1.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
Sacramento, California
Sacramento, California
Sacramento, California
Sacramento, California
2.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
3.
Columnist
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A columnist is someone who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs and they take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. In some instances, a column has been written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections. In some cases, such as Winchell and Parsons, their programs were quite similar in format to their newspaper columns. Rona Barrett began as a Hollywood gossip columnist in 1957, duplicating her print tactics on television by the mid-1960s, FPA and McIntyre both collected their columns into a series of books, as did other columnists. McIntyres book, The Big Town, New York Day by Day was a bestseller, fPAs The Melancholy Lute collected selections from three decades of his columns. When Smiths column, The Totem Pole, was syndicated by United Features, he told Time, a typewriter can be a pretty formidable contraption when you sit down in front of it and say, All right, now Im going to be funny. The writing of French humor columnist Alain Rémond has been collected in books, the Miami Herald promoted humor columnist Dave Barry with this description, Dave Barry has been at The Miami Herald since 1983. A Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary, he writes about issues ranging from the economy to exploding toilets. Barry has collected his columns into a series of successful books and he stopped writing his nationally syndicated weekly column in 2005, and The Miami Herald now offers on its website a lengthy selection of past columns by Barry. It has had the advantage of high-powered promotion and it is still riding on the crest of the first big wave its own splash sent out. But Mr. Davis did think that in a decade or two the newspapers might be promoting their columns along with their comic strips, the World had started the ball rolling with billboard advertising of Heywood Brouns It Seems to Me. The McNaught Syndicate was sitting pretty with O. O. McIntyre, Will Rogers, the New York Herald Tribune offered Don Marquis and Franklin P. Adams rhymed satirically in The Conning Tower for the New York World Syndicate. A Line o Type Or Two, Bert Leston Taylors verse column in the Chicago Tribune, was now being done by Richard Henry Little. Other offerings, humorous sketches by Damon Runyon, O. Henry stories, editorials by Arthur Brisbane, Ring Lardner letter, Rippling Rhymes, by Walt Mason, in at least one situation, a column expanded to become an entire successful magazine. When Cyrus Curtis founded the Tribune and Farmer in 1879, it was a weekly with an annual subscription rate of 50 cents. With 25,000 subscribers by the end of its first year, it was such a success that Curtis sold Tribune and Farmer to put his energy into the new publication, which became the Ladies Home Journal. Advice columnist Critic Editorial opinion columnist Gossip columnist Humor columnist Food columnist Food columnists of note National Society of Newspaper Columnists
Columnist
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Journalism
Columnist
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Heading for
O. O. McIntyre 's columns, collected in his 1935 bestseller, The Big Town
4.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
San Francisco Chronicle
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San Francisco Chronicle cover, April 22, 1906
San Francisco Chronicle
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The
Old Chronicle Building following the
1906 earthquake and fire
San Francisco Chronicle
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Bill German,left, the Chronicle 's editor emeritus and Page One Editor Jack Breibart in the newsroom, March 1994
San Francisco Chronicle
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San Francisco Chronicle CEO John Sias announces the sale of the San Francisco Chronicle to the Hearst Corporation August 6, 1999.
5.
The San Francisco Examiner
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The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California. The Examiner is one of the pioneers in the industry and has published continuously since 1863. The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group, a Canadian media publisher, as of 2014, The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held under, Oahu Publications Inc. a subsidiary of Black Press Group Ltd. In 1880, mining engineer, entrepreneur and US Senator George Hearst bought the Examiner, seven years later, after being elected to the U. S. Senate, he gave it to his son, William Randolph Hearst, who was then 23 years old. The elder Hearst was said to have received the paper as partial payment of a poker debt. William Randolph Hearst created the masthead with the Hearst Eagle and the slogan Monarch of the Dailies. After the great earthquake and fire of 1906 destroyed much of San Francisco, the Examiner and its rivals — the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Call — brought out a joint edition. The Examiner offices were destroyed on April 18,1906, but when the city was rebuilt, a new structure and it opened in 1909, and in 1937 the facade, entranceway and lobby underwent an extensive remodeling designed by architect Julia Morgan. Ultimately, circulation battles ended in a merging of resources between the two papers, the Examiner published the Sunday papers news sections and glossy magazine, and the Chronicle contributed the features. Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays, in its stylebook, the Examiner has traditionally referred to San Francisco as The City, capitalized, both in headlines and text of stories, and continues to do so. San Francisco slang has traditionally referred to the Examiner in abbreviated form as the Ex. When the Chronicle Publishing Company divested its interests, the Hearst Corporation purchased the Chronicle. However, on July 27,2000 a federal judge approved the Fangs assumption of the Examiner name, its archives,35 delivery trucks, from their side, the Fangs paid Hearst $100.00 for the Examiner. On February 24,2003, the Examiner became a daily newspaper and is now printed Sunday through Friday. On February 19,2004, the Fang family sold the Examiner and its printing plant and his new company, Clarity Media Group, launched The Washington Examiner in 2005 and published The Baltimore Examiner from 2006 to 2009. In 2006, Anschutz donated the archives of the Examiner to the University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library, under Clarity ownership, the Examiner pioneered a new business model for the newspaper industry. Designed to be read quickly, the Examiner is presented in a compact and it focuses on local news, business, entertainment and sports with an emphasis on content relevant to local readers. It is delivered free to select neighborhoods in San Francisco and San Mateo counties, and to single-copy outlets throughout San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Alameda counties, California
The San Francisco Examiner
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The Examiner
The San Francisco Examiner
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Hearst Building, San Francisco
The San Francisco Examiner
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Ted Fang
6.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
San Francisco Bay Area
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San Francisco
San Francisco Bay Area
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San Jose
San Francisco Bay Area
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Oakland
San Francisco Bay Area
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A view of the
San Francisco skyline from the bay.
7.
Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards
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The Pulitzer Prize jury has the option of awarding special citations where they consider necessary. 1924, A special prize of $1000 was awarded to the widow of Frank I, cobb, New York World, in recognition of the distinction of her husbands editorial writing and service. 1930, William O. Dapping, Auburn Citizen, a special prize for his reportorial work in connection with the outbreak at Auburn prison during December,1929. A special bronze plaque for its editorial leadership against the Accurate News and Information Act, in defense of the freedom of the press, in the Province of Alberta, Canada. 1945, Cartographers of the American press, for maps of the war fronts that have helped notably to clarify and increase public information on the progress of the Armies and Navies engaged. 1947, The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for its adherence to the public and professional ideals of its founder. 1951, Cyrus L. Sulzberger of The New York Times for his interview with Archbishop Stepinac. 1951, The Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes as a policy does not make any award to a member of the Board. The Board therefore made no award in the National Reporting category, a special citation for their program, The Road To Integration, a distinguished example of the use of a newspaper groups resources to complement the work of its individual newspapers. 1978, Richard Lee Strout, for distinguished commentary from Washington over many years as staff correspondent for The Christian Science Monitor and contributor to The New Republic,1918, Love Songs by Sara Teasdale. This award was possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society. 1919, Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg and this award was made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society. 1919, Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer and this award was made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society. A special citation is awarded to Kenneth Roberts for his novels which have long contributed to the creation of greater interest in our early American history. 1960, A special citation is awarded to The Defeat of the Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingly, published by Houghton and it is a first class history and a literary work of high order. 1961, American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War, a special citation is given to The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War as a distinguished example of American book publishing. A special citation to George Washington, Vols, a special award to Alex Haley for Roots, the story of a black family from its origins in Africa through seven generations to the present day in America. A special citation to E. B, white for his letters, essays and the full body of his work
Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards
8.
Transamerica Pyramid
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The Transamerica Pyramid is the tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline. Its height is surpassed by Salesforce Tower, currently under construction, designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 853 ft, on completion in 1972 it was the eighth tallest building in the world. The Transamerica building was commissioned by Transamerica CEO John R. Beckett, built on the site of the historic Montgomery Block, it has a structural height of 853 ft and has 48 floors of retail and office space. Construction began in 1969 and finished in 1972, and was overseen by San Francisco-based contractor Dinwiddie Construction, Transamerica moved its headquarters to the new building from across the street, where it had been based in a flatiron-shaped building now occupied by the Church of Scientology of San Francisco. Although the tower is no longer Transamerica Corporation headquarters, it is associated with the company and is depicted in the companys logo. The building is evocative of San Francisco and has one of the many symbols of the city. Designed by architect William Pereira, it faced opposition during planning, John King of the San Francisco Chronicle summed up the improved opinion of the building in 2009 as an architectural icon of the best sort - one that fits its location and gets better with age. The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest skyscraper west of Chicago from 1972 to 1974 surpassing the then Bank of America Center and it was surpassed by the Aon Center in Los Angeles. The building is thought to have been the target of a foiled terrorist attack, involving the hijacking of airplanes as part of the Bojinka plot. In 1999, Transamerica was acquired by Dutch insurance company Aegon, when the non-insurance operations of Transamerica were later sold to GE Capital, Aegon retained the building as an investment. The Transamerica Pyramid has been the tallest skyscraper in San Francisco since 1972, the land use and zoning restrictions for the parcel limited the number of square feet of office that could be built upon the lot, which sits at the north boundary of the financial district. The building is a tall, four-sided pyramid with two wings to accommodate an elevator shaft on the east and a stairwell and a tower on the west. The top 212 feet of the building is the spire, there are four cameras pointed in the four cardinal directions at the top of this spire forming a virtual observation deck. Four monitors in the lobby, whose direction and zoom can be controlled by visitors, an observation deck on the 27th floor was closed after the September 11,2001 attacks, and replaced by the virtual observation deck. The top of the Transamerica Pyramid is covered with aluminum panels, the buildings façade is covered in crushed quartz, giving the building its light color. The four-story base contains 16,000 cu yd of concrete, the buildings foundation is 9 feet thick, the result of a 3-day, 24-hour continuous concrete pour. Several thousand dollars in quarters and change were thrown into the pit by observers surrounding the site at street level during the pouring, only two of the buildings 18 elevators reach the top floor. The original proposal was for a 1,150 ft building, the proposal was rejected by the city planning commission, saying it would interfere with views of San Francisco Bay from Nob Hill
Transamerica Pyramid
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Transamerica Pyramid
9.
Panama Pacific International Exposition
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The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a worlds fair held in San Francisco, in the United States, between February 20 and December 4 in 1915. Its ostensible purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, the fair was constructed on a 635 acre site in San Francisco, along the northern shore, between the Presidio and Fort Mason, now known as the Marina District. A telephone line was established to New York City so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean. The Liberty Bell traveled by train on a tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to attend the exposition. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Philadelphia, and has not made any further journeys since, the 1915 American Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3. 84-mile circuit set up around the Exposition grounds. The Smithsonian Institution also had an exhibition at the Exposition, the centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 feet and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3⁄4 to 2 inch colored gems sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night. In front of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west, the Machinery Palace, the largest hall, dominated the east end of the central court. At the west end of central court group was the Palace of Fine Arts, further west toward the bay down The Avenue of the Nations were national and states buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented. At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason was The Zone, constructed from temporary materials, almost all the fairs various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair, the Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and a seismic retrofit was completed in early 2009. The Exploratorium, a science museum, occupied the northern 2/3 of the Palace from 1969 to 2013. Also surviving are the one-third scale steam locomotives of the Overfair Railroad that operated at the Exposition and they are maintained in working order at the Swanton Pacific Railroad Society located on Cal Poly San Luis Obispos Swanton Ranch just north of Santa Cruz. The Legion of Honor Museum, in Lincoln Park, was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. At the close of the exposition, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the event, and perforated 12. The United States Congress authorized the San Francisco Mint to issue a series of five commemorative coins, said coins were the 1915-S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins
Panama Pacific International Exposition
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Modern picture of The Palace of Fine Arts, the only building surviving today (reconstructed) still on the exposition grounds
Panama Pacific International Exposition
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Floodlit pavilion at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Tower of Jewels on the left, and the Italian Tower on the right.
Panama Pacific International Exposition
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A panorama of the Palace of Fine Arts c.1919. The current building was rebuilt in the 1930s, again in the 1960s, and then seismically retrofitted after damage from 1989's Loma Prieta Earthquake, and again in 2009.
Panama Pacific International Exposition
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Postcard showing new buildings in San Francisco, with earthquake ruins and bear in foreground, and two small images of buildings of the Exposition at bottom
10.
