1.
First Folio
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Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeares plays. Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio, printed in folio format and containing 36 plays, it was prepared by Shakespeares colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the pair of brethren William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert. The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. It is thought that the typesetting and printing of the First Folio was such a job that the Kings Men simply needed the capacities of the Jaggards shop. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by 1623, and died a month before the book went on sale, most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac. The First Folios publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the plays that had been previously printed, William Aspley. Smethwick had been a partner of another Jaggard, Williams brother John. The printing of the Folio was probably done between February 1622 and early November 1623, the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October 1622. The thirty-six plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below, each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research. Comedies 1 The Tempest * – the play was set into type from a prepared by Ralph Crane. Crane produced a high-quality result, with formal act/scene divisions, frequent use of parentheses and hyphenated forms,2 The Two Gentlemen of Verona * – another transcript by Ralph Crane. 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor – another transcript by Ralph Crane,4 Measure for Measure * – probably another Ralph Crane transcript. 5 The Comedy of Errors * – probably typeset from Shakespeares foul papers,6 Much Ado About Nothing – typeset from a copy of the quarto, lightly annotated. 7 Loves Labours Lost – typeset from a copy of Q1. 8 A Midsummer Nights Dream – typeset from a copy of Q2, well-annotated,9 The Merchant of Venice – typeset from a lightly edited and corrected copy of Q1. 10 As You Like It * – from a quality manuscript,11 The Taming of the Shrew * – typeset from Shakespeares foul papers, somewhat annotated, perhaps as preparation for use as a prompt-book. 12 Alls Well That Ends Well * – probably from Shakespeares foul papers or a manuscript of them,13 Twelfth Night * – typeset either from a prompt-book or a transcript of one
2.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
3.
Richard II (play)
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King Richard the Second is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in approximately 1595. Although the First Folio edition of Shakespeares works lists the play as a history play, the play spans only the last two years of Richards life, from 1398 to 1400. Bolingbrokes father, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, the tournament scene is very formal with a long, ceremonial introduction, but as the combatants are about to fight, Richard interrupts and sentences both to banishment from England. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years banishment, but Richard changes this to six years, Mowbray predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke. John of Gaunt dies and Richard II seizes all of his land and they then help Bolingbroke to return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard II. There remain, however, subjects who continue faithful to the King, among them Bushy, Bagot, Green, when King Richard leaves England to attend to the war in Ireland, Bolingbroke seizes the opportunity to assemble an army and invades the north coast of England. Executing both Bushy and Green, he wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence, upon Richards return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to the very throne. Crowning himself King Henry IV, he has Richard taken prisoner to the castle of Pomfret, after interpreting King Henrys living fear as a reference to the still-living Richard, an ambitious nobleman goes to the prison and murders him. King Henry repudiates the murderer and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richards death, a somewhat more complicated case is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as The First Part of Richard II. This play, which exists in one manuscript copy is subtitled Thomas of Woodstock. This play treats the leading up to the start of Shakespeares play. The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 29 August 1597 by the bookseller Andrew Wise, the second and third quartos followed in 1598 – the only time a Shakespearean play was printed in three editions in two years. Q4 followed in 1608, and Q5 in 1615, the play was next published in the First Folio in 1623. Richard II exists in a number of variations, the quartos vary to some degree from one another, and the folio presents further differences. The first three quartos lack the deposition scene, the fourth quarto, published in 1608, includes a version of the deposition scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a prompt-book, in the 1623 First Folio. The scant evidence makes explaining these differences largely conjectural, there is no external evidence for this hypothesis, however, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a lately acted deposition scene. The play is divided into five acts and its structure is as formal as its language and it has a double complementary plot describing the fall of Richard II and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this particular play can be distinguished from the other history plays because it contains an ulterior political purpose
4.
Henry IV, Part 1
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Henry IV, Part 1 is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written no later than 1597. It is the play in Shakespeares tetralogy dealing with the successive reigns of Richard II, Henry IV. From the start it has been a popular play both with the public and critics. Henry Bolingbroke—now King Henry IV—is having an unquiet reign and his personal disquiet at the usurpation of his predecessor Richard II would be solved by a crusade to the Holy Land, but broils on his borders with Scotland and Wales prevent that. Moreover, he is increasingly at odds with the Percy family, who helped him to his throne, and Edmund Mortimer, adding to King Henrys troubles is the behaviour of his son and heir, the Prince of Wales. Hal has forsaken the Royal Court to waste his time in taverns with low companions and this makes him an object of scorn to the nobles and calls into question his royal worthiness. Hals chief friend and foil in living the low life is Sir John Falstaff, fat, old, drunk, and corrupt as he is, he has a charisma and a zest for life that captivates the Prince. The play features three groups of characters that interact slightly at first, and then together in the Battle of Shrewsbury. First there is King Henry himself and his immediate council and he is the engine of the play, but usually in the background. Next there is the group of rebels, energetically embodied in Henry Percy and including his father, the Scottish Earl of Douglas, Edmund Mortimer and the Welshman Owen Glendower also join. Finally, at the centre of the play are the young Prince Hal and his companions Falstaff, Poins, Bardolph, streetwise and pound-foolish, these rogues manage to paint over this grim history in the colours of comedy. As the play opens, the king is angry with Hotspur for refusing him most of the prisoners taken in a recent action against the Scots at Holmedon, Hotspur, for his part, would have the king ransom Edmund Mortimer from Owen Glendower, the Welshman who holds him. Henry refuses, berates Mortimers loyalty, and treats the Percys with threats, stung and alarmed by Henrys dangerous and peremptory way with them, they proceed to make common cause with the Welsh and Scots, intending to depose this ingrate and cankered Bolingbroke. By Act II, rebellion is brewing, meanwhile, Henrys son Hal is joking, drinking, and thieving with Falstaff and his associates. He likes Falstaff but makes no pretense at being like him, Hal believes that this sudden change of manner will amount to a greater reward and acknowledgment of prince-ship, and in turn earn him respect from the members of the court. The revolt of Mortimer and the Percys very quickly gives him his chance to do just that, the high and the low come together when the Prince makes up with his father and is given a high command. He vows to fight and kill the rebel Hotspur, and orders Falstaff to take charge of a group of foot soldiers, Henry needs a decisive victory here. He outnumbers the rebels, but Hotspur, with the hope of despair
5.
Henry V (play)
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Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1599. It tells the story of King Henry V of England, focusing on events immediately before, in the First Quarto text, it was entitled The Cronicle History of Henry the fift, which became The Life of Henry the Fifth in the First Folio text. The play is the part of a tetralogy, preceded by Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1. In Henry V, the prince has become a mature man. Elizabethan stages did not use scenery, acknowledging the difficulty of conveying great battles and shifts of location on a bare stage, the Chorus calls for a Muse of fire so that the actor playing King Henry can ssume the port of Mars. He asks, Can this cockpit hold / The vasty fields of France, and encourages the audience to use their imaginary forces to overcome the stages limitations, Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts. The early scenes deal with the embarkation of Henrys fleet for France, when the Chorus reappears, he describes the countrys dedication to the war effort – They sell the pasture now to buy the horse. The chorus tells the audience, Well not offend one stomach with our play, at the siege of Harfleur, Henry utters one of Shakespeares best-known speeches, beginning Once more unto the breach, dear friends. He agonizes about the burden of being king, noting that a king is only a man. Before the battle, Henry rallies his troops with the famous St Crispins Day Speech, referring to we few, we happy few, following the victory at Agincourt, Henry attempts to woo the French princess, Catherine of Valois. This is difficult because neither speaks the language well. As with all of Shakespeares serious plays, also a number of comic characters appear whose activities contrast with. In this case, they are mostly common soldiers in Henrys army, and they include Pistol, Nym, and Bardolph from the Henry IV plays. The army also includes a Scot, an Irishman, and an Englishman, and Fluellen, the play also deals briefly with the death of Falstaff, Henrys estranged friend from the Henry IV plays, whom Henry had rejected at the end of Henry IV, Part 2. An earlier play, the Famous Victories of Henry V is also believed to have been a model for the work. On the basis of an apparent allusion to Essexs mission to quell Tyrones Rebellion, Q1 of Henry V is a bad quarto, a shortened version of the play that might be an infringing copy or reported text. A second quarto, a reprint of Q1, was published in 1602 by Pavier, another reprint was issued as Q3 in 1619, the superior text first was printed in the First Folio in 1623. Readers and audiences have interpreted the play’s attitude to warfare in several different ways, on the one hand, it seems to celebrate Henrys invasion of France and valorises military might
6.
Falstaff
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Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. In the plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2, he is a companion to Prince Hal, in The Merry Wives of Windsor, he is the buffoonish suitor of two married women. Though primarily a figure, Falstaff still embodies a kind of depth common to Shakespeares major characters. A fat, vain, boastful, and cowardly knight, he spends most of his time drinking at the Boars Head Inn with petty criminals, Falstaff leads the apparently wayward Prince Hal into trouble, and is ultimately repudiated after Hal becomes king. Falstaff has since appeared in media, notably in operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Otto Nicolai. The operas focus on his role in The Merry Wives of Windsor, while the film adapts from the Henriad, Welles, who played Falstaff in his film, considered the character to be Shakespeares greatest creation. Falstaff appears in three of Shakespeares plays, Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2 and his death is mentioned in Henry V but he has no lines, nor is it directed that he appear on stage. However, many stage and film adaptations have seen it necessary to include Falstaff for the insight he provides into King Henry Vs character. The most notable examples in cinema are Laurence Oliviers 1944 version and Kenneth Branaghs 1989 film, the character is known to have been very popular with audiences at the time, and for many years afterwards. According to Leonard Digges, writing shortly after Shakespeares death, while many plays could not get good audiences, but let Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, adding to King Henrys troubles is the behaviour of his son and heir, the Prince of Wales. Hal has forsaken the Royal Court to waste his time in taverns with low companions and this makes him an object of scorn to the nobles and calls into question his royal worthiness. Hals chief friend and foil in living the low life is Sir John Falstaff, fat, old, drunk, and corrupt as he is, he has a charisma and a zest for life that captivates the Prince. The play features three groups of characters that interact slightly at first, and then together in the Battle of Shrewsbury. First there is King Henry himself and his immediate council and he is the engine of the play, but usually in the background. Next there is the group of rebels, energetically embodied in Henry Percy and including his father, the Scottish Earl of Douglas, Edmund Mortimer and the Welshman Owen Glendower also join. Finally, at the centre of the play are the young Prince Hal and his companions Falstaff, Poins, Bardolph, streetwise and pound-foolish, these rogues manage to paint over this grim history in the colours of comedy. Meanwhile, Henrys son Hal is joking, drinking, and thieving with Falstaff and he likes Falstaff but makes no pretense at being like him. Hal believes that this change of manner will amount to a greater reward and acknowledgment of prince-ship
7.
