United States, by 1829, demand for more timely news caused Miller to combine his existing publications into the Providence Daily Journal, published six days per week. The first edition of the Providence Daily Journal appeared July 1,1829, in the next few decades the paper was sold to new owners several times, until by 1863 it was owned by George Danielson and Henry B. The latter would go on to serve as Governor of Rhode Island, editor George W. Danielson joined the paper on January 1,1863, and served as editor until his death in 1884. Danielson immediately launched an edition, called the Evening Bulletin. By July 1871, the Journal had grown enough that it moved to larger quarters at the Barton Block. During the Danielson and Anthony years, the paper was known for its support of the Republican Party. After Danielsons death, the paper became less partisan, and by 1888 declared its political independence, in 1877, Danielson hired Charles Henry Dow, a young journalist with an interest in history. At the Journal, Dow developed an index which summarized stories of historic interest. It is possible this was an inspiration for Dows later development of his stock index at the Wall Street Journal. While at the Journal Dow wrote a series on The History of Steam Navigation between New York and Providence, Dow also traveled to Colorado to report on the Colorado Silver Boom and the Leadville miners strike, these stories were published in May and June 1879. In 1885, a Sunday edition was added, making the publication schedule seven days per week, in 1872 the first diner in America, a horse-drawn wagon serving hot food, was founded to serve the employees of the Providence Journal. Before American entry into World War I, Journal publisher and Australian immigrant John R. Rathom attempted to stir up sentiment in favor of the war against the Central Powers. He frequently published exposés of German subversive activities in the United States, by 1920, it was revealed that Rathoms information was supplied by British intelligence agents. Still, Rathom remained editor until his death in 1923, the Journal dropped Daily from its name and became The Providence Journal in 1920. In 1992, the Bulletin was discontinued and its name was appended onto that of the morning paper, starting in 1925, the Journal became the first in the country to expand coverage statewide. It had news bureaus throughout Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, a trend that had been inaugurated in 1925 by then-managing editor Sevellon Brown, in 1937, the only competing Providence-based daily, the Star-Tribune, went bankrupt and was sold
20.
Rhode Island General Assembly
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The State of Rhode Island General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Rhode Island. A bicameral body, it is composed of the lower Rhode Island House of Representatives with 75 representatives, members are elected in the general election immediately preceding the beginning of the term or in special elections called to fill vacancies. There are no limits for either chamber. The General Assembly meets at the Rhode Island State House on the border of Downtown, Smith Hill is sometimes used as a metonym for the Rhode Island General Assembly. “That the small vessel be manned with a number not exceeding thirty men, “That the whole be included in the number of fifteen hundred men, ordered to be raised in this colony. “That they receive the bounty and pay as the land forces. ”The Rhode Island General Assembly was one of the thirteen colonial legislatures that rejected British rule in the American War of Independence. The General Assembly was the first legislative body during the war to consider independence from Great Britain. William Ellery and the first chancellor of Brown University Stephen Hopkins were signatories to the Declaration of Independence for Rhode Island, the American forces in the march were jointly led by General George Washington. The march proceeded through Providence, Rhode Island and ended with the defeat of British forces following the Siege of Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia, nathanael Greene was a member along with his cousin, Christopher Greene. S. Constitution and its opposition to slavery, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the last of the Thirteen Colonies to sign the U. S. Constitution, becoming the thirteenth U. S. state. While the 1663 Charter was democratic considering its time period, rising demands for voting suffrage in response to the Industrial Revolution put strains on the colonial document. By the early 1830s, only 40% of the white males could vote. For its part, the General Assembly proved to be an obstacle for change, elections in late 1841 and early 1842 led to both sides claiming to be the legitimate state government, each with their own respective constitutions in hand. In the days following the highly confusing and contentious 1842 gubernatorial and state legislature elections, liberal Dorr supporters took up arms to begin the Dorr Rebellion. The short-lived rebellion proved unsuccessful in overthrowing Governor King and the General Assembly, the Freemans Constitution eventually was debated upon by the legislature and passed by the electorate. Although not as liberal as the Peoples document, the 1843 Freemans Constitution did greatly increase male suffrage in Rhode Island, further revisions in the 1843 document were made by the General Assembly and passed by the electorate in 1986. Rhode Island State House Rhode Island House of Representatives Rhode Island Senate The State of Rhode Island General Assembly Official Website
21.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
22.
