1.
Oneonta, New York
–
Oneonta is a city in southern Otsego County, New York, United States. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, it had a population of 13,901 and its nickname is City of the Hills. While the word oneonta is of undetermined origin, it is believed to mean place of open rocks in the Mohawk language. This refers to a prominent geological formation known as Tablerocks at the end of the city. The city is surrounded by the town of Oneonta, a municipal and political jurisdiction. Oneonta Municipal Airport is north of the city, indigenous ancestors of Algonquin and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans inhabited the land in the territory of Oneonta for thousands of years before European colonists pillaged the area. The Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy are believed to have emerged and gained dominance prior to the 15th century, the areas early European-American settlers did not arrive until around 1775 and consisted mainly of ethnic Palatine German and Dutch settlers moving out of the Hudson and eastern Mohawk valleys. The first such settler in the now known as the Town of Oneonta was Henry Scramling. He had secured a grant of 1,000 acres in the Susquehanna Valley, moved from German Flatts and he left during the Revolution and returned after the conflict with his brothers, George and David Scramling, and his brothers-in-law, John and David Young. Their farms were not far from the mouth of the Otego Creek, the army led by General James Clinton passed through the area in order to join the Sullivan Expedition in 1779 against Iroquois settlements. The first hamlet developed around 1800 and was known as Milfordville. In 1830, the Town of Oneonta was formed parts of two other Towns in the county. Milfordville changed its name to Oneonta in 1832, in 1848, it was incorporated as a village within the Town. In the mid-19th century, the Delaware and Hudson Railroad reached Oneonta, stimulating development as a railroad center, Oneonta was once home to the largest locomotive roundhouse in the world. The village incorporated as a city in 1908, Oneonta is located at 42°27′21″N 75°3′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.4 square miles. None of the area is covered with water, the city is in the northern foothills of the Catskill Mountains, lying between Binghamton and Albany. The Susquehanna River flows westward past the south part of the city, interstate 88 follows the course of the Susquehanna River past Oneonta
Oneonta, New York
–
Main Street, about 1909
Oneonta, New York
–
Market Street, January 15, 2010
Oneonta, New York
–
Oneonta, New York, as depicted on an 1884 panoramic map.
2.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
3.
Huntington Library
–
In addition to the library, the institution houses an extensive art collection with a focus in 18th and 19th-century European art and 17th to mid-20th-century American art. The property also includes approximately 120 acres of specialized botanical landscaped gardens, most notably the Japanese Garden, the Desert Garden, as a landowner, businessman and visionary, Henry Edwards Huntington, played a major role in the growth of southern California. Huntington was born in 1850, in Oneonta, New York, in 1892, Huntington relocated to San Francisco with his first wife, Mary Alice Prentice, and their four children. He was one of the founders of the City of San Marino, before his death in 1927, Huntington amassed far and away the greatest group of 18th-century British portraits ever assembled by any one man. In accordance with Huntingtons will, the collection, then worth $50 million, was opened to the public in 1928. On October 17,1985, a fire erupted in a shaft of the Huntington Art Gallery. After a year-long, $1 million refurbishing project, the Huntington Gallery reopened in 1986, with its artworks cleaned of soot and stains. Most of the funds for the cleanup and refurbishing of the Georgian mansion and its artworks came from donations from the Michael J. Connell Foundation, corporations and individuals. Both the Federal art-supporting establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts, the Library building was designed in 1920, by the southern California architect Myron Hunt in the Mediterranean Revival style. Hunts previous commissions for Mr. and Mrs. Huntington included the Huntingtons residence in San Marino in 1909, and the Huntington Hotel in 1914. The library contains a collection of rare books and manuscripts, concentrated in the fields of British and American history, literature, art. Spanning from the 11th century to the present, the librarys holdings contain 7 million items, over 400,000 rare books, and over a million photographs, prints, and other ephemera. Highlights include one of 11 vellum copies of the Gutenberg Bible known to exist,1410, and letters and manuscripts by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln. The Librarys Main Exhibition Hall showcases some of the most outstanding rare books and manuscripts in the collection, the Dibner Hall of the History of Science is a permanent exhibition on the history of science with a focus on astronomy, natural history, medicine, and light. Use of the collection for research is restricted to qualified scholars, generally requiring a degree or at least candidacy for the PhD. Through a rigorous program, the institution awards approximately 150 grants to scholars in the fields of history, literature, art. Through the Huntington Library Press, the produces the Huntington Library Quarterly. Scholarly pursuits lead to best-selling books, Pulitzer prizes, acclaimed documentary films, the Huntington also hosts numerous scholarly events, lectures, conferences, and workshops
Huntington Library
–
The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens
Huntington Library
–
Huntington Library, in a landscape setting by
Beatrix Farrand
Huntington Library
–
Formerly the residence of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927) and his wife,
Arabella Huntington (1850–1924), the Huntington Art Gallery opened in 1928.
Huntington Library
–
The Blue Boy by
Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1770
4.
San Marino, California
–
San Marino is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is located in the San Rafael Hills, the population was 13,147 at the 2010 census. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked the city as the 48th most expensive area to live in the United States, in 2014, LA Weekly ranked the city as the 3rd most expensive area to live in the Los Angeles County, topping Beverly Hills, Malibu, and more. There are few to no homes priced under US$1,000,000, the city takes its name from the ancient Republic of San Marino, founded by Saint Marinus who fled his home in Dalmatia at the time of the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians. Marinus took refuge at Monte Titano on the Italian peninsula, where he built a chapel, the state which grew from the monastery is the worlds oldest surviving republic. The crown representing the monarchy on the original was replaced with five representing the five members of the Citys governing body. Beneath the citys seal are crossed palm fronds and orange branches, the city celebrated its centennial in 2013, including publication by the San Marino Historical Society of a 268-page book, San Marino, A Centennial History, by Elizabeth Pomeroy. In September 2014, this book and author Elizabeth Pomeroy received a prestigious Award of Merit for Leadership in History from the American Association for State, the site of San Marino was originally occupied by a village of Tongva Indians located approximately where the Huntington School is today. The area was part of the lands of the San Gabriel Mission, principal portions of San Marino were included in an 1838 Mexican land grant of 128 acres to Victoria Bartolmea Reid, a Gabrieleña Indian. She called the property Rancho Huerta de Cuati, after Hugo Reids death in 1852, Señora Reid sold her rancho in 1854 to Don Benito Wilson, the first Anglo owner of Rancho San Pascual. In 1903, the Shorb rancho was purchased by Henry E. Huntington, the site of the Shorb/Huntington rancho is occupied today by the Huntington Library, which houses a world-renowned art collection, research and rare-book library, and botanical gardens. The first mayor of the city of San Marino was George Smith Patton, the son of a slain Confederate States of America colonel in the U. S. Civil War, Patton graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1877, just before moving west. He married Ruth Wilson, the daughter of Don Benito Wilson and their son was the World War II general, George S. Patton, Junior. To a prior generation of Southern Californians, San Marino was known for its old-money wealth, San Marino is the location of the Huntington Library and gardens. El Molino Viejo, completed about 1816 as a grist mill for Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, is in San Marino, the original two-story structure measured 53 feet by 26 feet. It is the oldest commercial building in Southern California, the town is located on the former lands of the historic Rancho Huerta de Cuati. It is a National Historic Landmark, the Michael White Adobe House, is located on the high school campus and houses the San Marino Historical Society archives. The University of Southern California owns a house in San Marino which is used as the residence of the President of the University, the residence and grounds are often used for University Presidential events
San Marino, California
–
Huntington Library, in a landscape setting by
Beatrix Farrand
San Marino, California
–
Location of San Marino in
Los Angeles County, California
San Marino, California
–
View of the Old Mill from rear courtyard
San Marino, California
–
Rotary Centennial Clock in San Marino, California
5.
Arabella Huntington
–
Arabella Yarrington Belle Huntington was the second wife of American railway tycoon and industrialist Collis P. Huntington, and then the second wife of Henry E. Huntington. She was once known as the richest woman in America, Arabella Huntington was the second wife of Collis P. Huntington. She had a son, Archer Milton Huntington, compared to her famous family, information about Arabella is scarce. She was apparently born in 1850 or 1851, probably in Richmond, however, in the 1921 passenger list for the ship Aquitania, sailing from Cherbourg to New York, Arabella identified herself as being born in Mobile, Alabama on February 9,1851. Her first husband was a Mr. Worsham, of New York, in 1877 she was able to purchase some property in New York, which was later sold to John D. Rockefeller. She married Collis Huntington in 1884, in San Francisco, California, following Collis’ death in 1900, Arabella continued to spend lavishly—on homes, furnishings, jewelry, and art. She also gave generously to the Hampton Institute, Tuskegee Institute, in 1902 Huntington gave $100,000 to General Memorial Hospital in memory of her husband to establish the first cancer research fund in the country, the Huntington Fund for Cancer Research. The hospital would become the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, in 1913 she married Henry Huntington. They were together until her death in 1924, and both are buried on the grounds of the Huntington Library, there is also a memorial to Arabella in the west wing of the Huntington Library building, which was dedicated in 1927, the year of Henrys death. Throughout her life, Arabella was a collector of art, jewelry, antiques. Her particular interests were in old masters, Medieval and Renaissance devotional images, at her death, the entirety of her fortune and collections went to her son Archer, who donated many of her paintings to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. These included two Rembrandts, a Vermeer, and several hundred paintings, most of which had belonged to her husband Collis. The majority of the contents of her residence, including most of the artwork. Some are located within the collections of the Huntington Library itself, and it is interesting to note that only the small collection of Medieval and Renaissance paintings at the Huntington Library were in Arabellas own collection. They were purchased by Henry Huntington after her death from a set up by her son. Arabella Huntingtons son Archer shared her love for art and culture and he was a great friend of non-profit organizations, especially museums. He was also one of the leading experts on Spanish poetry and was the founder of the Hispanic Society of America in New York City. Arabella Huntington and the Beginnings of the Art Collection, the Founding of the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery
Arabella Huntington
–
Arabella Huntington
Arabella Huntington
–
The monument of Arabella Huntington in
Woodlawn Cemetery,
Bronx,
NY
6.
Railroad
–
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
Railroad
–
Four
BNSF GE C44-9W diesel locomotives hauling a mixed freight train along the banks of the
Columbia River, between
Kennewick and
Wishram,
Washington State, United States
Railroad
–
Horsecar in
Brno, Czech Republic
Railroad
–
A British steam locomotive-hauled train
Railroad
–
Tren a las Nubes (Train to the Clouds), located in
Salta,
Argentina
7.
Magnate
–
Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, great, designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities. In reference to the Middle Ages, the term is used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords such as counts, earls, dukes. In England, the class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families, the emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha, in the Middle Ages a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights fees. In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry VII would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry VII also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed, Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign, he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men and the ones he did were all new men, novi homines, greatly indebted to him, the term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház or House of Magnates. In the Early and High Middle Ages the highest title was vojvoda, during the Serbian Empire the higher court members held titles such as despot, sevastokrator and kesar. During foreign rule, under the Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Republic of Venice, and later in the Revolution, in Spain, since the late Middle Ages the highest class of nobility hold the appellation of Grandee of Spain. In Sweden, the wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman, great men, a similar description and meaning as the English term magnate. Aristocracy Szlachta, in Poland Boyar, in Eastern Europe Velikaš, in Serbia and Croatia Magnat This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
Magnate
–
Jan Zamoyski, an important 16th-century Polish Magnate
Magnate
–
Jovan Oliver (1310–1356), the Serbian magnate, held several prestigious titles such as
despot,
sevastokrator, veliki vojvoda and
veliki čelnik.
8.