United States Army Air Forces
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Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff. S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel, the peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By V-E Day, the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas, in its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service and this contrast between theory and fact is. fundamental to an understanding of the AAF. Gen. Billy Mitchell that led to his later court-martial, a strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. Since 1920, control of units had resided with commanders of the corps areas. Both were created in 1933 when a conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup détat. Activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a force of three wings deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts but was small in comparison to European air forces. Corps area commanders continued to control over airfields and administration of personnel. The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to request a study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend Hawaii. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with an organization of 54 groups. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a simpler system, Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war
United States Army Air Forces
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General of the Army
Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold
United States Army Air Forces
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Army Air Forces
shoulder sleeve insignia
United States Army Air Forces
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USAAF
recruitment poster.
United States Army Air Forces
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March 29, 1943 Reorganization of the United States Army Air Forces.
11.
The Paris Review
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The Paris Review is a quarterly English language literary magazine established in Paris in 1953 by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton. The series has been called one of the single most persistent acts of conservation in the history of the world. The headquarters of The Paris Review moved from Paris to New York City in 1973, Plimpton edited the Review from its founding until his death in 2003, Lorin Stein has been editor since 2010. I think The Paris Review should welcome these people into its pages, the writers and good poets. The Reviews founding editors include Humes, Matthiessen, Plimpton, William Pène du Bois, Thomas Guinzburg, the first publisher was Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. Du Bois, the magazine’s first art editor, designed the iconic Paris Review eagle to include both American and French significance, an American eagle holding a pen and wearing a Phrygian cap. The magazine’s first office was located in a room of the publishing house Éditions de la Table ronde. Other legendary locations of The Paris Review include a Thames River grain carrier anchored on the Seine from 1956 to 1957, the first-floor and basement rooms in Plimptons 72nd Street apartment became the headquarters of The Paris Review when the magazine moved from Paris to New York City in 1973. Philip Gourevitch was selected by the Reviews board of directors as George Plimptons successor in 2005, under Gourevitchs leadership, the Review began incorporating more nonfiction pieces and, for the first time, began regularly publishing a photography spread. The Paris Review also announced, in 2006, the publication of a set of Paris Review interviews. The Paris Review Interviews, Volumes I-IV were published by Picador from 2006–2009, Gourevitch announced his departure in the fall of 2009, citing a desire to concentrate more fully on his writing. In a May 27,2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Matthiessen stated that he invented The Paris Review as cover for his CIA activities, Lorin Stein was named editor of The Paris Review in April 2010. He oversaw a redesign of the print edition and its website. In September 2010, the Review made available online its entire archive of interviews, contributors include Jeffrey Eugenides, Lydia Davis, and Ali Smith. It promises to be a resource for writers, students. As Stein explains, Some chose classics, Some chose stories that were new even to us. Our hope is that this collection will be useful to young writers, most of all, it is intended for readers who are not in the habit of reading short stories. We hope these object lessons will remind them how varied the form can be, how vital it remains, on October 8,2012, the magazine launched its app for the iPad and iPhone
The Paris Review
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The Paris Review, Issue 1
12.
Willie Mays
–
He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979, his first year of eligibility. Mays shares the record of most appearances in the All-Star Games,24, with Hank Aaron, in appreciation of his All-Star record, Ted Williams said They invented the All-Star Game for Willie Mays. In 1999, Mays placed second on The Sporting Newss List of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, later that year, he was also elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Mays is one of five National League players to have had eight consecutive 100-RBI seasons, along with Mel Ott, Sammy Sosa, Chipper Jones, and Albert Pujols. Mays hit over 50 home runs in 1955 and 1965, representing the longest time span between 50-plus home run seasons for any player in Major League Baseball history and his final Major League Baseball appearance came on October 16 during Game 3 of the 1973 World Series. Mays was born in Westfield, Alabama, just outside Fairfield and his father, Cat Mays, was a talented baseball player with the Negro team for the local iron plant. His mother, Annie Satterwhite, was a basketball and track star in high school. His parents never married each other, as a baby, Mays was cared for by his mothers younger sisters Sarah and Ernestine. Sarah became the female role model in Mays life. His father exposed him to baseball at an age. At age 10, Mays was allowed to sit on the bench of his fathers League games, Mays played multiple sports at Fairfield Industrial High School, averaging a then-record 17 points a game in basketball and more than 40 yards a punt in football, while also playing quarterback. Mays graduated from Fairfield in 1950, Mays professional baseball career began in 1947, while he was still in high school and played briefly with the Chattanooga Choo-Choos in Tennessee during the summer. A short time later, Mays left the Choo-Choos and returned to his state to join the Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League. Mays helped them win their pennant and advance to the 1948 Negro League World Series, Mays hit a respectable.262 for the season, but it was also his excellent fielding and baserunning that made him a standout. By playing professionally with the Black Barons, Mays jeopardized his opportunities to high school sports in Alabama. This created some problems for him with school administrators at Fairfield. Over the next years, a number of Major League baseball franchises sent scouts to watch him play. The first was the Boston Braves, the scout who discovered him, Bud Maughn, had been following him for over a year and referred him to the Braves, who then packaged a deal which called for $7,500 down and $7,500 in 30 days
Willie Mays
–
Willie Mays
Willie Mays
–
Mays walks with
President Bush, July 30, 2006
Willie Mays
–
Mays with President Barack Obama aboard Air Force One, July 14, 2009.
Willie Mays
–
Willie Mays tribute display at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California
13.
Dr. Zhivago (film)
–
Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean. It is set in Russia between the prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name. While immensely popular in the West, the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades, for this reason, the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain. The film stars Omar Sharif in the role as Yuri Zhivago. The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Ralph Richardson, Siobhán McKenna, over time, however, the films reputation has improved greatly. It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama, as of 2016, it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of the pre-World War I years, World War I itself, the Russian Revolution of 1917, Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tanya Komarova, may be his niece and tells her the story of her fathers life. When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mothers death in rural Russia, he is taken in by his mothers friends, Alexander and Anna Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya in Moscow. In 1913, Zhivago, as a student in training. Lara, only 17, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky, one night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich Antipov drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound and he asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Laras mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide, Komarovsky summons help from his physician, Zhivagos former professor, whom he accompanies back to Laras home to treat her mother. When Komarovsky learns of Laras intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, in revenge, the humiliated Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha, although enraged and devastated by Laras affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Bolsheviks to subvert the Imperial Russian Army, Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. During the February Revolution in 1917, Zhivago enlists Laras help to tend to the wounded, together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains true to Tonya, after the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government
Dr. Zhivago (film)
–
Theatrical release poster design by
Tom Jung
Dr. Zhivago (film)
–
The
Cossacks attack a peaceful demonstration.