Ancient Pistol
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Ancient Pistol is a swaggering soldier who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. Though full of grandiose boasts about his prowess, he is essentially a coward, the character is introduced in Henry IV, part 2 and reappears in The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V. The characters first name is never given and he is referred to as Falstaffs ancient, meaning ensign, or standard bearer. Pistol is introduced as a swaggerer who suddenly turns up at the Boars Head Tavern, Falstaff tells her that Pistol is his ancient. He gets into a fight with Falstaff after an exchange of insults with the prostitute Doll Tearsheet, in another scene it is revealed that the police are after him because a man he assaulted in tandem with Doll Tearsheet and Mistress Quickly has died. He shares Falstaffs punishment of banishment from the king at the end of the play, Pistol reappears as Falstaffs crony in The Merry Wives of Windsor and is roped into Falstaffs scheme to seduce the wives. He and his colleague Corporal Nym believe such a scheme beneath their dignity as soldiers, Falstaff dismisses them from his service and in revenge they inform the wives husbands of Falstaffs plan, leading to Falstaffs humiliations at their hands. He also decides to pursue Mistress Quickly, dressed as a fairy, he participates in the final scene at Hernes Oak. The phrase the worlds my oyster derives from one of Pistols lines in the play, Why then the worlds mine oyster, Pistol plays a major role in Henry V. He marries Mistress Quickly after the death of Falstaff, though its implied that he is still involved with Doll Tearsheet. In the war in France, he gets into a feud with the Welsh officer Fluellen, in the end Fluellen beats him and forces him to eat a raw leek. At Agincourt he becomes involved in comic antics with a French soldier, after the battle he gets a letter from which he learns that my Doll is dead from malady of France, i. e. syphilis. He says he intends to desert, return to England and become a pimp, Pistol is the Elizabethan version of the miles gloriosus, the braggart soldier from Roman-comedy. Another possible source is the character Piston in Thomas Kyds play Soliman, there are numerous puns on his name in the plays, with comic reference to his explosive temperament, tendency to misfire, and his unrestrained phallic sexuality. His bombastic speeches may also be parodies of the heroes of Christopher Marlowes plays. In his first scene, he one of Tamburlaines lines from Marlowes Tamburlaine the Great. He has an impulse to form horrendous speeches out of half-remembered tags from old plays written in Cambyses vein. Pistols florid bombast is often contrasted with the gnomic pronouncements of his colleague Corporal Nym, in Henry V he essentially replicates Falstaffs role in the Henry IV plays, being the butt of jokes for his empty bluster, while also parodying the rhetoric of the noble characters
8.
Doll Tearsheet
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Doll Tearsheet is a fictional character who appears in Shakespeares play Henry IV, Part 2. She is a prostitute who frequents the Boars Head Inn in Eastcheap, Doll is close friends with Mistress Quickly, the proprietor of the tavern, who procures her services for Falstaff. Doll is noted for her repertoire of colourful insults and her sudden switches from wild tirades to sentimental intimacy. Doll is introduced by name when Mistress Quickly asks Falstaff whether he would like her company that evening, Doll is first seen about to be sick after drinking too much canaries. When Falstaff arrives they exchange lewd banter about venereal disease, informed that Ancient Pistol is at the door, Doll insists that he should not be allowed in because hes the foul-mouthedst rogue in England. After Pistol enters, Doll berates him with a string of insults, I scorn you and you poor, base, rascally, cheating, lack-linen mate. She then threatens him with a knife, and Pistol pulls his sword, in the ensuing fight, Falstaff and Bardolph force him out. After his display of fighting prowess, Doll becomes very solicitous to Falstaff and she sits on his knee and kisses him. She asks him what Prince Hal is like, Falstaff gives a rather unflattering picture of him, unaware that Hal, when they reveal themselves, Falstaff claims he was intentionally dispraising the prince in the presence of the wicked. Hal professes to be shocked, describing Doll as a virtuous gentlewoman, but Falstaff says Doll is in hell already, and burns poor souls. When Falstaff is called away to the war, Doll becomes tearful and he leaves, but then calls on her to join him. She next appears, apparently pregnant, with Mistress Quickly. They are being arrested because Pistol has beaten up a man in a brawl in which they were involved, the officer says she will probably be whipped. Doll says that she should not be manhandled because she might have a miscarriage, Doll unleashes a stream of insults directed at the arresting officers skinniness. After the death of King Henry IV, Falstaff learns about Dolls arrest, but Hal, now king, refuses to listen to him. Though she does not appear in Henry V, Doll is mentioned several times, Pistol marries Mistress Quickly, whose first name is Nell. After the Battle of Agincourt he receives a letter, from which he learns that my Doll is dead in the spital from malady of France, i. e. syphilis. It is unclear whether this refers to Doll Tearsheet or Mistress Quickly, since the line says he has lost his home
9.
Robert Shallow
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Robert Shallow is a fictional character who appears in Shakespeares plays Henry IV, Part 2 and The Merry Wives of Windsor. He is a landowner and Justice of the Peace in Gloucestershire. In the Merry Wives he visits Windsor with his relative Slender and it has long been speculated that Shallow is a satire of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local landowner near Stratford-upon-Avon, with whom Shakespeare is said to have got into trouble as a young man. Other real-life models have also been proposed, in Henry IV, Part 2 Falstaff is commissioned to raise troops for the royal army to deal with a rebellion in the north. Shallow has been tasked to find suitable recruits in his locality and he tells his colleague Justice Silence that he looks forward to meeting Falstaff, who he hasnt seen for many years. He then reminisces about his wild antics as a law student at Clements Inn when Falstaff was a boy. When Falstaff arrives, Shallow is delighted by his witticisms, the local prostitutes called him mandrake because he looked like a forked radish when naked. But now hes wealthy, hes ripe for exploitation, after the defeat of the rebels, Falstaff visits Shallow, claiming that when the Prince becomes king, Falstaff will be in a position to give Shallow an important and remunerative post. He borrows £1000 from Shallow on this basis, the two get drunk and reminisce again. News arrives that the old king is dead, so they rush to London, when the new king rejects Falstaff, Shallow demands his money back. When it becomes obvious Falstaff cant pay him back, he says hell settle for half, Shallow is forced out of the kings presence along with the lowlife characters. Shallow appears at the beginning of the play to complain that Falstaff has been poaching deer from his land, has broken into a lodge and has assaulted his servants, after Falstaff brazenly admits his actions, Shallow threatens to prosecute him, but Falstaff just dares him to try. Shallows young cousin Abraham Slender adds that he was robbed by Falstaffs cronies Bardolph, Nym and Pistol, They carried me to the tavern and made me drunk and they all deny it in extravagant terms. Shallow is advised to take his mind off the matter by promoting the marriage of Slender to Anne Page, daughter of the well-off Thomas Page, for most of the rest of the play, Shallow simply encourages the oafish Slenders clumsy attempts to woo Anne. G. Beiner argues Shallows self-deceiving vanity provides a kind of justification for Falstaffs exploitation of him. Shallow lives up to his name and is a stupid gullible liar, critics have noted that Shakespeare gives Shallow a distinct style of speech, characterised by constant repetition with slight variation. Humphries described it as babbling incoherence, thus in Henry IV, Part 2 he says to Falstaff, I will not excuse you, you shall not be excused, excuses shall not be admitted, there is no excuse shall serve, you will not be excused. Both the pathos and the comedy of the character derive from the contrast between the aged Shallow and the lusty, riotous figure he imagines himself to have been in his youth
10.
Henry IV of England
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Henry IV, also known as Henry of Bolingbroke, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, one of Henrys elder sisters, Philippa of Lancaster, married John I of Portugal, and the other, Elizabeth, was the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. His younger half-sister Catherine, the daughter of his fathers second wife and he also had four half-siblings by Katherine Swynford, originally his sisters governess, then his fathers longstanding mistress, and later his third wife. These four children were given the surname Beaufort after a castle their father held in Champagne, Henrys relationship with his stepmother, Katherine Swynford, was a positive one, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In youth he seems to have close to all of them. His brother-in-law Ralph Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort, Thomas Swynford, a son from Katherines first marriage to Sir Hugh Swynford, was another loyal companion. Thomas was Constable of Pontefract Castle, where King Richard II is said to have died, Henrys half-sister Joan Beaufort through his fathers relationship with Katherine Swynford was the grandmother of Edward IV and Richard III. Joan had married Ralph Neville, the 1st Earl of Westmorland, when their daughter Cecily married Richard Plantagenet, the 3rd Duke of York, and had several offspring, including Edward IV and Richard III, Joan became the grandmother of two York kings of England. Henry experienced a rather more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had, first cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together to the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in the Lords Appellants rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford, Henry spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. During this campaign he bought 300 captured Lithuanian princes and then took them back to England. Henrys second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders. His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre, later he vowed to lead a crusade to free Jerusalem from the infidel, but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry Bolingbroke and the king met with a second crisis, in 1398, a remark by Bolingbroke regarding Richard IIs rule was interpreted as treason by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle, Mowbrays home in Coventry, yet before the duel could take place, Richard II decided to banish Henry from the kingdom to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray himself was exiled for life, John of Gaunt died in 1399
11.
Henry V of England
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Henry V was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster, after his fathers death in 1413, Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years War between the two nations. His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt and he was the son of 20-year-old Henry of Bolingbroke, and 16-year-old Mary de Bohun. He was also the grandson of the influential John of Gaunt, at the time of his birth, Richard II of England, his cousin once removed, was king. As he was not close to the line of succession to the throne and his grandfather, John of Gaunt, was the guardian of the king at that time. Upon the exile of Henrys father in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge, the young Henry accompanied King Richard to Ireland, and while in the royal service, he visited Trim Castle in County Meath, the ancient meeting place of the Irish Parliament. He was created Prince of Wales at his fathers coronation, and Duke of Lancaster on 10 November 1399 and his other titles were Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester, and Duke of Aquitaine. A contemporary record notes that during that year Henry spent time at The Queens College, Oxford, under the care of his uncle Henry Beaufort, from 1400 to 1404, he carried out the duties of High Sheriff of Cornwall. It was there that the prince was almost killed by an arrow that became stuck in his face. An ordinary soldier might have died from such a wound, the operation was successful, but it left Henry with permanent scars, evidence of his experience in battle. The Welsh revolt of Owain Glyndŵr absorbed Henrys energies until 1408, then, as a result of the kings ill health, Henry began to take a wider share in politics. From January 1410, helped by his uncles Henry Beaufort and Thomas Beaufort – legitimised sons of John of Gaunt – he had control of the government. Both in foreign and domestic policy he differed from the king, the quarrel of father and son was political only, though it is probable that the Beauforts had discussed the abdication of Henry IV, and their opponents certainly endeavoured to defame the prince. It may be that the tradition of Henrys riotous youth, immortalised by Shakespeare, is due to political enmity. Henrys record of involvement in war and politics, even in his youth, the most famous incident, his quarrel with the chief justice, has no contemporary authority and was first related by Sir Thomas Elyot in 1531. The story of Falstaff originated in Henrys early friendship with Sir John Oldcastle, shakespeares Falstaff was originally named Oldcastle, following his main source, The Famous Victories of Henry V. However, his descendants objected, and the name was changed. That friendship, and the political opposition to Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury. If so, their disappointment may account for the statements of ecclesiastical writers like Thomas Walsingham that Henry, after Henry IV died on 20 March 1413, Henry V succeeded him and was crowned on 9 April 1413 at Westminster Abbey, London, Kingdom of England
12.