Collis P. Huntington
–
Collis Potter Huntington was one of the Big Four of western railroading who built the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U. S. transcontinental railroad. Huntington then helped lead and develop other major lines such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. The C&O, completed in 1873, fulfilled a dream of Virginians of a rail link from the James River at Richmond to the Ohio River Valley. The new railroad facilities adjacent to the river resulted in expansion of the former small town of Guyandotte. He also is credited with the development of Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, as well as the incorporation of Newport News, much of the railroad and industrial development Collis P. Huntington envisioned and led are still important activities in the early 21st century. The Southern Pacific is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad, West Virginia coal still rides the rails to be loaded aboard colliers at Hampton Roads, where nearby, Huntington Ingalls Industries operates the massive shipyard. Huntington, from his base in Washington, was a lobbyist for the Central Pacific, the Big Four had built a powerful political machine, that he had a large role in running. He was generous in providing bribes to politicians and Congressmen, revelation of his misdeeds in 1883 made him one of the most hated railroad men in the country. One California textbook argues, Huntington came to symbolize the greed, business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil. Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him, historians have cast Huntington as the states most despicable villain. However Huntington defended himself, The motives back of my actions have been honest ones, Collis Potter Huntington was born in Harwinton, Connecticut, on October 22,1821. His family farmed and he grew up helping, in his early teens, he did farm chores and odd jobs for neighbors, too, saving his earnings. At age 16, he began traveling as a peddler, about this time, he visited rural Newport News Point in Warwick County, Virginia in his travels as a salesman. It was later to become clear that he never forgot the untapped potential of the location he observed where the James River emptied into the large harbor of Hampton Roads. In 1842 he and his brother Solon Huntington, of Oneonta, New York, established a business in Oneonta. When he saw opportunity blooming in Americas West, he set out for California, Huntington succeeded in his California business, too, and it was here that he teamed up with Mark Hopkins selling miners supplies and other hardware. In 1861, these four businessmen pooled their resources and business acumen, of the four, he had a reputation for being the most ruthless in pursuing the railroads business and the ouster of his partner, Stanford. Huntington negotiated with Grenville Dodge in Washington, D. C and they completed their agreement in April 1869, deciding to meet at Promontory Point, Utah
Collis P. Huntington
–
Collis P. Huntington, c.1872 by
Stephen W. Shaw
Collis P. Huntington
–
CSX (the former C&O Railway) Huntington Division Headquarters, with a statue of Collis P. Huntington by
Gutzon Borglum in the foreground.
Collis P. Huntington
–
Huntington in later life
Collis P. Huntington
–
The mausoleum of Collis P. Huntington
9.
Central Pacific Railroad
–
It is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress and they passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These were all eventually repaid with interest, the government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed. The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. It was financed and built through The Big Four, Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Crocker was in charge of construction. Construction crews comprised 12,000 Chinese emigrant workers by 1868 and they laid the first rails in 1863. The Golden spike, connecting the railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory. Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, in 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was leased by the Southern Pacific Company. Technically the CPRR remained an entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. The original right-of-way is now controlled by the Union Pacific, which purchased Southern Pacific in 1996, the Union Pacific-Central Pacific mainline followed the historic Overland Route from Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco Bay. Chinese labor was the most vital source for constructing the railroad, fifty Chinese laborers were hired by the Central Pacific Railroad in February 1865, and soon more and more Chinese men were hired. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese men were compensated less than their white counterparts, Chinese men were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board. Construction of the road was financed primarily by 30-year, 6% U. S. government bonds authorized by Sec.5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The U. S. Government Bonds, which constituted a lien upon the railroads and all their fixtures, were repaid in full by the company as and when they became due. Sec.10 of the 1864 amending Pacific Railroad Act additionally authorized the company to issue its own First Mortgage Bonds in total amounts up to that of the bonds issued by the United States, such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds. Sec.3 of the 1862 Act granted the railroads 10 square miles of land for every mile laid, except where railroads ran through cities. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad and these grants were later doubled to 20 square miles per mile of grade by the 1864 Act
Central Pacific Railroad
–
Central Pacific Railroad
Central Pacific Railroad
–
The
Gov. Stanford locomotive
Central Pacific Railroad
–
The
Truckee River at
Verdi, Nevada. When the Central Pacific Railroad reached its site in 1868,
Charles Crocker pulled a slip of paper from a hat and read the name of
Giuseppe Verdi; so, the town was named after the Italian opera composer.
Central Pacific Railroad
–
Trestle, Central Pacific Railroad, c.1869. Photo:
Carleton Watkins
10.
Southern Pacific
–
The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
Southern Pacific
–
Southern Pacific routes on the Pacific Coast, 1885
Southern Pacific
–
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Southern Pacific
–
A Southern Pacific train at Los Angeles'
Arcade Depot, 1891
Southern Pacific
–
SP tunnel into San Francisco, ca.1900
11.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
–
The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
–
Southern Pacific routes on the Pacific Coast, 1885
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
–
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
–
A Southern Pacific train at Los Angeles'
Arcade Depot, 1891
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
–
SP tunnel into San Francisco, ca.1900
12.
Leadership
–
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to lead or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. The literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, US academic environments define leadership as a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved not only by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power. Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, the search for the characteristics or traits of leaders has continued for centuries. Philosophical writings from Platos Republic to Plutarchs Lives have explored the question What qualities distinguish an individual as a leader, underlying this search was the early recognition of the importance of leadership and the assumption that leadership is rooted in the characteristics that certain individuals possess. This idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known as the theory of leadership. In Heroes and Hero Worship, Carlyle identified the talents, skills, galtons Hereditary Genius examined leadership qualities in the families of powerful men. After showing that the numbers of eminent relatives dropped off when his focus moved from first-degree to second-degree relatives, in other words, leaders were born, not developed. Both of these notable works lent great initial support for the notion that leadership is rooted in characteristics of a leader, international networks of such leaders could help to promote international understanding and help render war impossible. This vision of leadership underlay the creation of the Rhodes Scholarships, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, a series of qualitative reviews of these studies prompted researchers to take a drastically different view of the driving forces behind leadership. Subsequently, leadership was no longer characterized as an individual trait, as situational approaches posited that individuals can be effective in certain situations. The focus then shifted away from traits of leaders to an investigation of the behaviors that were effective. Additionally, during the 1980s statistical advances allowed researchers to conduct meta-analyses and this advent allowed trait theorists to create a comprehensive picture of previous leadership research rather than rely on the qualitative reviews of the past. Equipped with new methods, leadership researchers revealed the following, Individuals can and do emerge as leaders across a variety of situations, fail to consider patterns or integrations of multiple attributes. Do not distinguish between those leader attributes that are generally not malleable over time and those that are shaped by, do not consider how stable leader attributes account for the behavioral diversity necessary for effective leadership. Considering the criticisms of the theory outlined above, several researchers have begun to adopt a different perspective of leader individual differences—the leader attribute pattern approach. David McClelland, for example, posited that leadership takes a strong personality with a well-developed positive ego, to lead, self-confidence and high self-esteem are useful, perhaps even essential. Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White developed in 1939 the seminal work on the influence of leadership styles, the researchers evaluated the performance of groups of eleven-year-old boys under different types of work climate
Leadership
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General Petraeus talks with U.S. soldiers serving in Afghanistan
Leadership
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A graphical representation of the managerial grid model
Leadership
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Julius Caesar, one of the world's greatest military leaders
Leadership
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Niccolò Machiavelli 's
The Prince argues that it is better to be feared rather than to be loved.
13.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
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Founded as the Chesapeake Dry Dock and Construction Co. in 1886, Newport News Shipbuilding has built more than 800 ships, including both naval and commercial ships. Located in the city of Newport News, their facilities more than 550 acres. The shipyard is building the aircraft carriers USS Gerald R. Ford, also under construction are the Virginia-class submarines USS Indiana and USS Washington. In 2013, Newport News Shipbuilding began the deactivation of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, Newport News Shipbuilding also performs refueling and complex overhaul work on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. This is a four-year vessel renewal program that not only involves refueling of the nuclear reactors. The yard has completed RCOH for four Nimitz-class carriers, as of May 2016 this work was underway for the fifth Nimitz-class vessel, USS Abraham Lincoln. Industrialist Collis P. Huntington provided crucial funding to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, however, building the railroad and coal pier was only the first part of Huntingtons dreams for Newport News. In 1886 he built a shipyard to repair ships servicing this transportation hub, in 1891 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company delivered its first ship, the tugboat Dorothy. By 1897 NNS had built three warships for the US Navy, USS Nashville, Wilmington and Helena, when Collis died in 1900, his nephew Henry E. Huntington inherited much of his uncles fortune. He also married Collis widow Arabella Huntington, and assumed Colliss leadership role with Newport News Shipbuilding, under Henry Huntingtons leadership, growth continued. In 1906 the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought launched a naval race worldwide. Between 1907 and 1923, Newport News built six of the US Navys total of 22 dreadnoughts – USS Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Maryland, all but the first were in active service in World War II. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on its round-the-world voyage, NNS had built seven of its 16 battleships. In 1914 NNS built SS Medina for the Mallory Steamship Company, in the early years, leaders of the Newport News community and those of the shipyard were virtually interchangeable. Post served from March 9,1911 to Feb.12,1912, earlier, he had come to the area as one of the builders of the C&O Railways terminals, and had served as the first mayor of Newport News after it became an independent city in 1896. It was on March 14,1914 that Albert Lloyd Hopkins and his assistant, Frederic Gauntlett, was also on board, but was able to swim to safety. Homer Lenoir Ferguson was company vice president when Hopkins died, and he saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners Museum with Archer Huntington. He served until July 31,1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
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Aerial view of the Newport News shipyard in 1994
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
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An 1899 advertisement for the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
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The shipyard's railroad system.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
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Hilton Village
14.
Los Angeles Railway
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The Los Angeles Railway was a system of streetcars that operated in central Los Angeles, California, and the immediate surrounding neighborhoods between 1901 and 1963. Except for two short,2 ft 6 in narrow gauge funicular railways named Angels Flight and Court Flight, the company carried many more passengers than the Pacific Electric Railways Red Cars which served a larger area of Los Angeles. The two companies shared some dual gauge 3 ft 6 in /4 ft 8 1⁄2 in standard gauge track along Hawthorne Boulevard, on Main Street, the system was purchased by railroad and real estate tycoon Henry E. Huntington in 1898 and started operation in 1901. The system was sold in 1945 by Huntingtons estate to National City Lines, National City Lines purchased Key System, which operated streetcars systems in Northern California, the following year. The company was renamed as Los Angeles Transit Lines, many lines were converted to buses in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The last remaining lines were taken over by the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority along with the remains of the Pacific Electric Railway in 1958, the agency removed the remaining five streetcar lines and two trolley bus lines, replacing electric service with diesel buses on March 31,1963. A restoration of the service is anticipated to underscore the overall renaissance occurring in the downtown area of Los Angeles. 2 Line – Rampart area of Echo Park to Montecito Heights, by way of Belmont Avenue, Loma Drive, 3rd Street, Flower Street, 5th Street, Broadway, Pasadena Avenue, Avenue 26, and Griffin Avenue. 3 Line – Skid Row to Hollywood, by way of 5th Street, 6th Street, private ROW, 3rd Street,7 Line – South Los Angeles to Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, by way of Broadway, Main Street, and Spring Street. 8 Line – Leimert Park to Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, by way of 54th Street, Broadway, Main Street, and Spring Street. 9 Line – Leimert Park to the Wholesale District, by way of 48th Street, Hoover Street, Grand Avenue, Pico Boulevard, Broadway, and 2nd Street. 10 Line – Leimert Park to Lincoln Heights, by way of Vernon Avenue, Dalton Avenue, Martin Luther King Boulevard, Grand, Pico Boulevard, Broadway, and Lincoln Park Avenue. A Line – Mid City to Echo Park, by way of Adams Boulevard, Kensington Street, Venice Boulevard, Broadway, Temple Street, Edgeware Road, and Douglas Street. B Line – Nevin to City Terrace, by way of Ascot Avenue, Hooper Avenue, 12th Street, Main Street, Brooklyn Avenue, Evergreen Avenue, Wabash Avenue, and City Terrace Drive. D Line – Westlake to Skid Row, by way of Bonnie Brae Street, 3rd Street, Alvarado Street, 6th Street, and 5th Street. F Line – Athens to Boyle Heights, by way of Vermont Avenue, Hoover Street, Santa Barbara Avenue, Grand Avenue, Jefferson Boulevard, Main Street, 3rd Street, 4th Place, 4th Street, and Fresno Street. G Line – Nevin to South Park, by way of McKinley Avenue, Jefferson Boulevard, Griffith Avenue, Washington Boulevard, and Main Street. H Line – South Los Angeles to East Hollywood, by way of San Pedro Street, 7th Street, Broadway, 6th Street, Rampart Boulevard, Beverly Boulevard, Heliotrope Drive, and Melrose Avenue
Los Angeles Railway
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Los Angeles Electric Railway
Los Angeles Railway
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Los Angeles Railway route map (cover), 1942
Los Angeles Railway
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The LARy's Soto Street sub station, circa 1913.
Los Angeles Railway
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LARy #863, built in 1912 by the
American Car and Foundry Company, is seen here having been retrofitted with steel side panels and
folding doors. The unit could carry up to 44 passengers.
15.
