1.
Henry Kirke Bush-Brown
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Henry Kirke Bush-Brown was an American sculptor and the adopted nephew of sculptor Henry Kirke Brown. He was raised in Newburgh, New York and attended the National Academy of Design in New York City and he became known for historically accurate realist sculptures illustrating American history. Bush-Brown was married to the painter Margaret Lesley Bush-Brown, with whom he had three surviving children, their daughter, Lydia, became a noted designer, Bush-Brown produced three equestrian bronze sculptures at Gettysburg battlefield. The first equestrian statue ever produced by Bush-Brown was that of General George Meade, located on Hancock Avenue, it is near where Meade watched his Union troops repulse the Confederate charge. This statue was created two years of research, and portrays Meade without a hat, as he appeared during the battle. Meade holds a pair of binoculars in his hand and his hat in his left hand. A sword hangs from the side of his saddle. The sculpture of Meade gazes across the battlefield toward the statue of his opponent, following the production of Meade, Bush-Brown created a 9, 000-pound monument of General John F. Reynolds, in which the horse has only two feet on the ground. This statue was dedicated in 1899 at a ceremony in which Bush-Brown, Reynolds nephew, the sculpture is located approximately 1100 feet from the marker where Reynolds was killed. The statue of Sedgwick incorporates such details as the dents in the Generals scabbard, in addition, Bush-Brown made a bust of Abraham Lincoln, dedicated in 1912 as part of the Lincoln Speech Memorial commemorating Lincolns Gettysburg Address. Bush-Brown created numerous sculptures for the exterior of New York Citys Beaux Arts 1907 Surrogates Courthouse, in 1910 he created a bronze statue of Mary Jemison, The White Woman of the Genesee, which marks her grave in New Yorks Letchworth State Park. Bush-Brown also produced a relief of financier and civic planner Cyrus Clark, brown’s relief of Clark is embedded in a natural rock outcropping near the 83rd Street entrance to Riverside Park. Apart from his numerous sculptures related to American history, Bush-Brown was also the author of an unpublished biographical manuscript detailing the life, one copy of the manuscript is with the Bush-Brown family papers at Smith College and another is held by the Library of Congress. Bush-Brown died in Washington, D. C. and was buried in Memorial Cemetery, Arundel, Henry Kirke Bush-Brown at Gettysburg Sculptures Biographical information Catalog at Smithsonian Figures on New York Citys Surrogates Court Building Image of Spirit of 61 sculpture, Philadelphia, PA
2.
Leyden, Massachusetts
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Leyden is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 711 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Leyden was first settled in 1737 as part of Fall Town, the town was set off from Bernardston in 1784, but it was not incorporated until February 22,1809. The town was named for the city of Leiden, Netherlands, Leyden had several small industries in the eighteenth century, including grist mills, wood product mills, and dairying, but today the largest industry is maple sugar production. The town also has a reservoir which supplies the town of Greenfield, the Brotherhood of the Spirit commune was founded in Leyden in 1968. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.0 square miles, of which 17.9 square miles is land and 0.12 square miles. Leyden lies on the northern Massachusetts border, south of Windham County, the town is bordered by Guilford, Vermont, to the north, Bernardston to the east, Greenfield to the south, and Colrain to the west. The town center lies 9 miles north of Greenfield,47 miles north of Springfield, Leyden lies along the eastern edge of the Berkshires, with the town mostly lying along the valleys of the Green River and the branches of Glen Brook. The majority of the town away from the brooks is forested, and the town has a state forest. The confluence of the main and east branches of Glen Brook is dammed to form the Greenfield Reservoir, before the brook flows southward into Greenfield, Leyden is one of only a handful of towns in Massachusetts which does not have any state routes. There are state routes, U. S. routes and interstates in the towns, with Interstate 91 passing to the south. The nearest bus and passenger service is in Greenfield. The nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, as of the census of 2000, there were 772 people,277 households, and 219 families residing in the town. By population, Leyden ranked 22nd out of the 26 towns in Franklin County, the population density was 42.9 people per square mile, which ranked 18th in the county and 316th in the Commonwealth. There were 306 housing units at a density of 17.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 45% White,0. 39% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 13% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 26% of the population. 16. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,30. 7% from 45 to 64
3.
