1.
Grenfell, New South Wales
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Grenfell is a town in Weddin Shire in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is 370 kilometres west of Sydney and it is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young. At the 2011 census, Grenfell had a population of 1,996, the town is served daily by connecting NSW Trainlink services from Sydney via Bathurst and Lithgow. Grenfell is approximately 5 hours from Sydney and 2 1/2 hours from Canberra, in 1866 shepherd, Cornelius O’Brien discovered a gold bearing quartz outcrop. Within weeks, large parties of miners from the Lambing Flats, tents, bark huts and a business centre grew along the banks of Emu Creek. A few months later, Grenfell was proclaimed on January 1,1867 after Gold Commissioner, John Granville Grenfell, John Granville Grenfell was driving a coach at the time and refused to stop when bushrangers called him to. He was shot twice in the groin and died 24 hours later, between 1867 and 1869 over 40,000 ounces of gold were produced each year on the Grenfell goldfields and were the richest gold fields in NSW during this time. Weddin Post Office opened on 3 December 1866 and was renamed Grenfell on 24 December the same year, by 1870-71 it was producing more gold than any other town in NSW. However, by the gold was in decline. Wheat was first grown in the district in 1871, in late October 1901, the railway from Koorawatha to Grenfell was officially opened. Unlike most Australian country towns Grenfell has a street which bends. The towns rugby team competed for the Maher Cup. In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held on the sporting fields, acts included the organiser and Australian of the Year Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde & the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts. He was instrumental in providing a link from Koorawatha to transport wheat. Greenethorpe grew as a town for the rural population and was named in honour of George Greene. Caragabal – The town developed as a staging post and watering hole for coach drivers, caragabal was once a thriving hub for railway, stock and grain. The town has an 18-hole golf course, tennis courts, bowling club, Quandialla – Quandialla is the aboriginal word for spiny anteater. Founded in 1914 as a town, Quandialla has a population of 200 people
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
4.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
5.
Bush ballad
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The bush ballad, bush song or bush poem is a style of poetry and folk music that depicts the life, character and scenery of the Australian bush. The typical bush ballad employs a straightforward structure to narrate a story, often one of action and adventure. The tradition dates back to the beginnings of European settlement when colonists, mostly British and Irish, many early bush poems originated in Australias convict system, and were transmitted orally rather than in print. Through bush poetry, publications like The Bulletin sought to define and promote mateship, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism, clubs and festivals devoted to bush poetry can be found throughout the country, and the tradition lives on in Australian country music. The songs tell stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. While subject matter may be constant, musical styles differ between traditional and contemporary bush ballads, contemporary bush ballads may employ finger picking and strumming rock styles. Australias musical traditions include the English, Scottish, and Irish folk songs of the convicts, there was also a hymn singing tradition brought by missionaries in the 19th century. And the convict songs of those incarcerated on the island, the represent attempts to European cultural forms to the Australian environment. Early Australian ballads sing of the ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny, classic bush songs on such themes include, The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drovers Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay. Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways, isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. For much of its history, Australias bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, the songs often discuss the hardscrabble life and struggles of the Aussie battler. This strain of Australian country music, with focusing on strictly Australian subjects, is generally known as bush music or bush band music. The ballad genre continued in Australia after popular music took hold in Great Britain, while popular music in England had begun to develop in the working-class music halls during the 1830s and 1840s, the spread of popular music in Australia was still in its infancy. The diversity in Australia has increased, but even in the 1920s Poncie Cubillo introduced the rondalla with their Filipino string band in Darwin, the ballad tradition has grown to include some of these influences including Chinese and Filipino. There were also the Italians growing tobacco, the de Bortoli family, in Texas in Queensland, adding to the amalgam of folk tunes and Tex Morton hillbilly tunes. However, Morton sang without an Australian accent and his style was closer to that of the American singer Jimmie Rodgers than earlier Australian folk singers. Later influences from American cowboy and country songs and 1950s rock n roll led to the performance of bush ballads being influenced by and combined with these forms
6.
Banjo Paterson
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Andrew Barton Banjo Paterson, CBE was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. Patersons more notable poems include Waltzing Matilda, The Man from Snowy River, Patersons family lived on the isolated Buckinbah Station near Yeoval NSW until he was five when his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was forced to sell up. When Patersons uncle John Paterson died, his family took over John Patersons farm in Illalong, near Yass, bullock teams, Cobb and Co coaches and drovers were familiar sights to him. He also saw horsemen from the Murrumbidgee River area and Snowy Mountains country take part in races and polo matches. Patersons early education came from a governess, but when he was able to ride a pony, in 1874 Paterson was sent to Sydney Grammar School, performing well both as a student and a sportsman. During this time, he lived in a cottage called Rockend, the cottage is now listed on the Register of the National Estate. He left the school at 16 after failing an examination for a scholarship to University of Sydney. He went on to become a law clerk with a Sydney-based firm headed by Herbert Salwey and was admitted as a solicitor in 1886, in the years he practised as a solicitor, Paterson also started a writing career. From 1885, he began submitting and having published in the The Bulletin. His earliest work was a poem criticising the British war in the Sudan, over the next decade, the influential journal provided an important platform for Patersons work, which appeared under the pseudonym of The Banjo, the name of his favourite horse. As one of its most popular writers through the 1890s, he formed friendships with other significant writers in Australian Literature, brady, Harry Breaker Morant and Henry Lawson. In particular, Paterson became engaged in a rivalry of verse with Lawson about the allure of bush life. Paterson became a war correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age during the Second Boer War and his graphic accounts of the relief of Kimberley, surrender of Bloemfontein and the capture of Pretoria attracted the attention of the press in Britain. He also was a correspondent during the Boxer Rebellion, where he met George Chinese Morrison and he was editor of the Sydney Evening News and of the Town and Country Journal. In 1908 after a trip to the United Kingdom he decided to abandon journalism and writing and moved with his family to a 40, 000-acre property near Yass. In World War I, Paterson failed to become a correspondent covering the fighting in Flanders and he returned to Australia early in 1915 and, as an honorary vet, travelled on three voyages with horses to Africa, China and Egypt. He was repatriated to Australia and discharged from the army having risen to the rank of major in April 1919 and his wife had joined the Red Cross and worked in an ambulance unit near her husband. Paterson also wrote on rugby football in the 1920s for the Sydney Sportsman
7.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
8.
Feminism
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Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal, to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish opportunities for women in education. Feminists have also worked to promote autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints, some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism. Charles Fourier, a Utopian Socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the word féminisme in 1837, depending on the historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians assert that all working to obtain womens rights should be considered feminist movements. Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and those historians use the label protofeminist to describe earlier movements. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves, each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised womens suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the womens liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women, the third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s. First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th century, in the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902, in 1928 this was extended to all women over 21. In the U. S. notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing womens right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, in the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote in all states. During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days Reform, Chinese feminists called for womens liberation from traditional roles, later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved womens liberation. According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism, in 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the father of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women. He drew links between womens position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of Cairo University, in 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab womens rights movement
9.