Pacific Electric Railway
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Organized around the city centers of Los Angeles and San Bernardino, it connected cities in Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County. The system had four districts, Northern District, San Gabriel Valley, including Pasadena, Mount Lowe, South Pasadena, Alhambra, El Monte, Covina, Duarte, Glendora, Azusa, Sierra Madre, and Monrovia. Eastern District, Pomona, San Bernardino, Arrowhead Springs, Riverside, Rialto, Southern District, Long Beach, Newport Beach, Huntington Beach, San Pedro via Dominguez, Santa Ana, El Segundo, Redondo Beach via Gardena, and San Pedro Via Torrance. Western District, Hollywood, Glendale/Burbank, San Fernando Valley, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Manhattan/Redondo/Hermosa Beaches, Venice, Electric trolleys first appeared in Los Angeles in 1887. The Pacific Electric Railway was created in 1901 by railroad executive Henry E. Huntington, Hellman, the President of the Nevada Bank, San Franciscos largest, became one of the largest bond holders for these lines and he and the younger Huntington developed a close business relationship. When uncle Collis died, Henry lost a battle for control of the Southern Pacific to Union Pacific President E. H. Harriman. Huntington then decided to focus his energies on Southern California, Hellman added that he had already tasked engineer Epes Randolph to survey and lay out the companys first line which would be to Long Beach. Hellman and his group of investors owned the majority of stock. Using surrogates, the syndicate began purchasing property and rights-of-ways, the new companys first main project, the line to Long Beach, opened July 4,1902. Huntington experienced periods of opposition from organized labor with the construction of the new railways, tensions between union leaders and like-minded Los Angeles businessmen were high from the early 1900s up through the 1920s. Strikes and boycotts troubled the Pacific Electric throughout those years until they reached the height of violence in the 1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles, the efforts of organized labor simmered with the onset of World War I. Railroads were one part of the enterprise, revenue from passenger traffic rarely generated a profit, unlike freight. The real money for the investors was in supplying electric power to new communities, to get the railways and electricity to their towns, local groups offered the Huntington interests opportunities in local land. Soon Huntington and his partners had significant holdings in the companies developing Naples, Bay City, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach. In early 1903, Harriman proposed a plan with three-cent fare plan to the Los Angeles City Council. Huntington countered with a book which gave the rider 500 miles of travel for $6.25. The Council vetoed the idea, unable to believe adequate service could be provided for such a low fare. The final confrontation came over a war for the 6th Street franchise, in which the franchise, finally went to the top bidder for $110,000
Pacific Electric Railway
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Main depot, circa 1910
Pacific Electric Railway
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Pacific Electric
Pacific Electric Railway
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Old Mission Trolley streetcar of the Pacific Electric makes a stop at
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, 1905.
Pacific Electric Railway
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Pacific Electric railway car approaching intersection of Pioneer Boulevard and South Street in
Artesia, California 1915.
16.
Huntington Beach
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Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California. The city is named after American businessman Henry E. Huntington, the population was 189,992 during the 2010 census, making it the most populous beach city in Orange County and the seventh most populous city in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,809, Huntington Beach is known for its long 9. 5-mile stretch of sandy beach, mild climate, excellent surfing, and beach culture. The ocean waves are enhanced by an effect caused by the edge-diffraction of open ocean swells around Santa Catalina Island. The area was occupied by the Tongva people. The main thoroughfare of Huntington Beach, Beach Boulevard, was originally a cattle route for the industry of the Rancho. Since its time as a parcel of the enormous Spanish land grant, later it became known as Fairview and then Pacific City, as it developed into a tourist destination. The Huntington Beach pier was built in 1904 and was originally a 1,000 foot-long timber structure, Huntington Beach was incorporated on February 17,1909 during the tenure of its first mayor, Ed Manning. Its original developer was Huntington Beach Company, a development firm owned by Henry Huntington. The Huntington Beach Company is still a major land-owner in the city, the company is now wholly owned by the Chevron Corporation. The lucky buyers got more than they had bargained for when oil was discovered in the area, and enormous development of the oil reserves followed. Though many of the old reserves are depleted, and the price of land for housing has pushed many of the rigs off the landscape, Huntington Beach was primarily agricultural in its early years with crops such as celery and sugar beets. Holly Sugar was an employer with a large processing plant in the city that was later converted to an oil refinery. The citys first high school, Huntington Beach High School, located on Main Street, was built in 1906, the schools team, the Oilers, is named after the citys original natural resource. Meadowlark Airport, a general aviation airport, existed in Huntington Beach from the 1940s until 1989. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.9 square miles. 26.7 sq mi of it is land and 5.1 sq mi of it is water, the entire city of Huntington Beach lies in area codes 657 and 714, except for small parts of Huntington Harbour, which is in the 562 Area Code. Huntington Beach has a borderline semi-arid/Mediterranean climate, the climate is generally sunny, dry and cool, although evenings can be excessively damp
Huntington Beach
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Aerial view of Huntington Beach, Brookhurst Street &
Pacific Coast Highway in April 2008.
Huntington Beach
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The
Huntington Beach Pier
Huntington Beach
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Huntington Beach at sunset
Huntington Beach
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Bolsa Chica Wildlife Refuge
17.
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
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Crenshaw, informally as the Crenshaw District, is a neighborhood and district in the southwestern region of the city of Los Angeles, California. It derives from its namesake Crenshaw Boulevard, one of the major principal thoroughfares. According to the Mapping L. A. project of the Los Angeles Times, Crenshaw is bordered by Chesterfield Square on the east, Hyde Park on the south, View Park-Windsor Hills on the west. The Crenshaw Strip is the area directly stretched on Crenshaw between Exposition Boulevard on the north and Vernon Avenue on the south, public schools are operated by the Los Angeles Unified School District. Crenshaw High School, which is south of Martin Luther King Boulevard, the districts Charter schools in the area include the KIPP network. KIPP Academy of Opportunity middle school, Celerity Nascent Charter School the New Design Charter School, View Park Preparatory High School, as a neighborhood within Los Angeles city limits, Crenshaw does not have its own municipal government. It is appointed by the Crenshaw Chamber of Commerce, the United States Postal Service operates the Crenshaw Post Office and the Julian Dixon Station. Crenshaw is a residential neighborhood of single-story houses, bungalows and low-rise condominiums. There are also commercial buildings with a corridor along Jefferson Boulevard. There are also other commercial districts throughout the neighborhood. After courts ruled segregation covenants to be unconstitutional, the area opened up to other races, a large Japanese American settlement ensued, which can still be found along Coliseum Street, east and west of Crenshaw Boulevard. African Americans started migrating to the district in the mid 1960s, in the 1970s, Crenshaw, Leimert Park and neighboring areas together had formed one of the largest African-American communities in the western United States. Crenshaw had suffered significant damage from both the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake but was able to rebound in the mid 2000s with the help of redevelopment, Crenshaw has significant affluent middle-class areas, and some areas with some poverty rates. In 2006, the population of Crenshaw was around 27,600, the Metro Crenshaw LAX Line is a light rail line now under construction. It will run between the Expo/Crenshaw station and Aviation/96 Street station, transiting generally north-south along Crenshaw Boulevard and passing through Leimert Park, Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza shopping mall is a well-known landmark in the district. It was home to a tri-level Wal-Mart, Sears and Macys, additional retail stores later moved into the mall such as Victorias Secret, Forever 21, and TJ Maxx, as well as office supply stores such as Staples. Marlton Square, formerly known as Santa Barbara Plaza, was once a center in the district. The center had aged over the years and was a redevelopment project
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
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Mural of African-American Progress, Crenshaw Boulevard
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
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Map of the Crenshaw District in western
South Los Angeles.
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
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Googie architecture of the Holiday Bowl.
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
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Districts and neighborhoods
18.
West Adams, Los Angeles, California
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West Adams is a historic neighborhood in the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles, California. The area is known for its number of historic buildings, structures and notable houses. It is a youthful, densely populated area with a percentage of African American. The neighborhood has public schools and private schools. West Adams is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Los Angeles, West Adams was developed by railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington and wealthy industrialist Hulett C. It was once the wealthiest district in the city, with its Victorian mansions and sturdy Craftsman bungalows, and it housed what was once one of the nations largest black-owned insurers. West Adams transformation into an affluent black area was sped by the Supreme Courts 1948 invalidation of segregationist covenants on property ownership, singer Ray Charless business headquarters, including his RPM studio, is located at 2107 Washington Boulevard. The intersection of Washington Boulevard and Westmoreland Boulevard, at the studio, is named Ray Charles Square in his honor, population was estimated at 22,857 in 2008. The median age was 28, considered young when compared to the city as a whole, the percentages of residents aged birth to 18 were among the countys highest. Latinos made up 56. 2% of the population, with people at 37. 6%, white people 2. 4%, Asian 1. 7%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 36. 9% of the residents who were born abroad, the $38,209 median household income in 2008 dollars was considered low for the city and county. The percentage of households earning $20,000 or less was high, the average household size of 3.1 people was about average for the city. Renters occupied 62. 8% of the units, and homeowners occupied the rest. In 2000, there were 1,078 families headed by single parents, or 21. 8%, a rate that was high for the county, the percentages of never-married women and divorced women were among the countys highest. The neighborhoods street boundaries are the Santa Monica Freeway on the north, Crenshaw Boulevard on the east, Exposition and Jefferson boulevards on the south and the Culver City line on the west. Project leader Doug Smith reported that, in response by the public to advance posting of the proposed maps, historical purists would reserve the designation West Adams for the once-upper-crust district of Victorian mansions now falling in the shadow of USC. But residents farther west have appropriated the name for that area between the 10 Freeway and Baldwin Hills. To bolster their case, the areas Neighborhood Empowerment Zone bears that name, the discussion has taken on powerful emotional content in recent years as part of a larger debate over gentrification and changing demographics in that part of the city
West Adams, Los Angeles, California
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West Adams as outlined by the Los Angeles Times
West Adams, Los Angeles, California
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Stimson House
West Adams, Los Angeles, California
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Fitzgerald House
West Adams, Los Angeles, California
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Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building
19.
Echo Park, Los Angeles, California
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Echo Park is a densely populated neighborhood of 43, 000+ residents in Central Los Angeles. It contains one school and eight other schools, and has been home to many notable people. The neighborhood is centered on the lake of the same name, within Echo Park are the following, Angelino Heights is most notable for its Victorian era residences, although these are few in number. It lies at an elevation of 502 feet, since the 1910s, Elysian Heights, along with Edendale, has been home to many of the counter-culture, political radicals, artists, writers, architects and filmmakers. The children of many progressives attended school there during the 1930s, 40s and 50s, historic Filipinotown makes up the southwest portion of Echo Park. It was created by a resolution proposed by then-City Councilmember Eric Garcetti on August 2,2002, the district is bounded by the Hoover Street on the west to Glendale Boulevard on the east, Temple Street on the north and Beverly Boulevard on the south. Victor Heights lies between Chinatown, Los Angeles, and the part of Echo Park, off Sunset Boulevard near the Pasadena Freeway below Elysian Park. New condominium complexes stand next to 1920s-era bungalow houses and old apartment buildings, in 2009 Victor Heights and its hilly streets were described as a collection of stuccoed apartments and faded bungalows, a place with a lot of old-timers. The area became known for the flock of peacocks and peahens, with their chicks, who had taken over parts of the district, often on Everett Street, Victor Heights is an old area. In 1887 Choice lots, commanding a view, were being advertised for $1,200. Lesser lots went for $700 to $1,300, all had Water piped through the street. In 1908 its residents took a fight against disruptive dynamite blasting by the Los Angeles Brick Company in Chavez Ravine to the Los Angeles City Police Commission. They complained that the explosions were cracking the plaster on their walls, the 2000 U. S. census counted 40,455 residents in the 2. 4-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 16,868 people per square mile, one of the highest densities in Los Angeles. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 43,832, the median age for residents was 30, about the same as the city norm. Echo Park was considered moderately diverse ethnically, the breakdown was Latinos, 64%, Asians,18. 8%, whites,12. 9%, blacks, 2%, and others,2. 3%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 53% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $37,708, a low figure for Los Angeles, the average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 76% of the units, and house- or apartment owners the rest
Echo Park, Los Angeles, California
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Echo Park, with the
Downtown Los Angeles skyline in the background
Echo Park, Los Angeles, California
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Rampart Police Station
20.
