1.
Lieutenant Governor of New York
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The Lieutenant Governor of New York is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the Government of New York State. It is the second highest-ranking official in state government, the lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. The office is held by Kathy Hochul. Most lieutenant governors take on duties as assigned to them by the governor. For example, Mary Donohue took on duties in the areas of business, school violence. Donohues predecessor, Betsy McCaughey Ross, worked on Medicare and education policy, Democrat Stan Lundine, who served under Gov. Mario Cuomo, was active on technology and housing issues during his two terms in office. While governor and lieutenant governor are elected by a joint vote in the general election. In 1982, Mario Cuomo won the Democratic nomination for governor, DelBello was elected with Cuomo, but resigned in 1985 complaining that Cuomo did not give him anything to do. McCaughey Ross had been elected on a ticket with Pataki in 1994 and he dropped her from his 1998 re-election ticket and she became a Democrat and ran for governor on the Liberal ticket. Prior to Paterson succeeding Eliot Spitzer on March 17,2008, Mario Cuomo was the last lieutenant governor to be elected governor. In the 1994 statewide election, Lt. Gov. Stan Lundine sought reelection on the Democratic ticket with Gov. Mario Cuomo, Lieutenant Governor Lundine was unopposed for renomination on the Democratic ticket. In the Republican primary, academic Betsy McCaughey was the only candidate, ms. McCaughey was selected as a running mate by State Sen. George Pataki. Pataki reportedly also considered sofa bed heiress Bernadette Castro and Assembly Minority Leader Clarence Rappalya as possible running mates as well, the Pataki/McCaughey ticket defeated the Cuomo/Lundine ticket in the general election. In 1997, following an out for most of their term. Pataki embarked on a long process to select a new running mate for lieutenant governor. After reportedly considering State Parks Commissioner Bernadette Castro, State Sen. Mary Lou Rath and Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples, Judge Donohue was unopposed for the Republican nomination. Several candidates entered the race for the Democratic lieutenant governor nomination, State Sen. Anthony Nanula of Buffalo reportedly considered the race and then decided against running. Councilwoman Kavanaugh withdrew from the race at the Democratic State Convention, Mr. King received enough support to qualify for the September primary ballot and continued his race
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Myron H. Clark
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Myron Holley Clark was an American politician from the U. S. state of New York. Myron Holley Clark was born in Naples, Ontario County, New York on October 23,1806 and he was a member of the New York State Senate from 1852 to 1854, sitting in the 75th, 76th and 77th New York State Legislatures. At the New York state election,1854, he was elected Governor of New York in the closest gubernatorial election in New York State history and he was in office from 1855 to 1856. As Governor, Clark was noted for his meddling with militia appointments, Clark made several attempts to effect prohibition in the state and signed a prohibition law while governor, but the law was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals. His steadfast advocating of temperance led to his nomination on the Prohibition ticket to run again for Governor at the New York state election,1874. He finished in place, behind Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, comptroller Clark Williams was his grandson
3.
Sanford E. Church
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Sanford Elias Church was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He served as Lieutenant Governor of the state of New York, from 1835 on he resided in Albion, New York, with the exception of a brief residence in Rochester, New York. Church studied law with Benjamin L. Bessac, and was admitted to the bar in 1842, then he associated himself with Noah Davis. This firm continued for a period of thirteen years, on its dissolution the firm of Church & Sawyer was established at Albion. Church was a member from Orleans County of the New York State Assembly in 1842, in 1850 Church was nominated by the Democrats for lieutenant governor with Horatio Seymour for governor. Seymour was defeated by Washington Hunt, the Whig candidate, by two hundred majority, but Church ran ahead of his ticket and was elected. In 1852, he was re-elected to the office. In 1857 Church was elected New York State Comptroller, but was defeated in 1859 and 1863 when a candidate for re-election, in 1867 he was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, and was chairman of its finance committee. During the Civil War, Church vilified the Lincoln administration for seeking to absorb, centralize and consolidate the rights, a delegate to the 1844,1860,1864 and 1868 Democratic National Conventions, Church, in 1860, advocated the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas. Tilden, the chairman of the delegation, who cast the vote of the State for him for the first seven ballots, New York then switched to Thomas A. Hendricks from the eighth to the ballots until a break was made by other states to Horatio Seymour, the chairman of the convention. In the spring of 1870, Church was nominated by the Democratic convention for chief judge of the Court of Appeals, the opposing candidate in the convention was George F. Comstock, and the opposing candidate in the election was Henry R. Selden. Church was elected by nearly ninety thousand majority and he was 65 years,25 days of age and is interred at the Mt. Albion Cemetery in Albion, New York. Churchs parents, Ozias and Permelia Church, were of English and he married Ann Wild in 1840 in Barre Center, New York. They had a daughter, Nellie Church, and a son, NY Court History Google Book The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough Sanford E
4.
Henry R. Selden
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Henry Rogers Selden was an American lawyer and politician. He was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1857 to 1858, Anthony in her 1873 trial for unlawfully voting as a woman. He was the son of Calvin Selden and Phebe Selden and he moved to Rochester, New York, in 1825 to study law in the firm of Addison Gardiner and Selden’s brother Samuel L. Selden. He was admitted to the bar in 1830 and commenced practice in Clarkson, Selden became the case reporter for the New York State Court of Appeals in 1851. Originally a Democrat, he became an abolitionist and founding member of the New York Republican Party in 1856, in 1858, Yale College conferred the degree of LL. D. on him. He returned to Rochester in 1859 and he was a Delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. In July 1862, Henry R. Selden was appointed a judge of the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his brother Samuel. In November 1863, he was elected to succeed himself for an eight-year term and he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1866. In 1870, he was nominated by the Republican Party for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, in 1872, Selden was a delegate to the national convention of the Liberal Republican Party in Cincinnati. Partisan bickering there led him to retire from politics and he spent the latter portion of the year and the first half of 1873 involved in Anthony’s case, for which he never billed Anthony. Selden retired from the practice of law in 1879 and he was buried near Anthony at the Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester. Selden, New York is named for him, as well as New Mexicos Fort Seldon, political Graveyard Henry R. Selden at Find a Grave
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United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
7.
New York's 6th congressional district
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New Yorks Sixth Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York City, located entirely within Queens. It is represented by Democrat Grace Meng, the district includes several racially and ethnically diverse Queens neighborhoods, including Flushing, Forest Hills, Middle Village, Kew Gardens, Bayside and Murray Hill. The district comprised mainly middle-class minority communities, but also included a part of Howard Beach known as Old Howard Beach, the 6th District was located in northern Queens and adjacent Nassau county until 1982, covering the same territory now in the 5th District. This part of Queens had been in the 7th District prior to that reapportionment, from 1809 to 1813, two seats were elected at-large on a general ticket. Note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
8.