Savannah, Georgia
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Savannah is the oldest city in the U. S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia, a strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgias fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area, Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe. Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. On February 12,1733, General James Oglethorpe and settlers from the ship Anne landed at Yamacraw Bluff and were greeted by Tomochichi, the Yamacraws, Mary Musgrove often served as an interpreter. The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the colony of Georgia, in 1751, Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a Royal Colony and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. By the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Savannah had become the southernmost commercial port of the Thirteen Colonies, British troops took the city in 1778, and the following year a combined force of American and French soldiers failed to rout the British at the Siege of Savannah. The British did not leave the city until July 1782, Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacys sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Shermans March to the Sea. Early on December 21,1864, local authorities negotiated a surrender to save Savannah from destruction. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which derives from variant names for the Shawnee. The Shawnee destroyed another Native people, the Westo, and occupied their lands at the head of the Savannah Rivers navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee, whose Native name was Ša·wano·ki, were known by several local variants, including Shawano, Savano, Savana and Savannah. Still other theories suggest that the name Savannah originates from Algonquian terms meaning not only southerners, Savannah lies on the Savannah River, approximately 20 mi upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 108.7 square miles. Savannah is the port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia. It is also located near the U. S. Intracoastal Waterway, Georgias Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles south of downtown Savannah. Savannahs climate is classified as humid subtropical, in the Deep South, this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short, mild winters. Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year, due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast, Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgias interior. Nevertheless, the temperatures have officially ranged from 105 °F, on July 20,1986, down to 3 °F
23.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
24.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
25.
United States Government Publishing Office
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The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 employees, for its entire history, GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. An additional structure was attached to its north in later years, the activities of GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Public Printer, who serves as the head of GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice, the Public Printer selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO, adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991-1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk, GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011, GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agencys 150 years of Keeping America Informed, following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17,2014. By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO, Public Printers, Almon M. Clapp John D. Defrees Sterling P. Rounds Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer, O. J. Tapella William J. United States Code United States Statutes at Large House Journal, the United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and processes applications, GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008, the Washington Times published a story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies. GPO designs, prints, encodes and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards for the Department of Homeland Security, Customs, cumulative Copyright Catalogs Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion Official Records of the American Civil War US Congressional Serial Set United States. Military Information Division, p. Publications, Issues 33-34, slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee. Reports on military operations in South Africa and China, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stephan LH. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States, Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, United States. Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries during the years, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States
26.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
27.
Rhode Island State House
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The Rhode Island State House is the capitol of the U. S. state of Rhode Island. It is located on the border of the Downtown and Smith Hill sections of the capital city of Providence. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places, the current State House is Rhode Islands seventh state house and the second in Providence after the Old Rhode Island State House. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead. The building had a renovation in the late 1990s. The building served as the United States Capitol exterior in the 1997 film Amistad and it also served as the City Hall of Capital City in Disneys Underdog. The Rhode Island State House is composed of 327,000 cubic feet of white Georgia marble,15 million bricks, and 1,309 short tons of iron floor beams. The dome of the State House is the fourth-largest self-supporting marble dome in the world, after St. Peters Basilica, the Taj Mahal, on top of the dome is a gold-covered bronze statue of the Independent Man, originally named Hope. The statue, weighing more than 500 pounds, is 11 feet tall, the Independent Man represents freedom and independence and alludes to the independent spirit which led Roger Williams to settle and establish Providence and later Rhode Island. The chamber of the Rhode Island Senate is located in the east wing of the building while the chamber of the Rhode Island House of Representatives is located in the west wing. Other notable rooms in the State House include the rotunda, the State Library, the State Room is an entrance area for the office of the governor and contains a full-scale portrait of George Washington by Rhode Island native Gilbert Stuart. This room is also where the governor has press conferences and bill signings at the State House, one of the first public buildings to use electricity, the Rhode Island State House is lit by 109 floodlights and two searchlights at night. Inside the State House is carved marble, over the pillared porticoes are quotations and historical chronologies of Rhode Island. Throughout the rotunda are battle flags, statues, and guns representing the military past. In the center of the rotunda, under the dome, is a brass replica of the state seal. The building can be seen from I-95, though the Providence Place Mall has blocked much of the view from the northbound lanes, in 2013, Governor Lincoln Chafees administration started to remove grass from the eastern side of the Statehouse lawn in order to provide extra parking for employees. The move was opposed by the Capital Center Commission, which is a public board designated with the task of overseeing zoning requirements within the district, supporters of the proposed parking say that there is demand from employees and visitors to the building. The state spent $3.1 million on a piece of land on Francis Street next to I-95 for parking
28.