Westlake, Los Angeles, California
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Westlake is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. It was developed in the 1920s, but many of its elegant mansions have been turned into apartments, Westlake is a high-density area, with a young and heavily Latino population. It has a score of primary and secondary schools, in 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 117,756. It was estimated in 1993 that 85,000 people lived within a mile of the Alvarado/MacArthur Park Red Line station and that the density of this neighborhood rivaled that of Manhattan in New York City. Another report the year said that at 147 people per acre Westlake had four times the average density of Manhattan. Firefighters often find babies sleeping in dresser drawers, and children in closets that serve as their bedrooms, nevertheless, census takers found that the average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 94. 9% of the units, and house or apartment owners just 5. 1% Heavily Latino. The breakdown was Latinos,73. 4%, Asians,16. 5%, whites,4. 5%, blacks,3. 9%, and others,1. 7%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 67. 6% of the residents who were born abroad, the median age for residents was 27, considered young for both the city and the county. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $26,757, a low figure for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and women, 47% and 36. 4%, respectively, were among the countys highest. The 2000 census found 5,325 families headed by single parents, there were 2,591 military veterans in 2000, or 3. 5%, a low figure for Los Angeles. Westlake touches East Hollywood on the northwest, the street boundaries on Mapping L. A. Relation of Westlake to other communities, In 1887, Westlake was referred to as the southwest quarter of Los Angeles. The Westlake hills were dotted with fine residences, and it is plainly to be seen that the development of this quarter is in its infancy. The Baptist College, now well under way, looms up to the northward, the neighborhood was named for Westlake Park, the land for which had been donated by Henricus Wallace Westlake, a Canadian physician who moved to Los Angeles around 1888. He built his house on Burlington Avenue in the district that bore his name. One of the first areas of Los Angeles west of Figueroa Street to see residential development, wealthy businessmen commuted to downtown, Wilshire Center, Hollywood, and the Miracle Mile from the districts Spanish Revival and Art Deco mansions. The city had declared a 1, 600-foot zone around Westlake Park where drilling was forbidden, even City Attorney Walter F. Haas thought the law was invalid, although he had to defend it as part of his duty. Nevertheless, a Superior Court judge, in the case of People v. Richard Green and others, by 1900, however, it was found that oil production in Westlake had been, in effect, pumped dry, and the situation ceased to make news
Westlake, Los Angeles, California
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Alvarado Street, looking north from just southwest of the
Wilshire Boulevard intersection. The eastern edge of
MacArthur Park is at center.
Westlake, Los Angeles, California
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The New Rampart Police Station
Westlake, Los Angeles, California
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Esperanza Elementary School
Westlake, Los Angeles, California
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Camino Nuevo Charter School
21.
Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California
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Hancock Park is a historic and affluent residential neighborhood in the central region of the City of Los Angeles, California. It is built around the grounds of a golf club. Developed in the 1920s, the neighborhood features architecturally distinctive residences, the neighborhood is low density, with a 70. 7% white, highly educated, older-aged population of 10, 600+ people. Most of the residents are home owners, there are four private and two public schools in the area. Hancock Park was developed in the 1920s by the Hancock family with profits earned from oil drilling in the former Rancho La Brea, the area owes its name to developer-philanthropist George Allan Hancock, who subdivided the property in the 1920s. Hancock Park activists were instrumental in the passage of a 1986 Congressional ban on tunneling through the neighborhood. The ban, sponsored by Congressman Henry Waxman, prevented the Red Line Subway from being routed along Wilshire Boulevard through the neighborhood, street boundaries are Melrose Avenue on the north, Arden Boulevard on the east, Wilshire Boulevard on the south and La Brea Avenue on the west. The neighborhood surrounds the grounds of the Wilshire Country Club, today, the Hancock Park Homeowners Assn. counts about 1,200 homes within the boundaries of Melrose Avenue, Wilshire Boulevard and both sides of Highland and Rossmore avenues. The Hancock Park Homeowners Association defines Melrose Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard as two of the streets of Hancock Park. The houses on both sides of Highland Avenue and Rossmore Avenue, the boundary streets, are defined as a part of Hancock Park. The homeowners association counted 1,200 houses within Hancock Park, the 2000 U. S. census counted 9,804 residents in the 1. 59-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 6,459 people per square mile, including the expanse of the Wilshire Country Club. That figure gave Hancock Park one of the lowest densities in Los Angeles, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 10,671. The median age for residents was 37, considered old when compared with the city as a whole, Hancock Park was moderately diverse ethnically. The breakdown was whites,70. 7%, Asians,13. 1%, Latinos,8. 5%, blacks,3. 8%, and others,3. 9%. Korea and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 26. 3% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered low compared to rest of the city. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $85,277, a relatively high figure for Los Angeles. The average household size of 2.1 people was low for the city of Los Angeles, renters occupied 52. 7% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners 47. 3%. The percentages of never-married men and women,41. 3% and 34. 4%, the 2000 census found 203 families headed by single parents, a low rate for both the city and he county
Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California
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A typical street in Hancock Park, fourth street
Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California
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El Royale Apts. in Hancock Park
Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California
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John Burroughs Middle School
Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California
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Districts and neighborhoods
22.
Exposition Park (Los Angeles)
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Exposition Park is situated in the south region of Los Angeles, California. In a rectangle bounded by Exposition Boulevard to the north, South Figueroa Street to the east, Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the south and it is directly south of the main campus of the University of Southern California. The park is open space, managed by the California Natural Resources Agency. Exposition Park houses, LA84 Foundation/John C. of St. Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The 160-acre site served as an agricultural fairground from 1872 to 1910. In 1880, John Edward, Ozro W. Childs, farmers sold their harvest on the grounds, while horses, dogs, and even camels competed on a racetrack where a rose garden now blooms. Along the northern edge of the park, the Metro Expo Line light rail serves the park with its Expo Park/USC Station. On the northeast, the Metro Silver Line bus rapid transit serves Exposition Park & USC at its 37th Street/USC Station on the Harbor Transitway, the Silver Line station is located on the freeway level of the 1-110 freeway. Leimert Park Beat — a collaborative online community focused nearby Leimert Park, The Soul of Los Angeles, official Expo Center website — recreation center
Exposition Park (Los Angeles)
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Exposition Park, Los Angeles
Exposition Park (Los Angeles)
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Dana R. Weller and Paul Engstrom laying cornerstone in 1910 (Los Angeles Herald)
Exposition Park (Los Angeles)
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A
Douglas DC-8 near the Air and Space Exhibits Gallery
Exposition Park (Los Angeles)
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Districts and neighborhoods
23.
Vernon, California
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Vernon is a city five miles south of downtown Los Angeles, California. The population was 112 at the 2010 United States Census, the smallest of any incorporated city in the state, the city is primarily composed of industrial areas and touts itself as Exclusively Industrial. Meatpacking plants and warehouses are common, as of 2006, there were no parks. Vernon has a history of problems, and was fighting disincorporation after city-government corruption was discovered. California Assembly Speaker John A. Pérez has proposed legislation, AB46, Vernon is the only city that would be affected by the bill. Both groups acknowledged that Vernon needed a comprehensive political house cleaning, the bill had passed in the Assembly on a bipartisan vote of 58–7. Vernon agreed to the offer, and de Leon then proceeded to support the groups fighting disincorporation, City officials in nearby Huntington Park, which stood to receive some of Vernons grant money, also reversed their support to the City of Vernon. On August 29, the state Senate rejected the bill to disband Vernon, the Vernon City Council unanimously passed salary limits and other wide-ranging reforms on May 26,2011, as the tiny Los Angeles suburb fought efforts to eliminate its cityhood. Associated Press reports that the council approved a package that cuts the salaries of council members from $70,000 to $25,000 a year. Other officials, including the chief, also will see salaries trimmed. Department heads salaries are now capped at $267,000, previously, some city officials allegedly made more than $1 million to govern the city. The city owns nearly all housing in town and there have been concerns that its officials are de facto landlords of the voters. The city reforms are partially in response to the bill and were designed to preclude the Legislature from imposing reforms from outside the city, the reforms take the city of Vernon a lot further toward a more open, transparent and inclusive governance structure, MacFarlane said. The business community will have a role to play, as representatives of labor. In 2011, the Los Angeles District Attorney began consideration of a move to disincorporate the city, if this were to take effect, Vernon would be the third incorporated place to be disbanded in the past forty years, after Cabazon in 1972 and Hornitos, in 1973. In 2011, California State Assemblyman John Pérez submitted a bill to the California legislature which would have disincorporated Vernon as a city, the allegations of rampant corruption prompted the state Assembly to approve Pérezs proposed legislation, AB46, to disincorporate cities with fewer than 150 residents. Disincorporation would make the city of Vernon an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County, gloria Molina, a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, which has voted in support of disincorporating Vernon stated, it is a company town masquerading as a city. The city has been a facade for some personal gain issues, the residents are employees of the city or major companies and consequently are controlled
Vernon, California
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The Vernon water tower in April 2009.
Vernon, California
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Stephen W. Kearny, one of the victors of the
Battle of La Mesa.
Vernon, California
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Studebaker 4-Door Sedan
24.
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Boyle Heights is a working-class, predominantly Mexican American, youthful neighborhood of almost 100,000 residents east of Downtown Los Angeles in the City of Los Angeles, California. The district has more than twenty schools, and ten private schools. Boyle Heights was called Paredon Blanco when California was part of Mexico, the median household income was $33,235, low in comparison to the rest of the city. The neighborhoods population was one of the youngest in the city. As of 2011, 95% of the community was Hispanic and Latino, the community had Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and Central American ethnic residents. Hector Tobar of the Los Angeles Times said, The diversity that exists in Boyle Heights today is exclusively Latino, the United States Postal Services Boyle Heights Post Office is located at 2016 East 1st Street. The Social Security Administration is located at 215 North Soto Street Los Angeles, the emergence of Latino politics in Boyle Heights influenced the diversity in the community. The rise of the socialist and communist parties increased the involvement in politics in the community because the “liberal-left exercised great influence in the immigrant community”. Even with a diversity in Boyle Heights, “Jews remained culturally and politically dominant after World War II”. The combination of Jewish people and Latinos in Boyle Heights symbolized a tight unity between the two communities, the two races helped each other in order to elect Roybal into city council against his opponent Councilman Christensen, with the help from the Community Service Organization. When Edward Roybal had just started as the city of Los Angeles’ new city councilman in 1949, the Community Service Organization helped Roybal win the election and to increase the multi-racial involvement in Boyle Heights. Therefore, Roybal’s involvement in City Council affected how Latino politics went further on during Bradley’s term and this center will be forever known as the building place where coalition politics took place in Boyle Heights, along with the Catholic Dolores Mission center. Just 5% of Boyle Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned a degree by 2000, a low percentage for the city. The percentage of residents in that age range who had not earned a school diploma was high for the county. The schools within Boyle Heights are as follows, Boyle Heights relation to other places, not necessarily contiguous, Breed Street Shul, self-Help Graphics and Art, the first community-based organization in the country to create a free public celebration of Day of the Dead. Malabar Public Library Lucha Underground Temple, where the television program Lucha Underground is taped
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Breed Street Shul
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Boundaries of Boyle Heights as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Plan of Boyle Heights in 1877, with the
Los Angeles River across the center and Los Angeles city in the background
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California
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The
Mariachi Plaza station, 2009, one of two underground stations in Boyle Heights
25.
Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Lincoln Heights is considered to be the oldest neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, outside of Downtown. It is a populated, youthful area, with high percentages of Latino. It has nine public and four schools and several historic or notable landmarks. Major thoroughfares include Valley Boulevard, Mission Road, Pasadena Avenue, North Main, Marengo, Daly, and Figueroa Streets, the Golden State Freeway runs through the district, and the Metro Gold Line has a stop in the far northwestern portion of the district. Lincoln Heights is considered to be the oldest suburb of Los Angeles proper, dating to the 1830s and his brother-in-law, Dr. John Strother Griffin, also called the suburb home. Johnston Street, Griffin Avenue, and Hancock Street are named after their family, after the deaths of the Southern fathers of Los Angeles, the name East Los Angeles was changed to Lincoln Heights in memory of their nemesis. It and its cross-river neighbor Little Italy formed the heart of southern Californias Italian-American community, one of the major landmarks from this period, the San Antonio Winery, continues to operate today, albeit with non-local grapes. The neighborhoods original name was East Los Angeles, but in 1917 residents voted to change the name to Lincoln Heights, the neighborhood has slowly been gentrifying due to the Northeast Los Angeles housing price escalation of 2013 and 2014. The 2000 U. S. census counted 26,616 residents in the 2. 51-square-mile Lincoln Heights neighborhood—or 10,602 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 29,637. In 2000 the median age for residents was 27, considered young for city and county neighborhoods, the percentages of residents aged 10 through 18 were among the countys highest. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was Latinos,70. 7%, Asians,25. 2%, whites,2. 7%, blacks,0. 4%, and others,1. 0%. Mexico and Vietnam were the most common places of birth for the 55, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $30,579, considered low for the city. Renters occupied 75. 9% of the stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24. 1%. The average household size of 3.6 people was considered high for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and women were among the countys highest. The 19. 5% of families headed by single parents was considered average for city neighborhoods. There were 500 veterans, or 2. 8% of the population, Los Angeles Fire Department Fire Station 1 is located in the Lincoln Heights area. The station is in the Battalion 2 district, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health operates the Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles, serving Lincoln Heights. Just 5. 5% of Lincoln Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned a degree by 2000
Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California
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View of Lincoln Heights and Downtown Los Angeles from the hills
Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California
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Boundaries of Lincoln Heights as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California
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2054 Griffin Avenue, Los Angeles
Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California
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LAFD Fire Station # 1
26.