Elijah Ward
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Congressman during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. Ward was born in Sing Sing, New York and he pursued classical studies, engaged in commercial pursuits in New York City and at the same time attended the law department of New York University. He was admitted to the bar in 1843 and commenced practice in New York City and he was judge advocate general of the State 1853-1855, and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1856. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress, but was a candidate for reelection in 1858. He was subsequently elected to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses, and he resumed the practice of law in New York City, and then was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress. He was chairman, Committee on Commerce, ward was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1876. He died in Roslyn, Nassau County, New York, interment was in Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City
9.
Republican National Committee
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The Republican National Committee is a U. S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and it is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Ronna Romney McDaniel is the current committee chair, the RNCs main counterpart is the Democratic National Committee. The 1856 Republican National Convention appointed the first RNC and it consisted of one member from each state and territory to serve for four years. Each national convention since then has followed the precedent of equal representation for each state or territory, from 1924 to 1952, there was a national committeeman and national committeewoman from each state and U. S. possession, and from Washington, D. C. As of 2011, the RNC has 168 members, the only person to have chaired the RNC and later become U. S. president is George H. W. Bush. A number of the chairs of the RNC have been state governors, on November 24,2008, Steele launched his campaign for the RNC chairmanship with the launching of his website. On January 30,2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, I think I may have some keys to open the door, some juice to turn on the lights, he said. Six people ran for the 2009 RNC Chairmanship, Steele, Ken Blackwell, Mike Duncan, Saul Anuzis, Katon Dawson, after Saltsmans withdrawal, there were only five candidates during the hotly contested balloting January 30,2009. After the third round of balloting that day, Steele held a lead over incumbent Mike Duncan of Kentucky. Shortly after the announcement of the standings, Duncan dropped out of contention without endorsing a candidate, after the fifth round, Steele held a ten-vote lead over Katon Dawson, with 79 votes, and Saul Anuzis dropped out. After the sixth vote, he won the chairmanship of the RNC over Dawson by a vote of 91 to 77, when I was chairman of the Republican National Committee the last time we lost the White House in 1992 we focused exclusively on 1993 and 1994. And at the end of time, we had both houses of Congress with Republican majorities, and wed gone from 17 Republican governors to 31. So anyone talking about 2012 today doesnt have their eye on the ball, what we ought to worry about is rebuilding our party over the next year and particularly in 2010, Barbour said at the November 2008 Republican Governors conference. Michael Steele ran for re-election at the 2011 RNC winter meeting, steeles critics increasingly called on him to step down as RNC Chair when his term ended in 2011. A debate for Chairman hosted by Americans for Tax Reform took place on January 3 at the National Press Club, the election for Chairman took place January 14 at the RNCs winter meeting with Reince Priebus winning on the seventh ballot after Steele and Wagner withdrew. He was re-elected to a term in 2015, setting him up to become the longest serving head of the party ever. Trump then recommended Ronna Romney McDaniel as RNC Chairwoman, and she was elected to that role by the RNC in January 2017
10.
Edwin D. Morgan
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Edwin Denison Morgan was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee and he was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War. Morgan was born in Washington, Massachusetts on February 8,1811 to Jasper, the family moved to Windsor, Connecticut, where Morgan received his early education. Edwin Morgan was a cousin of Morgan G. Bulkeley, the Governor of Connecticut from 1889 to 1893 and he began his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council, in 1836, he removed to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker. Morgan & Company, a house, in partnership with George D. Morgan, his cousin, and Frederick Avery. Solon Humphreys was taken in as a partner in 1854 after working several years as an agent in St. Louis. Largely through his connections, the became the principal agent for Missouri securities. All the while the firm maintained its wholesale grocery trade, in 1849, Morgan was elected as a member of the New York City Board of Assistant Aldermen. He made a name for himself as chairman of the Sanitary Committee during the epidemic of 1848. He was also a member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee,1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876. From 1859 until 1862, he served as Governor of New York, in February 1863, he was elected to the U. S. Senate, and served one term until 1869. In January 1869, he sought re-nomination, but was voted down by the Republican caucus of State legislators who instead nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton, in 1876, Morgan ran again for Governor but was defeated by Democrat Lucius Robinson. In 1881, Morgan was nominated by President Chester A. Arthur as Treasury Secretary and was confirmed by the Senate, in 1833, he married Eliza Matilda Waterman, daughter of Henry Waterman. Together, they had, Edwin D. Morgan died in New York City on February 14,1883 and he was buried at the Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. His 2x great-grandson was Edwin D. Morgan, businessman and Pioneer Fund director from 2000-2001, list of American Civil War generals Finding Aid to Edwin D. Morgan Papers, 1833-1883 at the New York State Library, accessed January 4,2016 United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, mr. Lincoln and New York, Edwin D. Morgan Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands
11.
Marcus Lawrence Ward
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Republicans nominated Ward for Governor in 1862, but he lost to Democrat Joel Parker. Ward was nominated again in 1865 and was elected Governor of New Jersey, Ward was chosen as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1866 to 1868. Ward served a term in the United States House of Representatives from the newly created New Jerseys 6th congressional district. He died in Newark, New Jersey, and was buried there in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, there is a memorial plaque dedicated to him in the Alice Ransom Dreyfuss Memorial Garden behind the Newark Museum. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Ward Newark Archives Search Results for Marcus Ward
12.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
13.
Livingston County, New York
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Livingston County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,393, the county is named after Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Livingston County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Livingston County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, Livingston County was formed from Genesee and Ontario Counties in 1821. Livingston County is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Rochester, letchworth State Park in partly in the western part of the county. The Genesee River flows northward through the county, the Rochester and Southern Railroad traverses the county from Greigsville south through Mount Morris to Dansville. The population density was 102 people per square mile, there were 24,023 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 04% White,3. 01% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 76% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 85% from other races, and 1. 04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 27% of the population,22. 5% were of German,17. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,12. 8% English and 7. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 8% spoke English and 2. 0% Spanish as their first language,23. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 23. 40% under the age of 18,14. 20% from 18 to 24,28. 90% from 25 to 44,22. 10% from 45 to 64
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
16.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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Genesee Wesleyan Seminary
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The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was the name of two institutions located on the same site in Lima, New York. The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the plan for its establishment dates to 1829 when the Conference appointed a committee for this purpose. In 1849, there was an attempt to upgrade the institution to a truly college-level entity. The facilities at Lima remained open as the second Genesee Wesleyan Seminary from 1870 through to 1941, although vacant through the war years, in 1947, Genessee Junior College opened in the grounds in 1947, again under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The junior college closed in 1951, the Elim Bible Institute has operated on the grounds since that time. Two seminary / college buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Luckey was elected the first Principal of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, and was transferred from the New York Annual Conference of the M. E. He remained in office until 1836, when he was elected by the M. E. General Conference as the Editor of The Christian Advocate and Journal, the institution is said to have opened most favorably, with a total enrollment the first year of 341, with 170-180 students attending at any one time. The Agents of the seminary solicited funds for the erection of handsome buildings, in 1880, Bishop Matthew Simpson of the M. E. Church described the early years thus no other institution in the church accomplishing apparently more in the education of active and useful young men. The early years of the institution were said to be ones of great prosperity and this was especially true under the administrations of the Rev. Schuyler Seager. Seager was born 8 July 1807 in Simsbury, Connecticut and he joined the Genesee Conference in 1833. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1836 and that same year he was appointed Teacher of Moral Science and Belles-Lettres in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. He was chosen as Principal of the seminary in 1837, after entering pastoral ministry in 1844, he returned to the seminary in 1854, again as Principal. In 1856-57 he was made Principal of the Genesee Model School in Lima, New York, george H. Durand, served in the United States Congress for the state of Michigan. Merton W. Herrick, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, charles Henry Fowler, President of Northwestern University from 1873-1876. Henry A. Patterson, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, Henry Jarvis Raymond, journalist and politician who was a founder of The New York Times, attended Geneva Wesleyan Seminary. Sarah Amelia Scull, respected Greek scholar and author of Greek Mythology Systematized, in 1850 it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary
18.