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
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After his fathers accession to the throne of England as Henry IV, John of Lancaster began to accumulate lands and lucrative offices. He was knighted on 12 October 1399 at his fathers coronation, between 1403 and 1405 grants of the forfeited lands from the House of Percy and of the alien priory of Ogbourne, Wiltshire, considerably increased his income. He was appointed master of the mews and falcons in 1402, Constable of England in 1403 and he was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V. When Henry V died in 1422, Bedford vied with his brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Bedford was declared Regent but focused on the war in France. Bedford defeated the French several times, most notably at the Battle of Verneuil, until the arrival of Joan of Arc rallied the opposition, in 1431, Bedford had Joan tried and executed at Rouen, then arranged a coronation for the young Henry VI at Paris. Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422–1432 where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices and he was an extremely important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris and England. This last is signed in two places by Herman Scheere, all are lavishly decorated and famous examples of the style of the period. Johns first marriage was to Anne, daughter of John the Fearless on 13 May 1423 in Troyes, The couple were happily married, Anne died of the plague in Paris in 1432. Johns second marriage was to Jacquetta of Luxembourg and this marriage was also childless, though Jacquetta went on to have more than a dozen children in her second marriage. In addition, out of wedlock he had a daughter named Mary, who married Pierre de Montferrand, son of the lord of Langoiran, Soudan de la Trau, and had issue, and a son, Richard. John died in 1435 during the Congress of Arras at his Castle of Joyeux Repos in Rouen and was buried at Rouen Cathedral and he had no legitimate surviving issue. He appears in William Shakespeares plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 as John of Lancaster, georgette Heyers novel My Lord John deals with his life from when he was four to about twenty. In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, The Lady of the Rivers, John features as the first husband of main character, in Tony Milnes play bloody bedford, he is the protagonist, facing Joan of Arc. The play focuses on his role as the last English Regent of France, as a son of the sovereign, John bore the Royal arms of his father King Henry IV, differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France. It is possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black, the shield is surrounded with a pair of banners gules which reverse in argent with the motto repeated four times, A vous entier. The Hours were supposedly produced as a present from John to his wife, Anne. Johns second wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, cousin to the Emperor, was mother to Elizabeth Woodville who may be this queen, Elizabeth Woodvilles right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belong to her mothers first husband or to his first wife
13.
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
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Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Pembroke, KG was an English nobleman. Mettled and courageous, he was a foil for the beautiful Jacqueline of Hainaut and his learned, widely read, scholarly approach to the early renaissance cultural expansion demonstrated the quintessential well-rounded princely character. He was an exemplar for Oxford, accomplished, diplomatic, with political cunning, unlike his brothers, he was not naturally brave, but opinionated, fervent and judgmental. He exaggerated his own achievements, but idolized his brother Henry V and he was the youngest in a powerful quadrumvirate of brothers, who were very close companions, on 20 March 1413, Henry and Humphrey had been at their dying fathers bedside. Thomas, John and Humphrey had all been knighted in 1399 and they joined the Order of the Garter together in 1400. The place of his birth is unknown, but he was named after his grandfather, Humphrey de Bohun. During the reign of Henry IV, Humphrey received a scholars education, following his fathers death he was created Duke of Gloucester in 1414, and Chamberlain of England, and he took his seat in Parliament. In 1415 he became a member of the Privy Council, before embarking for France, the army camped at Southampton, where the Earl of Cambridge failed in an assassination plot to kill the king. Humphrey and his brother, the Duke of Clarence, led an Inquiry of Lords to try Lords Cambridge, during Henry Vs campaigns in France, Humphrey gained a reputation as a successful commander. His knowledge of warfare, gained from his classical studies. During the Battle of Agincourt Humphrey was wounded, as he fell, the king sheltered his body, for his services, Humphrey was granted offices including Constable of Dover, Warden of the Cinque Ports on 27 November, and Kings Lieutenant. His tenure in government was peaceful and successful and this period commenced with Emperor Sigismunds peace mission. At Paris in March 1416, the Emperor was arrested on the beach by Duke Humphrey, the Treaty of eternal friendship signed at Canterbury on 15 August served only to anticipate renewed hostility from France. Upon the death of his brother in 1422, Humphrey became Lord Protector to his young nephew Henry VI and he also claimed the right to the regency of England following the death of his elder brother, John, Duke of Bedford. Humphreys claims were contested by the lords of the kings council. Henry Vs will, rediscovered at Eton College in 1978, actually supported Humphreys claims, in 1436 Philip, Duke of Burgundy, attacked Calais. Duke Humphrey was appointed garrison commander, the Flemings assaulted from the landward but the English resistance was stubborn. Humphrey marched the army to Baillieul, taking the English to safety, Humphrey was consistently popular with the citizens of London and the Commons
14.
Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence
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Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, KG, was the second son of King Henry IV of England and his first wife, Mary de Bohun. After the death of his father he participated in the campaigns of his brother King Henry V. Heir to the throne in the event of his brothers death and he led the English in their disastrous defeat at the hands of a mainly Scottish force coming to the aid of the French, at the Battle of Baugé. In a rash attack he and his knights were surrounded. He was born before 25 November 1388 as on that date his fathers accounts note a payment made to a described as his nurse. Thomas married Lady Margaret Holland, widow of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, no children were born from this union, though Thomas was stepfather to her six children from her first marriage, who were his first cousins. He had, however, a son, Sir John Clarence. After his father became ill in 1411, his brother became head of the royal council. Conflicts arose between the young Henry and his father when the prince gathered a group of supporters favouring his policy of declaring war on France, the prince was removed from the council by his father after he had defied the kings wishes by persuading it to declare war. Thomas was given his brothers seat, and fell in line with his fathers peace policy, during the wars of his elder brother Henry V in France, Clarence fought in the Siege of Rouen, where he commanded the besieging force. After Henry had negotiated the Treaty of Troyes, in which he became heir to the French throne, the Dauphin, the disinherited former heir, refused to accept the situation and organised continuing resistance, aided by a Scottish army led by John Stewart, Earl of Buchan. Following the Kings instructions, Clarence led 4,000 men in raids through the Anjou and this chevauchée met with little resistance, and by Good Friday,21 March 1421, the English army had made camp near the little town of Vieil-Baugé. On Easter Saturday, one of these foraging groups captured a Scots man-at-arms whom they brought before the Duke of Clarence. Clarence was keen to engage the enemy, however, he had a problem, the day was Easter Sunday, one of the most holy days in the Christian calendar. A two-day delay was deemed as out of the question. According to the chronicles of Walter Bower both commanders agreed a truce to celebrate Easter, but then joined battle that day. Perhaps underestimating the size of the Franco-Scottish army, Clarence decided to launch a surprise cavalry-led attack rather than use his archers against the enemy, with only about 1,500 men-at-arms available, and virtually no archers, he charged the Franco-Scottish lines. The shock temporarily disordered the Franco-Scots, but soon Clarence and his knights were overwhelmed, Clarence was unhorsed by a Scottish knight, Sir John Carmichael, and finished off on the ground by Sir Alexander Buchanan, probably with a mace
15.
Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
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Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, Count of Aumale, KG was an English medieval nobleman and military commander. Beauchamp was born at Salwarpe in Worcestershire, the son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, and Margaret and his godfather was King Richard II. He was knighted at the coronation of King Henry IV and succeeded to the Earldom of Warwick in 1401, soon after reaching his majority and taking responsibility for the Earldom, he saw military action in Wales, defending against a Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr. On 22 July 1403, the day after the Battle of Shrewsbury, in the summer of 1404, he rode into what is today Monmouthshire at the head of a force. They were chased down the valley of the River Usk where they regrouped and turned the tables on the pursuing English force and they chased the English in turn to the town walls of Monmouth after a skirmish at Craig-y-Dorth, a conical hill near Mitchel Troy. Warwick acquired quite a reputation for chivalry, and when in 1408 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, on the return trip he went through Russia and Eastern Europe, not returning to England until 1410. In 1410, he was appointed a member of the royal council, the next year he helped put down the Lollard uprising, and then went to Normandy as Captain of Calais and represented England at the Council of Constance. He spent much of the next decade fighting the French in the Hundred Years War, in 1419, he was created Count of Aumale, part of the Kings policy of giving out Norman titles to his nobles. He was appointed Master of the Horse, Henry Vs will gave Warwick the responsibility for the education of the infant Henry VI of England. This duty required him to back and forth between England and Normandy many times. In 1437, the Royal Council deemed his duty complete, and he was appointed lieutenant of France and he remained in France for the remaining two years of his life. Warwick first married Elizabeth de Berkeley before 5 October 1397, the daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Lord Berkeley and Margaret de Lisle, Warwick then married Lady Isabel le Despenser, the daughter of Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester and Constance of York. Richard de Beauchamps will was made at Caversham Castle in Oxfordshire, one of his favoured residences, most of his property was entailed, but with a portion of the rest the will established a substantial trust. After his debts were paid the trust endowed the Collegiate Church of St Mary in Warwick and it also enlarged the endowment of the chantries at Elmley Castle and Guys Cliffe, and gave a gift to Tewkesbury Abbey. Beauchamp died in Rouen, Normandy, two later, on 30 April 1439. After the completion of the chapel, his body was transferred there, reprinted in Richard III and His Rivals
16.
Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel
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Thomas Fitzalan, 6th Earl of Arundel and 10th Earl of Surrey KG was an English nobleman, one of the principals of the deposition of Richard II, and a major figure during the reign of Henry IV. He was the surviving son of 5th earl of the second creation and his first wife. When he was 16 his father was executed and his lands, Fitzalan was a royal ward of King Richards half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, along with a large part of the Arundel estates. Holland greatly mistreated him, a matter FitzAlan would cruelly repay many years later, eventually Fitzalan escaped from his guardian and joined his uncle Thomas Arundel, the deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, in exile. The two eventually joined with another exile, the Kings cousin Henry Bolingbroke, Fitzalan followed Henry in his return to England in July 1399, and in the following events which led to the deposition of King Richard II and Henrys crowning as King Henry IV. He functioned as butler at the coronation, and shortly afterward the new King restored him to his titles and estates and these included two notable Earldoms, those of Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey, and large estates in the Welsh Marches. Early the next year a group of Barons who had close to the deposed King Richard II revolted—known as the Epiphany Rising—amongst them Fitzalan former guardian John Holland. The latter was captured by followers of Fitzalans aunt Joan, Countess of Hereford, in 1405 there was a revolt in the north of England, led by the Archbishop of York, Richard le Scrope, and the Earl of Norfolk, Thomas de Mowbray. Fitzalan was the head of the Commission which condemned the pair to death and this apparently led to a falling out between Fitzalan and his uncle, Archbishop Thomas Arundel, who objected to the execution of a fellow prelate. The wedding took place in London on 26 November 1405, with King Henry IV in attendance, in the following years Fitzalan again had to help suppress revolts in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Beaufort favored an alliance with Burgundy, and Fitzalan was one of the leaders of those sent to fight the rival Armagnac faction in France. Sometime in this period Fitzalan was made a Knight of the Garter, Henry IV fell seriously ill in 1411, but was determined to forge an alliance with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. The King announced his intention that a fleet would be sailing to Calais, but two days before the fleet was due to sail, the king got cold feet and on 21 September 1411 declared Parliament would meet in November. Instead Arundel set sail with a fleet and a mercenary force hired by the Burgundians from the Prince of Wales. Arundel found himself in a dilemma, the king wanted an Armagnac alliance. A double-dealing policy commenced negotiating with the duke of Berry while continuing to reinforce Burgundy, but the old king recovered at the November Parliament, and the princes Regency council was dismissed. On 9 November, Arundel led 1000 archers to aid the Burgundians to victory before the bridge at the Battle of St Cloud, Some of Arundels men fought in the ranks of Dukes bodyguard. The Peace of Chartres signed by Henry IV in 1409 was broken and his policy of pro-Valois Armagnac diplomacy was enshrined in the Treaty of Bourges
17.
Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
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Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 4th Baron Neville de Raby, KG PC Earl Marshal, was an English nobleman of the House of Neville. Neville had a brother, and five sisters, Thomas Neville, 5th Baron Furnivall. Lady Alice Neville, who married Sir Thomas Gray, Lady Maud Neville Lady Idoine Neville Lady Eleanor Neville, who married Ralph de Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley. Lady Elizabeth Neville, who became a nun, Nevilles father married secondly, before 9 October 1381, Elizabeth Latimer, daughter of William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer. She married secondly, Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, Lady Elizabeth Neville, who married Sir Thomas Willoughby. Nevilles first military service was in Brittany under King Richard IIs uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, on 26 October 1385 he was appointed joint governor of Carlisle with Sir Thomas Clifford, and on 27 March 1386 was appointed, together with Clifford, joint Warden of the West March. On 25 October 1388 he was appointed, with others, to survey the fortifications on the Scottish border, in 1393 and 1394 he was employed in peace negotiations with Scotland. In 1397 Neville supported King Richards proceedings against Thomas of Woodstock and the Lords Appellant, however his loyalty to the King was tested shortly thereafter. Bolingbroke landed with a force at Ravenspur in July 1399. Before 4 December he was appointed to the Kings council, however, in 1403 the Percys, spurred on by various grievances, took up arms against the King, and suffered defeat at the Battle of Shrewsbury on 21 July 1403. Northumberlands son, Henry Hotspur Percy, was slain at Shrewsbury, and Northumberlands brother, after Shrewsbury, King Henry ordered Westmorland to raise troops and prevent Northumberlands army, which was still in the north, from advancing south. Two years later Northumberland, joined by Lord Bardolf, again took up arms against the King, the attempt failed, as Westmorland had already fled. Outnumbered by Scropes forces, Westmorland resorted to trickery, and led Scrope and his allies to believe that their demands would be accepted and their personal safety guaranteed. Once Scropes army had disbanded on 29 May, Scrope, Mowbray and Plumpton were arrested, summarily condemned to death for treason. After the death of Henry IV Westmorland was mainly engaged in the defence of the border in his capacity as Warden of the West March. In 1415 he decisively defeated an invading Scottish army at the Battle of Yeavering, after Henry Vs death, Westmorland was a member of the Council of Regency during the minority of King Henry VI. He was probably responsible for the building of Penrith castle in Cumberland c, Sir Ralph Neville, who married, before 1411, his stepsister, Mary Ferrers, daughter of Robert Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers, and Joan Beaufort. Maud Neville, who married Peter de Mauley, 5th Baron Mauley, Alice Neville, who married firstly Sir Thomas Grey, beheaded 2 August 1415 for his part in the Southampton Plot, and secondly Sir Gilbert Lancaster
18.
Richard le Scrope
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Richard le Scrope, Bishop of Lichfield and Archbishop of York, was executed in 1405 for his participation in the Northern Rising against King Henry IV. Richard Scrope, born about 1350, was the son of Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham. Scrope was rector of Ainderby Steeple near Northallerton in 1368, warden of the chapel of Tickhill Castle. He was ordained deacon on 20 September 1376, and priest on 14 March 1377, during this time he studied arts at Oxford, and by 1375 became licentiate in civil law. By 1383 he had earned doctorates of canon and civil law at Cambridge, from 1382 to 1386 Scrope was at Rome, serving as a papal chaplain and an auditor of the Curia. In 1382 he was instituted Dean of Chichester, Scrope made a profession of obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury on 27 March 1387, and was enthroned in his cathedral on 29 June 1387. Scrope combined his duties with involvement in secular matters. In 1378 and 1392 he was sent on missions to Scotland. While in Rome he was translated to York between 27 February 1398 and 15 March 1398, and granted the temporalities on 23 June 1398. Scrope announced the abdication to an assembly on the following day. However his loyalty was untested until the Percys revolted in the summer of 1403, even then, although the chronicler John Hardyng, a Percy retainer, claimed that Scrope encouraged the Percys to rebel, there is no other evidence that he did so. The Percys suffered defeat at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, at which Northumberlands son and heir, two years later Northumberland, joined by Lord Bardolf, again took up arms against the King. The rising was doomed from the due to Northumberlands failure to capture Ralph Neville. Once their army had disbanded on 29 May, Scrope and Mowbray were arrested and taken to Pontefract Castle to await the King, Scrope was buried in York Minster. Pope Innocent VII excommunicated all involved in Scropes execution. However Archbishop Arundel failed to publish the Popes decree in England, Scropes parley with Westmorland at Shipton Moor, Westmorlands treachery, and Scropes arrest after the dispersal of his army are depicted in Act IV of Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 2. The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White, handbook of British Chronology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56350-X Jones, B. Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300–1541, volume 10, Coventry and Lichfield diocese, Institute of Historical Research, retrieved 15 November 2009 McNiven, pugh, T. B. Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415
19.
Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk
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Upon the death of his father in Venice, he succeeded him as Earl of Norfolk and Nottingham, but not as Duke of Norfolk. He also received his fathers title of Earl Marshal, but on an honorary basis. He was betrothed to Constance Holland, daughter of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, then a child and he became involved with the latest rebellion of the Percies in the north, and raised an army with Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York. Deserted by the Earl of Northumberland, Norfolk and Scrope were brought to book on Shipton Moor by a royal army under John of Lancaster. Seeking a parley, they were arrested as soon as they disbanded their followers, thePeerage. com Alison Weir, Britains Royal Family, A Complete Genealogy. and G. E
20.
Earl Marshal
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Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England. He is the eighth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable, the Earl Marshal has among his responsibilities the organisation of major ceremonial state occasions like the monarchs coronation in Westminster Abbey and state funerals. He is also an officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms. The current Earl Marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, there was formerly an Earl Marshall of Ireland and Earl Marischal of Scotland. The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses, in England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals, after passing through his daughters husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into Earl Marshal and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom. In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constables post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, in 1672, the office of Marshal of England and the title of Earl Marshal of England were made hereditary in the Howard family. The Earl Marshal is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him, nowadays, the Earl Marshals role has mainly to do with the organisation of major state ceremonies such as coronations and state funerals. Annually, the Earl Marshal helps organise the State Opening of Parliament, the Earl Marshal also remains to have charge over the College of Arms and no coat of arms may be granted without his warrant. As a symbol of his office, he carries a baton of gold with black finish at either end, in the general order of precedence, the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family. Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary, the holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolks traditional position as the first peer of the land, above all other dukes. Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, 1652–1661 James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 1661–1662 in commission 1662–1672. Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal, prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic. Lord Lyon King of Arms Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Earl Marshal, the Court Register and Statesmans Remembrancer Round, J. H. The Commune of London, and other Studies
21.
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
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Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, titular King of Mann, KG, Lord Marshal was the son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and a descendant of Henry III of England. His mother was Mary of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, son of Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, Henry Percy was originally a follower of Edward III of England, for whom he held high offices in the administration of northern England. At a young age he was made Warden of the Marches towards Scotland in 1362, in February 1367 he was entrusted with the supervision of all castles and fortified places in the Scottish marches. He went on to support King Richard II and was created an Earl, after Richard elevated his rival Ralph Neville to the position of Earl of Westmorland in 1397, Percy supported the rebellion of Henry Bolingbroke, who became King as Henry IV. On King Henry IVs coronation he was appointed Constable of England, in 1403 the Percys turned against Henry IV in favour of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, and then conspired with Owain Glyndŵr against King Henry. The Tripartite Indenture was signed by all three parties, which divided England up between them, the Mortimers were to have received the rest of southern England, below the river Trent. The Percy rebellion failed at the Battle of Shrewsbury, where Hotspur was killed, since the earl did not directly participate in the rebellion, he was not convicted of treason. However, he lost his office as Constable, in 1405 Percy supported Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, in another rebellion, after which Percy fled to Scotland, and his estates were confiscated by the king. In 1408 Percy invaded England in rebellion once more and was killed at the Battle of Bramham Moor, Percys severed head was subsequently put on display at London Bridge. In 1358, he married Margaret Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and they had four sons and one daughter. Northumberland is a character in Shakespeares Richard II, Henry IV, part 1. The other novels in the trilogy, Lion Dormant and Lion Invincible tell the story of his other descendants and their role in the English War of the Roses. Henry Percy and his son Hotspur are also characters in Edith Pargeters novel. He is a character in My Lord John by Georgette Heyer. Alnwick Castle, the home of the Percy family, was featured in the Harry Potter movies as the location of Hogwarts. Rymer, Thomas Foedera, The Hague,1739 Beltz, G. F. Memorials of the most noble Order of the Garter, from its foundation to the present time London 1841 Doyle, J. W. Rose, phoenix/Orion Books Ltd,2002, ISBN 1-84212-485-4
22.