Louisa Lawson
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Louisa Lawson was an Australian poet, writer, publisher, suffragist, and feminist. She was the mother of the poet and author Henry Lawson, Louisa Lawson was born on 17 February 1848 at Guntawang Station near Gulgong, New South Wales, the daughter of Henry Albury and Harriet Winn. She was the second of 12 children in a struggling family, on 7 July 1866 aged 18 she married Niels Larsen, a Norwegian sailor, at the Methodist parsonage at Mudgee, New South Wales. Louisa grieved over the loss of Tegan for many years and left the care of her children to the oldest child. This led to ill feelings on Henrys part towards his mother, in 1882 she and her children moved to Sydney where she managed boarding houses. Lawson used the money saved while running her boarding houses to purchase shares in the radical pro-federation newspaper The Republican in 1887 and she and son Henry edited the Republican in 1887–88, which was printed on an old press in Louisas cottage. The Republican called for an Australian republic uniting under the flag of a Federated Australia, the Republican was replaced by the Nationalist, but it lasted two issues. The Dawn was published monthly for 17 years and at its height employed 10 female staff, lawsons son Henry also contributed poems and stories for the paper, and in 1894 The Dawn press printed Henrys first book, Short Stories in Prose and Verse. Around 1904 Louisa published her own volume, Dert and Do, in 1905 she collected and published her own verses, The Lonely Crossing and other Poems. Louisa likely had a influence on her sons literary work in its earliest days. In 1889 Lawson founded The Dawn Club, which became the hub of the movement in Sydney. In 1891 the New South Wales Womens Suffrage League formed to campaign for womens suffrage, for the women at the time universal suffrage was not the key issue, Lawson did not criticise the government for failing to give Indigenous Australians the vote. Lawson retired in 1905 but continued to write for Sydney magazines and published The Lonely Crossing and Other Poems and she died on Thursday 12 August 1920 aged 72 after a long and painful illness in Gladesville Mental Hospital. On Saturday 14 August 1920, she was buried with her parents in the Church of England section of Rookwood Cemetery, in 1941, The Sydney Morning Herald reported a memorial seat would be erected in the The Domain, Sydney as a tribute to Louisa Lawson. In 1975 Australia Post released a stamp in honour of Louisa, the Stamp was designed by Des and Jackie OBrien, and was one in a series of six stamps released on 6 August 1975 to commemorate the International Year of Women. It was printed at the Melbourne Note Printing Branch, using the process in three colours. A park in Marrickville, New South Wales is named in her honour and these stones are all that remain from the walls of her home in Renwick Street, Marrickville. Great Australian Women, Louisa Lawson, National Library of Australia, lyrics, Videoclip, Selected Lead Articles from The Dawn
10.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
11.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
12.
William Henry John Slee
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William Henry John Slee, FGS, was an Australian geologist, mines inspector, and mining warden. Slee, or sometimes John Slee, he was born Wilhelm Heinrich Johann Slee on 3 May 1836 at Rostock, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, there is uncertainty about his educational background, although he was highly articulate in both German and English. As a teenager he became a seaman, aged 19, he sailed into Melbourne, Victoria, on 20 December 1855 aboard the Chilean brig Pedro V from Valparaiso via Tahiti. Along with a Norwegian shipmate, Neils Hertzberg Larsen, who Anglicised his name to Peter Lawson, he left ship there, the two partners led a knockabout miners’ life over the next decade, lured around to new goldfields, but without much result. Eventually Slee and Lawson made their way to NSW, mining first at Lambing Flat, in 1866 Lawson married there, his first son, Henry Lawson, novelist and poet, being born the following year at Grenfell. Slee had earlier moved on to the new goldfield at Grenfell, writing Lawson to join him, in 1869 Slee married at Grenfell to Emma Nelson, daughter of John Luke Gore and Mary Ann Nelson, of English and Irish origin. Slee first came to notice during his years at Grenfell. In 1870 he was active in agitations to promote mining development by obtaining government rewards for discoverers of new goldfields and he became so favourably well known that in September 1872 he was appointed manager of a goldmine at Emu Creek. With that, the partnership between Slee and Lawson was dissolved, in 1873 the Lawson family returned to Pipeclay, while the Slee family remained in Grenfell. Four children were born into the Slee family between 1870 and 1876, one of which died in 1873, government inspection of coal mining in NSW had commenced in 1854, but other mining activity had been mostly unregulated. Large numbers of inexperienced people flocked to the diggings to try their luck. The increased mining activity and a dissatisfaction with the administration of mining led to the Mining Act,1874. Slee was appointed the first Inspector of Mines for NSW, being responsible for industrial safety, for the next 14 years Slee was the only officer in the department filling that position. Slee approached the task by adroitly balancing the competing perspectives of managers, investors. As part of this role he proclaimed and named new mining fields, apart from assessing mining prospects, he adjudicated in disputes and investigated mining accidents and disasters. The Linnean Society of NSW published his observations on Aboriginal customs in that region, on 5 December 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society, London. Mining accidents had decreased markedly as a result of his efforts, but there were still many tragedies, all through the mid-1880s an annual average of ten men lost their lives in New South Wales mines. Slees 1888 annual report mentions twelve fatalities, eight in silver mining, in 1890 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Mines for NSW, based in Sydney, with a staff that grew to nine mining inspectors
13.
The Dawn (feminist magazine)
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The Dawn, A Journal for Australian Women was an early feminist journal published monthly in Sydney, Australia between 1888 and 1905. It was first published 15 May 1888 by Louisa Lawson using the pen name of Dora Falconer, the subtitle was later changed to A Journal for the Household. It became the publication of the Australian Federation of Women Voters. Louisa Lawson left her husband in 1883 and relocated her family to Sydney, there she supported her children through various jobs, including working as a seamstress and running a boarding house. During this period she was introduced to womens suffrage, in 1887 she purchased the Republican, a journal dedicated to Australian independence and, the following year, in 1888, she founded the Dawn. From the outset the Dawn was intended as a mouthpiece for women, there has hitherto been no trumpet through which the concentrated voice of womankind could publish their grievances and their opinions. Here then is Dawn, the Australian Womans Journal and mouthpiece, Lawson won the battle through patience and stern resistance – eventually the boycott lost momentum, and the Dawn continued as it had before. In spite of the disputes, the Dawn proved to be successful. Her efforts were to grant the Dawn a much longer life than other, contemporary, the final issue of the Dawn was published in July 1905. Believing there was suitable to carry on her work, Louisa Lawson ended her paper as she started it. Her poor health, resulting from a Tram Accident and legal dispute regarding her mail bag fastener invention were key factors in her decision, lawsons working-class background was reflected in the Dawn, in that it aimed at a wider audience than the middle class. Along with those hints came editorials, articles, columns, correspondence, poetry and short stories, material for children, the Dawn was deliberately aimed at the whole household, and the political messages were interwoven with the other content. The Dawn tackled a number of issues of interest to women and these included the use of corsets, female suffrage, the overworking of women, and a womans role within marriage. In addition, Lawson, through the pages of the Dawn, was unusual in being the leader of the Australian womens movement who repeatedly raised the issue of spousal abuse. Sheridan noted that this range of issues granted the Dawn much of its strength – Lawson did not shy away from domestic or public issues, covering both through the pages of the magazine. Cousins has further argued that not only did the Dawn construct a certain view of femininity to mount the case for female suffrage, in doing so, the writers were advocating a significant shift in the power relations that operated between men and women. The Dawn was widely read both within Australia and internationally, and led Scott to describe Lawson as the earliest Australian woman to be influential within the British suffrage movement, the magazine is available on microfiche in many large Australian libraries. A campaign to increase its availability by raising sufficient funds to see the Dawn digitised by the National Library of Australia was launched in 2011 by Donna Benjamin
14.