Mount Lowe Railway
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The Mount Lowe Railway was the third in a series of scenic mountain railroads in America created as a tourist attraction on Echo Mountain and Mount Lowe, north of Los Angeles, California. The railway, originally incorporated by Professor Thaddeus S. C, Lowe’s partner and engineer was David J. Macpherson, a civil engineer graduate of Cornell University. The Mount Lowe Railway was a fulfillment of 19th century Pasadenans desire to have a mountain railroad to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains. The Railway opened on 4 July 1893, and consisted of seven miles of track starting in Altadena. Atop Echo stood the magnificent 70-room Victorian hotel, the Echo Mountain House, only a few hundred feet away stood the 40-room Echo Chalet which was ready for opening day. The complement of buildings on Echo included an observatory, car barns, dormitories and repair facilities, a casino and dance hall. For the seven years during which Lowe owned and operated the railway, it ran into hard times. A series of natural disasters ate away at the facilities, the first of which was a fire that destroyed the Echo Mountain House in 1900. Further fires and floods eventually destroyed any remaining facilities, and the railway was abandoned in 1938 after a flood washed most everything off the mountain sides. Today, the ruins of Mount Lowe Railway remain as a monument to a once-ever experienced enterprise and it was placed on the National Register of Historical Places on January 6,1993, a listing that was enlarged in January 2015. The railway terminal, called Mountain Junction, was located at the corner of Lake Avenue, the line was divided into 3 divisions, the Mountain Division, the Great Incline, and the Alpine Division. The mode of locomotion was electric traction railway, and a cable driven incline funicular, electrical power for the railway consisted of several power generating stations equipped with either gas engines or Pelton wheels, depending on the availability of mountain water. Since this part of the line ran through the end of the residential community, it had station stops at Newkirk, Poppyfields, Hygeia. A transition bridge was installed to cross the Rubio Wash named Las Flores Bridge, at Rubio there was a large platform that spanned the canyon with an integrated 12-room hotel, the Rubio Pavilion. Other features at the pavilion were a series of stairways and bridges that ascended the canyon for viewing some eleven waterfalls, the Mountain Divisions tracks were converted to 1,435 mm in 1903. From this platform passengers could transfer to a 3 ft 6 in narrow gauge, three-railed funicular, the Great Incline, the Incline powering mechanism was designed by San Francisco cable car inventor Andrew Smith Hallidie. It boasted grades as steep as 62% and as slight as 48%, the funicular was the first of its kind built with three rails and featuring a four-railed passing track at the half way point. Professor Lowe had a dream to make the beautiful Mountains overlooking the cities of Altadena / Pasadena accessible to average citizens, financing the project himself, Professor Lowe proceeded to build his dream which eventually reached all the way to the base of Mount Lowe
Mount Lowe Railway
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Mount Lowe Railway
Mount Lowe Railway
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Topographical map (click to view full size)
Mount Lowe Railway
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Mt. Lowe Incline 1908
Mount Lowe Railway
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David J. Macpherson.
27.
Altadena, California
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The population was 42,777 at the 2010 census, up from 42,610 at the 2000 census. In the mid-1860s, Benjamin Eaton first developed water sources from the Arroyo Seco and this made possible the development of Altadena, Pasadena, and South Pasadena. He did the construction for B. D. Wilson and Dr. John Griffin, who owned the Mexican land grant of Rancho San Pascual, about 14,000 acres. They hoped to develop and sell land in a real estate plan called the San Pasqual Plantation. Their efforts failed by 1870, despite Eatons irrigation ditch that drew water from the site of present-day Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Arroyo Seco and they had failed because the land was relatively inaccessible and few believed crops could thrive that close to the mountains. Eaton tried to sell the land for the partners, and in late 1873 he helped broker a deal with Daniel Berry and this included the land of present-day Altadena, but they developed a 2,500 acres section further south as Pasadena. In 1881, the land that would later become Altadena was sold to the John and Fred Woodbury, the land remained mostly agricultural, however, several eastern millionaires built mansions along Mariposa Street, and a small community developed through the 1890s and into the next century. In 1880, Capt. Frederick Woodbury, and his brother, John Woodbury of Marshalltown, Iowa, John Woodbury established the Pasadena Improvement Company in 1887, with a plot plan of residential development referred to as the Woodbury Subdivision. They contacted Byron O. Clark, who established a nursery in the foothills in 1875 and he called his nursery Altadena Nursery, a name he coined from the Spanish alta meaning upper, and dena from Pasadena. Woodbury asked if he could use the name Altadena for his subdivision, the newly sprouted community of Altadena immediately began to attract millionaires from the East. In 1887 Andrew McNally, the printing magnate from Chicago, and his good friend Col. G. G. Green, had built mansions on what was to become Millionaires Row, Mariposa Street near Santa Rosa Avenue. Newspaper moguls William Armiger Scripps and William Kellogg built homes side by side just east of Fair Oaks Avenue, a bit farther east, Zane Grey bought a home from Arthur Herbert Woodward, and added a second-floor study. The famous Benziger Publishing Company built a mansion on the corner of Santa Rosa Avenue, Mariposa was taken from the Spanish name for a butterfly. The grandson of Andrew McNally, Wallace Neff, became a famous Southern California architect and he started his career in Altadena with the design and construction of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church (parish est.1918, which was dedicated in October 1926. Over the years Altadena has been subject to attempted annexation by Pasadena, annexation was stopped in 1956 by community campaigns, though it has been resurrected several times since by Pasadena without success. Had the annexation succeeded, Pasadena would be the 108th largest city in the United States, while Altadena long refused wholesale annexation by neighboring Pasadena, the larger community nibbled at its edges in several small annexations of neighborhoods through the 1940s. The name Altadena derives from the Spanish alta, meaning upper, and dena from Pasadena, the area is adjacent to, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.7 square miles, over 99% of it land. Altadena experiences hot and dry summers that are followed by warm, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Altadena has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csa on climate maps
Altadena, California
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Aerial view of Altadena and
Eaton Canyon
Altadena, California
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Home of Capt. John Woodbury, built 1882, still standing and occupied.
Altadena, California
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Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara)
Altadena, California
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Golden poppy (Eschscholzia californica)
28.
San Gabriel Mountains
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The San Gabriel Mountains are a mountain range located in northern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California, United States. The mountain range is part of the Transverse Ranges and lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert, with Interstate 5 to the west and Interstate 15 to the east. This range lies in, and is surrounded by, the Angeles National Forest, the highest peak in the range is Mount San Antonio, commonly referred to as Mt. Baldy. Mount Wilson is another peak, famed for the Mount Wilson Observatory. The observatory may be visited by the public, on October 10,2014, President Obama designated the area the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument. Much of the range features rolling peaks, the range lacks craggy features, but contains a large number of canyons and is generally very rugged and difficult to traverse. The San Gabriel Mountains are in effect a large block that was uplifted and then dissected by numerous rivers. North of San Fernando, the San Gabriel Mountains crest abruptly up to almost 4,000 feet, pacoima and Big Tujunga Canyons cut through the range just east of San Fernando, carrying runoff into the San Fernando Valley. Little Tujunga Canyon Road bridges the range in area, connecting the San Fernando Valley to the Santa Clara River valley in the north. Towering over Big Tujunga Canyon north of Big Tujunga Reservoir is Mount Gleason, which at 6,502 feet, is the highest in this region of the San Gabriels. South of the gorge are the foothills of the mountains, which rise abruptly 4,000 feet above the Los Angeles Basin and give rise to the Arroyo Seco. Southeast of Big Tujunga Canyon, the front range of the San Gabriels gradually grows in elevation. On the north the range is dissected by the canyon of the West Fork San Gabriel River. On the north slopes of the San Gabriel crest, the ranks of mountains drop down incrementally to the floor of the Mojave Desert in a much more gradual manner than the sheer southern flank. The Angeles Crest Highway, one of the routes across the San Gabriels. Little Rock, Big Rock and Sheep Creeks drain off the part of the mountains. To the east, the San Andreas Fault cuts across the range, forming a series of long, straight and narrow depressions, including Swarthout Valley, South of Mount San Antonio, San Antonio Creek drains the mountains, cutting the deep San Antonio Canyon. However, there are several notable peaks in this region, including Telegraph Peak, at 8,985 feet, Cucamonga Peak, at 8,859 feet
San Gabriel Mountains
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Summits in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains,
Angeles National Forest,
San Bernardino County, California. The main peaks are: Telegraph Peak, 8,985' (left),
Cucamonga Peak, 8,859' (center), and Ontario Peak, 8693' (center right), as seen from
Baldy Bowl on
Mount Baldy.
San Gabriel Mountains
San Gabriel Mountains
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East Fork
San Gabriel River canyon, looking west.
San Gabriel Mountains
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Mount Islip.
29.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena City Hall
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena, 1876
Pasadena, California
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Hotel Green, 1900
Pasadena, California
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Theme float "2010: A Cut Above the Rest" rolling down Colorado Boulevard during the parade
30.
Frank Augustus Miller
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Frank Augustus Miller was the owner and chief developer of the Mission Inn in Riverside, California, United States, where Frank Augustus Miller Middle School was named after him. He was also a leader and one of Riversides strongest promoters. Frank Miller was born in Tomah, WI in 1857 to Christopher Columbus “CC” Miller and Maryanne Miller, CC Miller brought his family to Riverside in 1874. As a surveyor and civil engineer CC was a respected and valuable contributor to the development of Riverside and he paid $250 cash for a one square block parcel of downtown Riverside. He and his family built a home of which the first floor was adobe bricks and they did not like the appearance of the adobe building and drew upon their Midwest values to cover it in wooden clapboards. The 12 room structure had originally planned as a home for the Miller family with extra rooms for boarders. Both of Frank Miller’s parents had college degrees and they wanted to him to a college in Ohio. He pleaded with them stating that he really wasn’t a good student anyway and he would live a life if they would let him stay in Riverside. His parents assented and Maryanne made arrangements for the teacher in town, Isabella Hardenberg, to tutor her son. Isabella was already a boarder at the Glenwood Inn, after months of tutoring, Frank and Isabella hit it off and married in 1880. Since CC did not like managing the house so he later sold it. In 1902 Frank Miller and his architect Arthur Benton built the Mission Wing and he garnered $250,000 in financial support from his friend, Henry Huntington. In 1911 the Cloister Wing was built by architect Arthur Benton, in 1914 the Spanish Wing was completed. In 1931 the Rotunda Wing by architect G Stanley Wilson was completed, the Citrus Testing Station ultimately became the University of California, Riverside, aka UCR, which had 22,000 students in 2016 He is buried in Riversides Evergreen Cemetery. Brown Jr, John and James Boyd, History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, With Selected Biography of Actors and Witnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement,3 volumes, The Western Historical Association,1922. Frank Miller of the Mission Inn, New York, D. Appleton-Century Company,1938, Riverside County, California, Place Names, Their Origins and Their Stories, Riverside, CA, Rubidoux Printing,1984. Landmarks of Riverside, and the Stories Behind Them, Anecdotes on Frank Miller and the Mount Rubidoux Easter pilgrimages, Journal of the Riverside Historical Society, Riverside, CA, No. Wenzel, Glenn and Wenzel, Seth Anecdotes on Mount Rubidoux, OCLC604994425 Mission Inn Museum, Hands on History, The Miller Family Master of the Inn, The Biography of Frank Miller Michael S. Emett
Frank Augustus Miller
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Frank Augustus Miller Master of the Inn
Frank Augustus Miller
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Frank Miller at age 21 years
31.