Pawtuxet, Rhode Island
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Pawtuxet Village is a section of the New England cities of Warwick and Cranston, Rhode Island. It is located at the point where the Pawtuxet River flows into the Providence River, in 1638, Rhode Island founder Roger Williams purchased the property extending south from Providence to the Pawtuxet River. Shortly thereafter his followers, William Arnold, William Harris, William Carpenter, meanwhile, Samuel Gorton, the founder of Warwick, purchased the land south of the Pawtuxet River. The Pawtuxet Village Historic District boasts dozens of preserved Colonial structures among its scenic blend of homes and it was here in 1772 where Rhode Island patriots took the first organized military action towards independence by attacking and burning the hated British revenue schooner, HMS Gaspée. The cities of Cranston and Warwick celebrate this historic role of Pawtuxet Village by playing host to the annual Gaspee Days Parade each June. During the early 19th century Christopher and William Rhodes formed the textile manufacturing firm which controlled the prosperity and it changed from a shipping port to a mill village with textile mills at either end of the Pawtuxet Falls. Pawtuxet shops and businesses of the 19th century may be seen on old advertising maps from about 1862-1870, in the late 19th century, the Rhodes family developed one of Rhode Islands top attractions, the famous Rhodes-on-the-Pawtuxet casino, dance hall, and canoe center. Trolley lines from Providence carried vast numbers to the Pawtuxet area for a day of family fun, area merchants prospered, and to this day, Pawtuxet Village remains a central focal point in the lives of the surrounding population. Elisha Hunt Rhodes, soldier of the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers and diarist of the Civil War The Experiment, a horse powered boat first tested here
29.
Daniel Coit Gilman
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Daniel Coit Gilman was an American educator and academic. He was also co-founder of the Russell Trust Association, which administers the affairs of Yales Skull. At Yale he was a classmate of Andrew Dickson White, who would serve as first president of Cornell University. The two were members of the Skull and Bones secret society, and traveled to Europe together after graduation, Gilman was also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. Gilman would later co-found the Russell Trust Association, the foundation behind Skull, Gilman contemplated going into the ministry, and even took out a license to preach, but later settled on a career in education. From 1856 to 1865 Gilman served as librarian of Yale College, in 1863, Gilman was appointed professor of geography at the Sheffield Scientific School, and became secretary and librarian as well in 1866. His work there was hampered by the legislature, and in 1875 Gilman accepted the offer to establish. Before being formally installed as president in 1876, he spent a year studying university organization and his formal inauguration, on 22 February 1876, has become Hopkins Commemoration Day, the day on which many university presidents have chosen to be installed in office. Gilmans primary interest was in fostering advanced instruction and research, the aim of the modern research university, said Gilman, was to extend, even by minute accretions, the realm of knowledge At his inaugural address at Hopkins, Gilman asked, What are we aiming at. The answer, he said, was the encouragement of research and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue, in 1884, Gilman was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Gilman was also active in founding Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medical School and he founded and was for many years president of the Charity Organization of Baltimore, and in 1897 he served on the commission to draft a new charter for Baltimore. From 1896 to 1897, he was a member of the commission to settle the line between Venezuela and British Guiana. Gilman served as a trustee of the John F. Slater and Peabody education funds, in this capacity, he became active in the promotion of education in the southern United States. He retired from Johns Hopkins in 1901, but accepted the presidency of the newly founded Carnegie Institution of Washington and his books include biographies of James Monroe and James Dwight Dana, a collection of addresses entitled University Problems, and The Launching of a University. His first wife was Mary Van Winker Ketcham, daughter of Tredwell Ketcham of New York, Daniel Gilmans brother Dr. Edward Whiting Gilman was married to Julia Silliman, daughter of Yale Professor and chemist Benjamin Silliman. Daniel Coit Gilman died in Norwich, Connecticut, the original academic building on the Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, Gilman Hall, is named in his honor. In 1897, he helped found a school called The Country School for Boys on the Johns Hopkins campus. Upon relocation in 1910, it was renamed in his honor and today, on the University of California, Berkeley campus, Gilman Hall, also named in his honor, is the oldest building of the College of Chemistry and a National Historic Chemical Landmark
30.