Hartley Vale, New South Wales
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Hartley Vale is a small village in the Blue Mountains area of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 150 kilometres west of Sydney and 12 kilometres south-east of Lithgow and it is in the local government area of the City of Lithgow. Hartley Vale is centred on Hartley Vale Road, which stretches from the Governors Causeway to the Great Western Highway, the area is largely open countryside with many substantial private properties, bounded by the River Lett to the north and Mount York to the south. The village is five kilometres west of the Main Western Railway—which runs from Sydney to Lithgow. The valley is an area where the early roads over the Blue Mountains came down into the plains found to the west of the mountains. The first road through the mountains was built by William Cox from 1814-1815, parts of his original road can still be seen at Mount York, immediately south of Hartley Vale, and have been incorporated into a walking track. A kilometre east of Coxs Road is Lockyers Road, which was started in 1828 by Major Lockyer as a crossing to Coxs Road. It goes down into the valley and finishes slightly west of the Hartley Vale village, another kilometre east is Lawsons Long Alley, which was started as an alternative road by William Lawson, with the aim of avoiding the steep grades of Coxs Road at Mount York. While building the road, Lawson discovered what he thought was coal, mining began in the 1860s and a rail line was constructed into the valley of Kerosene Creek. The incline was designed by Norman Selfe who would also design what is now the Katoomba Scenic Railway, Hartley Vale Station was created on the Main Western Line, but later was abandoned, as was oil shale mining. Lawsons Long Alley goes through the valley of Kerosene Creek and joins Waltons Road, Lawsons Long Alley and Lockyers Road, along with Coxs Road, were developed as walking tracks by the Department of Lands, New South Wales. They all lead to the Hartley Vale area, culminating at an area just west of the village. The Hartley Vale Cemetery is just a small distance south-west of Collits Inn, the Hartley Vale area also includes a range of other tourist facilities
15.
Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
16.
Mudgee
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Mudgee /ˈmʌdʒi/ is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the broad fertile Cudgegong River valley 261 kilometres north-west of Sydney, Mudgee is at the centre of the Mid-Western Regional Council local government area. At the 2011 census, Mudgee had a population of 9,830 people, the Mudgee district lies across the edge of the geological structure known as the Sydney Basin. Mudgee has developed as a wine producing region and is therefore dependant on wine manufacturing as a part of its economy. It is also heavily dependant on several major mines in the surrounding area, other rural produce includes cattle, sheep, wheat, alfalfa, olives, fruit, tomatoes, corn, honey, and dairy products. These, however, do not play as major a role as the mining industry, the Ulan coal mines are in the district. During the 19th century, the area was a major goldmining area and these mines have further potential to expand in the region, however they are also the topic of local environmental concerns. Tourism is also an industry based largely on the wineries. A laboratory was established in 1987 to test meat for pesticide residues, local real estate, petrol and living costs skyrocketed since 2010 when the mining boom began to peak. This has rolled onto the local population, who have since had increased difficulty in living in the town, the name Mudgee is derived from the Wiradjuri term Moothi meaning Nest in the Hills or mou-gee meaning contented. James Blackman was the first European settler to cross the Cudgegong River in 1821 followed quickly by Lieutenant William Lawson who was commandant of Bathurst. Lawson would later take up 6,000 acres in the area, george and Henry Cox, sons of William Cox, were the first settlers on the Cudgegong River when they established the Menah run,3 kilometres north of the current town. Martial law was declared by Governor Brisbane in 1824 leading to the killing of a number of the Wiradjuri people. While the site of Mudgee was surveyed for a village in 1823, Menah was the settlement having a police station. It has been claimed that Robert Hoddle designed the village which was gazetted in 1838. John Blackman built a hut, the first dwelling in Mudgee. By 1841, there were 36 dwellings, three hotels, a hospital, a post office, two stores and an Anglican church, the police station moved from Menah in the mid-1840s while an Anglican school was established in that decade as well. In 1851, the population of Mudgee was 200, however, the population exploded as the discovery of gold in nearby Hargraves by Edward Hargraves led to a gold rush in New South Wales
17.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
18.
Frederick Marryat
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Captain Frederick Marryat was a British Royal Navy officer, a novelist, and an acquaintance of Charles Dickens. Marryat was born in Great George Street, Westminster, London, the son of Joseph Marryat, a merchant prince and member of Parliament, and his American wife Charlotte, née von Geyer. After trying to run away to sea several times, Marryat was permitted to enter the Royal Navy in 1806 as a midshipman on board HMS Imperieuse, a frigate commanded by Lord Cochrane. The Imperieuse shifted to operations in the Scheldt in 1809, where Marryat contracted malaria, after recuperating, Marryat returned to the Mediterranean in the 74-gun HMS Centaur and again saved a shipmate by leaping into the sea after him. He then sailed as a passenger to Bermuda in the 64-gun HMS Atlas, and from there to Halifax, Nova Scotia on the schooner HMS Chubb, shortly thereafter, he moved to the frigate HMS Spartan, participating in the capture of a number of American ships. On 26 December 1812, he was promoted to lieutenant, and as served in the sloop HMS Espiegle. Marryat led four barges from the ship on a punishing raid to Orleans, Massachusetts on December 19,1814. Initially, Marryat cut out an American schooner and three sloops, but managed to escape with just one sloop, the local militia avoided casualties while killing one Royal marine. He was promoted to commander on 13 June 1815, just as peace broke out, Marryat then turned to scientific studies. He invented a lifeboat, which earned him a medal from the Royal Humane Society. Based on his experience in the Napoleonic Wars escorting merchant ships in convoys, he developed a practical, during his scientific studies in 1818, he described a new gastropod genus Cyclostrema with the type species Cyclostrema cancellatum Marryat,1818. Around this time, Marryat collaborated with George Cruikshank the caricaturist to produce The New Union Club, in 1820, Marryat commanded the sloop HMS Beaver and temporarily commanded HMS Rosario for the purpose of bringing back to England the despatches announcing the death of Napoleon on Saint Helena. He also took the opportunity to make a sketch of Napoleons body on his deathbed and his artistic skills were modest, but his sketches of shipboard life above and below deck have considerable charm. In 1823, he was appointed to HMS Larne and took part in an expedition against Burma in 1824 and he was promoted to command the 28-gun HMS Tees, which gave him the rank of post-captain. He was back in England in 1826, in 1829, he was commanding the frigate HMS Ariadne on a mission to search for shoals around the Madeira and Canary Islands. This was an exercise and, between that and the recent publication of his first novel The Naval Officer, he decided to resign his commission in November 1830. From 1832 to 1835, Marryat edited The Metropolitan Magazine, additionally, he kept producing novels, his biggest success came with Mr Midshipman Easy in 1836. He lived in Brussels for a year, travelled in Canada and the United States, then moved to London in 1839 and he was in North America in 1837 when the Rebellion of that year broke out in Lower Canada, and served with the British forces in suppressing it
19.