University of Vermont
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The University of Vermont, officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, is a public research university and, since 1862, the U. S. state of Vermonts sole land-grant university. Founded in 1791, UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U. S. northeast. It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States, the university is incorporated in the city of Burlington–Vermonts most populous municipality. The campus Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the country to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification. The largest hospital complex in Vermont, the University of Vermont Medical Center, has its facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine. The University of Vermont was founded as a university in 1791. The university enrolled its first students 10 years later and its first president, the Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, was hired in 1800, and served as the faculty member for seven years. Instruction began in 1801, and the first class graduated in 1804, in 1865, the university merged with Vermont Agricultural College, emerging as the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Much of the funding and planning for the university was undertaken by Ira Allen. Allen donated a 50-acre parcel of land for the universitys establishment, most of this land has been maintained as the universitys main green, upon which stands a statue of Allen. The citizens of Burlington helped fund the universitys first edifice, and and this building came to be known as Old Mill for its resemblance to New England mills of the time. The Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who became a commander in the American Revolution, a statue of Lafayette stands at the north end of the main green. In 1871, UVM defied custom and admitted two women as students, Four years later, it was the first American university to admit women to full membership into the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the countrys oldest collegiate academic honor society. Likewise, in 1877, it initiated the first African American into the society, in 1924, the first radio broadcast in Vermont occurred from the college station, WCAX, run by students then, now the call sign of a commercial television station. For 73 years, UVM held an annual Kake Walk where students wore blackface, the University of Vermont comprises seven undergraduate schools, an honors college, a graduate college, and a college of medicine. The Honors College does not offer its own degrees, students in the Honors College concurrently enroll in one of the seven undergraduate colleges or schools. UVM is ranked tied for 92nd in U. S. News & World Reports 2017 national university rankings, and is ranked tied for 38th among public universities
19.
Columbia Law School
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Columbia Law School is a professional graduate school of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. It is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world and has always ranked in the top five by U. S. News. Columbia is especially known for its strength in corporate law. Columbia Law School was founded in 1858 as the Columbia College Law School and was known for its legal scholarship dating back to the 18th century. Cabinet members and Presidential advisers, U. S. Senators, Representatives, and Governors, according to Columbia Law Schools 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 95% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The law school was ranked #1 of all law schools nation-wide by the National Law Journal in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US, the teaching of law at Columbia reaches back to the 18th century. Columbia College appointed its first professor of law, James Kent, the lectures of Chancellor Kent in the course of four years had developed into the first two volumes of his Commentaries, the second volume being published November 1827. Kent did not, however, succeed in establishing a law school or department in the College, thus, the formal instruction of law as a course of study did not commence until the middle of the 19th century. The Columbia College Law School, as it was officially called, was founded in 1858. The first law school building was a Gothic Revival structure located on Columbias Madison Avenue campus, thereafter, the college became Columbia University and moved north to the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. As Columbia Law Professor Theodore Dwight observed, at its founding the demand for a course of study in law was still speculative. No institution resembling a law school had existed in New York. Legal education was, however, at a low ebb. The clerks in the law offices were left almost wholly to themselves, frequently they were not even acquainted with the lawyers with whom, by a convenient fiction, they were supposed to be studying. In general, the examinations were purely perfunctory, a politician of influence was not readily turned away. Few studied law as a science, many followed it as a trade or as a convenient ladder whereby to rise in a political career, indeed, Columbia Law School was one of the few law schools established in the United States before the Civil War. Jay was fortunate to have attentive supervision because the quality and time of learning the law varied greatly within the profession, the original course of study to obtain a degree consisted of just two years, rather than the modern standard of three. The first lecture in the Law School was delivered on Monday, Nov 1,1858, by Mr. Dwight and it was an introductory lecture, afterwards printed
20.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
21.
History of American newspapers
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The history of American newspapers begins in the early 18th century with the publication of the first colonial newspapers. American newspapers began as modest affairs—a sideline for printers and they became a political force in the campaign for American independence. Following independence the first article of U. S, constitution guaranteed freedom of the press. The American press grew rapidly during the First Party System when both parties sponsored papers to reach their loyal partisans, editors typically became the local party spokesman, and hard-hitting editorials were widely reprinted. By 1900 major newspapers had become profitable powerhouses of advocacy, muckraking and sensationalism, along with serious, during the early 20th Century, prior to rise of television, the average American read several newspapers per-day. Starting in the 1920s changes in technology again morphed the nature of American journalism as radio and later, television, in the late 20th century, much of American journalism became housed in big media chains. With the coming of digital journalism in the 21st Century, all faced a business crisis as readers turned to the internet for sources. The first editors discovered readers loved it when they criticized the local governor, the most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought John Peter Zenger to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press, the result was an emerging tension between the media and the government. By the mid-1760s, there were 24 weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies, instead he launched a third newspaper, The New England Courant. Timothy Turnstone addresses flippant jibes to Justice Nicholas Clodpate in the first extant number of the Courant, Tom Pen-Shallow quickly follows, with his mischievous little postscript, Pray inform me whether in your Province Criminals have the Privilege of a Jury. Tom Tram writes from the moon about rumours of a certain villainous Post master, ichabod Henroost complains of a gadding wife. Homespun Jack deplores the fashions in general, and small waists in particular, some of these papers represent native wit, with only a general approach to the model, others are little more than paraphrases of The Spectator. And sometimes a Spectator paper is inserted bodily, with no attempt at paraphrase whatever and they also published poetry, histories, autobiographies, etc. Benjamin Franklin saw the press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue. Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God, because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions, thus, despite his own moral lapses, Franklin saw himself as uniquely qualified to instruct Americans in morality. He tried to influence American moral life through construction of a network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England. Franklin thereby invented the first newspaper chain, It was more than a business venture, for many publishers since
22.