Dr. Zhivago (film)
–
The initial and final scenes were shot at the
Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal.
14.
David Lean
–
Sir David Lean, CBE was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, responsible for large-scale epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago. He also directed adaptations of Dickens novels Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, Lean was born in Croydon, Surrey, to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye. His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading and his younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean, founded the original Inklings literary club when a student at Oxford University. Lean was a schoolboy with a dreamy nature who was labeled a dud of a student, he left in his mid-teens. A more formative event for his career than his formal education was an uncles gift and you usually didnt give a boy a camera until he was 16 or 17 in those days. It was a compliment and I succeeded at it. Lean printed and developed his films, and it was his great hobby, at age 16, his father deserted the family when he ran off with another woman, and Lean would later follow a similar path after his own first marriage and child. He was taken on as a teaboy, promoted to clapperboy, by 1930 he was working as an editor on newsreels, including those of Gaumont Pictures and Movietone, while his move to feature films began with Freedom of the Seas and Escape Me Never. He edited Gabriel Pascals film productions of two George Bernard Shaw plays, Pygmalion and Major Barbara and he edited Powell & Pressburgers 49th Parallel and One of Our Aircraft Is Missing. After this last film, Lean began his career, after editing more than two dozen features by 1942. As Tony Sloman wrote in 1999, As the varied likes of David Lean, Robert Wise, Terence Fisher and Dorothy Arzner have proved, David Lean was given honorary membership of the Guild of British Film Editors in 1968. His first work as a director was in collaboration with Noël Coward on In Which We Serve and it has since become a classic, one of the most highly regarded British films. Two celebrated Charles Dickens adaptations followed – Great Expectations and Oliver Twist and these two films were the first directed by Lean to star Alec Guinness, whom Lean considered his good luck charm. The actors portrayal of Fagin was controversial at the time, the first screening in Berlin during February 1949 offended the surviving Jewish community and led to a riot. It caused problems too in New York, and after private screenings, was condemned by the Anti-Defamation League, to our surprise it was accused of being anti-Semitic, Lean wrote. We made Fagin an outsize and, we hoped, an amusing Jewish villain, the terms of the production code meant that the films release in the United States was delayed until July 1951 after cuts amounting to eight minutes. The Passionate Friends was the first of three films to feature the actress Ann Todd, who became his third wife, madeleine, set in Victorian-era Glasgow is about an 1857 cause célèbre with Todds lead character accused of murdering a former lover. The last of the films with Todd, The Sound Barrier, has a screenplay by the playwright Terence Rattigan and was the first of his three films for Sir Alexander Kordas London Films
David Lean
–
Sir David Lean,
CBE
15.
Vietnam war
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
Vietnam war
–
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in
Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending
Saigon during the 1968
Tet Offensive, two
Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture
Quảng Trị during the 1972
Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the
1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968
Huế Massacre.
Vietnam war
–
A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.
Vietnam war
–
The
Geneva Conference, 1954
Vietnam war
–
U.S. President
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles greet President
Ngô Đình Diệm of
South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.
16.
Beatnik
–
Beatnik was a media stereotype prevalent throughout the 1950s to mid-1960s that displayed the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s. Elements of the beatnik trope included pseudo-intellectualism, drug use, Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948, generalizing from his social circle to characterize the underground, anticonformist youth gathering in New York at that time. In 1954, Nolan Miller published his novel, Why I Am So Beat. The adjective beat was introduced to the group by Herbert Huncke, Beat came from underworld slang—the world of hustlers, drug addicts, and petty thieves, where Allen Ginsberg and Kerouac sought inspiration. Beat was slang for beaten down or downtrodden, but to Kerouac and Ginsberg, other adjectives discussed by Holmes and Kerouac were found and furtive. Kerouac felt he had identified a new trend analogous to the influential Lost Generation, wed even heard old 1910 Daddy Hipsters of the streets speak the word that way, with a melancholy sneer. It never meant juvenile delinquents, it meant characters of a special spirituality who didnt gang up but were solitary Bartlebies staring out the dead wall window of our civilization, Kerouac explained what he meant by beat at a Brandeis Forum, Is There A Beat Generation. On November 8,1958, at New Yorks Hunter College Playhouse, panelists for the seminar were Kerouac, James A. Wechsler, Princeton anthropologist Ashley Montagu, and author Kingsley Amis. Wechsler, Montague, and Amis all wore suits, while Kerouac was clad in jeans, ankle boots. Who knows, but that the universe is not one vast sea of compassion actually, Kerouacs address was later published as The Origins of the Beat Generation. The vision of the word Beat as being to mean beatific, people began to call themselves beatniks, beats, jazzniks, bopniks, bugniks and finally I was called the avatar of all this. Suburban couples could have beatnik parties on Saturday nights and drink too much, Kerouac biographer Ann Charters noted that the term Beat was appropriated to become a Madison Avenue marketing tool, The term caught on because it could mean anything. It could even be exploited in the affluent wake of the decade’s extraordinary technological inventions, almost immediately, for example, advertisements by hip record companies in New York used the idea of the Beat Generation to sell their new long playing vinyl records. And most are certain that their readers, or viewers, are of limited ability and must have things explained simply. Thus, the reporters in the media tried to relate something that was new to already preexisting frameworks and images that were only vaguely appropriate in their efforts to explain and simplify. With a variety of oversimplified and conventional formulas at their disposal, they back on the nearest stereotypical approximation of what the phenomenon resembled. And even worse, they did not see it clearly and completely at that, and in this, they were aided and abetted by the Poetic Establishment of the day. The consequence is, that though we may know now that these images do not accurately reflect the reality of the Beat movement
Beatnik
–
Beat, Beat, Beat by
William F. Brown.
Beatnik
–
Poster for The Beatniks (1960)
Beatnik
–
For other uses, see
Beatnik (disambiguation).