Robbery Under Arms
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Henry Arthur Harry Readford, was an Australian bushranger. Readfords 1870 cattle drive was a story arc in the book. Henry Arthur Readford was born in December 1841 near Mudgee in the Cudgegong District of New South Wales to a respectable family, little is known of his early life. He originally operated locally, but later moved to Queensland where there were opportunities for rustling. In 1870, Readford was working as a stockman on Bowen Downs Station near Longreach in Queensland. Realising that remote parts of the property, which stretched some 228 km along the Thomson River, were visited by station workers. Only ten years earlier, explorers Burke and Wills had set out to cross the continent along the same track, as a droving exercise, it was a remarkable achievement, as anyone who has travelled the present-day Strzelecki Track will know. Three months and 1,287 km later he exchanged two cows and a bull for rations at Artracoona Native Well near Wallelderdine Station. They then moved the remainder of the mob via Mt Hopeless, workers at Bowen Downs eventually discovered the yards, and the tracks heading south. A party of stockmen and Aboriginal trackers set out on the trail and they eventually reached Artracoona where they recognized the white bull. In April 1871 Readford married Elizabeth Jane Scuthorpe at Mrs Elizabeth Nevells home in Lewis Street, Mudgee, the couple had at least one child, a daughter, Jemima Mary Elizabeth, in 1872. Readford was apprehended in Sydney in 1872, and faced trial in Roma, in response to the verdict, in July 1873, the Government shut down the Roma District Criminal Court for two years but rescinded the order in January 1874. In 1881, several counts of horse stealing resulted in Readford being jailed for eighteen months in Brisbane, after his release, he drove cattle from the Atherton Tableland to Dubbo. In 1899 he became the manager of McArthur River Station, Readford became something of a national hero, and the character Captain Starlight in Rolf Boldrewoods book Robbery Under Arms was based in part on his exploits. Readford was never known by the name of Captain Starlight. These did include Henry Readford, but another key inspiration was Thomas Smith, in particular, the early chapters of Robbery Under Arms recall Readfords exploits, while the denouement follows the shoot-out and death of Midnight. An annual Harry Redford Cattle Drive commemorates Readfords exploits as a drover, a range of riders from the city and country participate in this droving expedition, taking part for three days or up to three weeks, at their choice. Clune, Frank Captain Starlight, Reckless Rascal of Robbery Under Arms Melbourne, Hawthorn Press Deckert, John, dwyer, Andrew OUTBACK- Recipes and Stories from the Campfire Miegunyah Press ISBN 978-0-522-85380-3 McCarthy, Patrick, Starlight
20.
For the Term of His Natural Life
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For the Term of His Natural Life, written by Marcus Clarke, was published in the Australian Journal between 1870 and 1872, appearing as a novel in 1874. It is the best known novelisation of life as a convict in early Australian history, at times relying on seemingly implausible coincidences, the story follows the fortunes of Rufus Dawes, a young man transported for a murder that he did not commit. The novel was based on research by the author as well as a visit to the settlement of Port Arthur. Structurally, For the Term of His Natural Life is made up of a series of semi-fictionalised accounts of events during the convict era. Most of the incidents and many of the characters are easily identifiable from historical sources including Marcus Clarkes own non-fiction work Old Tales of a Young Country. The plot is based on the escape of Alexander Pearce, who ate his companions during two different escape attempts from the Macquarie Harbour Penal Settlement on the West Coast, Tasmania, typical of Victorian-era convict novels, Rufus Dawes, is a wrongfully convicted gentleman. Under the prevailing morality of the time, a murderer would have been inappropriate for a hero in popular fiction, the story starts with a prologue, telling the tale of young British aristocrat, Richard Devine, who is the son of a shipbuilding magnate, Sir Richard Devine. In an incidence of violence, Richards mother reveals to Sir Richard that his son was fathered by another man. Sir Richard proceeds to threaten the mothers reputation if Richard does not leave and he leaves him to pack for a while, claiming that he will fetch his lawyer to alter his will so that Richard receives no inheritance. When Richard leaves, he comes across a murder scene, his father, Lord Bellasis has been murdered. The police come and lock up Richard, who now gives his name as Rufus Dawes, additionally, Sir Richard returns home and dies straight away, possibly of a heart-attack, without altering his will. Rufus Dawes/Richard Devine never finds this out, Rufus is found not guilty of the murder but guilty of the robbery of the corpse and sentenced to transportation to the penal colony of Australia. It turns out that Sarah is on the only to free her lover. She organises a mutiny with the help of three men, Gabbett, James Jemmy Vetch or the Crow and a man nicknamed the moocher. One night, a vessel is sighted and found out to be the Hydaspes. The following day, Dawes overhears the plans of the mutineers and he manages to warn Captain Vickers and Doctor Pine about the plans. Sarah gets the Captain drunk and Frere otherwise busy but does not know about Vickers clandestinely doubling the guard. The mutiny is, therefore, unsuccessful, but Jemmy Vetch, Dawes is found guilty and receives a second life sentence
21.