Elizabeth Mortimer
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Elizabeth Mortimer, Baroness Camoys was an English noblewoman, the granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and great-granddaughter of King Edward III. Her first husband was Sir Henry Percy, known to history as Hotspur and she married secondly Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. She is represented as Kate, Lady Percy, in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 1, the couple resided at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland. They had two children, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, who married Eleanor Neville, by whom he had issue and he was slain at the First Battle of St Albans. On 21 July 1403, Elizabeths husband was slain at the Battle of Shrewsbury while commanding an army that fought against the superior forces of King Henry IV. She had him buried in York Minster in November of that year, in January 1404, Percy was posthumously declared a traitor and his lands were forfeited to the Crown. The king ordered Elizabeth herself arrested on 8 October 1403, sometime after 3 June 1406, Elizabeth Mortimer was married to her second husband, Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. Although Camoys was in his mid-sixties, she may have had a son by him, like her first husband, Camoys was a renowned soldier who commanded the left wing of the English army at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. Elizabeth died on 20 April 1417 at the age of 46 years and she was buried in St. Georges Church at Trotton, Sussex. Her second husband was buried beside her and their table-tomb with its fine monumental brass depicting the couple slightly less than life size and holding hands can be viewed in the middle of the chancel inside the church. King Henry VIIIs Queen consort Jane Seymour was one of Elizabeth Mortimers many descendants through her daughter Elizabeth Percy, Lady Elizabeth is represented as Kate, Lady Percy, in William Shakespeares plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2. The Complete Peerage, edited by H. A, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. The Complete Peerage, edited by H. A, davies, R. R. Mortimer, Roger, fourth earl of March and sixth earl of Ulster. Mortimer, Edmund, third earl of March and earl of Ulster, leland, John L. Camoys, Thomas, Baron Camoys. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, cawley, Charles, Medieval Lands, Earls of March
23.
Henry Percy (Hotspur)
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Sir Henry Percy KG, commonly known as Sir Harry Hotspur, or simply Hotspur, was a late-medieval English nobleman. He was a significant captain during the Anglo-Scottish wars and he later led successive rebellions against Henry IV of England and was slain at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 at the height of his career. He was knighted by King Edward III in April 1377, together with the future Kings Richard II, in 1380, he was in Ireland with the Earl of March, and in 1383, he travelled in Prussia. He was appointed warden of the east march either on 30 July 1384 or in May 1385, as a tribute to his speed in advance and readiness to attack on the Scottish borders, the Scots bestowed on him the name Haatspore. In April 1386, he was sent to France to reinforce the garrison at Calais, between August and October 1387, he was in command of a naval force in an attempt to relieve the siege of Brest. In appreciation of these endeavours he was made a Knight of the Garter in 1388. During the next few years Percys reputation continued to grow and he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Cyprus in June 1393 and appointed Governor of Bordeaux, deputy to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, in the Duchy of Aquitaine. He returned to England in January 1395, taking part in Richard IIs expedition to Ireland, in the summer of 1396, he was again in Calais. On Henrys return from exile in June 1399, Percy and his father joined his forces at Doncaster, after King Richards deposition, Percy and his father were lavishly rewarded with lands and offices. Under the new king, Percy had extensive civil and military responsibility in both the east march towards Scotland and in north Wales, where he was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire in 1399. In north Wales, he was increasing pressure as a result of the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr. Among others, they made a prisoner of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, in spite of the favour that Henry IV showed the Percys in many respects, they became increasingly discontented with him. Spurred on by these grievances, the Percys rebelled in the summer of 1403, according to J. M. W. Bean, it is clear that the Percys were in collusion with Glyndŵr. On his return to England shortly after the victory at Homildon Hill, joined by his uncle, Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester, he marched to Shrewsbury, where he intended to do battle against a force there under the command of the Prince of Wales. The ensuing Battle of Shrewsbury was fierce, with casualties on both sides, but when Henry Percy himself was struck down and killed, his own forces fled. The circumstances of Percys death differ in accounts, the chronicler Thomas Walsingham stated, in his Historia Anglicana, that while he led his men in the fight rashly penetrating the enemy host, was unexpectedly cut down, by whose hand is not known. Another is that he was struck in the face by an arrow when he opened his vizor for a better view, the legend that he was killed by the Prince of Wales seems to have been given currency by William Shakespeare, writing at the end of the following century. The Earl of Worcester was executed two days later, King Henry, upon being brought Percys body after the battle, is said to have wept
24.
Court (royal)
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The court of a monarch, or at some periods an important nobleman, is a term for the extended household and all those who regularly attended on the ruler or central figure. It can also refer to the residence of the monarch where the court resides or a series of complexes. In the largest courts, the households, many thousands of individuals comprised the court. Foreign princes and foreign nobility in exile may also seek refuge at a court and this is shown above Near Eastern and Eastern courts often included the harem and concubines as well as eunuchs who fulfilled a variety of functions. At times the harem was walled off and separate from the rest of the residence of the monarch, in Asia concubines were often a more visible part of the court. Lower ranking servants and bodyguards were not properly called courtiers though may be included as part of the court or royal household in the broadest definition, entertainers and others may have been counted as part of the court. A royal household is the highest ranking example of this, a group of individuals dependent on the patronage of a great man, classically in ancient Rome, forms part of the system of clientage that is discussed under vassal. Individual rulers differed greatly in tastes and interests, as well as in political skills, accordingly, some founded elaborate courts based on new palaces, only to have their successors retreat to remote castles or to practical administrative centers. Personal retreats might arise far away from official court centres, etiquette and hierarchy flourish in highly structured court settings, and may leave conservative traces over generations. Most courts featured a strict order of precedence often involving royal and noble ranks, orders of chivalry, some courts even featured court uniforms. One of the markers of a court is ceremony. Most monarchal courts included ceremonies concerning the investiture or coronation of the monarch, some courts had ceremonies around the waking and the sleeping of the monarch called a levée. Orders of chivalry as honorific orders became an important part of court culture starting in the 15th century and they were the right of the monarch to create and grant as the fount of honour. Two of the earliest titles referring to the concept of a courtier were likely the ša rēsi, the imperial court of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople would eventually contain at least a thousand courtiers. The courts systems became prevalent in other such as those in the Balkan states, the Ottoman Empire. Byzantinism is a term that was coined for this spread of the Byzantine system in the 19th century, however, by the Sui Dynasty the functions of the royal household and the imperial government were clearly divided. During the Heian period, Japanese Emperors and their families developed an exquisitely refined court that played an important role in their culture. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, a court culture can be recognized in the entourage of the Ostrogoth Theodoric the Great
25.
William Gascoigne
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Sir William Gascoigne was Chief Justice of England during the reign of King Henry IV. Gascoignes was a descendant of an ancient Yorkshire family and he was born in Gawthorp to Sir William Gascoigne and Agnes Franke. Though he is said to have studied at the University of Cambridge his name is not found in any university or college records, according to Arthur Collins, Gascoigne was a law student at the Inner Temple. It appears from the year-books that he practised as an advocate in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. When Henry of Lancaster was banished by Richard II, Gascoigne was appointed one of his attorneys and this he absolutely refused to do, asserting the right of the prisoners to be tried by their peers. Although both were executed, the chief justice had no part in this. It has been doubted whether Gascoigne could have displayed such independence of action without punishment or removal from office. The popular tale of his committing the Prince of Wales to prison must also be regarded as unauthentic, though it is both picturesque and characteristic. It is said that the judge had directed the punishment of one of the princes riotous companions, and the prince, Gascoigne immediately committed him to prison, and gave the prince a dressing-down that caused him to acknowledge the justice of the sentence. The king is said to have approved of the act, and he died in 1419, and was buried in All Saints Church, the parish church of Harewood in Yorkshire. Some biographies of the judge have stated that he died in 1412, in 1369, Gascoigne married firstly Elizabeth de Mowbray, granddaughter of Alexander Mowbray, son of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray. Some sources show an alternate ancestry for Elizabeth Mowbray and he married secondly Joan de Pickering, widow of Henry de Greystock. His brother, Nicholas Gascoigne, was ancestor of the Gascoigne baronets, another brother, Richard, married Beatrice Ellis, and was possibly the father of Thomas Gascoigne, Chancellor of Oxford University. William Gascoignes sister, Johanna, married Sir John Scargill and became ancestress of George Gascoigne and his Great Grandson, also called Sir William Gascoigne, married Joan Neville. Their son, also Sir William, married Lady Margaret Percy and they had a daughter Agnes Gascoigne, who in turn became the wife of Sir Thomas Fairfax
26.
Beadle
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The term has pre-Conquest origins in Old English, deriving from the Old English bydel, itself deriving from beodan. In Old English it was a given to an Anglo-Saxon officer who summoned householders to council. It is also known in Medieval Latin as bedellus, in England, the word came to refer to a parish constable of the Anglican Church, one often charged with duties of charity. A famous fictional constabulary beadle is Mr. Bumble from Charles Dickenss classic novel Oliver Twist, in the Church of Scotland, the title is used for one who attends the minister during divine service as an assistant. In Judaism, the term beadle is sometimes used for the gabbai, moishe the Beadle, the caretaker of a synagogue in Sighet in the 1940s, is an important character in Night by Elie Wiesel. In the medieval universities beadles were students chosen by instructors to act as assistants, carrying books, taking attendance, in the collegiate universities in the United Kingdom, the post of Esquire Bedell still exists. The beadle has varying duties, always relating to management or security, the position of Beadle still exists at the Kings School, Canterbury, where the beadles task is making sure that pupils are dressed correctly and arrive at lessons on time. In Scotland, the ancient universities, as well as other universities, have a ceremonial bedellus. Officially, the bedellus is responsible for administration of the university buildings, the most notable responsibility of the bedellus is carrying the university mace in academic processions. Jesuit secondary schools formerly maintained the post of beadle—some still do, in each classroom, a student designated as beadle reports attendance to the teacher, acts as messenger, assists in distributing materials, and leads the class in activities. Outside of religious and educational institutions, the designation of Beadle is most often held by officers of secular bodies of some antiquity, sometimes the title is used by uniformed security guards. For example, security duties at the Burlington Arcade, a shopping mall in Piccadilly. Also, Ely Place, a street in central London that was part of Cambridgeshire, is patrolled by a beadle. In the City of London the title is held by two groups, both originated as executors or police for more senior persons. The first group are the Ward Beadles, who hold the oldest elected office in the City in their Wards and their duties today are largely ceremonial in that they accompany the Aldermen in the eight major ceremonies of the civic calendar and open and close the Wardmotes. The second group are paid employees of the Livery Companies of the City, the title Hall Beadle is sometimes used by the Hall Manager of a Livery Hall responsible for the Companys treasure and the efficient running of the hall, especially if let on a commercial basis. Notes Sources This article incorporates text from The Modern World Encyclopædia, Illustrated, out of UK copyright as of 2005
27.
Groom (profession)
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A groom or stable boy is a person who is responsible for some or all aspects of the management of horses and/or the care of the stables themselves. The term most often refers to a person who is the employee of a stable owner, the word appeared in English as grome c.1225, meaning boy child, boy, youth, its origin is unknown. It has no cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps it stems from an Old English root groma, related to growan grow or from Old French grommet servant. The verb is first attested in 1809, the sense of to tidy up is from 1843. Grooms may be employed in private residences or in horse training facilities such as stables, agistment properties. The groom usually clean stables, feed, exercise and groom horses, a groom in private service is expected to be on call during specified hours in case any member of the employers family wishes to ride. Grooms whose employers are involved in sports or horse racing are often required to travel with their employers to provide support services during competitions. The services required vary with the type of competition and range from ensuring that the horse is ready for the start of the competition to warming the horse up beforehand. In competition, the term may have a distinct meaning, in combined driving the groom is the passenger and at speed is required to shift his weight to balance the carriage. Stablehand is a more old-fashioned term, the variation stableman usually applies to an experienced adult, the historical synonym ostler has meanwhile developed a new meaning of rail employee. Large establishments may employ several grooms under the management of the groom or stablemaster. Several other words originally denoting other titles, notably Constable, Equerry, in African or Asian contexts English-speakers sometimes use the Arabic/Hindustani word sais or syce instead of groom
28.