Beatnik
–
The news photo caption for this 1959 event in
Venice, California, read: "Beatnik Beauties: Posing before a sample of beatnik art are contestants for the title of Miss Beatnik of 1959, which will be conferred Sept. 12 under sponsorship of the Venice Arts Committee. From left are Michi Monteef, Sammy McCord, Patti McCrory, Shaunna Lea and, in rear, Jan Vandaveer."
17.
Hippie
–
The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
Hippie
–
Young hippie people near the Woodstock festival in August 1969.
Hippie
–
A Hippie-painted VW bug
Hippie
–
American hippies smoking cannabis in Thailand
Hippie
–
Escapin' through the lily fields I came across an empty space It trembled and exploded Left a bus stop in its place The bus came by and I got on That's when it all began There was cowboy Neal At the wheel Of a bus to never-ever land -
Grateful Dead, lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"
18.
Summer of Love
–
Although hippies also gathered in many other places in the U. S. Canada and Europe, San Francisco was at time the most publicized location for hippie fashions. Hippies, sometimes called flower children, were an eclectic group, many were suspicious of the government, rejected consumerist values, and generally opposed the Vietnam War. A few were interested in politics, others were concerned more with art or religious, the Diggers established a Free Store, and a Free Clinic where medical treatment was provided. The prelude to the Summer of Love was a known as the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park on January 14,1967. James Rado and Gerome Ragni were in attendance, allegedly helping to inspire their musical drama Hair. Rado recalled, There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas and we hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins let our hair grow. It was very important historically, and if we hadnt written it and you could read about it and see film clips, but youd never experience it. We thought, This is happening in the streets, and we wanted to bring it to the stage, also at this event, Timothy Leary voiced his phrase, turn on, tune in, drop out. This phrase became the chisel for shaping the entire hippie counterculture and these ideas included communal living, political decentralization, and dropping out. The term dropping out became popular among high school and college students, who would often abandon their education for a summer of sex, drugs. The gathering of approximately 30,000 at the Human Be-In helped publicize hippie fashions, the term Summer of Love originated with the formation of the Council for the Summer of Love during the spring of 1967 as a response to the convergence of young people on the Haight-Ashbury district. The Council also assisted the Free Clinic and organized housing, food, sanitation, music and arts, along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups. The increasing numbers of traveling to the Haight-Ashbury district alarmed the San Francisco authorities. Adam Kneeman, a resident of the Haight-Ashbury, recalls that the police did little to help the hordes of newcomers. By spring, some Haight-Ashbury residents responded by forming the Council of the Summer of Love, the mainstream medias coverage of hippie life in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America. Hunter S. Thompson termed the district Hashbury in The New York Times Magazine, the event was also reported by the countercultures own media, particularly the San Francisco Oracle, the pass-around readership of which is thought to have exceeded a half-million people that summer. At Monterey, approximately 30,000 people gathered for the first day of the music festival, musician John Phillips of the band The Mamas & the Papas wrote the song San Francisco for his friend Scott McKenzie
Summer of Love
–
Junction of Haight and Ashbury, San Francisco, epicenter of the Summer of Love
Summer of Love
–
Poster advertising the 'Human Be-In' on January 14, 1967. It was a prelude to the Summer of Love.
Summer of Love
–
A demonstrator offers a flower to a military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam demonstration, October 1967
19.
Berkeley, California
–
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
Berkeley, California
–
Downtown Berkeley viewed from the Berkeley Hills.
Berkeley, California
–
This pit in the surface of a rock at
Indian Rock Park is typical of those used by
Ohlone Indians to grind
acorns.
Berkeley, California
–
As seen from
Indian Rock Park in the North Berkeley hills. Berkeley is in the foreground, with the
Berkeley Marina and
César Chávez Park just beyond.
Berkeley, California
–
The
University of California in 1940
20.
Periodontist
–
Periodontology or periodontics is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them. The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, a person who practices this specialty is known as a periodontist. Untreated, these lead to alveolar bone loss and tooth loss and, to date. Periodontology also involves the placement and maintenance of dental implants, including the treatment of peri-implantitis which is bone loss around dental implants. The etiology of peri-implantitis is thought to be similar to periodontal disease Before applying to any postgraduate training program in periodontology one must first complete a dental degree. The EFP organizes bi-annual meetings around Europe under the title EuroPerio where many thousands of dentists attend the sessions featuring over 100 of the worlds top perio speakers. Australian programs are accredited by the Australian Dental Council and are 3 years in length, Fellowship can then be obtained with the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, FRACDS. Canadian programs are accredited by the CDAC and are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master degree, graduates are then eligible to sit for the Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada. Periodontics is offered as a field of dentistry in India. Periodontists attend a Master of Dental Surgery program affiliated with schools in India. The minimum qualification required for the M. D. S degree is a Bachelor of Dental Surgery The British Society of Periodontology exists to promote the art, specialist training in periodontics in the UK is either a three-year full-time or four years at three days per week. At the end of the training, candidates are awarded a Master of Clinical Dentistry before being entered on the specialist list held by the General Dental Council, the American Dental Association accredited programs are a minimum of three years in length. Many periodontists also diagnose and treat oral pathology and periodontics was the basis for the specialty of oral medicine. Following successful completion of training a periodontist becomes Board eligible for the American Board of Periodontology examination. Successful completion of board certification results in Diplomate status in the American Board of Periodontology
Periodontist
–
UCLA School of Dentistry periodontics graduate clinic
21.