George Jones (publisher)
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George Jones was an American journalist who, with Henry Jarvis Raymond, co-founded the New-York Daily Times, now the New York Times Jones was born in 1811 in Poultney, Vermont. He moved to Ohio for a time, but moved back to Vermont after his parents died, Jones was employed at the Northern Spectator. By 1833, George had moved to Troy, working in dry goods, after spending a few years in New York City, he moved to and became a banker in Albany, New York. He and Raymond issued the first issue of the New-York Daily Times on September 18,1851, the two had first become acquainted while working at the New-York Tribune under Horace Greeley. Jones solicited funds to begin the newspaper, earning contributions from investors in Albany and Aurora, Morgan, as well supplying $25,000 from himself and another $25,000 from his former banking partner Edward Wesley. The paper began publishing as the New York Times on September 14,1857, upon Raymonds death in June 1869, Jones took over as publisher. Between 1870 and 1871, the paper had been repeatedly attacking Boss Tweed through editorials by George William Curtis, Tweed tried to buy Raymonds widows 34%, but Morgan purchased it before he could. Tweed also offered Jones $5 million dollars to not print the story, the efforts of the Times contributed to the downfall of Tweed and his corrupt city government. Jones died in 1891 and is interred in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, history of American newspapers George Jones and Henry J. Raymond papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. George Jones papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library
23.
Lima, New York
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Lima is a town in Livingston County, New York, U. S. The population was 4,305 at the 2010 census, the town of Lima is in the northeast part of the county, south of Rochester. The village of Lima is located within the town, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary / Genesee College in Lima village was one of the first co-educational schools in the country when it first opened in 1822. Eventually, determined by a Methodist-Episcopal convention in 1870, the college was shut in favor of the newly developed Syracuse University, the population of Lima was 1,890 in 1920. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.9 square miles. The north town line is the border of Monroe County, Honeoye Creek defines the east town line. New York State Route 5 conjoined with US Route 20 is a major east-west highway, New York State Route 15A, a north-south highway, intersects NY-5/US-20 in Lima village. Public schools in Lima are in the Honeoye Falls-Lima Central School District and include Honeoye Falls-Lima Senior High School, Honeoye Falls-Lima Middle School, the Lima Primary School is in the district but located in Town of Lima. The School mascot is the Cougar, as of June 2009, Genesee Community College has started construction for one of its satellite campuses. The campus is expected to be finished and open for the Fall 2009 semester, elim Bible Institute is located in Lima New York and is a religious college that offers a two-year degree and certifications in religious study. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,541 people,1,553 households, the population density was 142.4 people per square mile. There were 1,610 housing units at a density of 50.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 87% White,1. 04% Black or African American,0. 29% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 33% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 26% of the population,24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 23. 8% under the age of 18,13. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $48,774, and the median income for a family was $57,127
24.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
25.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
26.
Salem, Massachusetts
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Salem is a coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States, located on Massachusetts North Shore. It is a New England bedrock of history and is considered one of the most significant seaports in Puritan American history, the citys reported population was 41,340 at the 2010 census. Salem and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County, though the county government was abolished in 1999, much of the citys cultural identity reflects its role as the location of the Salem witch trials of 1692, as featured in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Tourists know Salem as a mix of important historical sites and a vibrant downtown that has more than 60 restaurants, cafes, in 2012, the Retailers Association of Massachusetts chose Salem for their inaugural Best Shopping District award. President Barack Obama signed executive order HR1339 on January 10,2013, more than one million tourists from all around the world visit Salem annually, bringing in at least $100 million in tourism spending each year. More than 250,000 visited Salem over Halloween weekend in 2016, Salem is located at the mouth of the Naumkeag river at the site of an ancient American Indian village and trading center. It was first settled by Europeans in 1626, when a company of fishermen arrived from Cape Ann, led by Roger Conant. Conants leadership provided the stability to survive the first two years, but he was replaced by John Endecott, one of the new arrivals, Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted 200 acres of land in compensation. These New Planters and the Old Planters agreed to cooperate, in part due to the diplomacy of Conant. In 1628, Endecott ordered that the Great House be moved from Cape Ann, when Higginson arrived in Salem, he wrote that we found a faire house newly built for the Governor which was remarkable for being two stories high. A year later, the Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London, John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, beginning the Great Migration. In 1639, Endecotts was one of the signatures on the contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town House Square for the First Church in Salem. This document remains part of the records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life, Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of the First Church of Salem, which is the original Puritan church in North America. Endecott already had a relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him. Roger Conant died in 1679 at the age of 87, a statue commemorating him stands overlooking Salem Common. Salem originally included much of the North Shore, including Marblehead, most of the accused in the Salem witch trials lived in nearby Salem Village, now known as Danvers, although a few lived on the outskirts of Salem. Salem Village also included Peabody and parts of present-day Beverly, Middleton, Topsfield, Wenham, and Manchester-by-the-Sea were once parts of Salem
27.
Norwalk, Connecticut
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Norwalk, is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, located in the New York metropolitan area. As of 2015, the population for Norwalk was 88,485. Norwalk, settled 1649, incorporated Sept.1651, Norwaukee shall bee a townee Algonkin noyank, point of land, or more probably from the Indian name, the city boundaries originally included parts of the current municipalities of New Canaan, Wilton, and Westport. Ancient records describe the boundaries as from Norwalk river to Sauhatuck river, from sea, thus a disputing source, and common tradition, describes Norwalks name deriving from the northern boundary extending from the sea covering one days north walk into the countryside. An additional source found this analysis to be improbable, given that the name Norwalk was used by natives, additionally a nearby river was known as the Norwake River when the area was first colonized. Roger Ludlows 1640 land purchase was from the Indians of Norwalke, the earliest town records list the city name as Norwalke The Connecticut Register, published in 1847, describes that the early Colony Records spelled it Norrwake. Around the same time, the elderly used the ancient pronunciation Norruck, Norwalk has a nickname, Oyster Town, due to its prominent oyster fisheries providing a large source of income to the city since the early 19th century. Norwalk Harbors islands and proximity to New York City make it profitable for oyster harvesting, discarded oyster shells along the Connecticut coast help prove the importance oysters had to pre-Columbian inhabitants of the area as well. In 2002 Norwalk was the location of the murder trial of Michael Skakel. After a four-week trial, Skakel was convicted on June 7 for the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley, the Methodist congregation had been formed in 1789 during the visit by Jesse Lee, but is survived by three other Methodist churches in the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 36.3 square miles. Norwalk, Connecticut, gets 45 inches of rain per year, the average US city gets 25 inches of snow per year. The number of days with any measurable precipitation is 100, on average, there are 179 sunny days per year in Norwalk, Connecticut. The July high is around 83 degrees, Norwalks topography is dominated by its coastline along Long Island Sound, the Norwalk River and its eastern and western banks, and the Norwalk Islands. The highest elevation is 282 feet above sea level, at the summit of Middle Clapboard Hill in West Norwalk, as of the census of 2010, there were 85,603 people,35,415 households, and 21,630 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,358.2 inhabitants per square mile, there were 35,415 housing units at an average density of 975.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 7% White,14. 2% African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,9. 0% from other races, and 2. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24. 3% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
28.