Bret Harte
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Francis Bret Harte was an American short story writer and poet, best remembered for his short fiction featuring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush. In a career spanning more than four decades, he wrote poetry, fiction, plays, lectures, book reviews, editorials, and magazine sketches in addition to fiction. As he moved from California to the eastern U. S. to Europe, he incorporated new subjects and characters into his stories, but his Gold Rush tales have been most often reprinted, adapted, Bret Harte was born in Albany, New York. He was named Francis Brett Hart after his great-grandfather, Francis Brett, when he was young, his father, Henry, changed the spelling of the family name from Hart to Harte. Henrys father was Bernard Hart, an Orthodox Jewish immigrant who flourished as a merchant, later, Francis preferred to be known by his middle name, but he spelled it with only one t, becoming Bret Harte. An avid reader as a boy, Harte published his first work at age 11, rather than attracting praise, the poem garnered ridicule from his family. As an adult, he recalled to a friend, Such a shock was their ridicule to me that I wonder that I ever wrote another line of verse and his formal schooling ended when he was 13, in 1849. Harte moved to California in 1853, later working there in a number of capacities, including miner, teacher, messenger, and journalist. He spent part of his life in the northern California coastal town of Union, the Wells Fargo Messenger, July 1916, relates that, after an unsuccessful attempt to make a living in the gold camps, he signed on as a messenger with Wells Fargo & Co. He guarded treasure boxes on stagecoaches for a few months, then gave it up to become the schoolmaster at a school near Sonora and he created his character Yuba Bill from his memory of an old stagecoach driver. The 1860 massacre of between 80 and 200 Wiyots at the village of Tuluwat was well documented historically and was reported in San Francisco and New York by Harte. When serving as assistant editor for the Northern Californian, Harte editorialized about the slayings while his boss Stephen G. Whipple was temporarily absent, leaving Harte in charge of the paper. Harte published a detailed account condemning the event, writing, a shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian. Old women wrinkled and decrepit lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out, infants scarcely a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds. After he published the editorial, his life was threatened, Harte quit his job and moved to San Francisco, where an anonymous letter published in a city paper is attributed to him, describing widespread community approval of the massacre. Harte married Anna Griswold on August 11,1862 in San Rafael, from the start, the marriage was rocky. Some suggested that she was handicapped by extreme jealousy, while early Harte biographer Henry C, merwin privately concluded that she was almost impossible to live with. Among Hartes first literary efforts, a poem was published in The Golden Era in 1857 and he was hired as editor of The Golden Era in the spring of 1860, which he attempted to make into a more literary publication
22.
Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
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The Blue Mountains is a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales, Australia. The region borders on Sydneys metropolitan area, its foothills starting about 50 kilometres west of the state capital, the publics understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied, as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range. Geologically, it is situated in the parts of the Sydney Basin. For about two thirds of its length it is traversed by the Great Western Highway and the Main Western railway line, several established towns are situated on its heights, including Katoomba, Blackheath, Mount Victoria, and Springwood. The range forms the watershed between Coxs River to the south and the Grose and Wolgan rivers to the north, the range contains the Explorer Range and the Bell Range. The Blue Mountains area includes the government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury. Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the area was named the Carmarthen, the Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. The name Blue Mountains, however, was preferred and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance. Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering, gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands, which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas. Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places, in the Red Hands Cave, a rock shelter near Glenbrook, the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children. On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, at Wentworth Falls, there are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave. The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years, Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of todays Oakhill College, Castle Hill. He named them the Carmarthen Hills, some forty to sixty miles distant, and he reckoned that the ground was most suitable for government stock. This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland. The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter’s account of Phillip’s 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River and it could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley, the type of country that farmers prize. European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains, as was China in the belief of many convicts and this idea was, to some extent, convenient for local authorities. An insurmountable barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction, a former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. It is also believed that Mathew Everingham,1795, may have also been partly based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s
23.
Mary Gilmore
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Dame Mary Jean Gilmore DBE was a prominent Australian socialist, poet and journalist. Mary Jean Cameron was born on 16 August 1865 at the Cotta Walla settlement in Crookwell and her father obtained a job as a station manager at a property at Cowabbie,100 km north of Wagga. A year later, he left job to become a carpenter, building homesteads on properties in Wagga, Coolamon, Junee, Temora. This itinerant existence allowed Mary only a formal education, however, she did receive some on their frequent returns to Wagga. Her father purchased land and built his own house at Brucedale on the Junee Road, where they had a permanent home. She was then to attend, albeit briefly, Colin Pentlands private Academy at North Wagga Wagga and, at 14, in preparation to become a teacher, she worked as an assistant at her uncles school at Yerong Creek. Another uncle, Charles White, was a journalist and author of books on bushrangers, after completing her teaching exams in 1882, she accepted a position as a teacher at Wagga Wagga Public School, where she worked until December 1885. After a short teaching spell at Illabo she took up a position at Silverton near the mining town of Broken Hill. There Gilmore developed her socialist views and began writing poetry, in 1890, she moved to Sydney, where she became part of the Bulletin school of radical writers. She had a relationship with Henry Lawson that probably began in 1890 and she writes of an unofficial engagement and Lawsons wish to marry her, but it was broken by his frequent absences from Sydney. The story of the relationship is told in the play All My Love and she followed William Lane and other socialist idealists to Paraguay in 1896, where they had established a communal settlement called New Australia two years earlier. At Lanes breakaway settlement Cosme she married William Gilmore in 1897, by 1900 the socialist experiment had clearly failed. Gilmores first volume of poetry was published in 1910, and for the ensuing half-century she was regarded as one of Australias most popular, in 1908 she became womens editor of The Worker, the newspaper of then Australias largest and most powerful trade union, the Australian Workers Union. She was the unions first woman member, the Worker gave her a platform for her journalism, in which she campaigned for better working conditions for working women, for childrens welfare and for a better deal for the indigenous Australians. By 1931 Gilmores views had become too radical for the AWU and she later wrote a regular column for the Communist Partys newspaper Tribune, although she was never a party member herself. In spite of her somewhat controversial politics, Gilmore accepted appointment as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1937 and she was the first person to be granted this award for services to literature. During World War II she wrote stirring patriotic verse such as No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest, in her later years, Gilmore, separated from her husband, moved to Sydney, and enjoyed her growing status as a national literary icon. Before 1940 she published six volumes of verse and three editions of prose, Dame Mary Gilmore died in 1962, aged 97, and was accorded the first state funeral accorded to a writer since the death of Henry Lawson in 1922
24.
J. F. Archibald
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He was also the founder and namesake of the annual Archibald Prize art award. Contemporary associates affectionately knew him as Archie and expressed admiration for his flair, literary perspicacity. He was also a target of humour because of his pretentious name change and false pretensions to having a part-Scottish father, william Henry Traill became a partner in 1882, and the following year Archibald left for two years in London. When he returned in 1886, the magazine was struggling, under Archibalds sole control, and with A. G. Stephens as his literary editor, The Bulletin became Australias leading outlet for poets, cartoonists, short-stories and comic writers. Archibald had no life outside the magazine and devoted his every waking hour to it, in 1902, Archibalds health broke down and he resigned the editorship, though retaining overall control. Unable to rest, he launched a new magazine, The Lone Hand. But soon afterwards, he had a collapse and spent several years in the Callan Park Hospital for the Insane. Even from there, he kept writing, and in 1907 published The Genesis of The Bulletin, Archibalds health never really recovered, and, in 1914, he sold his interest in The Bulletin. He died in Sydney on 10 September 1919 and is buried in Waverley Cemetery, sylvia Lawson, Archibald, Jules François, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3, MUP,1969, pp 43–48
25.