New International Encyclopedia
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The New International Encyclopedia was an American encyclopedia first published in 1902 by Dodd, Mead and Company. It descended from the International Cyclopaedia and was updated in 1906,1914 and 1926, the New International Encyclopedia was the successor of the International Cyclopaedia. Initially, the International Cyclopaedia was largely a reprint of Aldens Library of Universal Knowledge, the local Cyclopaedia was much improved by editors Harry Thurston Peck and Selim Peabody. The title was changed to New International Encyclopedia in 1902, with editors Harry Thurston Peck, Daniel Coit Gilman, in 1906 the New International Encyclopedia was expanded from 17 volumes to 20. The 2nd edition appeared in 1914 in 24 volumes, set up from new type and it was very strong in biography. The 1926 material was printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by The University Press, boston Bookbinding Company of Cambridge produced the covers. Thirteen books enclosing twenty-three volumes comprise the encyclopedia, which includes a supplement after Volume 23, each book contains about 1600 pages. A great deal of material is recorded in the New International Encyclopedia. An early description of Adolf Hitler and his activities from 1920 to 1924 is in the supplement to the 1926 edition, many of the names used to describe the scientific identities of plants and animals are now obsolete. Numerous colorful maps which display the nations, states, colonies, the maps are valuable for their depictions of national and colonial borders in Europe, Asia, and Africa at the time of World War I. Drawings, illustrations, and photographs are plentiful, more than 500 men, and some women, submitted and composed the information contained in the New International Encyclopedia. Editors of the First Edition Daniel Coit Gilman, LL. D, President of Johns Hopkins University, President of Carnegie Institution. Frank Moore Colby, M. A. formerly Professor in New York University, editors of the Second Edition Frank Moore Colby, M. A. Talcott Williams, LL. D. Director of the School of Journalism, Columbia University, media related to New International Encyclopedia at Wikimedia Commons 1914 second ed
31.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
32.
James F. Simmons
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James Fowler Simmons was a businessman and politician from Rhode Island who twice served as a United States Senator, first as a Whig and then as a Republican. He is notable for having the Senate consider expelling him for corruption during his term as a Senator. Born on a farm near Little Compton, he attended a school in Newport. He was employed in various manufacturing concerns in Rhode Island and Massachusetts and engaged in the manufacture of yarn at Simmonsville, New Hampshire in 1822. He moved to Johnston, Rhode Island in 1827 and resumed the manufacture of yarns and engaged in agricultural pursuits, Simmons was elected as a Whig to the U. S. Senate and served from March 4,1841, to March 3,1847. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures, after running unsuccessfully for reelection in 1846, Simmons returned to Johnston and resumed his former pursuits. He was a candidate for the Senate in 1850. Simmons was again elected to the United States Senate in 1856 as a Republican and served from March 4,1857 and he was chairman of the Committee on Patents and the Patent Office during the Thirty-seventh Congress. On July 12,1862, Senator Joseph A. Wright submitted a resolution calling for Simmonss explusion, Wright stated that Secretary of War Edwin Stanton accused Simmons of securing a contract for two Rhode Island rifle manufacturers in exchange for a fee of $20,000 in promissory notes. Following these accusations, Congress passed a law barring members of Congress from accepting fees for services before agencies of the United States government, the Committee recommended that the Senate do what it felt necessary. The Senate adjourned three days later, having taken no action in Simmons case, Simmons resigned on September 5,1862 before the Senate could return for its December session and again take up the question of expelling him. After his resignation Simmons resumed his manufacturing pursuits. Simmons died in Johnston in 1864 and he was buried at North End Cemetery in Providence. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, james F. Simmons at Find a Grave
33.