Methodist Episcopal Church
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The Methodist Episcopal Church was the first Methodist denomination founded in the United States. In the early 19th century, it was the largest Protestant denomination in the U. S, the Methodist Episcopal Church existed from 1784 until 1939, when it merged with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the Methodist Protestant Church to form the Methodist Church. In 1968, the Methodist Church merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the present-day United Methodist Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church originated from the spread of Methodism outside of England to the Thirteen Colonies in the 1760s. Wesley was loyal to the Anglican Church, and he organized his followers into parachurch societies and classes with the goal of promoting spiritual revival within the Church of England, around fifteen or twenty societies formed a circuit. Anywhere from two to four itinerant preachers would be assigned to a circuit on a basis to preach. One itinerant preacher in each circuit would be made the assistant, and he would direct the activities of the itinerant preachers in the circuit. Wesley gave out preaching assignments at an annual conference, in 1773, Wesley appointed Thomas Rankin general assistant, placing him in charge of all the Methodist preachers and societies in America. On July 4,1773, Rankin presided over the first annual conference on American soil at Philadelphia, at that time there were 1,160 Methodists in America led by ten lay preachers. Itinerant Methodist preachers would become known as circuit riders, Methodist societies in America also operated within the Church of England. There were several Anglican priests who supported the work of the Methodists, attending Methodist meetings and these included Charles Pettigrew of North Carolina, Samuel Magaw of Dover and then Philadelphia, and Uzel Ogden of New Jersey. Anglican clergyman Devereux Jarratt was an active supporter, founding Methodist societies in Virginia. The American Revolution severed ties to England and left Americas Anglican Church in disarray, due to the scarcity of Anglican ministers, Methodists in the United States were unable to receive the sacraments of baptism and Holy Communion. Wesleys actions were based in his belief that the order of bishop and priest were one, the founding conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, known commonly as the Christmas Conference, was held in December 1784 at Lovely Lane Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland. At this conference, Coke ordained Francis Asbury as co-superintendent according to Wesleys wishes, Asbury had been serving as general assistant since Rankin returned to England. The German-born Philip W. Otterbein, who helped found the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. American Methodists, however, preferred non-liturgical worship and The Sunday Service was largely ignored, the conference adopted an organization consisting of superintendents, elders, deacons, traveling preachers, and local preachers. Preachers were licensed to preach but were not ordained and could not administer sacraments, traveling preachers worked full-time in itinerant ministry and were supported financially by the societies they served. Local preachers pursued secular employment but preached on Sundays in their local communities, deacons were preachers authorized by a superintendent to officiate weddings, bury the dead, baptize, and assist the elders in administering the Lords Supper
29.
Syracuse University
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Syracuse University, commonly referred to as Syracuse, Cuse, or SU, is a private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States. The institutions roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, after several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was established in 1870, independent of the college. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church, the campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, east and southeast of downtown, on one of the larger hills. Its large campus features a mix of buildings, ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings. Syracuse University athletic teams, known as the Orange, participate in 20 intercollegiate sports, SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference for all NCAA Division I athletics, except for the mens rowing and womens ice hockey teams. SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, New York, south of Rochester. In 1850, it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary, however, the location was soon thought by many to be insufficiently central. Its difficulties were compounded by the set of technological changes. The trustees of the college then decided to seek a locale whose economic. Meanwhile, there were years of dispute between the Methodist ministers, Lima, and contending cities across the state, over proposals to move Genesee College to Syracuse. At the time, the ministers wanted a share of the funds from the Morrill Land Grant Act for Genesee College and they agreed to a quid pro quo donation of $25,000 from Senator Cornell in exchange for their support for his bill. Cornell insisted the bargain be written into the bill and Cornell became New York States Land Grant University in 1865. In 1869, Genesee College obtained New York State approval to move to Syracuse, but Lima got an injunction to block the move. By that time, however, the injunction had been made moot by the founding of a new university on March 24,1870. On that date the State of New York granted the new Syracuse University its own charter, the City of Syracuse had offered $100,000 to establish the school. Bishop Jesse Truesdell Peck had donated $25,000 to the school and was elected the first president of the Board of Trustees. Rev. Daniel Steele, a former Genesee College president, served as the first administrative leader of Syracuse until its Chancellor was appointed, the university opened in September 1871 in rented space downtown. George F. Comstock, a member of the new Universitys Board of Trustees, had offered the school 50 acres of farmland on a hillside to the southeast of the city center
30.
Horace Greeley
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Horace Greeley was founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time. Greeley was born to a family in Amherst, New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune and he wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrisons successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase Go West, young man, and grow up with the country, Greeleys alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party, Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War, he mostly supported Lincoln, though urging him to commit to the end of slavery before the President was willing to do so, after Lincolns assassination, he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson. He broke with Republican president Ulysses Grant because of corruption and Greeleys sense that Reconstruction policies were no longer needed, Greeley was the new Liberal Republican Partys candidate in the 1872 U. S. presidential election. He lost in a landslide, despite having the support of the Democratic Party. He was devastated by the death of his wife, who died five days before the election, Horace Greeley was born on February 3,1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life and he was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary Greeley, Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horace attended the schools, and was a brilliant student. Seeing the boys intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horaces way at Phillips Exeter Academy, in 1820, Zaccheuss financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont. Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, in 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a printers apprentice, but was told he was too young. In 1826, at age 15, he was made an apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator. There, he learned the mechanics of a job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia
31.