Charles M. Loring
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Charles Morgridge Loring was an American businessman, miller and publicist. He was a popular and generous man who enjoyed many friendships, Loring is remembered as the influential commissioner and president of the first Minneapolis park board. The city built what has called, the best-located, best-financed, best-designed. Lorings grandfather was a teacher in Portland, Maine known as Master Loring. Charles himself was a great grandson of Hingham immigrant Deacon Thomas Loring. His mother was Sarah Wiley, a relative of Parson Wiley and his father Captain Horace Loring, a seaman who once visited the West Indies, took the young Loring on voyages as far from home as Cuba to prepare him for a life as a sea captain. But Loring disliked the ocean and the isolation and moved to Chicago in 1856 where he worked as a wheat speculator for B. P. Hutchinson, Loring and Emily S. Crosman married in 1855. They had one daughter, Eva Maria, and one son, Loring who managed businesses for his father. Emily Loring died on March 13,1894, Loring remarried on November 28,1895 to Florence Barton, daughter of A. B. Florence Loring participated in affairs and was a quilter whose Crazy Quilt is in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. The Lorings constructed the Florence Barton Loring Shelter in 1906 to protect children, lost animals, Florence Loring also built a home for nurses near the hospital in Riverside, California where the Lorings lived in winter. Minneapolis was founded at Saint Anthony Falls, the waterfall on the Mississippi River. Loring understood the citys geography—its waterfalls, lakes and river banks—and was able to use these unique aspects of his new home to build his fortune. In 1861, Loring joined Fletcher in L. Fletcher & Co. a general store specializing in supplies for lumbermen on Nicollet Avenue across from Minneapolis City Hall where they prospered for fifteen years. They joined with W. F. Cahill to convert the municipal waterworks building into a mill run on hydropower. With George Hineline they added three limestone stories and operated it as the W. F. Cahill & Co. During this period, Loring served in the city government, first as road supervisor, the group sold the Holly mill in 1872 to W. H. and F. S. Hinkle and purchased the Galaxy mill from W. P. Ankeny. In 1873 Fletcher and Loring also became owners of the Minnetonka Mills Company near Lake Minnetonka
Charles M. Loring
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Charles M. Loring
Charles M. Loring
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Flour leaving the Holly Mill, 1870s
Charles M. Loring
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The Galaxy Mill was rebuilt after the
Washburn "A" Mill explosion in 1878.
Charles M. Loring
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Today the
Soo Line is part of the
Canadian Pacific Railway.
32.
Mount Rubidoux
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Mount Rubidoux is a mountain just west of the city of Riverside, California, United States, that has been designated a city park and landmark. The mountain was once a popular Southern California tourist destination and is still the site of the oldest outdoor non-denominational Easter Sunrise service in the United States. Many historic markers and memorials have been placed on the mountain, the Santa Ana River flows at the base of the mountain, marking the boundary between the city of Riverside and the Rubidoux neighborhood of the ttc City of Jurupa Valley. Tom Patterson, as well as most local Riverside historians, have concluded that the name of Mount Rubidoux was Pachappa. They speculate that one of the owners of Rancho Jurupa reassigned the name Pachappa to another, smaller hill. It is also possible the United States government renamed the hills in order to satisfy requirements of the original Mexican land Grant. Originally the park was named Huntington Park, but the name was changed to the Frank A. Miller Mount Rubidoux Memorial Park after the heirs of Frank Miller donated the property to the city in 1955. On December 13,1925, the Testimonial Peace Tower was dedicated to Miller, the bridge is a replica of a noted bridge in Alcántara, Spain. A plaque for 1932 Olympic equestrian Shunzo Kido was placed on the bridge in 1934 honoring his sacrifice of an Olympic medal in order to save his horse, Kyu Gun, initial improvements, including the road, were completed in February 1907. The first memorial marker on the mountain, the cross and tablet at the summit honoring Father Junipero Serra, was dedicated on April 26,1907, Serra supposedly often travelled through the valley and rested at Rubidoux Rancho. Mount Rubidoux was designated Riverside City Landmark no,26, and has been a city park since 1955, when the land was donated to the city by Frank Millers heirs. In April 1909, Jacob Riis of New York, a friend of President Theodore Roosevelt, was in town to give an address at the Mission Inn. “Also Mt. Rubidoux has a beautiful veiw, it is one of the best things on the mountain. ”In 1912 an estimated crowd of 3,000 people were present to hear Henry Van Dyke read his poem, God of the Open Air. In 1918 plans for an open-air 10, 000-seat amphitheater designed by architect Frederick Heath were considered, the annual service became nationally and internationally known, drawing huge crowds and celebrities, including opera soprano Marcella Craft. In 1915 the Southern Pacific Railroad provided a service from Los Angeles to Riverside just for the event. The Pacific Electric trolley system also implemented special service from Los Angeles, Corona, Redlands, peak attendance in the 1920s was reported to have exceeded 30,000. The popularity of the Rubidoux Easter sunrise services spawned many other services throughout the country. Mount Rubidoux continues to be an important landmark and valued asset to the people of Riverside, on April 12,2009, the 100th anniversary of the Easter Sunrise service was held at the top of Mount Rubidoux
Mount Rubidoux
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Mount Rubidoux
Mount Rubidoux
Mount Rubidoux
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The World Peace Bridge on Mount Rubidoux.
Mount Rubidoux
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1913 Mt Rubidoux Easter Sunrise Services.
33.
Riverside, California
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Riverside is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, located in the Inland Empire metropolitan area. Riverside is the county seat of the county and named for its location beside the Santa Ana River. It is the most populous city in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County and it is also part of the Greater Los Angeles area. Riverside is the 59th most populous city in the United States, as of the 2010 Census, Riverside had a population of 303,871. Riverside was founded in the early 1870s and it is the birthplace of the California citrus industry and home of the Mission Inn, the largest Mission Revival Style building in the United States. It is also home to the Riverside National Cemetery, the University of California, Riverside, is located in the northeastern part of the city. The university also hosts the Riverside Sports Complex, in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the area was inhabited by Cahuilla and the Serrano people. Californios such as Bernardo Yorba and Juan Bandini established ranches during the first half of the 19th century, in the 1860s, Louis Prevost launched the California Silk Center Association, a short-lived experiment in sericulture. In the wake of its failure, John W. North purchased some of its land, in March 1870, North distributed posters announcing the formation of a colony in California. North, a staunch temperance-minded abolitionist from New York State, had formerly founded Northfield, a few years later, some navel orange trees were planted and found to be such a success that full-scale planting began. Riverside was temperance minded, and Republican, there were four saloons in Riverside when it was founded. The license fees were raised until the saloons moved out of Riverside, investors from England and Canada transplanted traditions and activities adopted by prosperous citizens. As a result, the first golf course and polo field in Southern California were built in Riverside. C, the trees came from Bahia, Brazil. The Bahia orange did not thrive in Florida, but its success in Southern California was phenomenal, the three trees were planted on the Tibbetts property. One of the trees died after it was trampled by a cow during the first year it was planted, after the trampling, the two remaining trees were transplanted to property belonging to Sam McCoy to receive better care than L. C. That tree still stands to this day inside a protective fence abutting what is now a major intersection, the trees thrived in the Southern California climate and the navel orange industry grew rapidly. Many growers purchased bud wood and then grafted the cuttings to root stock, by 1882, there were more than half a million citrus trees in California, almost half of which were in Riverside. The development of refrigerated cars and innovative irrigation systems established Riverside as the richest city in the United States by 1895
Riverside, California
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Riverside skyline
Riverside, California
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The first
navel orange tree in California replanted here by President
Theodore Roosevelt, ca. 1910.
Riverside, California
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Victoria Avenue provides a citrus-lined paseo for both visitors and locals to enjoy.
Riverside, California
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Riverside, 1876.
34.
Sons of the Revolution
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Sons of the Revolution is a hereditary fraternal organization which was founded in 1876 and educates the public about the American Revolution. The General Society Sons of the Revolution is the SRs national organization and is a Pennsylvania non-profit corporation, located at Williamsburg, Virginia, it is governed by a board of managers, an executive committee, officers, standing committees and their members, and staff. The general society includes 28 state societies and 14 chapters in the United States, as well as societies in France and he disagreed with the Sons of the Revolution requirement of the time that other state societies be subordinate to the founding New York society. In addition, McDowell intended to include a base of members by recognizing additional types of public service of a revolutionary ancestor beyond military service during the Revolution. Junior, senior and life memberships are also available, Sons of the Revolution was founded on February 22,1876 at New York City, primarily by leading members of The Society of the Cincinnati and the businessman John Austin Stevens. He disagreed with Society of the Cincinnati requirements limiting membership to the eldest male descendants based on the rules of primogeniture and he intended to have SR include members by recognizing any descendant of a revolutionary ancestor. Stevens held a meeting on December 18,1875 at the New-York Historical Society at New York. At a second meeting held in January 1876, the first SR constitution was adopted, the fledgling group languished for several years until December 4,1883 when it held an elaborate turtle feast dinner in the Long Room of Fraunces Tavern. The 1883 dinner helped recruit 40 new members, and the group was reorganized as the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc. In the early years after the reorganization, Society of the Cincinnati President-General Hamilton Fish gave much support and he referred often to its members as the younger brothers of the Cincinnati. About 1888, SR member William Osborn McDowell began to organize chapters of the SR in several states, mcDowells vision for the SR conflicted greatly with that of its founders in that the founders saw the SR as being an exclusive society of gentlemen of social standing. Furthermore, they stipulated that societies in other states would have to be subordinate to the New York Society and this requirement was unacceptable to McDowell and, in response, McDowell organized a separate organization called the Sons of the American Revolution on April 30,1889 at Fraunces Tavern. The next year, McDowell was instrumental in the founding of the Daughters of the American Revolution, in the years following the founding of the SAR, there were several attempts to reconcile the two organizations but they were unable to overcome their differences. Consequently, the Pennsylvania society was formed in 1888, and the District of Columbia society was formed in 1889, the General Society constitution was proposed on February 12,1890 in Philadelphia and adopted on March 8,1890 in New York. Members of the three state societies held a meeting on April 19,1890 in Washington to inaugurate the General Society, in the next few years, several more state societies were formed and the General Society developed a more national character. The General Society and state societies offer patriotic, historical and educational activities for its members, in addition to various dinners, exhibits and holiday events, the societies produce the following specific activities. Several state societies own and operate historic buildings, since its founding, the General Society has held triennial meetings of the membership. The 41st meeting was held on October 4 through 7,2012 in Savannah, Georgia, the 42nd meeting was held on October 1 through 4,2015 in Williamsburg, Virginia, by the Virginia Society
Sons of the Revolution
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Fraunces Tavern at the southeast corner on Pearl Street at Broad Street at lower Manhattan in New York
Sons of the Revolution
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Samuel Adams grave marker with Sons of the Revolution notation in the Granary Burying Ground at Boston
Sons of the Revolution
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President Harry S. Truman (1884–1972), was a member of the Sons of the Revolution
Sons of the Revolution
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President Gerald R. Ford (1913–2006), was a member of the Sons of the Revolution
35.
Hotel Wentworth (Pasadena)
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The Langham Huntington, Pasadena is a luxury resort hotel located in Pasadena, California that dates back to the Gilded Age. The original hotel on the site was built by General Marshall C, Wentworth, a Civil War veteran, and designed by Charles Frederick Whittlesey in the Spanish Mission Revival-style. It opened in February 1907 as the Hotel Wentworth, but the structure was partially complete, with the first four stories finished. The hotels completion had been delayed due to a shortage of construction crews caused by rebuilding in San Francisco following the 1906 earthquake, heavy rains that year kept away prospective guests, and the Wentworth closed its doors in July 1907 after its first season. It remained under Huntingtons management until 1918, the hotel eventually comprised over 20 acres. Between 1920 and 1926,27 bungalow cottages were built on the grounds to accommodate long-term guests, californias first outdoor Olympic-size swimming pool was also added to the hotel in 1926, when the hotel, formerly a winter resort, began operating year-round. The hotel was owned by Stephen W. Royce, who sold it to the Sheraton Corporation in 1954. It was subsequently renamed the Huntington-Sheraton Hotel, as a Sheraton, much of the hotels interior period detailing was covered over, and the Lanai Building was constructed next to the swimming pool in 1967. Sheraton sold the hotel to Keikyu U. S. A. Inc. in 1974, in the wake of the disastrous 1985 Mexico City earthquake, seismic tests conducted on the hotel showed the main building to be unsafe. The main wing closed on October 20,1985, the 89 rooms in the 1967 Lanai wing and the 18 cottage homes remained in operation as the Huntington Sheraton Lanai and Cottages, while the six-story main building sat vacant. After a year of debate and numerous pleas from preservationists, Pasadena voters chose on May 19,1987, HHA bought the hotel from Keikyu in December 1987. Sheraton ceased operating the hotel in January 1988, and it was renamed the The Huntington Hotel & Cottages. The contents of the building were sold to the public in June and July 1988 and demolition of the main building began on March 27,1989. The lanai and cottages closed in mid-1990 as construction of the new main building progressed, the hotel reopened on March 18,1991 with 383-rooms as the The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel. The new building largely replicated the exterior of the original, and it was renamed The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel & Spa in April 1998. In October 2007, the hotel was sold to Great Eagle Holdings for $170 million and renamed The Langham Huntington, Pasadena, on January 8,2008, the hotel is featured as The Huntington Sheraton in the 1956 home movie Disneyland Dream. There is a Huntington Sheraton sign appearing in the 1982 pilot episode of the TV series Remington Steele The 2007 film Charlie Wilsons War was filmed in the Georgian Ballroom, the 2012 film Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 was also filmed throughout the hotel as well. The Langham Huntington was the site for the much-publicized 2012 wedding of The Bachelorettes Ashley Hebert, the hotel is featured in a 3rd-season episode of Scarecrow & Mrs. King This hotel is featured in the 1998 Disney movie The Parent Trap as the Stafford Hotel
Hotel Wentworth (Pasadena)
–
The Langham Huntington, Pasadena
36.