Samuel G. Arnold
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Samuel Greene Arnold, Jr. was a United States Senator from Rhode Island born in Providence. He received his education under private tutors, then graduated from Brown University in 1841. He was a lawyer and historian, and was trustee of Brown University from 1848-80, Arnold was elected Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island in 1852 and served as Acting Governor. In 1859, he was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and he was a member of the peace commission held at Washington, D. C. in 1861 in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war. In March 1861, Arnold was again elected Lieutenant Governor after being nominated by the Constitutional Union and he was again elected Lieutenant Governor in 1862. During the Civil War, he raised a company of artillery which went to Washington D. C. and was mustered into the Union Army. He was elected as a Republican to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James F. Simmons, and served from December 1,1862 to March 3,1863. After his time in the Senate, he returned to research and was president of the Rhode Island Historical Society from 1868 to 1880. He died in Providence on February 13,1880, interment was in Swan Point Cemetery, Samuel Greene Arnold was the author of the two-volume History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations published in 1859-60. He married his cousin Louisa Gindrat Arnold, the daughter of his fathers uncle Richard J. Arnold and this is an original idea to be sure. Samuel Arnolds grandnephew Theodore Francis Green was also a U. S, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-14 Samuel G. Arnold
34.
William Sprague IV
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William Sprague IV was the 27th Governor of Rhode Island from 1860 to 1863, and U. S. He participated in the First Battle of Bull Run during the American Civil War, Sprague was born in the Gov. William Sprague Mansion in Cranston, Rhode Island, the youngest son of Amasa and Fanny Morgan Sprague. His uncle and namesake William Sprague III was also a Governor, William and brother Amasas education at the Irving Institute in Tarrytown, New York, was cut short when their father was murdered on New Years Eve in 1843. The murder was considered an event of the period. Both brothers were called to work in the business, the A. & W. Sprague Manufacturing Company. The second incorporation of the A. & W. Sprague Company occurred on June 2,1859 and it soon was the largest calico printing textile mill in the world. The company ran five weaving mills in New England, the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad – of which William III had purchased controlling interest – connected the five mills to the Sprague Print Works in Cranston. The woven cloth was brought to Cranston to be printed, Sprague later became interested in linen weaving and locomotive building. He was re-elected in 1861 and 1862, at twenty-nine years old, he was the youngest governor of a state at that time. He was sometimes referred to as the boy governor, a title he may have given himself while campaigning for election, as the Civil War approached, Sprague promised U. S. President Abraham Lincoln the support of Rhode Island. Upon Lincolns call for volunteers in April 1861, a brigade of two regiments was raised by Rhode Island. Sprague, believing that the war would last only 48 hours, accompanied the Rhode Island brigade, under command of Colonel Ambrose Burnside, during the battle, while Sprague acted as an aide to General Burnside, his horse was shot from under him. The Confederate victory made it clear to Sprague that the war would last longer than two days, although he was offered a commission as a Brigadier General of Volunteers on August 9,1861, he declined the appointment to focus on his duties as governor. In 1862, he attended the Loyal War Governors Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, which ultimately backed Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation and the Union war effort. Retiring from the office in 1863, he was elected by the state Senate to two six year terms as US Senator from Rhode Island, taking office on March 4,1863. He served as chairman of the committees on public lands and on manufactures and as a member of the committees on commerce, after leaving the Senate, he resumed the direction of his manufacturing establishments. Sprague claimed to have discovered what he called the “principle of the orbit as inherent in social forces. ”He asserted that money is endowed with two tendencies, the distributive and the aggregative. On November 12,1863, Sprague married Kate Chase, daughter of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase and she was considered the belle of Washington
35.