Eastcheap
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Eastcheap is a street in central London that is a western continuation of Great Tower Street towards Monument junction. Its name derives from cheap, the Old English word for market, with the prefix East distinguishing it from Westcheap, in medieval times, Eastcheap was the main meat market in the City of London, with butchers stalls lining both sides of the street. It is also notable as the location of Falstaffs Boars Head Inn, featured in William Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV. At its western end, the modern Eastcheap begins at Monument junction where Gracechurch Street, Cannon Street and it continues eastward into Great Tower Street. It lies within the City ward of Bridge, Falstaffs famed tavern, which stood on the Great Eastcheap section of the road, was demolished at this time. The old eastern portion and what is todays Eastcheap, was known as Little Eastcheap, Eastcheap formed part of the marathon course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens on 12 August, the Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. On Eastcheaps north side is St. Margaret Pattens church at the corner with Rood Lane, all Hallows-by-the-Tower is visible looking east down Eastcheap and Great Tower Street. On the south side, in the side-road Lovat Lane, is St. Mary-at-Hill, also on the south side is Botolph Lane, where a Christopher Wren church, St. George, Botolph Lane, stood until it was demolished in 1904. West of Botolph Lane is Pudding Lane, where the Great Fire of London was started and it was replaced by the Kings Weigh House where foreign merchants were required to weigh their goods, although the law was not strictly enforced. In 1695 it became a chapel for dissenters, in 1834 they moved to larger premises in Fish Street Hill, at the western end of Eastcheap, now occupied by an exit of the modern Monument tube station. In 1891, Alfred Waterhouse built another Weigh House church, on Duke Street, the building was deemed so magnificent that nearby Robert Street was renamed Weighhouse Street in its honour. During excavation of the site the foundations had stones that had the character of Roman workmanship, on the Philpot Lane side of 23 Eastcheap is one of Londons smallest statues, of two mice eating or fighting over a piece of cheese. The statues exact origin is unclear but it is thought to date from 1862 and was made for the spice merchants Hunt. It was later found that mice were the responsible for the missing food. The building at 33-35 Eastcheap is an example of Victorian Gothic architecture. Dictionary of City of London Street Names, photographs of the area Weigh House church in Duke Street 1773 description of Eastcheap Illustration of the Eastcheap Weigh House History of the Weigh House church Samian pottery
29.
Page (servant)
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A page or page boy is traditionally a young male servant, but may also have been used for a messenger at the service of a nobleman. The origin of the term is uncertain, but may come either from the Latin pagus, a page boy is often used as a symbolic attendant during wedding ceremonies to carry the rings, a role comparable to the scattering of flower petals by flower girls. In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a nobleman or a knight, until the age of about seven, sons of noble families would receive training in manners and basic literacy from their mothers or other female relatives. Upon reaching seven years old, a boy would be sent to the castle and this would match the age at which apprenticeships or servants employment would be entered into by young males from lower social classes. A young boy served as a page for about seven years, running messages, serving, cleaning clothing and weapons and he might be required to arm or dress the lord to whom he had been sent by his own family. Personal service of this nature was not considered as demeaning, in the context of shared noble status by page and it was seen rather as a form of education in return for labour. While a page did not receive reimbursement other than clothing, accommodation and food, in return for his work, the page would receive training in horse-riding, hunting, hawking and combat - the essential skills required of adult men of his rank in medieval society. Less physical training included schooling in the playing of instruments, the composition and singing of songs. They also learned courtly manners and, in attending to the needs of their master, at age fourteen, the young noble could graduate to become a squire, and by age 21, perhaps a knight himself. These boys were often the scions of other families who were sent to learn the ways of the manorial system by observation. Their residence in the served as a goodwill gesture between the two families involved and helped them gain social and political contacts for their adult lives. A reference to this kind of page is found in the Christmas carol Good King Wenceslaus, Hither, page and this type of page is almost unheard of today outside of royal residences, although the functions and status of legislative pages are a clear continuation of the earlier role. Until the early 20th century boys of humble background might gain a place in a great house. According to the International Butler Academy, these pages were apprentice footmen, unlike the hall boys, who did heavy work, these pages performed light odd-jobs and stood in attendance wearing livery when guests were being received. During and following the Renaissance it became fashionable for black boys and young men to be decorative pages, placed into fancy costumes and attending fashionable ladies and this custom lasted for several centuries and the African page became a staple accoutrement of baroque and rococo style. Valentine Nwanze played an African page attending James Graham, Marquess of Montrose in the film Rob Roy, koko, the fictional manservant of an opera diva, is cast as her African page in A Nut at the Opera by Maurice Vellekoop. Decorative pages feature in a drawing room scene in Persuasion, while the traditional pages are rare in the modern private workforce, US television network NBCs page program is a notable example of contemporary workplace pages. Page of Honour Page Slave collar
30.
Bardolph (Shakespeare character)
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Bardolph is a fictional character who appears in four plays by William Shakespeare. He is a thief who forms part of the entourage of Sir John Falstaff and his grossly inflamed nose and constantly flushed, carbuncle-covered face is a repeated subject for Falstaffs and Prince Hals comic insults and word-play. Though his role in play is minor, he often adds comic relief. Nominally he is a soldier under Falstaffs command, and is referred to as a corporal in Part 2, Bardolphs facial features, permanently flushed from alcohol and covered in pustules are a constant target of ribald remarks, often symbolically linked to imagery of heat and hellfire. In Henry IV, Part I, Falstaff says I never see thy face but I think upon hell-fire and Dives that lived in purple, for there he is in his robes, in Henry V, Bardolph participates in the war and is good friends with Pistol and Nym. By this stage he has promoted to the rank of lieutenant. After the Fall of Harfleur, he is charged with looting, having been discovered stealing from a church in the conquered French town and he is sentenced to punishment of death by hanging. In a focal point of Henry V, King Henry, despite being friends with Bardolph in his youth, Bardolph appears in The Merry Wives of Windsor as one of Falstaffs associates along with Nym and Pistol again, though his role is minor. Abraham Slender accuses him and the others of getting him drunk, later, he is dismissed by Falstaff because of his inadequate thieving skills The host of the local inn gives him a job as a tapster. Pistol and Nym consider this absurd, since Bardolph is a drunk from a family of drunks and they say his parents even conceived him when they were drunk. Bardolph later tells the Host of the inn that some German guests need to borrow horses, Bardolph goes with them, but soon returns saying the Germans have galloped away on the horses. Bardolph himself is willing to follow him there, as Harold Bloom says, Bardolph, the butt of many of his jokes, want to be with him whether he is in heaven or hell, for Bardolph the jests of Falstaff cast out even the fear of hell. Yet Bardolph has reason to know otherwise, Falstaff looked at Bardolph, but he did not see Bardolph, he saw souls burning in hell. Bardolphs character in the King Henry series symbolizes the change in Henry from a youth to a determined leader. Bardolphs execution is based on a real incident, a soldier, whose name is not known, was hanged during the campaign in France for robbing a church. Bardolph shares his name with the historical Lord Bardolph, who appears in the scene of Henry IV. Some commentators nevertheless have found the choice of the name puzzling, weis argues that Bardolphs distinctive appearance would be enough to avoid confusion. In the earliest published version of Henry IV, Part I and this is generally taken to mean that he originally had that name in the first performances of the play, just as Falstaff too had originally been given another name, Sir John Oldcastle
31.
Ned Poins
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Edward Ned Poins, generally referred to as Poins, is a fictional character who appears in two plays by Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2. He is also mentioned in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Poins is Prince Hals closest friend during his wild youth. He devises various schemes to ridicule Falstaff, his rival for Hals affections, unlike Hals other principal low-life associates, who all reappear in Henry V, Poins disappears from the narrative with no explanation. Poins appears early in Henry IV, Part I to inform Falstaff that at Gads Hill there will be unprotected pilgrims going to Canterbury with rich offerings and he suggests that they organise a robbery. When Falstaff and the others agree, Poins says to Hal that the pair of them should play trick on Falstaff by letting them rob the travellers, the point of the jest will be to hear the incomprensible lies Falstaff will tell to excuse himself. When they surprise Falstaff, he and his followers instantly run away, Poins is with Hal when Hal plays a joke on Francis, a drawer at the Boars Head. He also listens to Falstaffs increasingly ridiculous lies, in Part 2 Poins discusses the illness of Hals father the king, expecting Hal to be pleased at the prospect of his fathers death. Hal gets a letter from Falstaff, in which Falstaff tells him not to trust Poins because he has been telling people that Hal will be marrying Poins sister Nell, bardolph and a boy arrive with news that Falstaff is metting Doll Tearsheet at the tavern. Poins suggests that they disguise themselves again, this time as waiters, at the tavern, Doll asks why Hal likes Poins, Falstaff says that they are both similar in size and shape, and equally empty headed, His wit’s as thick as Tewkesbury mustard. There’s no more conceit in him than is in a mallet, Poins principal role is to act as Hals confidant. In Part 2 especially he is more than a sounding board for Hals views. In Part 1 he is presented as the more assertive of the two, being the mastermind of both the Gads Hill robbery and its comeuppance. In this respect Poins is a figure, who is both part of the criminal underworld and also of the superior social world that looks down on it. He represents wayward tendencies within the class, closely linked to Hals own behaviour. He is effectively a side of Hal himself. Throughout both plays the tension between Poins and Falstaff beneath the apparent bonhomie represents their competition for Hals favour and each ones willingness to undermine the other. However, while Poins accusations against Falstaff are proven correct, it is never clear whether Falstaffs accusation about Poins sister is true or a lie. Poins ambiguous role is implied by the reference to him in The Merry Wives of Windsor, in which Anne Pages suitor Fenton is said to have been a companion of the wild Prince
32.