New-York Tribune
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The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper, first established by Horace Greeley in 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper bore the name New-York Daily Tribune, from the 1840s through the 1860s it was the dominant Whig Party and then Republican newspaper in the U. S. The paper achieved a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s, making it the largest in New York City, the Tribunes editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune, Greeley had previously published a weekly newspaper, The New Yorker, in 1833, and was also publisher of the Whig Partys political organ, Log Cabin. In 1841, he merged operations of two publications into a new newspaper, the New-York Tribune. The Tribune did reflect some of Horace Greeleys idealist views, the journal retained Karl Marx as its London-based European correspondent in 1852. The arrangement provided Marx with much needed income during a period of his life in which his friend, the arrangement, whereby Engels also submitted articles under Marxs by-line, lasted ten years, with the final Marx column being published in February 1862. In 1854 the paper joined the newly formed Republican Party—Greeley chose the partys name—and emphasized opposition to slavery, during the American Civil War the Tribune usually spoke for the Radical Republican faction that was very hostile to the Confederacy and wanted slavery abolished immediately. The paper generated a large readership, with a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s. This made the paper the largest circulation daily in New York City and perhaps in the entire United States — gaining commensurate influence among voters and political decision-makers in the process. After the failure of the Peninsular Campaign in the spring of 1862, during the 1863 Draft Riots a mob tried to burn down the Tribune building which lacked the Gatling guns of the nearby New York Times. Following Greeleys defeat by Ulysses S. Grant for the presidency of the United States in 1872, Greeley checked into Dr. Choates Sanitarium where he died a few weeks later. In 1886, the Tribune became the first publication to be printed on a linotype machine, which allowed it to exceed the standard newspaper size of eight pages. Under Reids son, Ogden Mills Reid, the acquired the New York Herald in 1924 to form the New York Herald Tribune. Copies of the New-York Tribune are available on microfilm at large libraries. Also, indices from selected years in the nineteenth century are available on the Library of Congress website. The original paper articles from the newspapers morgue are kept at The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin, a new New York Tribune debuted in 1976 in New York City. The paper, which was originally named The News World and later changed to The New York City Tribune, was published by News World Communications, Inc. owned by the Unification Church
32.
James Watson Webb
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General James Watson Webb was a United States diplomat, newspaper publisher and a New York politician in the Whig and Republican parties. Webb was born in Claverack, New York to Catherine and Gen. Samuel Blachley Webb, at age 12 he moved to Cooperstown, New York to live with his brother-in-law and guardian, Judge George Morrill. He entered the United States Army in August 1819, advanced to the grade of first lieutenant in 1823, and in the following year became assistant commissary of subsistence. H. R. Schoolcraft, historian of the trip, said Webb and his men were returning to Fort Gratiot, in the fall of 1827 he resigned from the army to become a newspaper publisher, purchasing the Morning Courier which he published in the interest of General Jackson. In 1829 he purchased the New York Enquirer, which he consolidated with the Courier under the title of the New York Courier and Enquirer and he remained connected with this paper for more than 30 years. Just before indulging in this persiflage, Webb had been indicted, convicted and sentenced for acting as a second to Henry Clay in a duel with Tom Marshall. The term of duress was two years in Sing Sing, but Governor William H. Seward pardoned him before he went behind bars, in 1834, Webb used the Courier and Enquirer to coin the name of a new political party, the Whigs. Webb had formerly been a supporter of Jackson, but no longer, in 1849, he was appointed minister to Austria, but the appointment was not confirmed. That same year he married Laura Virginia Cram, in 1851 he was appointed engineer-in-chief for the State of New York with the rank of Brigadier General, but refused to accept the appointment. In 1861, he was appointed minister to Turkey, but even though it had been confirmed by the United States Senate, as Glyndon Van Deusen wrote, Webb, an inveterate beggar for office, wanted a diplomatic appointment that would be lucrative. Shortly afterwards he was appointed minister to Brazil and served in that position for eight years, at Paris in 1864, he negotiated a secret treaty with the Emperor Napoleon III for the removal of French troops from Mexico. Webb died in 1884 and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, two sons, H. Walter Webb and William Seward Webb, were noteworthy railway executives. Another son, Alexander Stewart Webb, was a noted Civil War general, mr. Lincoln and New York, James Watson Webb Webb, Samuel Blatchley. History of St. Clair County, Michigan, Volume 1, Page 133, William Lee Jenks,1911
33.
Yale College
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Yale College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the school of the university. Originally established to train Congregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities, at the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations, first literary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the mid-19th century, it was the largest college in the United States, in 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate degree-granting school at Yale, the Sheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in the mid-20th century. The most distinctive feature of life is the schools system of residential colleges, established in 1932. All undergraduates live in these colleges after their year, when most live on the schools Old Campus. The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by ten congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont, originally situated in Abraham Piersons home in Killingworth, Connecticut, the college moved to New Haven in 1718 and was renamed for Elihu Yale, an early benefactor. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework in theology, later in the century, William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. The relaxation of curriculum came in tandem with expansion in the extracurriculum, participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, by 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, and two more in the 1960s, for most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to white Protestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian native Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale President Timothy Dwight in 1809, pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837. Moses Simons, a descendent of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale. Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African American descent to graduate from any American college. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified. Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, as late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men. By the mid-1960s these processes were becoming more meritocratic, focusing on recruitment of a racially, economically and geographically diverse student body and this meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the first need-blind admissions policy in the United States. After several decades of debate about coeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969, in recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013
34.
Skull and Bones
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Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
35.
United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
36.
Benjamin F. Tracy
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Benjamin Franklin Tracy was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U. S. President Benjamin Harrison. He was born in the hamlet of Apalachin located in the Town of Owego, Tracy was a lawyer active in Republican Party politics during the 1850s. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1862 and he served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and commanded the 109th New York Infantry Regiment. At the Battle of the Wilderness in May,1864, he was able to rally his men, for his actions he subsequently was awarded the Medal of Honor. His citation reads, Tracy seized the colors and led the regiment when other regiments had retired and then reformed his line, later that year, he became commandant of the Elmira prisoner of war camp, before being appointed Colonel of the 127th Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops, on August 23,1864, Tracy was discharged from the volunteer service on June 13,1865. He resumed the practice of law after the war, and became active in New York state politics and he was United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1866 to 1877. Tracy remained on the bench until the end of 1882 when Andrews resumed his seat after being defeated by William C, ruger in the election for Chief Judge. Tracy was noted for his role in the creation of the New Navy, a reform of the service. Like President Harrison, he supported a naval strategy focused more on offense, rather than on coastal defense, a major ally in this effort was naval theorist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, who had served as a professor at the new Naval War College. In 1890, Mahan published his work, The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Drawing on historical examples, Mahan supported the construction of a blue-water Navy that could do battle on the high seas, Tracy also supported the construction of modern warships. On June 30,1890, Congress passed the Navy Bill, the first three were later named USS Indiana, USS Massachusetts, and USS Oregon. The battleship USS Iowa was authorized two years later, tracys wife and child perished in a fire at their residence in Washington, DC in 1890. After leaving the Navy Department, Tracy again took up his legal practice and he also helped end the Venezuela Crisis of 1895 by assisting Venezuela in negotiating a settlement to their boundary dispute with Great Britain. Tracy was the Republican candidate to be the first Mayor of Greater New York City when the five boroughs consolidated in 1898. He came in third behind Democrat Robert A. Van Wyck and Seth Low of the Citizens Union, Tracy died at his farm in Tioga County, New York on August 6,1915 at 3,30 am at the home of his daughter. Rank and organization, Colonel, 109th New York Infantry, place and date, At Wilderness, Va.6 May 1864
37.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
38.