The Huntington Library
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In addition to the library, the institution houses an extensive art collection with a focus in 18th and 19th-century European art and 17th to mid-20th-century American art. The property also includes approximately 120 acres of specialized botanical landscaped gardens, most notably the Japanese Garden, the Desert Garden, as a landowner, businessman and visionary, Henry Edwards Huntington, played a major role in the growth of southern California. Huntington was born in 1850, in Oneonta, New York, in 1892, Huntington relocated to San Francisco with his first wife, Mary Alice Prentice, and their four children. He was one of the founders of the City of San Marino, before his death in 1927, Huntington amassed far and away the greatest group of 18th-century British portraits ever assembled by any one man. In accordance with Huntingtons will, the collection, then worth $50 million, was opened to the public in 1928. On October 17,1985, a fire erupted in a shaft of the Huntington Art Gallery. After a year-long, $1 million refurbishing project, the Huntington Gallery reopened in 1986, with its artworks cleaned of soot and stains. Most of the funds for the cleanup and refurbishing of the Georgian mansion and its artworks came from donations from the Michael J. Connell Foundation, corporations and individuals. Both the Federal art-supporting establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts, the Library building was designed in 1920, by the southern California architect Myron Hunt in the Mediterranean Revival style. Hunts previous commissions for Mr. and Mrs. Huntington included the Huntingtons residence in San Marino in 1909, and the Huntington Hotel in 1914. The library contains a collection of rare books and manuscripts, concentrated in the fields of British and American history, literature, art. Spanning from the 11th century to the present, the librarys holdings contain 7 million items, over 400,000 rare books, and over a million photographs, prints, and other ephemera. Highlights include one of 11 vellum copies of the Gutenberg Bible known to exist,1410, and letters and manuscripts by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln. The Librarys Main Exhibition Hall showcases some of the most outstanding rare books and manuscripts in the collection, the Dibner Hall of the History of Science is a permanent exhibition on the history of science with a focus on astronomy, natural history, medicine, and light. Use of the collection for research is restricted to qualified scholars, generally requiring a degree or at least candidacy for the PhD. Through a rigorous program, the institution awards approximately 150 grants to scholars in the fields of history, literature, art. Through the Huntington Library Press, the produces the Huntington Library Quarterly. Scholarly pursuits lead to best-selling books, Pulitzer prizes, acclaimed documentary films, the Huntington also hosts numerous scholarly events, lectures, conferences, and workshops
The Huntington Library
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The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens
The Huntington Library
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Huntington Library, in a landscape setting by
Beatrix Farrand
The Huntington Library
–
Formerly the residence of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927) and his wife,
Arabella Huntington (1850–1924), the Huntington Art Gallery opened in 1928.
The Huntington Library
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The Blue Boy by
Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1770
37.
Huntington Beach, California
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Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California. The city is named after American businessman Henry E. Huntington, the population was 189,992 during the 2010 census, making it the most populous beach city in Orange County and the seventh most populous city in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,809, Huntington Beach is known for its long 9. 5-mile stretch of sandy beach, mild climate, excellent surfing, and beach culture. The ocean waves are enhanced by an effect caused by the edge-diffraction of open ocean swells around Santa Catalina Island. The area was occupied by the Tongva people. The main thoroughfare of Huntington Beach, Beach Boulevard, was originally a cattle route for the industry of the Rancho. Since its time as a parcel of the enormous Spanish land grant, later it became known as Fairview and then Pacific City, as it developed into a tourist destination. The Huntington Beach pier was built in 1904 and was originally a 1,000 foot-long timber structure, Huntington Beach was incorporated on February 17,1909 during the tenure of its first mayor, Ed Manning. Its original developer was Huntington Beach Company, a development firm owned by Henry Huntington. The Huntington Beach Company is still a major land-owner in the city, the company is now wholly owned by the Chevron Corporation. The lucky buyers got more than they had bargained for when oil was discovered in the area, and enormous development of the oil reserves followed. Though many of the old reserves are depleted, and the price of land for housing has pushed many of the rigs off the landscape, Huntington Beach was primarily agricultural in its early years with crops such as celery and sugar beets. Holly Sugar was an employer with a large processing plant in the city that was later converted to an oil refinery. The citys first high school, Huntington Beach High School, located on Main Street, was built in 1906, the schools team, the Oilers, is named after the citys original natural resource. Meadowlark Airport, a general aviation airport, existed in Huntington Beach from the 1940s until 1989. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.9 square miles. 26.7 sq mi of it is land and 5.1 sq mi of it is water, the entire city of Huntington Beach lies in area codes 657 and 714, except for small parts of Huntington Harbour, which is in the 562 Area Code. Huntington Beach has a borderline semi-arid/Mediterranean climate, the climate is generally sunny, dry and cool, although evenings can be excessively damp
Huntington Beach, California
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Aerial view of Huntington Beach, Brookhurst Street &
Pacific Coast Highway in April 2008.
Huntington Beach, California
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The
Huntington Beach Pier
Huntington Beach, California
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Huntington Beach at sunset
Huntington Beach, California
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Bolsa Chica Wildlife Refuge
38.
Huntington Park, California
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Huntington Park is a city in the Gateway Cities district of southeastern Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 58,114. To this day, about 30% of its residents work at factories in nearby Vernon, the vacuum was filled almost entirely by two groups of Latinos, upwardly mobile families eager to leave the barrios of East Los Angeles, and recent Mexican immigrants. A weekly certified farmers market is now hosted at Salt Lake Park every Wednesday from 9am-1, on November 18,1930, the Warners Theater at 6714 Pacific Boulevard, opened and its first attraction was The Life of the Party. This theater has been closed for decades and it was bought by Pacific Boulevard Holdings/ Retail Management Corp for $1,600,000. California Theatre opened on 1925 and was operated by Fox Theatres as the Fox California Theatre, in the 80s it was known as the California 3 Theatre. This theatre closed in 2006 and was converted into a retail space. It was renamed California 2 Theatres and now there is a Tuxedo shop along with retail stores. During the 2014 World Cup, Mexico won the game with Croatia to move on to the next round, all retail stores and restaurants were told to close. The cops were in riot gear and on horseback to keep the residents safe, five people were arrested at the moment. Huntington Park is located at 33°59′N 118°13′W, before California abolished judicial townships, Huntington Park was located in San Antonio Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.0 square miles. Cities surrounding Huntington Park include Bell, Cudahy, Los Angeles, Maywood, South Gate, in addition unincorporated areas, including Florence-Graham and Walnut Park, are adjacent to Huntington Park. The 2010 United States Census reported that Huntington Park had a population of 58,114, the population density was 19,270.0 people per square mile. The Census reported that 57,859 people lived in households,248 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,377 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 81 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,644 households were made up of individuals and 694 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.96. There were 12,296 families, the family size was 4.19. The median age was 28.9 years, for every 100 females there were 99.6 males
Huntington Park, California
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Pacific Boulevard and Clarendon Avenue, 2009
Huntington Park, California
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Pedestrians on the Pacific Boulevard shopping district
39.
Huntington Lake
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Huntington Lake is a reservoir in Fresno County, California on Big Creek, located in the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of 2,120 meters. Several smaller streams flow into the lake and it receives additional water from the underground tunnels of Southern California Edisons Big Creek hydroelectric project. Water from the flows into Big Creek, but some is diverted by underground tunnels to the Eastwood Powerhouse. Huntington Lake was constructed in 1912 as a part of the enormous Big Creek Hydroelectric Project envisioned by John S. Eastwood to provide power for a growing California. Four dams form the lake, which has a capacity of 88,834 acre feet, there were originally three dams, completed in 1913, but a fourth dam, completed in 1919, was built to increase the lakes capacity. The other three dams were raised and covered with concrete, state Route 168 passes along the east shore of the lake where China Peak, a ski resort, is located. On December 6,1943, a B-24 bomber with six men aboard crashed into Huntington Lake, the crew had taken off from nearby Hammer Field in Fresno, California to search for a second B-24 which had disappeared a day earlier during a night training flight. Two members of the eight man crew, a radio operator. Some have speculated that the pilot may have mistaken the lake for a sierra meadow, the wreckage of the plane, and the remains of its crew were discovered by a survey team in August 1955, when the lake had been drained for dam repairs. The original B-24 they had been searching for was discovered in July 1960 in Hester Lake, water levels in the lake began falling during the 2012–15 North American drought. By July,2014, the lake was at a third of its level. Huntington Lake is the site of the High Sierra Regatta, a sailing event organized by the Fresno Yacht Club
Huntington Lake
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Huntington Lake
Huntington Lake
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Huntington Lake High Sierra Regatta
40.
Los Angeles basin
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The Los Angeles Basin is a sedimentary basin located in southern California, in a region known as the Peninsular Ranges. The basin is connected to an anomalous group of east-west trending chain of basin collectively known as the California Transverse Ranges. The present basin is a lowland area, whose floor is marked by elongate low ridges. Along with the Los Angeles Basin, the Santa Barbara Channel, the Ventura Basin, the San Fernando Valley, on the north, northeast, and east, the lowland basin is bound by the Santa Monica Mountains mountains and Puente, Elysian, Repetto hills. To the southeast, the basin is bordered by the Santa Ana mountains, the western boundary of the basin is marked by the Continental Borderland and is part of the onshore portion. The California borderland is characterized by north-west trending offshore ridges and basins, the Los Angeles Basin is notable for its great structural relief and complexity in relation to its geologic youth and small size for its prolific oil production. Yerkes et al. identify 5 major stages of the evolution that begins in the Upper Cretaceous. This basin can be classified as an irregular pull-apart basin accompanied by rotational tectonics during the post-early Miocene, before the formation of the basin, the area that encompasses the Los Angeles basin began above ground. A rapid transgression and regression of the moved the area to a shallow marine environment. Tectonic instability coupled with volcanic activity in rapidly subsiding areas during the Middle Miocene set the stage for the modern basin, the basin formed in a submarine environment and was later brought back above sea level when the rate of subsidence slowed. There is much discussion in the literature about the geologic time boundaries when each basin forming event took place, while exact ages may not be clear, Yerkes et al. Large-scale movement along the Newport–Inglewood zone juxtaposed the two bedrock units along the east and west margins, during this phase, the basin was above sea level. The hallmarks of this phase were successive shoreline transgression and regression cycles, Deposition of older marine and non-marine sediments began to fill the basin. Towards the end of phase, the shoreline began to retreat. After the deposition of the units, there was a large emergence. Emergence did not occur at the rate or in all sections of the basin. During this time, the basin was covered by a marine embayment, rivers sourced in the highlands brought large amounts of detritus to the northeastern edge of the basin. During this period, the Topanga formation was also being deposited, clastic sedimentary rocks from the highland areas moved down the submarine slopes and infilled the basin floor
Los Angeles basin
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Map of the Los Angeles Basin
Los Angeles basin
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Cenozoic Basin Stratigraphy
Los Angeles basin
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Structural Features of the Los Angeles Basin
Los Angeles basin
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LA Basin Oil Fields, USGS
41.
Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia)
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Huntington Park is a park located in Newport News, Virginia, USA. It offers a beach, two fishing piers, gardens, tennis, and museums and it is run by the Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism. Huntington Park is located at the base of the Newport News side of the James River Bridge, the park spans 60 acres, making it the fourth-largest park in the Newport News Parks system. There are entrances on Mercury Boulevard just before the bridge, the park has several different activities available to visitors, Fort Fun is a playground built in 1992 in the park. A community group, the Huntington Park Playground Association, was established to develop the playground in the early 1990s, the playground was designed professionally, but with significant contributions from local children on what they wanted to see in their new playground. The playground was built as a volunteer effort - over 1,000 people contributed their time. The original wooden Fort Fun was replaced with a metal and plastic playground structure in 2012, the James River Fishing Pier is a privately managed saltwater fishing pier. It utilizes what remains of the old, 2-lane James River Bridge and it is popular year-round with local fishermen. There is a charge to fish this pier, currently $8.50 for adults, there is also a Childrens Fishing Pier, which utilizes Lake Biggins. This is a lake located in the park. The Huntington Park Tennis Center consists of twenty hardcourts, the courts are lighted for use at night. Several city tennis leagues are run at the Center, and instructional classes are available for all ages, there is a tennis pro on staff at the center. A moderately sized beach is located where the park meets the James River, the beach is staffed with lifeguards from Memorial Day to Labor Day. Huntington Park is also the location of the Virginia War Museum
Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia)
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Contents
Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia)
Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia)
Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia)
–
Fort Fun
42.
James River (Virginia)
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The James River is a river in the U. S. state of Virginia. It is 348 miles long, extending to 444 miles if one includes the Jackson River, the James River drains a catchment comprising 10,432 square miles. The watershed includes about 4% open water and an area with a population of 2.5 million people and it is the 12th longest river in the United States that remains entirely within a single state. Tidal waters extend west to Richmond, the capital of Virginia, larger tributaries draining to the tidal portion include the Appomattox River, Chickahominy River, Warwick River, Pagan River, and the Nansemond River. At its mouth near Newport News Point, the Elizabeth River, many boats pass through this river to import and export Virginia products. The navigable portion of the river was the highway of the Colony of Virginia during its first 15 years, facilitating supply ships delivering supplies. However, for the first five years, despite many hopes of gold and riches, in 1612, businessman John Rolfe successfully cultivated a non-native strain of tobacco which proved popular in England. Soon, the became the primary means of exporting the large hogsheads of this cash crop from an ever-growing number of plantations with wharfs along its banks. This development made the efforts of the Virginia Company of London successful financially, spurring even more development, investments. The upper reaches of the river above the head of navigation at the line were explored by fur trading parties sent by Abraham Wood during the late 17th century. Although ocean-going ships were unable to navigate beyond present-day Richmond, portage of products, produce from the Piedmont and Great Valley regions traveled down the river to seaports at Richmond and Manchester through such port towns as Lynchburg, Scottsville, Columbia and Buchanan. The James River was considered as a route for transport of produce from the Ohio Valley, the James River and Kanawha Canal was built for this purpose, to provide a navigable portion of the Kanawha River, a tributary of the Ohio River. For the most mountainous section between the two points, the James River and Kanawha Turnpike was built to provide a link via wagons. However, before the canal could be completed, in the mid-19th century, railroads emerged as a more practical technology. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was completed between Richmond and the Ohio River at the new city of Huntington, West Virginia by 1873, dooming the canals economic prospects. In the 1880s, the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad was laid along the portion of the canals towpath. In modern times, this line is used primarily in transporting West Virginia coal to export coal piers at Newport News. The James River contains numerous parks and other recreational attractions, canoeing, fishing, kayaking, hiking, and swimming are some of the activities that people enjoy along the river during the summer
James River (Virginia)
–
James River at the crossing of the
Blue Ridge Parkway
James River (Virginia)
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The James, hidden by trees, at Percival's Island Riverwalk in
Lynchburg,
Virginia
James River (Virginia)
–
James River at Huntington Park Beach in Newport News
James River (Virginia)
–
ACL Railroad crossing at the falls in Richmond.
43.
Newport News, Virginia
–
Newport News is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719, in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, the county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881,15 years of development began under the leadership of Collis P. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded, within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County, the more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginias third largest independent city in population. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621, the source of the name Newport News is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally, the new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newports good news, another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word news meaning new town. At least one source claims that the New arose from the settlements being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier, there he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres of land and his brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie
Newport News, Virginia
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The downtown Newport News skyline as seen from 26th Street and I-664 overpass in August 2013.
Newport News, Virginia
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The newly constructed
USS Birmingham is launched from the Newport News yards in 1942
Newport News, Virginia
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Lee Hall, built in 1859 by Richard Lee.
Newport News, Virginia
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Warwick County (shaded in orange on this 1895 map) was originally one of the eight shires created in
colonial Virginia in 1634.
44.
James River Bridge
–
The James River Bridge is a four-lane divided highway lift bridge across the James River in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Owned and operated by the Virginia Department of Transportation, it carries U. S. Route 17, US258, and State Route 32 across the river near its mouth at Hampton Roads. The bridge connects Newport News on the Virginia Peninsula with Isle of Wight County in the South Hampton Roads region, when completed in 1928, the 4. 5-mile bridge was the longest bridge in the world over water. The original two-lane bridge was replaced from 1975 to 1982 with a wider bridge that could handle increased traffic volumes. In 2005, the bridge carried an average daily traffic of about 30,000 vehicles per day. At the Newport News end, traffic approaches the bridge at a partial cloverleaf interchange. After an intersection with River Road and the entrance to Huntington Park, the four-lane divided bridge begins, lying to the southeast a part of the old bridge that remains as a fishing pier. The 126.5 m lift span over the shipping channel and this allows ocean-going ships to pass en route to civilian port facilities in Hopewell and at the Port of Richmond. The nearest upstream crossing of the James River is the Jamestown Ferry, when the bridge opened in 1928, the next bridge upstream was the 1913 Mayo Bridge in Richmond. Downstream, both crossings of Hampton Roads are bridge-tunnels for military reasons, the 1992 Monitor-Merrimac Bridge-Tunnel and 1957 Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, bicycles, mopeds, and pedestrians are banned from using the bridge, the easternmost crossing for them is the Jamestown Ferry, about 25 miles upstream. The State Highway and Transportation Commission banned these transportation modes from using the bridge in 1978 in the interest of safety, due to high traffic and lack of sidewalks. Once the replacement bridge was completed, they returned to the question in 1983, on the Newport News end, the bridge simply ended at an intersection with State Route 39/U. S. However, a system of approach roads, including two smaller toll bridges, was built on the Isle of Wight County side. The end of the approach road was at the current intersection of Bennetts Pasture Road and Lee Farm Lane. Drivers could now choose to cross Hampton Roads on a bridge rather than one of many ferries. The new bridge was narrow by current standards, with a 20-foot roadway from curb to curb, the main lift span was 300 feet long, the other two bridges included 110-foot bascule spans. From 1928 to 1931, State Route 503, a highway from Portsmouth via Churchland. U. S. Route 17 was moved onto this alignment by 1932, State Route 258, now part of U. S. Route 258, was extended over the Benns Church approach and bridge by late 1943 to reach the new Mercury Boulevard
James River Bridge
–
The 1928 bridge, replaced from 1975 to 1982
James River Bridge
–
The current bridge's
lift span at sunset
45.
1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles
–
The 1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles was the most violent revolt to the open shop policies of the Pacific Electric Railway Company in Los Angeles. Labor organizers had fought for over a decade to increase wages, decrease work hours, henry E. Huntington was a notorious anti-labor businessman. His distaste of unions ran so deep that Huntington joined alliance with multiple labor opponents to ensure that unions would remain subdued. Huntington shared like-minded ideas with the likes of David M. Parry, the National Association of Manufacturers was established in 1895 and had originally promoted trade and commerce, but by 1903 it began to side with anti-strike and anti-union ideologies. Huntington and Parry worked together to demand legislation for making boycotting illegal and protecting strikebreakers, Otis had been working to ensure that his publication aligned with anti-unionism policies since the 1880s. He framed supporters of unions in a negative light and claimed that strikebreakers were deserters that should not be allowed into the Los Angeles community. Otis utilized the Los Angeles Times to share the ideas of likeminded men of power stating that men could not be trusted. Huntington’s involvement went beyond sharing ideas with powerful men that shared his visions and he supported and funded organizations that supported companies that fell victim to unions and strikes. He battled labor movements locally alongside the Los Angeles Merchants and Manufacturers Association as well as the Citizens Alliance, the Merchants’ and Manufactures’ Association was founded in the 1890s to work with emerging businesses to encourage mediation between employers and its workers. After a union organized strike against the Los Angeles Times in 1902, M&M shifted its platform, over 80 percent of local businesses were members of M&M. The Los Angeles Citizens Alliance was founded in Los Angeles in 1904 and was six thousand people strong. Members could participate so long as they did not participate in any labor unions, Huntington heavily sent his support to LACA by both joining and financially backing the organization. LACA ensured the safety of its companies from unions and boycotts by providing it members one dollar per day for each worker that walked off from a strike and this created a huge setback for union unity. Instead of working for a cause, each worker sought to work towards personal gain. This dilemma increased once Huntington threatened to fire anyone who joined a union, an effort was made by the Los Angeles Council of Labor in 1901 and 1902 to amalgamate the streetcar workers in the Los Angeles Basin. Huntington trampled the attempts of the council for threat of being dismissed from work if employees were caught joining the cause, the new local gained steam and quickly accumulated over 200 in membership. Previously dismissed employees attempted to call up strikes on two occasions in March and April, but Huntington did not tolerate any of it. Managers were ordered to fire employees that participated or sympathized with the strike, Huntington rewarded employees that chose to stay loyal to the company with a ten percent wage increase
1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles
–
A red car overturned during the 1919 streetcar strike.
46.
Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
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The Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903 was an industrial dispute between Mexican tracklayers and their employers on the construction of the Main Street streetcar line in Los Angeles. The dispute began on April 24 when the workers, known as the Traqueros, demanded wages to match those of the European immigrants working on the same project. It ended on April 29 when the organising the strike failed to persuade workers on rest of the streetcar system to join the strike. The strike was organised by the Union Federal Mexicanos, representing about 700 workers. The strikers demanded wages to increase roughly three cents from 17.5 cents an hour to 20 cents an hour for those working the day shift,30 cents an hour for night work, and double time pay on Sunday. Mexican workers were less than southern European immigrants such as Italians who earned $1.75 a day in contrast to Mexican workers $1.25 a day for a ten-hour shift. On April 24,1903 approximately 700 Mexican track workers, working on Main St in Downtown Los Angeles, the Strikers worked for Pacific Electric Railway owned by Henry E. Huntington, who was a notorious anti-union businessman. The Strike was organized by the Union Federal Mexicanos a newly created union that was supported by the Amalgamated Association of Street Car Employees, both unions were established by the Los Angeles Council of Labor. The Union Federal is important because it was likely the first union in the United States to represent Mexican track workers, at first the managers of Pacific Electric succumbed to the workers demands and granted a 20 cents an hour wage. However, Huntington quickly retracted the increases because he did not want to deal with a union, a spokesman for Pacific Electric told the Los Angeles Times that Huntington would have raised wages if only the workers came to him instead of bringing the union. The spokesman further elaborated that the company would pay the five dollars a day if they had to but they absolutely would not deal with the union. Mexican laborers accepted such low wages because the pay was double of what they would be paid in Mexico for similar work, the higher wages made it difficult for railroad employers in Mexico to keep a steady workforce. The Union’s response to Huntington bringing in strike breakers was to have all members of the Union form a line on Friday April 24,1903. The picket line was intended to get the strike breakers, many of whom were Mexican, to walk off the job, however, the picket line did not succeed because the LAPD surrounded the strikers preventing them from communicating with strike breakers. Some of the strikers sneaked on to the job site to talk the workers individually but the foreman quickly caught them and threw them out. After picketing failed, a group of women marched onto the site Saturday April 25,1903 and confronted the strike breakers, the women were likely the wives, mothers, and sisters of the strikers who felt the need to stand in solidarity. The track workers received the help of Santa Teresa Urrea, a Mexican Catholic leader that sided with the working class and her presence had such an impact that when she marched down Main street at least fifty workers dropped their tools and joined Urrea. However, Huntington brought in 200 men from El Paso, Texas to keep the project going on schedule
Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
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Routes
47.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Find a Grave
Find a Grave
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Find A Grave.com's current headquarters in
Provo, Utah
48.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
49.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
OCLC
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Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)
OCLC
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Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)
OCLC
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OCLC headquarters (Ohio)
OCLC
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OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)
50.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
Internet Archive
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Since 2009, headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in
San Francisco, a former
Christian Science Church
Internet Archive
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Internet Archive
Internet Archive
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Mirror of the Internet Archive in the
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Internet Archive
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From 1996 to 2009, headquarters were in the
Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base