Edsel Ford Fung
–
Edsel Ford Fung was an American restaurant server from San Francisco, California. He was called the worlds rudest, worst, most insulting waiter, Edsel Ford Fong was born and raised in San Franciscos Chinatown. He worked the floor of the Sam Wo Restaurant on Washington Street. As head waiter, Fong greeted visitors with an admonition to Sit down, Fong was made famous by columnist Herb Caen, who often described the misanthropic Fong during his visits to Sam Wo. Caen would interview Fong on matters of politics and gossip, then reprint Fongs Yogi Berra-like responses. Caen included Fong in his guide of things to do in San Francisco, although genuinely rude, his style was self-conscious and his role at the restaurant was not just to serve food but also to be a resident entertainer and madman. Fongs was a recurring character in Armistead Maupins series of Tales of the City novels. Robin Williams referred to Fong in his 1997 eulogy of Herb Caen, Oops, she is missing our table, I hope they have a waiter like Edsel Ford Fong who goes, No water here. A series of club-level bistros at AT&T Park are named Ford Fongs in his honor and he is also memorialized by a portrait on Gold Mountain, a mural depicting Chinese contributions to American history on Romolo Place in North Beach, a few blocks from the restaurant. Sam Wo Restaurant continued to operate in Chinatown until 2012, still listed in one tourist guidebook as being where Fong practiced a wicked sarcasm took on aspects of performance art. The restaurant announced its closure in April 2012, citing the age of the building. Sam Wo reopened in 2015 at a new location on Clay Street, history of the Chinese Americans in San Francisco account of meeting Edsel Ford Fong by Charles Bukowski Crockett, Zachary
Edsel Ford Fung
–
Edsel Ford Fong food stand at
AT&T Park
Edsel Ford Fung
–
Edsel Ford Fong with his customers in 1982
22.
Sam Wo
–
Not to be confused with Sam Woo Restaurant. Sam Wo is a Chinese restaurant located in San Francisco, California, the restaurants first location on 813 Washington Street was famous for being a venerable mainstay in the local Chinatown area, having been in the same location since 1912. Sam Wo gained notoriety in the 1980s for being the employer of Edsel Ford Fung, the restaurant was closed in 2012 due to safety concerns, and reopened in 2015 on nearby Clay Street. There is no documented history on Sam Wo Restaurant and its beginnings from its founding in 1912. Sam Wo was primarily well-known by San Francisco locals for its famous, no-frills, late-night food and its you-get-what-you-get service and 3 AM closing time. In the 1950s Sam Wo was a Beat Generation hangout, the Sam Wo Restaurant was probably best known as the workplace of Edsel Ford Fung, often called the worlds rudest, worst, most insulting waiter. Fung would refuse to serve customers whose appearance he disliked and that he would harass patrons that complained about mistaken orders, after his passing in 1984, he left a lasting impression for a generation of San Franciscans. Some of his signs on the Washington street eatery remain such as those stating somewhat paradoxically for a Chinese restaurant, No Jive, No Coffee, Milk, Soft Drinks, Fortune Cookies. Nevertheless the owners have promised to develop a plan and then reopen. A spokeswoman for the health department expressed hope stating. people are so loyal to that restaurant. Generally the main problem cited by all the parties involved has been that the facilities are too old, in spite of the financial difficulties in revamping the century-old restaurant, the restaurants landlord has expressed support for keeping the restaurant open. In 2014, the management announced that Sam Wo would reopen, history of the Chinese Americans in San Francisco Sam Wo Restaurant official website Facebook page
Sam Wo
–
New 2015 location of Sam Wo Restaurant.
Sam Wo
–
Edsel with "abused" customers in 1982.
Sam Wo
–
The original location of Sam Wo Restaurant, December 2013.
23.
Henry Ford II
–
Henry Ford II, sometimes known as HF2 or Hank the Deuce, was the eldest son of Edsel Ford and eldest grandson of Henry Ford. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chairman and chief executive officer, notably, under the leadership of Henry Ford II, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he served as president of the Ford Foundation. Henry Ford II was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Eleanor Clay Ford and he and his brothers, Benson and William, and his sister Josephine, grew up amid affluence. He graduated from The Hotchkiss School in 1936 and he attended Yale University, where he served on the business staff of The Yale Record, the campus humor magazine, but he left without graduating in 1940. When his father Edsel, the president of Ford, died of cancer in May 1943, Henry Ford II was serving in the Navy, the elderly and ailing Henry Ford, company founder, re-assumed the presidency. By this point in his life, the elder Ford was mentally inconsistent, suspicious, the directors elected him, and he served until the end of the war. During this period the company began to decline, losing over $10 million a month, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt had been considering a government takeover of the company in order to ensure continued war production, but the idea never progressed to execution. Henry Ford II left the Navy in July 1943 and joined the management a few weeks later. After two years, he took over the presidency of the business on September 21,1945, Henry Ford II immediately adopted an aggressive management style. Next, acknowledging his inexperience, he hired several seasoned executives to support him and he hired former General Motors executives Ernest Breech and Lewis Crusoe away from the Bendix Corporation. Breech was to serve in the years as HF2s business mentor. Additionally, HF2 hired ten young up-and-comers, known as the Whiz Kids and these ten, gleaned from an Army Air Forces statistical team, HF2 envisioned as giving the company the ability to innovate and stay current. Two of them, Arjay Miller and Robert McNamara, went on to serve as presidents of Ford themselves. A third member, J. Edward Lundy, served in key roles for several decades. It was reported that 100,000 orders for this car were taken the day it was introduced to the market, Henry Ford II was president of Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960. In 1956, under his leadership, the became a publicly traded corporation. When he resigned the presidency, he became CEO of the company, during his term as CEO of Ford, he resided in Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Henry Ford II
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Life and history
Henry Ford II
24.