Mistress Quickly
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Mistress Nell Quickly is a fictional character who appears in several plays by William Shakespeare. She is an inn-keeper, who runs the Boars Head Tavern, at which Sir John Falstaff, the character appears in four plays, Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2, Henry V and The Merry Wives of Windsor. In all the plays Quickly is characterised as a woman with strong links to the criminal underworld and her speech is filled with malapropisms, double entendres and bawdy innuendo. Her name may be a pun on quick lay, though also had the meaning of alive, so it may imply lively. Quicklys character is most fully developed in Henry IV, part 2 in which her contradictory aspirations to gentility, in Henry IV, Part 1, Mistress Quickly is described as the proprietor of the Boars Head Tavern in the London neighborhood of Eastcheap. She is married, as Prince Hal asks after her husband, referring to him as an honest man and she participates in the mock-court scene in which Falstaff pretends to be the king. In Henry IV, Part 2, she asks the authorities to arrest Falstaff, accusing him of running up excessive debts, Mistress Quickly has a friendship of long standing with Doll Tearsheet, a prostitute who frequents the tavern, and protects her against aggressive men she calls swaggerers. At the end of play, Mistress Quickly and Doll Tearsheet are arrested in connection with the beating to death of a man by Ancient Pistol. At the end she takes the role of the queen of the fairies in the joke played on Falstaff. In Henry V, she is referred to as Nell Quickly and she is with Falstaff at his deathbed, and describes his death to his friends. She marries Falstaffs ensign, Ancient Pistol, despite having previously engaged to Corporal Nym. While Pistol is away in France, he receives a letter from which he learns that my Doll is dead, many editors take the name Doll to be a misprint for Nell, but it has also been interpreted as a reference to Doll Tearsheet rather than Quickly. Quicklys role in The Merry Wives is sufficiently different from her role in the plays that some critics have suggested that she cannot be the same character. Nothing suggests that she already knows Falstaff, and there is no explanation of how she comes to working for Dr. Caius, however, there are also many other continuity problems with other characters in the play. These oddities may have arisen because the play was written rapidly for a specific occasion. There are some signs of attempts to make the events fit the action of the Henriad plays, for example the scene in which Pistol expresses his attraction to her. This fits with his marriage to her in Henry V, there is no further reference to his pursuit of her in the play, but he plays the part of her consort in the fairy masque at the end. There are similar, less glaring problems with the Henriad plays, in Henry IV, Part 1 she is evidently a married innkeeper
33.
Epilogue
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An epilogue or epilog is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work. It is presented from the perspective of within the story, when the author steps in and speaks indirectly to the reader, that is more properly considered an afterword. The opposite is a piece of writing at the beginning of a work of literature or drama, usually used to open the story. Some genres, for television programs and video games, call the epilog an outro patterned on the use of intro for introduction. An epilogue is the chapter at the end of a story that often serves to reveal the fates of the characters. Some epilogues may feature scenes only tangentially related to the subject of the story and they can be used to hint at a sequel or wrap up all the loose ends. They can occur at a significant period of time after the plot has ended. In some cases, the epilogue is used to allow the character a chance to speak freely. An epilogue can continue in the narrative style and perspective as the preceding story. It can also be used as a sequel, in films, the final scenes may feature a montage of images or clips with a short explanation of what happens to the characters. There are many films which do not only include a few glimpses of the characters future, most epilogues in films are shown in a dramatic fashion, usually in silence, to commemorate an important happening, for example, the fate of a character in the film. The epilogue of La La Land shows a happy ending, an alternative to the actual ending, in many documentaries and biopics, the epilogue is text-based, explaining what happened to the subjects after the events covered in the film. In video gaming, epilogues can occur at the end of the story, an epilogue in a game functions similarly to an epilogue in film and literature, providing closure to the end of a story. However, the way in which an epilogue is interacted with in a game can then determine how a story ends. For example, there are four possible endings to Spec Ops, The Line, for example, the 2015 video game Until Dawn features those who survived recounting their experiences to the Police after being rescued. This system can also be expanded on, fortspinnung Conclusion The dictionary definition of epilogue at Wiktionary
34.
Urine
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Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans. It is expelled from the kidneys and flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder, cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many nitrogenous, that require clearance from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis, of the many such substances that exist, the three main nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body are urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Animal urine forms part of the nitrogen cycle, in balanced ecosystems it fertilizes soil and plants, which in turn continue to support the animal population. Some animals use it to mark their territories, human urine and human feces are collectively referred to as human waste, as sewage, they require sewage treatment in places where population density is high. Livestock urine and feces similarly require proper management if the population density is high. Such management is part of ecological sanitation, most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, the system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as water, sugars. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, urine flows from the kidney through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body. Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of species found that 9 larger species urinated for 21 ±13 seconds irrespective of body size. Smaller species including rodents and bats cannot produce jets and instead urinate with a series of drops, producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine, oliguria when <400 mL are produced, about 91-96% of urine consists of water. Urine also contains an assortment of inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, the total solids in urine are on average 59 g per person per day. Organic matter makes up between 65% and 85% of urine dry solids, with volatile solids comprising 75–85% of total solids, urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. On an elemental level, human urine contains 6.87 g/L carbon,8.12 g/L nitrogen,8.25 g/L oxygen, the exact proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health
35.
Robert Smirke (painter)
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Robert Smirke RA was an English painter and illustrator, specialising in small paintings showing subjects taken from literature. He was a member of the Royal Academy, Smirke was born at Wigton near Carlisle, the son of a travelling artist. When he was twelve he was apprenticed to a painter in London. In 1775 he became a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, with which he began to exhibit by sending five works, he showed works there again in 1777 and 1778. In 1786 he exhibited Narcissus and The Lady and Sabrina at the Royal Academy, in 1791 Smirke was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, in which year he exhibited The Widow. He became an academician in 1793, when he painted as his diploma work Don Quixote. His last contribution to the academy, entitled Infancy, appeared in 1813, Smirke is generally accepted as the author in 1815–16 of a series of satirical Catalogues Raisonnés, which savagely lampooned the great and the good of British art patronage. Of his sons, Richard Smirke, was a notable antiquarian artist, Robert and Sydney both became notable architects and were both elected members of the Royal Academy. His fourth son, Edward was a lawyer and antiquary. There is a portrait of Smirke by John Jackson taken from a picture by Mary Smirke. Sir William John Newton painted several miniatures of him, Smirke died at 3 Osnaburgh Terrace, Regents Park, London, on 5 January 1845, aged 92, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Smirkes pictures were usually of small size and painted in monochrome, the Pedagogue, engraved by Joseph Goodyear for the Amulet of 1830, is typical. The Rivals was engraved by William Finden for the Keepsake of 1828, The Secret, by James Mitchell for the annual in 1830. Smirke painted also some pictures for John Boydells Shakespeare Gallery and for Bowyers History of England and these works included Katharine and Petruchio, Juliet and the Nurse, Prince Henry and Falstaff, and The Seven Ages. A large commemorative plate, with fifteen medallion portraits, of The Victory of the Nile was engraved by John Landseer from his design. In the Guildhall Art Gallery was a picture by him representing Conjugal Affection, or Industry and Prudence, and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Smirke, Robert. Robert Smirke online Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
36.
The Merry Wives of Windsor
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The Merry Wives of Windsor is a comedy by William Shakespeare, first published in 1602, though believed to have been written prior to 1597. It features the character Sir John Falstaff, the fat knight who had previously featured in Henry IV Parts 1 and 2. It has been adapted for the opera on several occasions, the play is one of Shakespeares lesser-regarded works among literary critics. In all other respects, the play implies a contemporary setting of the Elizabethan era, Falstaff arrives in Windsor very short on money. He decides, to financial advantage, that he will court two wealthy married women, Mistress Ford and Mistress Page. Falstaff decides to send the women identical love letters and asks his servants – Pistol, when they refuse, Falstaff sacks them, and, in revenge, the men tell Ford and Page of Falstaffs intentions. Page is not concerned, but the jealous Ford persuades the Host of the Garter Inn to introduce him to Falstaff as a Master Brook so that he can find out Falstaffs plans, meanwhile, three different men are trying to win the hand of Pages daughter, Anne Page. Mistress Page would like her daughter to marry Doctor Caius, a French physician, Anne herself is in love with Master Fenton, but Page had previously rejected Fenton as a suitor due to his having squandered his considerable fortune on high-class living. Hugh Evans, a Welsh parson, tries to enlist the help of Mistress Quickly in wooing Anne for Slender, the Host of the Garter Inn prevents this duel by telling both men a different meeting place, causing much amusement for himself, Justice Shallow, Page and others. Evans and Caius decide to work together to be revenged on the Host, when the women receive the letters, each goes to tell the other, and they quickly find that the letters are almost identical. This all results in embarrassment for Falstaff. Mr. Ford poses as Mr. Brook and says he is in love with Mistress Ford and he offers to pay Falstaff to court her, saying that once she has lost her honour he will be able to tempt her himself. Falstaff cannot believe his luck, and tells Brook he has arranged to meet Mistress Ford while her husband is out. Falstaff leaves to keep his appointment and Ford soliloquises that he is right to suspect his wife, when Falstaff arrives to meet Mistress Ford, the merry wives trick him into hiding in a laundry basket full of filthy, smelly clothes awaiting laundering. When the jealous Ford returns to try and catch his wife with the knight, the wives have the basket taken away, although this affects Falstaffs pride, his ego is surprisingly resilient. He is convinced that the wives are just playing hard to get him, so he continues his pursuit of sexual advancement, with its attendant capital. Again Falstaff goes to meet the women but Mistress Page comes back and they try to think of ways to hide him other than the laundry basket which he refuses to get into again. They trick him again, this time into disguising himself as Mistress Fords maids obese aunt, Ford tries once again to catch his wife with the knight but ends up beating the old woman, whom he despises, and throwing her out of his house
37.
Raphael Holinshed
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Raphael Holinshed was an English chronicler, whose work, commonly known as Holinsheds Chronicles, was one of the major sources used by William Shakespeare for a number of his plays. He is thought to have born in Sutton Hall, Sutton Lane Ends, Cheshire. Wolfe gave him the project of compiling a history from the Flood to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. This ambitious project was never finished, but one portion was published in 1577 as The Chronicles of England, Scotland, Holinshed was only one contributor to this work, others involved in its production included William Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, and John Hooker. Shakespeare used the second edition of the Chronicles as the source for most of his history plays, the plot of Macbeth. Little is known about Holinsheds life, there is no source which states his date of birth, for instance. He became known only by the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, although Vernon Snow remarks that Holinshed was an experienced Cambridge-educated translator, no other works by Holinshed are available. A few months after the Chronicle had been licensed, Holinshed retired to the countryside near Warwick and he died around 1580 and his will was proven on 24 April 1582. Nothing is known about Holinshed’s civil duties, other scholarly achievements or work for the Church, in 1548 Reyner Wolfe, a London printer, conceived the idea of creating a Universal Cosmography of the whole world, and there with also certain particular histories of every known nation. He wanted the work to be printed in English and he wanted maps, Wolfe acquired many of John Lelands works and with these he constructed chronologies and drew maps that were up to date. When Wolfe realised he could not complete this project on his own, he hired Raphael Holinshed and William Harrison to assist him. Wolfe died with the still uncompleted in 1573, and the project. They kept Raphael Holinshed who employed William Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, Edmund Campion, in 1577 the work was published in two volumes after some censorship by the Privy Council of some of Stanyhursts contribution on Ireland. The pages in question were removed by order of the Privy Council, the missing passages were separately published in 1723, and a complete reprint appeared in 1807. Raphael Holinshed, new light on a shadowy life, in Kewes, Paulina, Archer, Ian W. Heal, Felicity. The Oxford Handbook of Holinsheds Chronicles, Works by Raphael Holinshed at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Raphael Holinshed at Internet Archive Excerpts from Holinsheds Chronicles, Volume V, Scotland, at Macbeth Navigator. Holinsheds Chronicles at Project Gutenberg The Holinshed Project at Oxford University, Holinsheds Chronicles, from the University of Pennsylvania
38.