Newburgh, New York
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Newburgh /ˈnuːbərɡ/ is a city located in Orange County, New York, United States,60 miles north of New York City, and 90 miles south of Albany, on the Hudson River. Newburgh is a part of the New York metropolitan area, the Newburgh area was first settled in the early 18th century by the Germans and British. During the American Revolution, Newburgh served as the headquarters of the Continental Army, prior to its chartering in 1865, the city of Newburgh was part of the town of Newburgh, the town now borders the city to the north and west. East of the city is the Hudson River, the city of Beacon, New York across the river, the entire southern boundary of the city is with the town of New Windsor. Most of this boundary is formed by Quassaick Creek, in May 2016, the city requested help for its PFOS contaminated water supply under Superfund. At the time of European contact the area of Newburgh was occupied by the Waoranek, the area that became Newburgh was first explored by Europeans when Henry Hudson stopped by during his 1609 expedition up the river that now bears his name. Around 1683 provincial governor Thomas Dongan purchased the land from the Woaranek, the first settlement was made in the spring of 1709 by fifty-four Palatine refugees, sponsored by Queen Anne of Great Britain. The settlers named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic, in 1743 a ferry at the foot of First Street had been established between Newburgh and Fishkill Landing. In 1752 the land had been surveyed by Cadwallader Colden and named Newburgh after Newburgh in his native Scotland, shipyards were established and docks and warehouses lined the waterfront. Newburgh was the headquarters of the Continental Army from March,1782 until the part of 1783. While the army was camped at Newburgh, some of its senior officers began the Newburgh conspiracy to overthrow the government, General George Washington was able to persuade his officers to stay loyal to him. The army was disbanded here in 1783, Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Lewis Nicola proposing that he become king here. It drew a rebuke from Washington. In honor of his refusal of that suggestion, Kings Highway, the year 1793 saw Newburghs first newspaper, The Newburgh Packet. The hamlet of Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800, at the time of its settlement it was in Ulster County and was that countys seat. When Rockland County was split from Orange County in 1798, Newburgh, Newburgh thus lost its status as the county seat to Goshen. The former Ulster County courthouse still stands as Newburghs old city courthouse building, by 1793 there were four sloop lines operating out of Newburgh. As new turnpikes opened trade extended into the interior, passenger coaches and farm wagons raveled as far west as Canandaigua
4.
Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
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Portrait
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A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumeria between c.2144 -2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypts Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, the art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of a symbol of what that person looked like. In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized, true portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings. Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits and these works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the elite, priests, warriors. They were represented during several stages of their lives, the faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found, there is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. One of the portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vincis painting titled Mona Lisa. What has been claimed as the worlds oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old. Profile view, full view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography, in the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it
6.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
7.
Chester Harding (painter)
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Chester Harding was an American portrait painter. Harding was born at Conway, Massachusetts, brought up in the wilderness of New York state, he was a lad of robust physique, standing over 6 feet 3 inches. His family removed to Caledonia, New York, when he was fourteen years old, in the War of 1812, he marched as a drummer with the militia to the St Lawrence. He became subsequently chairmaker, peddler, inn-keeper, and house-painter, painting signs in Pittsburgh and he worked at this latter occupation a year, when acquaintance with a traveling portrait painter led him to attempt that art. Having succeeded in producing a portrait of his wife, he devoted himself enthusiastically to the profession. He painted several other portraits at Pittsburg, and then went to Paris, Kentucky and he made enough money to take him to the schools at the Philadelphia Academy of Design. He then established himself in St. Louis, and eventually went on the road as an itinerant portrait painter, in August 1823, he went to England and set up a studio in London, and spent three years in studying and painting. He met with success, painting royalty and the nobility. In 1843, he went to England again, and afterward resided in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1828 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. He painted portraits of many of the prominent men and women of his time. Among the people who sat for him were James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, John Marshall, Nicholas Brown, Jr. Dudley Leavitt Pickman, Charles Carroll, William Wirt, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Washington Allston, the Dukes of Norfolk, Hamilton, and Sussex, Samuel Rogers, Harding is the only known painter who painted Daniel Boone from life. His last work was a portrait of Gen. William T. Sherman and his portrait of Daniel Webster went to the Bar Association of New York, and that of John Randolph to the Corcoran Gallery at Washington, D. C. He wrote My Egotistography, which was privately printed, hardings Gallery Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Harding, Chester. Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds, American Art Journal, Vol.15, No. “Chester Harding, ” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XIX, January,1867, No, CXI, pp. 485–488 at cdl. library. cornell. edu
8.
Henry Peters Gray
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Henry Peters Gray was an American portrait and genre painter. Born in New York City he was a pupil of Daniel Huntington in New York, elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1842, he succeeded Huntington as president in 1870, holding the position until 1871. The later years of his life were devoted to portrait work and he was strongly influenced by the old Italian masters, painting in mellow colour with a classical tendency. One of his canvases was an allegorical composition called The Birth of our Flag. He died in New York City, the Greek Lovers was painted by Gray after a trip to Italy, where he was greatly influenced by the art of the Italian Renaissance. This painting was well received in its day, and reflects the nineteenth-century fascination with Greco-Roman antiquity. The painting shows her in her decline, possibly “thinking of her faithless lover. —or were her thoughts wandering to that distant churchyard, into whose bosom she might soon be gathered. ”Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Gray, Henry Peters. 1893 Biographical Sketch This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
9.