Castro District
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The Castro District, commonly referenced as The Castro, is a neighborhood in Eureka Valley in San Francisco. The Castro was one of the first gay neighborhoods in the United States, San Franciscos gay village is mostly concentrated in the business district that is located on Castro Street from Market Street to 19th Street. It extends down Market Street toward Church Street and on sides of the Castro neighborhood from Church Street to Eureka Street. Some consider it to include Duboce Triangle and Dolores Heights, which both have a strong LGBT presence and it reappears in several discontinuous sections before ultimately terminating at Chenery Street, in the heart of Glen Park. Castro Street was named for José Castro, a Californian leader of Mexican opposition to U. S. rule in California in the 19th century, and alcalde of Alta California from 1835 to 1836. The neighborhood now known as the Castro was created in 1887 when the Market Street Railway Company built a line linking Eureka Valley to downtown. In 1891, Alfred E. Clarke built his mansion at the corner of Douglass and it survived the 1906 earthquake and fire which destroyed a large portion of San Francisco. Up to the 19th century, the possession of the Russian Empire in North America included the modern-day U. S. State of Alaska and settlements in the modern-day U. S. states of California. These Russian possessions were collectively and officially referred to by the name Russian America from 1733 to 1867, formal incorporation of the possessions by Russia did not take place until the establishment of the Russian-American Company in 1799. At the time, Russia was a young naval power. From the start, in 1840–1865, three consecutive Finnish pastors served this pastorate, Uno Cygnaeus, Gabriel Plathán and Georg Gustaf Winter, the Finns Aaron Sjöstrom and Otto Reinhold Rehn served as the parish organists/sextons during the same period. In 1841, under the governorship of Russian America by Finnish Arvid Adolf Etholén, during the final three decades of the existence of Russian America, Finnish Chief Managers of Russian America included Arvid Adolf Etholén in 1840–1845 and Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1859–1864. A third Finn, Johan Joachim von Bartram, declined the offer for the term between 1850 and 1855. All three were high ranking Imperial naval officers, in reference to San Francisco, researcher Maria J. Enckell states the following about the Finns in the Russian-American Company, Russia relied heavily on Finnish seamen. These seamen manned Russian naval ships as well as its deep-sea-going vessels, Company records show that in the early 1800s these ships were crewed predominantly by merchant seamen from Finland. From 1840 onward the Companys around-the-world ships were manned entirely by Finnish merchant skippers, Most Company ships stationed in Sitka and the Northern Pacific were likewise manned by Finnish skippers and Finnish crews. During the California Gold Rush and in its aftermath, a substantial Finnish population had settled in San Francisco, accordingly, Kalevalas visit in the city received a very warm welcome and created much attention. In addition to the Finnish-built corvette Kalevala now returning to the U. S, Finnish officers serving in the squadron included Theodor Kristian Avellan, who later became the Minister of Naval Affairs of the Russian Empire
Castro District
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Castro Street and its namesake neighborhood, the Castro
Castro District
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Castro Street Pedcrossing with Rainbow Flag Color
Castro District
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Corner of 20th Street and Castro
Castro District
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A festive dinner party arranged in honor of Admiral Popoff and the naval officers of the Russian Pacific Fleet visiting San Francisco in 1863.
25.
Barbie doll
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Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration. Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including family members. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company’s largest and most profitable line, however, sales have declined sharply since 2014. The doll transformed the toy business in affluent communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related merchandise, Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most childrens toy dolls were representations of infants, realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattels directors, during a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them and she gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was sold to adults. Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll, the doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9,1959. This date is used as Barbies official birthday. The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, the doll was marketed as a Teen-age Fashion Model, with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers, around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production. Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1961, after licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had “infringed on Greiner & Haussers patent for Bild-Lilli’s hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was a direct take-off and copy of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design, Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Haussers copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600
Barbie doll
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The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette in March 1959.
Barbie doll
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Barbie
Barbie doll
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Barbie's waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll.
Barbie doll
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Back cover of vintage booklet on How to Lose Weight, stating "Don't Eat!".
26.
G.I. Joe
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Joe is a line of action figures produced and owned by the toy company Hasbro. The initial product offering represented four of the branches of the U. S. armed forces with the Action Soldier, Action Sailor, Action Pilot, Action Marine and later on, the name derived from the usage of G. I. Joe for the generic U. S. soldier, itself derived from the general term G. I. Joe led to the coining of the action figure. Joes appeal to children has made it an American icon among toys, Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro for several different toy lines, although only two have been successful. The original 12-inch line introduced on February 2,1964 centered on action figures. In the United Kingdom, this line was licensed to Palitoy, in 1982 the line was relaunched in a 3. 75-inch scale complete with vehicles, playsets, and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the G. I. Joe Team and the evil Cobra Command which seeks to take over the Free World through terrorism, as the American line evolved into the Real American Hero series, Action Man also changed, by using the same molds and being renamed as Action Force. Although the members of the G. I, Joe team are not superheroes, they all had expertise in areas such as martial arts, weapons, and explosives. Joe was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 2003. The conventional marketing wisdom of the early 1960s was that boys would not play with dolls, Action figure was the only acceptable term, and has since become the generic description for any poseable doll intended for boys. Americas movable fighting man is a trademark of Hasbro, and was prominently displayed on every boxed figure package. The Hasbro prototypes were originally named Rocky Skip and Ace, before the universal name G. I. One of the prototypes would later sell in a Heritage auction in 2003 for $200,001, the scar on the right cheek was one, another, unintentional at first, was the placement of the right thumbnail on the underside of the thumb. Joe™, was used through some point in 1965, the markings changed once G. I, Joe was a registered trademark, G. I. Joe® now appears on the first line, subsequently, the stamped trademarking was altered after the patent was granted, and assigned a number,3,277,602. Figures with this marking would have entered the market during 1967. By the late 1960s, in the wake of the Vietnam War, the line became known as The Adventures of G. I
G.I. Joe
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Original G.I. Joe lineup.
G.I. Joe
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Mike Power, Atomic Man
27.
Francis Gary Powers
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Powers was born August 17,1929, in either Jenkins, Kentucky, or Burdine, Kentucky, the son of Oliver Winfield Powers, a coal miner, and his wife Ida Melinda Powers. His family eventually moved to Pound, Virginia, just across the state border and he was the second born and only male of six children. His family lived in a town, and because of the hardships associated with the life in such a town. He hoped his son would achieve the higher earnings of such a profession, graduating from Milligan College in Tennessee in June 1950, he enlisted in the Air Force in October. Powers was then assigned to the 468th Strategic Fighter Squadron at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, in January 1956 he was recruited by the CIA. He married Barbara Gay Moore in April 1956, in May 1956 he began U-2 training at Watertown Strip, Nevada. His training was complete by August 1956 and his unit, the Second Weather Observational Squadron or Detachment 10-10, was deployed to Incirlik Air Base, by 1960, Powers was already a veteran of many covert aerial reconnaissance missions. Powers was discharged from the Air Force in 1956 with the rank of captain and he then joined the CIAs U-2 program at the civilian grade of GS-12. U-2 pilots flew espionage missions at altitudes above 70,000 feet, the U-2 was equipped with a state-of-the-art camera designed to take high-resolution photos from the edge of the stratosphere over hostile countries, including the Soviet Union. U-2 missions systematically photographed military installations and other important sites, the primary mission of the U-2s was overflying Russia. The border surveillance and atomic sampling, though vital, were secondary, additionally, the U-2 flew special missions. If there was a spot in the Middle East, the U-2s observed it. Beginning on September 27,1956 and continuing until 1960, the United States was spying not only on most of the countries in the Middle East and these included France, the United Kingdom, and Israel during the Suez Crisis. Soviet intelligence had been aware of encroaching U-2 flights at least since 1958 if not sooner, on May 1,1960, Powers U-2 departed from a military airbase in Peshawar, Pakistan, with support from the U. S. Air Station at Badaber. This was to be the first attempt to fly all the way across the Soviet Union. the planned route would take us deeper into Russia than we had ever gone, while traversing important targets never before photographed. Powers was shot down by an S-75 Dvina surface-to-air missile over Sverdlovsk, a total of fourteen were launched, one of which hit a MiG-19 jet fighter which was sent to intercept the U-2 but could not reach a high enough altitude. Its pilot, Sergei Safronov, ejected but died of his injuries, another Soviet aircraft, a newly manufactured Su-9 in transit flight, also attempted to intercept Powers U-2. The unarmed Su-9 was directed to ram the U-2 but missed because of the differences in speed
Francis Gary Powers
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Powers wearing special pressure suit for
stratospheric flying, 1960
Francis Gary Powers
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A Soviet photograph of Powers while he was in their custody
Francis Gary Powers
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Wooden U-2 model – one of two used by Powers when he testified to the Senate Committee. The wings and tail are detached to demonstrate the aircraft's breakup upon impact.