John Oldcastle
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Sir John Oldcastle was an English Lollard leader. Being a friend of Henry V, he escaped prosecution for heresy. When convicted, he escaped from the Tower of London and then led a rebellion against the King, eventually, he was captured and executed in London. He formed the basis for William Shakespeares character John Falstaff, who was originally called John Oldcastle, Oldcastles date of birth is unknown, although dubious and possibly apocryphal sources place it variously at 1360 or 1378. His father was Richard Oldcastle of Almeley in northwest Herefordshire and his grandfather, also called John Oldcastle, was Herefordshires MP during the latter part of the reign of King Richard II. Oldcastle represented Herefordshire as a knight of the shire in the parliament of 1404, later serving as a justice of the peace, in 1408 he married Joan, the heiress of Cobham — his third marriage, and her fourth. This resulted in a significant improvement of his fortune and status, at some point in his military career Oldcastle became a trusted supporter of Henry, Prince of Wales, later to become King Henry V, who regarded Sir John as one of his most trustworthy soldiers. Oldcastle was a member of the expedition which the young Henry sent to France in 1411 in a campaign to assist the Burgundians in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War. In the convocation which met in March 1413, shortly before the death of Henry IV, Oldcastle was at once accused of heresy. But his friendship with the new King Henry V prevented any action until convincing evidence was found in one of Oldcastles books. The matter was brought before the King, who desired that nothing should be done until he had tried his personal influence, Oldcastle declared his readiness to submit to the king all his fortune in this world but was firm in his religious beliefs. When Oldcastle fled from Windsor Castle to his own castle at Cowling, Oldcastle refused to obey the archbishops repeated citations, and it was only under a Royal Writ that he at last appeared before the ecclesiastical court on 23 September 1413. He also said the veneration of images was the sin of idolatry. On 25 September he was convicted as a heretic, King Henry V was still anxious to find a way of escape for his old comrade, and granted a respite of forty days. Before that time had expired, Oldcastle escaped from the Tower by the help of one William Fisher, Oldcastle now put himself at the head of a widespread Lollard conspiracy, which assumed a definite political character. The plan was to seize the King and his brothers during a Twelfth-night mumming at Eltham, Oldcastle was to be Regent, the king, nobility and clergy placed under restraint, and the abbeys dissolved and their riches shared out. King Henry, forewarned of their intention by a spy, moved to London, Oldcastle himself escaped into deepest northwest Herefordshire, and for nearly four years avoided capture. Apparently he was privy to the Southampton Plot in July 1415, on the failure of the scheme he went again into hiding
39.
The Famous Victories of Henry V
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It was entered by printer Thomas Creede in the Stationers Register in 1594, but the earliest known edition is from 1598. A second quarto was published in 1617, the play covers the riotous youth of Prince Henry and his transformation into a warrior king, ending with his victory at Agincourt and his wooing of Princess Katherine. The work is of unknown authorship, and various authors have been proposed, including a young Shakespeare. Prince Henry and his companions have committed a robbery, stealing £1000 from two Royal Receivers and he meets Jocky Oldcastle and tells him of events. The Receivers, pursuing the robbers, bump into Henry who forgives them for losing the money and he suggests to the others that they go carousing to spend the money in a tavern. The Chief Justice hears about Henrys antics at the tavern, which include a street brawl with drawn swords. He orders the arrest of the Prince and others, local tradesmen comment on the events. One of them recognises a Thief, who they take into custody, the Thief insists that he is a servant of Prince Henry who will get him released. Meanwhile King Henry IV laments the shameful lifestyle of his son and he questions the Chief Justice about the arrest of the Prince. The Justice explains his actions and King Henry accepts their validity and he calls for his son to be brought to him. Angry at the Chief Justice, he tells Jocky and his companions that when he is king they shall have major positions of state, the Justice is arraigning the Thief when Prince Henry and his gang arrive. The prince insists that the Thief be released, when the Justice refuses, Prince Henry assaults him. At his meeting with his father, Prince Henry is upbraided and his father tells him of his royal duties. Shamed, the Prince promises to reform his lifestyle, meanwhile the tradesmen act out a clownish version of the conflict between the Prince and the Chief Justice. The Prince picks up the crown thinking his father is dead, King Henry revives and upbraids him again. The Prince promises to be a good king, now king, Henry V reneges on his promises to his old companions and banishes them. Henry discusses his claim to the French throne with the Archbishop, the Dolphin of France sends tennis balls as a present to King Henry as an insult. Henry prepares for war with France, one of the tradesmen, John Cobler, has been fighting with his wife
40.
Edward Hall
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Edward Hall, born in 1497, was the son of John Hall of Northall in Kynnersley, Shropshire, a London grocer and Merchant of the Staple who resided in the parish of St Mildred in the Poultry. Halls father served as Warden of the Grocers in 1512, Katherine Halls burial on 19 June 1557 in the church of St Benet Sherehog was recorded by the diarist Henry Machyn. She appointed as executor of her will Sir William Garrard, and as supervisor Dame Joan Warren, according to some sources, Katherine was the Mistress Hall who in 1555 was imprisoned in Newgate for her faith, and with whom the religious reformer John Bradford corresponded. Hall had a brother, William, who survived him, Hall began his education at Eton. In 1514 he was admitted to Kings College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1518, Hall was a student at Grays Inn by 1521, and became a lawyer by profession. He was Autumn Reader at his Inn in 1533, and Lent Reader in 1540, according to Herman, Hall may have been first elected to Parliament as early as 1523. He was elected to represent Much Wenlock in 1529, and represented the borough again in 1539, in 1542, and again in 1545, he was elected for Bridgnorth. Hall served as Common Serjeant of London from 17 March 1533 to 2 June 1535, a revised edition appeared in 1550. Both included a continuation from 1532 compiled by Grafton from the authors notes, a reprint was issued in 1965. In 1904 the concluding chapter dealing with the reign of Henry VIII was edited by Charles Whibley, Hall presents the policy of this king in a very favourable light and shows his own sympathy with the Protestants. He has a respect for ceremonial of all kinds, and his pages are often adorned and encumbered with the pageantry. The value of the Chronicle in its early stages is not great, on 22 June 1940 Alan Keen, a dealer in antiquarian books, discovered an extensively annotated copy of Halls Chronicle among the contents of a library from outside London which he had just purchased. Keen considered that the marginal annotations, most of which are found in the covering the reigns of Henry IV, Henry V. Keen published his findings in two articles, and in a book co-authored with Alan Lubbock in 1954, The Annotator. After his death Keen left the volume in the hands of trustees, who placed it in the British Library, there is no evidence as to whether Hall ever married. In his will he requested burial in the Greyfriars, London, but he was buried in the church of St Benet Sherehog. He left all his books in French and English to his brother, William, Cambridge, Deighton, Bell & Co. p.537. Grazebrook, George, Rylands, John Paul, eds, the Visitation of Shropshire Taken in the Year 1623, Part I
41.
Samuel Daniel
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Samuel Daniel was an English poet and historian. Daniel was born near Taunton in Somerset, the son of a music-master and he was the brother of lutenist and composer John Danyel. Their sister, whose name is unknown, may have married Daniels friend John Florio, in 1579, Daniel was admitted to Magdalen Hall at Oxford University, where he remained for about three years and afterwards devoted himself to the study of poetry and philosophy. A Samuel Daniel is recorded in 1586 as being the servant of Edward Stafford, the Baron of Stafford and this is probably the same person as the poet. He was first encouraged and, by his own account, taught in verse, by the Countess of Pembroke and he had entered her household as tutor to her son, Lord Herbert. His first known work, a translation of Paulus Jovius, to some original matter is appended, was printed in 1585. His first known volume of verse is dated 1592, it contains the cycle of sonnets addressed to Delia, twenty-seven of the sonnets had already been printed at the end of Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophil and Stella without the authors consent. Several editions of Delia appeared in 1592, and they were frequently reprinted during Daniels lifetime. To an edition of Delia and Rosamond, in 1594, was added the tragedy of Cleopatra, written in style, in alternately rhyming heroic verse. The First Four Books of the Civil Wars, a poem on the subject of the Wars of the Roses, in ottava rima. About this time he became tutor to Lady Anne Clifford, daughter of the Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland. On the death of Edmund Spenser, in the year, Daniel received the somewhat vague office of Poet Laureate. Many later editions contained in addition his Poetical Epistles to his patrons and this was not just a defense of rhyme in the formal sense, but of the idea of there being positive post-classical literary developments. As Nicholas Birns puts it, Daniels defense of rhyme entails a defense of the medieval and he even went so far as seeing Tamburlaine in Christopher Marlowes play as a barbarian to be admired. In 1603, Daniel was appointed master of the queens revels, as a dramatist, Daniel maintained a traditional relationship with Court and University, and had little to do with the popular drama that was such a striking development of his culture in his era. The hero of the play was perceived to resemble Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex—a troubling connection, in 1605, Certain Small Poems appeared, with the tragedy of Philotas. Certaine small Workes heretofore divulged by Samuel Daniel was a version of all his works except Delia. In 1609 the Civil Wars had been completed in eight books, in 1612 Daniel published a prose History of England, from the earliest times down to the end of the reign of Edward III
42.
Order of the Garter
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honour in England and the United Kingdom. It is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George and it is awarded at the Sovereigns pleasure as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, the order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St Georges Day, the orders emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense in gold lettering. Members of the wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne, the list includes Sir Sanchet DAbrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed, the Kings wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that member of the Order already be a knight. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in Tirant lo Blanch and it was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter, at the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St.1431. Various legends account for the origin of the Order, the most popular legend involves the Countess of Salisbury, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers sniggered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, Honi soit qui mal y pense, King Edward supposedly recalled the event in the 14th century when he founded the Order. This story is recounted in a letter to the Annual Register in 1774, The motto in fact refers to Edwards claim to the French throne, the use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour. Medieval scholars have pointed to a connection between the Order of the Garter and the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in Gawain, a girdle, very similar in its erotic undertones to the garter, plays a prominent role. A rough version of the Orders motto also appears in the text and it translates from Old French as Accursed be a cowardly and covetous heart. While the author of that poem remains disputed, there seems to be a connection between two of the top candidates and the Order of the Garter. Scholar J. P. Oakden has suggested that it is related to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and, more importantly. Another competing theory is that the work was written for Enguerrand de Coucy, the Sire de Coucy was married to King Edward IIIs daughter, Isabella, and was given admittance to the Order of the Garter on their wedding day
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Henry IV, Part 2 public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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