Ambrose Burnside
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Ambrose Everett Burnside was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a United States Senator. His distinctive style of facial hair became known as sideburns, derived from his last name and he was also the first president of the National Rifle Association. Burnside was born in Liberty, Indiana and was the fourth of nine children of Edghill and Pamela Brown Burnside and his great-great-grandfather Robert Burnside was born in Scotland and settled in the Province of South Carolina. His father was a native of South Carolina, he was an owner who freed his slaves when he relocated to Indiana. Ambrose attended Liberty Seminary as a boy, but his education was interrupted when his mother died in 1841, he was apprenticed to a local tailor. He graduated in 1847, ranking 18th in a class of 47 and he traveled to Veracruz for the Mexican–American War, but he arrived after hostilities had ceased and performed mostly garrison duty around Mexico City. In 1849, he was wounded by an arrow in his neck during a skirmish against Apaches in Las Vegas and he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on December 12,1851. In 1852, he was assigned to Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, the marriage lasted until Marys death in 1876, but it was childless. In October 1853, Burnside resigned his commission in the United States Army and he devoted his time and energy to the manufacture of the famous firearm that bears his name, the Burnside carbine. President Buchanans Secretary of War John B, Floyd contracted the Burnside Arms Company to equip a large portion of the Army with his carbine, mostly cavalry, and induced him to establish extensive factories for its manufacture. The Bristol Rifle Works were no sooner complete than another gunmaker allegedly bribed Floyd to break his $100,000 contract with Burnside, Burnside ran as a Democrat for one of the Congressional seats in Rhode Island in 1858 and was defeated in a landslide. The burdens of the campaign and the destruction by fire of his contributed to his financial ruin. He then went west in search of employment and became treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad, McClellan, who later became one of his commanding officers. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Burnside was a general in the Rhode Island Militia. He raised the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and was appointed its colonel on May 2,1861, two companies of this regiment were then armed with Burnside Carbines. Within a month, he ascended to command in the Department of Northeast Virginia. He commanded the brigade without distinction at the First Battle of Bull Run in July, and took over division command temporarily for wounded Brig. Gen. David Hunter. His 90-day regiment was mustered out of service on August 2 and he conducted a successful amphibious campaign that closed more than 80% of the North Carolina sea coast to Confederate shipping for the remainder of the war
36.
Nelson W. Aldrich
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Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1911. By the 1890s he was one of the Big Four key Republicans who largely controlled the decisions of the Senate, along with Orville H. Platt, William B. Allison. In a career spanned three decades, Aldrich helped to create an extensive system of tariffs that protected American factories. He was a party to the re-structuring of the American financial system through the institution of the income tax amendment. His most important contribution was the design of the modern Federal Reserve System, deeply committed to the efficiency model of the Progressive Era, he believed these reforms would lead to greater efficiency. Reformers, however, denounced him as representative of the evils of Big business, Aldrich became wealthy with investments in street railroads, sugar, rubber and banking. He married into the Rockefeller family, and his descendents became powerful figures in American politics, Aldrich was born in Foster, Rhode Island, into a middle-class family descended from noted English immigrants John Winthrop, William Wickenden, and Roger Williams. His branch passed through generations of declining circumstances and his father was Anan E. Aldrich, a mill hand, and mother Abby Burgess. He attended public schools in East Killingly, Conn. and the East Greenwich Academy a boarding school in Rhode Island, Aldrichs first job was clerking for the largest wholesale grocer in the state, where he worked his way up to become a partner in the firm. He served briefly in the Union Army during the American Civil War when he enlisted as a private in Company D of the 10th Rhode Island Infantry on May 26,1862. Aldrichs company served for three months at Fort DeRussy, which was part of the defenses of Washington, D. C, Aldrich was mustered out of service with the regiment on September 1,1862. On October 9,1866, he married Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman and they had a total of eleven children. By 1877, Nelson had an effect on state politics. He served as a member of the Providence City Council from 1869 to 1874 and he served in the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1875 and 1876 and served as Speaker of the House in 1876. In 1878 the Republican bosses of Rhode Island endorsed him for the US House of Representatives, he won, in 1881 he was elected to the U. S. Senate by the Rhode Island legislature. He served in the Senate for 30 years from 1881 to 1911 and he was the longest serving United States Senator from Rhode Island before the 36-year tenure of Claiborne Pell in the late 20th Century. Aldrichs main power base was his chairmanship of the Senate Finance Committee which oversaw bank regulation, the panic of 1907 led to the passage of the Aldrich–Vreeland Act in 1908, which established the National Monetary Commission, sponsored and headed by Aldrich. After issuing a series of 30 reports, this commission drew up the Aldrich Plan, in 1909, Aldrich introduced a constitutional amendment to establish an income tax, although he had declared a similar measure communistic a decade earlier
37.