San Antonio
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
39.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
40.
Rhode Island Locomotive Works
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Rhode Island Locomotive Works was a steam locomotive manufacturing company of the 19th century located in Providence, Rhode Island. The factory produced more than 3,400 locomotives between 1867 and 1906, when the locomotive production was shut down. The locomotive works employed about 1,400 men, and had a production capacity of 250 locomotives. The Rhode Island Locomotive Works was established in 1865 by Earl Philip Mason, the company was later run by his three sons, Charles Felix Mason was president, Arthur Livingstone Mason was vice-president and Earl Philip Mason, Jr. was secretary and treasurer. Joseph Lythgoe was the superintendent of the locomotive works, the company was located on Hemlock Street in Providence and between 1866 and 1899, produced some 3,400 steam locomotives during that period. Earl Philip Mason, Sr. was born in Providence, Rhode Island on August 5,1848 and he was the son of Earl Philip and Lucy Ann Mason. He received his education at Mowry & Goffs School and at the Highland Military Academy in Worcester. He entered Brown University in 1868 and took a special two-year course and he then went to Germany to study at Heidelberg University. After joining the Rhode Island Locomotive Works in 1872, he remained with the company until 1895 and he married on April 18,1872, at New York City, to Mary Elizabeth Raymond. She was the daughter of Henry Jarvis Raymond, the founder of The New York Times, in 1901, the Rhode Island Locomotive Works merged with seven other locomotive manufacturers to form the American Locomotive Company, headquartered in Schenectady, New York. At this point the Rhode Island works had begun to diversify, shifting production towards a line of automobiles. The following locomotives built by Rhode Island before the ALCO merger have been preserved, all locations are in the United States unless otherwise noted
41.
New York Medical College
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It is the only biomedical health sciences and research university between New York City and the state capital of Albany, New York. NYMC offers advanced degrees through its three schools, the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Basic Medical Sciences and the School of Health Sciences, total enrollment is 1,660 students in addition to 800 residents and clinical fellows. NYMC employs 1,350 full-time faculty members and 1,450 part-time, the university has more than 12,000 alumni active in medical practice, healthcare administration, public health, teaching and research. Many of NYMC’s faculty provide patient care, teach, and conduct research at WMC, Metropolitan is part of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the largest municipal hospital and healthcare system in the country. New York Medical College owes its founding in 1860 to a group of leaders who believed that medical studies should be practiced with a better understanding of what the patient needs. This group of leaders was led by the noted poet William Cullen Bryant who was an editor of the New York Evening Post. Bryant was concerned about the condition of hospitals and medical education in New York City and his main concern was with some of the medical practices being used to treat disease, which at the time included bleedings, purges, and the administration of strong drugs in too large doses. Interest in the field rapidly grew over the next few years due to the United States Civil War. As a result, the college was founded and opened as the Homeopathic Medical College of the State of New York on the corner of 20th Street and Third Avenue, in the first semester there were 59 students and 8 professors. The college adopted the name New York Homeopathic Medical College in 1869 and, in 1887, New York Homeopathic Medical College, the sister institution known as the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women was founded a few years later in 1863 by Clemence Lozier. In 1867, it graduated Emily Stowe, the first female physician to practice in Canada, three years later in 1870, Susan McKinney Steward graduated as the first African-American female physician in New York State. When the Womens College closed in 1918, its students transferred to New York Medical College, in 1875, Metropolitan Hospital Center opened as a municipal facility on Ward’s Island, staffed largely by the faculty of New York Medical College. As a university hospital of New York Medical College, this relationship is among the nation’s oldest continuing affiliations between a private school and a public hospital. Built by New York Medical College in 1889, the Flower Free Surgical Hospital, was the first teaching hospital in the United States to be owned by a medical college. It was constructed at York Avenue and 63rd Street with funds given largely by Congressman Roswell P. Flower, later governor of New York, in 1908 the College changed its name to New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital. In 1928 the College was the first medical school in the nation to establish a minority scholarship program, by 1935, the College had transferred its outpatient activities to the Fifth Avenue Hospital at Fifth Avenue and 106th Street. The College and Fifth Avenue Hospital merged in 1938 and became New York Medical College, Flower, in 1972, New York Medical College moved to Valhalla, at the invitation of the Westchester County government, which desired to build an academic medical center. Completed in 1977, Westchester Medical Center is currently the main medical center of the College
42.
73rd New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties,128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, the City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts. At this time there were two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. After the split in 1848, the Democratic factions held separate state conventions, the Anti-Rent Party mostly endorsed Whig or Democratic nominees, and was the balance of power at this election. The New York state election,1849 was held on November 6, the eight statewide elective offices up for election were carried by 4 Whigs,3 Hunkers and 1 Barnburner, all of whom had been endorsed by the Anti-Renters. 17 Whigs and 15 Democrats were elected to a term in the State Senate. 64 Whigs and 64 Democrats were declared elected to the State Assembly, the Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 1,1850, and adjourned on April 10. 64 Democrats and 64 Whigs appeared at the opening of the session, the election of Daniel Fullerton was contested, and objections were raised to his taking the seat. Noble S. Elderkin was elected Speaker with 63 votes against 62 for Robert H. Pruyn, Elderkin and Pruyn did not vote, as the candidates traditionally did not vote for themselves. After much haggling, James R. Rose was elected Clerk of the Assembly with 64 votes against 63 for the incumbent Philander B. On January 24, leave of absence for two weeks was granted to Speaker Elderkin to go home to his ill wife On January 26, Robert H. On February 26, Daniel T. Durland was seated in place of Fullerton which ended the split Assembly, due to the absence of Speaker Elderkin, de facto the Whigs had a majority of 1, which was inverted after seating Durland. Dininny was elected Speaker pro tempore, to succeed Pruyn, to preside over the Assembly during the absence of Speaker Elderkin who was by then not expected to return during this session. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, cross and James W. Beekman changed from the Assembly to the Senate. Clerk, William H. Bogart Sergeant-at-Arms, George W. Bull Doorkeeper, Ransom Van Valkenburgh Assistant Doorkeeper, loomis The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature. Frederick S. Martin changed from the Senate to the Assembly, Party affiliations follow the vote on Speaker
43.