The Bulletin
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The Bulletin was an Australian magazine first published in Sydney on 31 January 1880. The publications focus was politics and business, with literary content. The Bulletin was highly influential in Australian culture and politics until after the First World War, and was noted for its nationalist, pro-labour. It was revived as a news magazine in the 1960s. The Bulletin was founded by J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, the original content of The Bulletin consisted of a mix of political comment, sensationalised news, and Australian literature. In the early years, The Bulletin played a significant role in the encouragement and its writers and cartoonists regularly attacked the British, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Jews, and Aborigines. In 1886, editor James Edmond changed The Bulletins nationalist banner from Australia for Australians to Australia for the White Man. An editorial, published in The Bulletin the following year, laid out its reasons for choosing such banners, all white men who come to these shores—with a clean record—and who leave behind them the memory of the class distinctions and the religious differences of the old world. All men who leave the lands of Europe for freedom of speech. Leave their fatherland because they swallow the worm-eaten lie of the divine right of kings to murder peasants, are Australian by instinct—Australian and Republican are synonymous. As The Bulletin evolved, it known as a platform for young and aspiring writers to showcase their short stories. It was just stoical and spitefully humourous, in The Australian Language, Sidney Baker wrote, Perhaps never again will so much of the true nature of a country be caught up in the pages of a single journal. The literary character of The Bulletin continued until 1961, when it was brought by Australian Consolidated Press, merged with the Observer, donald Horne was appointed as chief editor and quickly removed Australia for the White Man from the banner. The magazine was costing ACP more than it made, but they accepted that price for the prestige of publishing Australias oldest magazine, Kerry Packer, in particular, had a personal liking for the magazine and was determined to keep it alive. In the 1980s and 1990s, The Bulletins ageing subscribers were not being replaced, trevor Kennedy convinced publisher Richard Walsh to return to the magazine. Walsh promoted Lyndall Crisp to be its first female editor, later, in December 2002, Kerry Packer anointed Garry Linnell as editor-in-chief. Kerry Packer died in 2005, and in 2007 James Packer sold controlling interest in the Packer media assets to the equity firm CVC Asia Pacific. On 24 January 2008, ACP Magazines announced that it was shuttering The Bulletin
26.
Derry Castle (barque)
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The Derry Castle was a 1,367 ton iron barque built at Glasgow in 1883, and initially operating out of Limerick, Ireland. In 1887 while voyaging from Australia to the United Kingdom with a cargo of wheat, it foundered off Enderby Island, in the subantarctic Auckland Islands, on a reef which now bears its name. On 20 March 1887, the Derry Castle, ran aground off of Enderby Island, nine days into its journey en route from Geelong, Victoria to Falmouth, manned by a crew of twenty-three, it carried one passenger and a cargo of wheat. At the time, the Derry Castle was registered out of Boston, Massachusetts and it was under the command of Captain J. Goffe. After foundering, eight of the 23 crew made it ashore, at that time the New Zealand government maintained a number of castaway depots on their subantarctic islands equipped with emergency supplies. Unfortunately, the depot at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island had been looted of all, the castaways constructed crude shelters and subsisted on shellfish and a small quantity of wheat recovered from the wreck. On a cliff overlooking the water, they buried the bodies of their crew members that had washed ashore. The grave was marked with the ships figurehead, after 92 days they discovered an axe head in the sand and were able to build a boat which became known as the Derry Castle Punt from the wreckage. Two men navigated the boat to nearby Erebus Cove, Port Ross on Auckland Island, the group lived at Port Ross until rescued by the 45 ton steamer Awarua on 19 July. The Awarua arrived in Hobsons Bay, Victoria on 21 September 1887,192 days after leaving Geelong, the Derry Castle had been officially posted as missing by Lloyds of London. The Castle grave site was maintained for years by the New Zealand government until it sank into the ground. However, during World War II, the figurehead was resurrected by those stationed on the islands, the figurehead can now be viewed at the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand. The makeshift punt was used as a headstone for a while before being removed to the Southland Museum. In its place, a plaque now marks the site of the sailors graves
27.
Albany, Western Australia
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Albany /ˈælbəni/ is a port city in the Great Southern region of Western Australia,418 km SE of Perth, the state capital. Albany is the oldest permanently settled town in Western Australia, predating Perth, at June 2015, Albanys estimated urban population was 33,970, making it the states sixth-largest population centre. The city centre is at the edge of Princess Royal Harbour. The central business district is bounded by Mount Clarence to the east, the city is in the local government area of the City of Albany. Albany was founded on 26 December 1826 as a military outpost of New South Wales as part of a plan to forestall French ambitions in the region. To that end, on 21 January 1827 the commander of the outpost, Major Edmund Lockyer, the area was initially named Frederick Town in honour of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. In 1831, the settlement was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony, during the last decade of the 19th century the town served as a gateway to the Eastern Goldfields. For many years, it was the colonys only deep-water port, the opening of the Fremantle Inner Harbour in 1897, however, saw its importance as a port decline, after which the towns industries turned primarily to agriculture, timber and later, whaling. Today the town is a significant tourist destination and base from which to explore the south-west of the state, the town has an important role in the ANZAC legend, being the last port of call for troopships departing Australia in the First World War. Also an auxiliary submarine base for the US Navys 7th Fleet was developed during the Second World War in the event the submarine base at Fremantle was lost, also in the harbour was an RAN Naval Installation which provided for alongside refuelling from four 5000 ton fuel tanks. See also History of Albany, Western Australia The Albany region was home to the Menang Noongar indigenous people and they called the area Kinjarling which means the place of rain. Many town names in South-Western Australia end in up or ing and they would sometimes camp near Boondie Yokine – roughly translated as Dog Rock. Early European explorers discovered evidence of fish traps located on Emu Point and on the French, now the Kalgan, River, the following Information is derived from the State Heritage Register where these places are registered. The assessment criteria contain more details and it became the home of the Government Resident in 1883. After a chequered history the property was vested in the National Trust WA in 1964 and is now a house museum, st Johns Church is a stone building with shingled roofs in the Old Colonial Gothick Picturesque style. Set among trees, it was designed to be part of an overall contrived picturesque scene in the manner of an English garden landscape, scots Uniting Church was designed in the Victorian Academic Gothic style by Melbourne architect Evander McIver and built with local granite stonework. The complex now known as The Residency Museum was established in 1850 as a depot for the Convict Establishment in Albany and it is an L shaped, single storied, masonry building with a timber framed, timber shingled roof. In 1873 it was converted into the Resident Magistrates home and it now serves as a museum
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William Lane