Nicholas Cooke
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Born in the maritime town of Providence, he early in life followed the sea, eventually becoming a Captain of ships. This occupation led him to become a merchant, becoming successful in this endeavor. He is depicted as one of the affluent merchants in John Greenwoods satirical painting from the 1750s entitled Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam, Cooke first became politically active in 1752 when elected as an assistant from Providence, which position he held for a total of four years. In 1768 he was elected as Deputy Governor of the Rhode Island colony under Josias Lyndon as governor. He stepped down from position after a year, but in 1775, after the war with Great Britain had begun, he was once again elected as deputy governor. Maintaining Loyalist sympathies, Wanton was officially deposed as governor in November 1775, during the nearly three years of Cookes tenure as governor, he had to constantly deal with issues stemming from the war with Britain. One of the most difficult situations was the British capture and occupation of Newport, the war took a heavy toll on Cooke, and in 1778 he refused re-election, being replaced by William Greene. Cooke lived for four years after his retirement, dying in Providence in November 1782. He is buried in the North Burial Ground in Providence, born in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations on February 3,1717, Nicholas Cooke was the son of Daniel Cooke and Mary Power. Early in his life he followed the sea, and eventually became the master of ships and he also operated a distillery and a rope making business. After acquiring a fortune, he invested his assets in land in the colonies of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Cooke first became active at the age of 35, when he was elected as an Assistant from Providence in 1752. In the mid-1750s, the Boston portraitist, John Greenwood followed a group of sea captains, the trading usually took time, so the men often waited in pubs. Different accounts agree that Cooke is the man wearing a hat, seated at the back of the table, facing right, Cooke became a trustee of Rhode Islands new college, later named Brown University, in 1766 and served in that role until his death. As a trustee he represented the Beneficent Congregational Church, of which he had been a member since 1647, in 1768 Cooke became the deputy governor of the colony under Josias Lyndon, both men leaving their offices after one year. As difficulties with Great Britain worsened, and the Continental Congress formed and he was responsible for seeing that the town faithfully adhered to the declarations of the Congress relating to trade with Great Britain. In May 1775, Cooke was once elected to the office of deputy governor. Wanton, however, had maintained a conservative position regarding Great Britain
38.
William Greene (governor)
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William Greene Jr. was the second governor of the state of Rhode Island, serving in this capacity for eight years, five of which were during the American Revolutionary War. From a prominent Rhode Island family, his father, William Greene Sr. had served 11 terms as a governor of Rhode Island. His great-grandfather, John Greene Jr. served for ten years as deputy governor of the colony, Greene served the colony for many years as a Deputy to the General Assembly, a justice and chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and then as governor. After eight years as governor, Greene, who supported the use of currency, was defeated in the May 1786 election by John Collins who was an advocate of paper money. Greene married a cousin, Catharine Ray of Block Island. Governor Greene died at his estate in the town of Warwick in 1809, and is buried in the Governor Greene Cemetery in Warwick, where his parents are also buried. Governor Greene is also descended from early Rhode Island settler and Warwick founder Samuel Gorton, as well as from Frances Dungan, Governor Greenes mother was Catharine, the daughter of Benjamin and Susanna Greene, and also a descendant of Warwick founder John Greene Sr. She also descends from Randall Holden who was a follower of Anne Hutchinson and signer of the Portsmouth Compact in 1638, in 1753 Greene became a freeman from the town of Warwick, and was thus able to vote. In October 1771 Greene was on a committee to finish the construction of the house in the neighboring town of East Greenwich. In December 1776 a large body of British troops occupied Newport, as a result, on December 10,1776 Greene was chosen as a member of the colonys Council of War to act when the General Assembly was not in session. He subsequently served on the war every year until the cessation of hostilities in 1781. Greene had begun his service in February 1767 when he became a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court. He served as governor for eight years, five of which were during the time of the American Revolutionary War. The ensuing Battle of Rhode Island on August 29,1778 resulted in a stalemate, and the British continued to occupy Aquidneck Island. An encouraging event for the Americans, however, occurred on October 18,1778, in October 1779 the British evacuated Newport, after having laid waste to this once wealthy community. The buildings of Rhode Island College in Providence were used as a barracks, the most important event of 1780 was the arrival in Newport of 44 French ships under the command of Admiral De Ternay, who brought 6000 troops to serve under Count Rochambeau. Governor Greene convened a session of the General Assembly to receive the French during this momentous occasion. As the new nation was forming, in 1782 Rhode Island, the Rhode Island citizenry and leadership felt that such a tax bore unequally on Rhode Island as a maritime state
39.