74th New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties,128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, the City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts. At this time there were two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. The Whigs were split into two opposing factions, the Seward/Weed faction and the Silver Grays, the Anti-Rent Party mostly endorsed Whig or Democratic nominees. The radical abolitionists appeared as the Liberty Party, the New York state election,1850 was held on November 5. Washington Hunt was elected Governor, and Sanford E, the other three statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Democrats. 82 Whigs,44 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected to the State Assembly, the Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 7,1851, and adjourned on April 17. Henry J. Raymond was elected Speaker with 80 votes against 42 for Noble S. Elderkin, Richard U. Sherman was elected Clerk of the Assembly with 81 votes against 44 for the incumbent James R. Rose. On February 4, the Legislature failed to elect a U. S, Senator to succeed Daniel S. Dickinson, and the seat became vacant on March 4,1851. Varnum, Jr. was elected Speaker pro tempore, to preside over the Assembly during the absence of Speaker Raymond, on March 3, Senator William A. Dart questioned the right of Marius Schoonmaker to keep his seat in the Senate. Schoonmaker had been elected to Congress at the last State election, after some debate, the Senate decided on March 5 that Schoonmaker is a member of the present Senate. And will remain so, until he accepts the office of member of Congress, on March 19, the Legislature elected Hamilton Fish to the vacant seat in the U. S. Senate. On May 27, an election was held to fill the vacancies in the State Senate. Six of the senators were re-elected, five vacancies were filled with men who later voted for the passage of the bill. The Legislature met for a session on June 10,1851. Due to ill health, Speaker Raymond did not attend the special session, varnum Jr. was again elected Speaker pro tempore, to preside over the Assembly during the special session. On June 24, the Canal Enlargement Bill was passed in the Senate by a vote of 22 to 8, on July 2, the Whig majority admitted their party fellow Wiliam J. Gilbert to the vacant seat
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Speaker of the New York State Assembly
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The Speaker of the New York State Assembly is the highest official in the New York State Assembly, customarily elected from the ranks of the majority party. As in most countries with a British heritage, the speaker presides over the house of the legislature. The position exists in every U. S. state and in the United States House of Representatives, New Yorks Assembly Speaker is very powerful. Effectively, the Speaker of the New York Assembly has the power to much of the business in the Assembly and, in fact. Through this and heavy gerrymandering that has him a near-permanent supermajority. Originally, the legislative term lasted one year, from July 1 until June 30 of the next year. The members were elected at the election in April, but the actual session began ordinarily only in January of the next calendar year. Only if the called for a special session is the Assembly convened earlier. For example, in presidential election years the Assembly convened already in November to elect the presidential electors, the speaker was always elected at the first meeting of the Assembly for the remainder of the term, expiring on June 30. The State Constitution of 1821 moved the election to November, and the beginning of the term to January 1, and from 1823 on, the assembly convened usually on the first Tuesday in January and elected the speaker, who stayed in office until December 31. The elections are held in even-numbered years
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Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
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William H. Seward
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William Henry Seward was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as Governor of New York and United States Senator. Seward was born in southeastern New York, where his father was a farmer and he was educated as a lawyer and moved to the Central New York town of Auburn. Seward was elected to the New York State Senate in 1830 as an Anti-Mason, four years later, he became the gubernatorial nominee of the Whig Party. Though he was not successful in that race, Seward was elected governor in 1838, during this period, he signed several laws that advanced the rights and opportunities for black residents, as well as guaranteeing fugitive slaves jury trials in the state. The legislation protected abolitionists, and he used his position to intervene in cases of freed black people who were enslaved in the South, after several years of practicing law in Auburn, he was elected by the state legislature to the U. S. Senate in 1849. Sewards strong stances and provocative words against slavery brought him hatred in the South and he was re-elected to the Senate in 1855, and soon joined the nascent Republican Party, becoming one of its leading figures. As the 1860 presidential election approached, he was regarded as the candidate for the Republican nomination. Although devastated by his loss, he campaigned for Lincoln, who was elected and appointed him Secretary of State, Seward did his best to stop the southern states from seceding, once that failed, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Union cause. His firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War helped deter Britain and France from entering the conflict and he was one of the targets of the 1865 assassination plot that killed Lincoln, and was seriously wounded by conspirator Lewis Powell. Seward remained loyally at his post through the presidency of Andrew Johnson, during which he negotiated the Alaska purchase in 1867 and his contemporary Carl Schurz described Seward as one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints. Seward was born in on May 16,1801 in the community of Florida, New York. He was the son of Samuel Sweezy Seward and his wife Mary Seward. Samuel Seward was a landowner and slaveholder in New York State. Florida was located some 60 miles north of New York City, west of the Hudson River, Young Seward attended school there, and also in the nearby county seat of Goshen. He was a student who enjoyed his studies. In later years, one of the family slaves would relate that instead of running away from school to go home. At the age of 15, Henry—he was known by his name as a boy—was sent to Union College in Schenectady. Admitted to the class, Seward was an outstanding student and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa
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Thurlow Weed
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Thurlow Weed was a New York newspaper publisher and Whig and Republican politician. Weed was born into a family of farmers in Cairo, Greene County, New York on November 15,1797. He received little schooling, and spent much of his youth working as a cabin boy on boats that traveled the Hudson River, as a blacksmiths helper. After his family moved to central New York Weed was apprenticed to a printer, after the war he ran the printing presses for the Albany Register. Weed became interested in politics working with the newspaper, and was an early supporter of DeWitt Clinton. In 1824, he was a supporter of the presidential bid of John Quincy Adams. Weed was elected that year to the New York State Assembly, while serving in the Assembly, he met and befriended William H. Seward, whose legal and political careers were just beginning. In 1825, he bought the Rochester Telegraph, but was forced out in 1828 by Masonic interests and he subsequently founded the Enquirer, which became the voice of the Anti-Masonic movement in New York. That year, Weed again supported John Quincy Adams and worked to align the strong Anti-Masonic movement in New York with the national Adams organization, in 1829, Weed was again elected to the Assembly, this time as an Anti-Mason. He also started the Albany Evening Journal, the Evening Journal was the largest Anti-Masonic newspaper, Weed was editor, chief reporter, proof reader, and political expert. In 1832, Weed supported Adams ally Henry Clay, who ran for President as a National Republican and he was a strong advocate of Clays American System for economic development, including a national bank, internal improvements such as roads and railroads, and a protective tariff. By 1834, the Adams-Clay organization was forming into the Whig Party and his Evening Journal became the main Whig newspaper, and by the 1840s it had the largest circulation of any political newspaper in the United States. Weed and other Whigs worked to blame Van Buren and the Democratic Party for the Panic of 1837, in 1838, he was one of William H. Sewards main supporters in Sewards successful campaign for governor, and was largely credited with Sewards victory. Weed was also a supporter of William Henry Harrisons successful presidential bid in 1840. Under Weeds leadership, the Whigs became the dominant force in politics for several years. As a practical politician, Weed was a pragmatist, rather than an idealist, always taking care to avoid controversial issues and positions that would decrease Whig support on election day. One exception was the issue of slavery, a subject on which Weed made public statements in opposition while trying to avoid the most radical language of those seen as uncompromising abolitionists. Harrison died only a month after taking office, and was succeeded by John Tyler, a former Democrat, Weeds frustration continued with Clays narrow defeat in the 1844 presidential election
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Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raymond, Henry Jarvis". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