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William Lane was a radical journalist, advocate of Australian labour politics and a utopian. Lane was born in Bristol, England, eldest son of Edward Lane, from Ireland a Protestant Master Gardener, when Lane was born his father was earning a miserable wage, but later his circumstances improved and he became an employer. The boy was educated at Bristol Grammar School and showed ability, lanes father was a drunk who impoverished the family. He became a supporter of Emma Miller and Womens suffrage. In May 1890 he began the community-funded Brisbane weekly The Worker, the rhetoric of which became increasingly threatening towards the employers, the government, and the British Empire itself. The Workingmans Paradise, a novel written in sympathy with the shearers involved in the 1891 Shearers Strike, was published under his pseudonym John Miller in early 1892. In the novel Lane articulated the belief that anarchism is the noblest social philosophy of all, through the novels philosopher and main protagonist he relates his belief that society may have to experience a period of State socialism to achieve the ideal of Communist anarchism. Mary Gilmore, later a celebrated Australian writer, said in one of her letters the whole book is true, New Australia soon had its crisis, brought on by the issues of interracial relationships and alcohol. Eventually Lane became disillusioned with the process, and returned to Australia in 1899, Lane then went with his family to New Zealand. After initial melancholia, he refound his old verve as a pseudonymous feature writer from 1900 for the newspaper New Zealand Herald, only this time as ultra-conservative. He had strong racial antipathy toward East Asians, and during World War I he developed extreme anti-German sentiments, gavin Souters account of Lane and New Australia in his A Peculiar People Peter Bruces thesis The Journalistic Career of William Lane. By Bob James Whitehead, Anne Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia Serle, Workingmans Paradise at Project Gutenberg Workingmans Paradise, Pdf at University of Sydney
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The Worker (Brisbane)
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The Worker was a newspaper published in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia between 1890 and 1974. The newspaper is affiliated with the Australian Labor Party, the newspaper was first published as Vol.1, no.1 on 1 March 1890 and the last issue was Vol.85, no.4119 on 19 August 1974. It was originally known as The Australian Workman, and later as The Brisbane Worker, between 1917 and 1918 the subtitle was Australias pioneer co-operative labor journal. The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia, list of newspapers in Australia The Worker in Troves Digitised newspapers
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Roustabout
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Roustabout is a traditional term for a worker with broad-based, non-specific skills. Originally used to show or circus workers who handled materials for construction on fairgrounds, it is also applied to rural employment. Oil roustabout refers to a worker who maintains all things in the oil field, Roustabout is an official classification of natural gas and oil rig personnel. Roustabouts working in oil fields typically perform various jobs requiring little training, Roustabouts will set up oil well heads, maintain saltwater disposal pumps, lease roads, lease mowing, create dikes around tank batteries on a lease, etc. An oil roustabout has no limits in the oil industry and can, and will do any and all oil field work, including drilling, oil well completion and well service. An oil field roustabout will also do all things that an oil field pumper would have to do, however, they frequently turn out to be long-term employees and take on more difficult and sometimes dangerous jobs as they gain experience. Most go on to at least become “roughnecks” if they work for the rig company for more than a few months. An early 2010 survey by Careercast. com of the best and worst jobs — based on five criteria, environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, nonetheless, the anecdotal and subjective experience of an actual roustabout reveals the excitement of a challenging, adventurous job. In Australia and New Zealand a roustabout can be any worker with broad-based, non-specific skills, however, they are most commonly found in rural employment, especially sheep farming, as in the film The Sundowners, where they leave town before the sun goes down. The term was used in Disneys 1941 animated film Dumbo, during a scene in which a group of labourers pulled circus materials off the train for construction. Roustabout was a 1964 musical movie starring Elvis Presley, Barbara Stanwyck, the term is used in the song The Mariners Revenge Song, by The Decemberists. Roustabout is also the name of a recorded by the bluegrass band, Open Road. The term is used by Beats Antique for two songs off of their album Collide. The Slamball team Rousties is named after a roustabout, in the musical theater production All Shook Up, the lead character Chad is often referred to as a roustabout. Roughnecks and Roustabouts is the second Album by Pete Williams, formerly bassist and vocalist with Dexys Midnight Runners, and currently performing as The Pete Williams Band
31.
Bulletin Debate
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The Bulletin Debate was a famous dispute in The Bulletin magazine from 1892-93 between two of Australias most iconic writers and poets, Henry Lawson and Andrew Barton Banjo Paterson. At the time, The Bulletin was a popular and influential publication, many Australian writers and poets, such as Banjo Paterson, were based primarily in the city, and had a tendency to romanticise bush life. On 9 July 1892, Lawson published a poem in The Bulletin entitled Up The Country, in this poem, Lawson attacked the typical romanticised view of bush life. On 23 July 1892, Paterson published his reply to Lawsons poem, whilst Lawson had accused writers such as Paterson of being City Bushmen, Paterson countered by claiming that Lawsons view of the bushlife was full of doom and gloom. He appropriately finished his poem with the line For the bush will never suit you, other Australian writers, such as Edward Dyson, also later contributed to the debate. In 1939, Banjo Paterson recalled his thoughts about the Bulletin debate, Henry Lawson was a man of insight in some things. Nobody realized this better than Lawson, and one day he suggested that we should write against each other, he putting the bush from his point of view and we ought to do pretty well out of it, he said. We ought to be able to get in three or four sets of verses before they stop us and this suited me all right, for we were working on space, and the pay was very small. So we slam-banged away at each other for weeks and weeks, not until they stopped us, the Bulletin Debate was followed closely by widespread readers of the publication, reinforcing the Bush as a significant part of Australias national identity. There was never any clear winner to this debate, however, Paterson presented Australia with the desired image of its national identity, and his short story collections received spectacular sales. In 1993, Paterson replaced Lawson as the poet depicted on the Australian ten-dollar note, the Debate did not pass without receiving criticism in regards to its attempts to define Australias national identity. One British reviewer of the 1890s declared, The delusion these writers labour under is trying to be too exclusively Australian, by which they come merely provincial. That a mans lot should be cast in the wilds of Australia is no reason that his inner life should be taken up with the glorification of shearers or the ridicule of jackaroos. And a genuine Australian poetry can arise when such matters fall into their true place. 1892 in poetry 1892 in literature Australian literature
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Hungerford, Queensland
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Hungerford is a town and locality in outback South West Queensland, Australia, immediately north of the border with New South Wales and the Dingo fence. At the 2006 census, Hungerford and the area had a population of 59. The locality is split between the Shire of Bulloo and the Shire of Paroo, the town is located in the Shire of Bulloo immediately north of the border between Queensland and New South Wales. Surrounding the town is the Currawinya National Park, the town is named after Thomas Hungerford who once camped at the site. The town developed from a customs post on a stock route alongside the Paroo River. In 1874, the first hotel in the opened and the year the town was gazetted. For a number of years, before a survey was conducted the town was thought to be located in New South Wales. Hungerford Post Office opened on 1 October 1880, was replaced by a New South Wales office in 1881, reopened in 1886 and closed by 1907, replaced the New South Wales office in 1941 and closed by 1985. In 1892-3, Henry Lawson visited the town and wrote a story named after it. In the story he wrote, The town is right on the Queensland border, Hungerford consists of two houses and a humpy in New South Wales, and five houses in Queensland. Characteristically enough, both the pubs are in Queensland and we got a glass of sour yeast at one and paid six pence for it -- we had asked for English ale. A Cobb & Co coach service to the town was stopped in 1904, Hungerford Provisional School opened in 1892, becoming Hungerford State School in 1909. It closed in 1918, due to low attendance and it reopened in 1928, but low attendances caused it to close again in 1930. It was reopened a final time, this time located in the Bulloo Shire Hall, Hungerford has a number of heritage-listed sites, including, Archernar Street, Royal Mail Hotel Media related to Hungerford, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons Hungerford travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Bourke, New South Wales