Asher Brown Durand
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Asher Brown Durand was an American painter of the Hudson River School. Durand was born in and eventually died in Maplewood, New Jersey, the eighth of eleven children, his father was a watchmaker and a silversmith. Durand was apprenticed to an engraver from 1812 to 1817 and later entered into a partnership with the owner of the company and he engraved Declaration of Independence for John Trumbull during 1823, which established Durands reputation as one of the countrys finest engravers. Durand helped organize the New York Drawing Association during 1825, which would become the National Academy of Design, ashers engravings on bank notes were used as the portraits for Americas first postage stamps, the 1847 series. Along with his brother Cyrus he also engraved some of the succeeding 1851 issues and his main interest changed from engraving to oil painting about 1830 with the encouragement of his patron, Luman Reed. During 1837, he accompanied his friend Thomas Cole on an expedition to Schroon Lake in the Adirondacks Mountains. Durand is remembered particularly for his portrayals of trees, rocks. He was an advocate for drawing directly from nature with as much realism as possible. Durand wrote, Let scrupulously accept whatever presents him until he shall, like other Hudson River School artists, Durand also believed that nature was an ineffable manifestation of God. He expressed this sentiment and his opinions on art in his essay Letters on Landscape Painting in The Crayon. Wrote Durand, he true province of Landscape Art is the representation of the work of God in the visible creation, Durand is noted for his 1849 painting Kindred Spirits which shows fellow Hudson River School artist Thomas Cole and poet William Cullen Bryant in a Catskills Mountains landscape. This was painted as a tribute to Cole upon Coles death during 1848, at $35 million, however, it would be a record price paid for an American painting at the time. Another of Durands painting is his Progress, commissioned by a railroad executive, the landscape depicts Americas progress, from a state of nature, towards the right, where there are roads, telegraph wires, a canal, warehouses, railroads, and steamboats. During 2007, the Brooklyn Museum exhibited nearly sixty of Durands works in the first monographic exhibition devoted to the painter in more than thirty-five years, the show, entitled Kindred Spirits, Asher B. Durand and the American Landscape, was exhibited from March 30 to July 29,2007, Durand is interred in Brooklyn, New York, in Green-Wood Cemetery. List of Hudson River School artists Books Howat, John K, American Paradise, The World of the Hudson River School. New York, NY, Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Anatomy of Nature, Geology & American Landscape Painting, 1825-1875. The Life and Times of Asher B, hensonville, NY, Black Dome Press Corp
10.
American Art-Union
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Art unions had been popular since the early 19th century in Europe, they first appeared in Switzerland, gaining great popularity in both Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1830s. It was the British version — Art Union of London — that was used as a model for the American Art-Union, in its thirteen years, the AAU became the largest art union in America. It made a significant impact on the art literacy of Americans, developed a taste for an American kind of art which was largely nationalistic, and supported the custom of artists and museums. From 1839 until 1851, New York Citys population would not hit the 400,000 point, the organization grew from 814 subscriptions, in 1840, with art valued at $4,145 to 18,960 subscriptions, valued in excess of $100,000. The timing for the AAU could not have been better, the American public, providers and politics combined to produce a rapid rise in the popularity of the AAU. A growing, literate middle class was keen to pursue scientific, artistic, a new generation of businessmen wanted to surround themselves with all the appearances and habits of their more wealthy counterparts. The numbers of newspapers and periodicals was growing dramatically and the desire for print with images was preferred. T, barnums, Bradys Daguerrean Miniature Gallery and Peales Gallery of Fine Arts. The U. S. Congress was promoting westward advancement, communication, further, emigrants from the plains were pushing the agenda of Manifest Destiny. They would become some of the first to settle what was perceived as Americas Manifest Destiny. Businessman James Herring opened the Apollo Gallery in New York City in 1838, to provide a place for American artists to exhibit and sell their art. The Apollo Gallery was the first gallery open at night, from nine a. m. and it was at this time that he received an analysis of the second year experiment from “The Edinburgh Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland”. Thus inspired, he encouraged a group of other prominent New York City businessmen to develop the concept using the Apollo Gallery as their venue for Americas first art union, although the concept was very popular, it was not sufficient to remunerate Herring. However, he would stay active with the group, becoming the first Corresponding Secretary on the Committee of Management, a new venue and a new name—the American Art-Union—set itself a double task within its Charter, dated May 7,1840. The first was a task of developing the taste of the middling classes towards the best kind of American art. The second, was to provide a venue for the exhibition and sale of art from contemporary, the AAUs management were among the wealthiest, most conservative and well connected men in New York City. They were mostly first generation wealth and had ties in business, politics. There were only five presidents in the thirteen years and of the 211 possible choices of individuals for office, pell, Eleazar Parmly, F. W. Edmonds, Treasurer, Benjamin Nathan, Recording Secretary, James Herring, Corresponding Secretary. Further, as “merchant amateurs” they would be the best suited to manage the Art-Union and their goal, pointedly was “to establish a National School of Art, ” one which was originally American—illustrative of American scenery and American manners”
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brown, Henry Kirke". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