John Collins (Continental Congress)
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John Collins, was the third Governor of the U. S. state of Rhode Island from 1786 to 1790. He was the last Independent to serve as Governor of Rhode Island until Lincoln Chafee, born in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, he was the son of Samuel and Elizabeth Collins. He stood forth as an advocate of the independence of the Thirteen Colonies. Later he was made bearer to the President of Congress of a statement of Rhode Islands reasons for rejecting the Impost Act, during the American Revolution, Rhode Island was for the most part an agricultural area and as such opposed the restrictions of a national government. In 1778, Collins represented Rhode Island in the Second Continental Congress, where he served until May 1781 and he was, however, re-elected in 1782 and held the position until 1783. Within the state the agricultural interests vigorously advocated a paper currency, Collins espoused their cause and in 1786 was elected governor. During his term in office the issuance of money, which had been ceased at intervals since 1750, was resumed. This law led to the suit of Trevett vs. Weeden, in 1786 Collins was elected governor of Rhode Island and took office on May 3,1786. This vote was cast by Collins, who had come to realize the importance of a Federal connection, the vote cost him his popularity and the governorship. He left office on May 5,1790, the Rhode Island General Assembly ratified the United States Constitution on May 29. Later in 1790 Collins was elected to the 1st Congress but did not take his seat, Collins was married to Mary, daughter of John Avery of Boston, and his daughter Abigail married John Warren. Collins died at Newport was buried on his farm, Brenton Neck and his grandson and namesake, John Collins Covell, was a principal of the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind and West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind. The Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution holds an annual observance of Rhode Island Independence Day at Governor Collins grave, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
40.
Arthur Fenner
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Arthur Fenner served as the fourth Governor of Rhode Island from 1790 until his death in 1805. He has the seventh longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U. S. history at 5,641 days, Fenner was a prominent Country Party leader. Around 1764, Fenner joined several others as a petitioner for the chartering of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island, Fenner was born in 1745 to a prominent family in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. His ancestor Captain Arthur Fenner had been a member of the Town Council, an associate of Roger Williams and his parents were Arthur Fenner, Jr. and Mary Olney. The Fenner family owned the wharf where the Gaspee Affair occurred in 1772 and he served as governor of Rhode Island from 1790 to 1805 and died in office. Fenner was governor of Rhode Island when it became the last of the thirteen states to ratify the Constitution on May 29,1790, deputy-Governor Owen was offered the governor-ship by the Anti-Federalists, but declined to serve. ‘A movement, ’ says Arnold, ‘was made in Providence to form a coalition party, the Newport committee united with them in proposing Arthur Fenner, an Anti-Federalist. The Anti-Federalists triumphed, and on May 5,1790, the assembly declared Fenner governor. Governor Fenner was very popular, and continued in office, serving at the time of his death and his son, James Fenner, gave up his position as a US senator to be elected governor two years after his father’s death. James served from 1807 to 1811, from 1824 to 1831, Arthur and Amey Fenner were members of the First Baptist Church in America, at Providence. They had four children, Arthur Fenner, Jr. fifer in various companies, lived at Fairfield, New York in 1827, married Lydia Sabin, daughter of Thomas Sabin, James Fenner, Governor of Rhode Island, married Sarah Jenckes. Gov. Arthur in the Fenner Family Tree Brown University Charter Official Site of the Governor of Rhode Island Genealogy of the Fenner Family Arthur Fenner at Find a Grave
41.
Henry Smith (Rhode Island)
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Henry Smith was the fifth Governor of Rhode Island from October 15,1805 to May 7,1806. Smith was born in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and he was educated in Providence, and became a successful merchant. He served as an officer in the militia, and attained the rank of colonel in a Providence County unit known as the Providence Independent Light Dragoons. As a result of his business success, in the early 1800s Smith constructed a mansion at Smith, known as the Colonel Henry Smith House, it stood until the early 1920s, when it was razed to allow for construction of an annex for the Rhode Island State House. Elected to the Rhode Island Senate in 1803, he was the leader of the senate or first senator when Governor Arthur Fenner died, lieutenant Governor Paul Mumford had died before Fenner, so as first senator Smith succeeded to the governorship. He died on June 28,1818 and was buried at North Burial Ground in Providence, sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol.4
Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Anthony, Henry Bowen". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "