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Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres north-west of the capital, Sydney. At the 2011 census, Bourke had a population of 2,047, the location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people. The first white explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling and it was not until the mid-1800s following a visit by colonial surveyor and explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1835 that settlement of the area began. Following tensions with the local people Mitchell built a stockade to protect his men. This first crude structure became the foundation for a community with a small number of agricultural. Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co, a small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery. As trade moved away from transport routes, Bourkes hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the states north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today. Bourkes traditional owners endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia, dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand. The majority of settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region. In 1962 local high jumper Percy Hobson became the first Aboriginal athlete to win a Commonwealth Games gold medal for Australia in Perth, tall Hobson jumped 13 inches above his height to win the event with a leap of 6 ft.11 inches. While Hobson was urged by athletics administrators ‘not to broadcast his ancestry’, he was celebrated on his return to Bourke, cathy Freeman was the next Aboriginal athlete to claim a Commonwealth Gold in Auckland in 1990. In Bourke today there are 21 different recognised indigenous language groups including Ngemba, Barkindji, Wangkumara, Bourke has a hot semi-arid climate with mild amount of rainfall throughout the year. On 4 January 1903, Bourke recorded a temperature of 49
34.
Idyll
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An idyll or idyl is a short poem, descriptive of rustic life, written in the style of Theocritus short pastoral poems, the Idylls. Unlike Homer, Theocritus did not engage in heroes and warfare and his idylls are limited to a small intimate world, and describe scenes from everyday life. Later imitators include the Roman poets Virgil and Catullus, Italian poets Torquato Tasso, Sannazaro and Leopardi, the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, goethe called his poem Hermann and Dorothea—which Schiller considered the very climax in Goethes production—an idyll. Examples of the latter are Lullys LIdylle sur la Paix set to a text by Racine, in the visual arts, an idyll is a painting depicting the same sort of subject matter to be found in idyllic poetry, often with rural or peasant life as its central theme. One of the earliest examples is the early 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, the genre was particularly popular in English paintings of the Victorian era
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Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
36.
Raymond Carver
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Raymond Clevie Carver, Jr. was an American short-story writer and poet. Carver contributed to the revitalization of the American short story in literature during the 1980s, Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman. Carvers mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk and his one brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943. Carver was educated at schools in Yakima, Washington. In his spare time, he read novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California, in June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957 and their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later. He supported his family by working as a man, janitor, library assistant. During their marriage, Maryann also supported the family by working as an assistant and a high school English teacher, salesperson. Carver became interested in writing in Paradise, California, where he had moved with his family to be close to his mother-in-law, Carvers first published story, The Furious Seasons, appeared in 1961. More florid than his work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner. Furious Seasons was later used as a title for a collection of published by Capra Press. It is a misconception that Carver was influenced by Ernest Hemingway. In his essay On Influence, however, Carver states clearly that, while he was an admirer of Hemingways fiction, he never saw him as an influence, Carver continued his studies under the short-story writer Richard Cortez Day at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California. After electing not to take the language courses required by the English program. Homesick for California and unable to acclimate to the programs upper middle class milieu. In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California and he did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote at the hospital through the rest of the night
37.
Outback
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The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. Culturally, the Outback is deeply ingrained in Australian heritage, history, early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic. More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas, the first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813,25 years after the colony was established. This contrasts with the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860–61 which was better funded. The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart, mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed. While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback, the first woman to make the riding a horse was Anna Hingley. The paucity of land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as one of the largest remaining. The savanna of northern Australia are the largest, intact savanna regions in the world, in the south, the Great Western Woodlands, which occupy 16,000,000 hectares, an area larger than all of England, are the largest remaining temperate woodland left on Earth. Reflecting the wide climatic and geological variation, the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive, the Australian Outback is full of very important well-adapted wildlife, although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual observer. Many animals, such as red kangaroos and dingoes, hide in bushes to rest, birdlife is prolific, most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk. Huge flocks of budgerigars, cockatoos, corellas and galahs are often sighted, on bare ground or roads during the winter, various species of snakes and lizards bask in the sun, but they are rarely seen during the summer months. Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia, brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers, feral horses known as brumbies are station horses that have run wild. Feral pigs, foxes, cats and rabbits are other imported animals that also degrade the environment, so time, the Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species, such as the kangaroo, emu and dingo. The Dingo Fence was built to restrict dingo movements into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent, the marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle grazing, on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal Government. While small areas of the outback consist of soils the majority has exceedingly infertile palaeosols. Riversleigh, in Queensland, is one of Australias most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994, the 100 km2 area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age. The largest industry across the Outback, in terms of the occupied, is pastoralism, in which cattle, sheep. Capitalizing on the lack of improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use
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Royal Australian Historical Society
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The Royal Australian Historical Society is a voluntary organisation founded in Sydney, Australia in 1901 with Andrew Houison as founding president. Its goals are to encourage the study of and interest in Australian history and it has a membership throughout Australia and many of its activities and facilities are funded by contributions from its members and benefactors. The society is a constituent member of the Federation of Australian Historical Societies and it holds an annual conference which addresses current historical issues in local history and heritage. Publications include the magazine, History, and the biannual academic journal, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, containing scholarly articles. The society also has a library with an extensive collection of pictorial. In addition it administers grant schemes on behalf of the New South Wales government for the promotion of heritage, the following persons have been president of the society, James, Alfred. Much Writing, Many Opinions, The making of the Royal Australian Historical Society 1901-2001, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
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