Francis Gary Powers
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Kelly Johnson and Francis Gary Powers in front of a U-2
28.
U-2 incident
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Powers parachuted safely and was captured. The U-2 flew at altitudes that could not be reached by Soviet fighter jets of the era, a facility established in Badaber,10 miles from Peshawar, was a cover for a major communications intercept operation run by the United States National Security Agency. Badaber was an excellent location because of its proximity to Soviet central Asia and this enabled the monitoring of missile test sites, key infrastructure and communications. The U-2 spy-in-the-sky was allowed to use the Pakistan Air Force portion of Peshawar Airport to gain photo intelligence in an era before satellite observation. At a time like the Cold War, any act of aggression could spark open conflict between the two countries, with the United Kingdom still reeling from the aftermath of the Suez Crisis and in no position to snub American requests, the British government was amenable to the proposal. The final two missions before the summit were to be flown by American pilots, the U-2 left Soviet air space and landed at an Iranian airstrip at Zahedan. It was clear that the U. S, Central Intelligence Agency had successfully performed an extraordinary intelligence operation. The next flight of the U-2 spyplane from Peshawar airport was planned for late April, Lockheed U-2C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from Incirlik Air Base in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to Peshawar the previous day in a US Air Force C-124 transport, a US Air Force C-130 followed, carrying the ground crew, mission pilot Francis Gary Powers, and the back up pilot, Bob Ericson. On the morning of 29 April, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed one day, as a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one day further because of bad weather over the Soviet Union, at the time, the USSR had six ICBM launch pads, two at Baikonur and four at Plesetsk. Mayak, then named Chelyabinsk-65, an important industrial center of plutonium processing, was another of the targets that Powers was to photograph. A close study of Powerss account of the shows that one of the last targets he overflew. Because of the U-2s extreme operating altitude, Soviet attempts to intercept the plane using fighter aircraft failed. The U-2s course was out of range of several of the nearest SAM sites, the U-2 was eventually brought down near Kosulino, Ural Region, by the first of three SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles fired by a battery commanded by Mikhail Voronov. The SA-2 site had previously identified by the CIA, using photos taken during Vice President Richard Nixons visit to Sverdlovsk the previous summer. Powers bailed out but neglected to disconnect his oxygen hose first and struggled with it until it broke, Powers was captured soon after parachuting safely down onto Russian soil. Powers carried with him a silver dollar which contained a lethal, shellfish-derived saxitoxin-tipped needle
U-2 incident
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A U-2 aircraft similar to the one shot down
U-2 incident
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U-2 "GRAND SLAM" flight plan on 1 May 1960, from CIA publication 'The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 And Oxcart Programs, 1954-1974', declassified 25 June 2013.
U-2 incident
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Part of the U-2 wreckage.
U-2 incident
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U-2 with fictitious NASA markings and serial number at the NASA Flight Research Center,
Edwards Air Force Base, on 6 May 1960 (NASA photo).
29.
Royal Typewriter Company
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The Royal Typewriter Company was a manufacturer of typewriters headquartered in New York City with its factory in Hartford, Connecticut. The Royal Typewriter Company was founded by Edward B, Myers in January,1904 in a machine shop in Brooklyn, New York. In 1905, with their limited cash running out, Hess and Myers turned to Thomas Fortune Ryan, Ryan was impressed and put up $220,000 in exchange for financial control. In March 1906 the first Royal typewriter, the Royal Standard, was sold, the Royal Standard was different from its competition in that it had a flatbed design. With demand increasing, Royal purchased 5¼ acres in Hartford, Connecticut as the new site for its manufacturing facility, original plans called for floor capacity of 250,000 square feet and cost $350,000 to build. In 1908, Royal began manufacturing there, in 1911, Royal introduced the Royal 5 typewriter, which also utilized the flatbed design. Royals first model utilizing the design was the Royal 10. Original models had two beveled glass panes on each side, in 1926 Royal introduced the Roytype brand name for its line of typewriter ribbons and carbon paper. Royal entered the portable typewriter market in 1926 - years behind its competitors such as Underwood, LC Smith Corona, and Remington. In order to promote the new portable, Royal president, G. E. Smith and this boxing match was the first nationwide radio hook-up. The Daily News of New York estimated that 20 million fans from coast to coast listened to the broadcast, Royals introduction of its portable line of typewriters was an immediate success and launched the company to become the worlds #1 selling typewriter brand. On October 9,1926, the Hartford Daily Courant reported that Royal had just produced its one millionth typewriter, to promote the ruggedness of its typewriters, George Edward Smith, president of Royal, bought a Ford-Stout tri-motor airplane in August 1927. This plane, commonly called the Royal Airtruck, dropped over 200 typewriters in crates with parachutes to dealers over the seaboard of the USA on its maiden flight. Royal eventually delivered over 11,000 this way with only 10 being damaged, Hess, one of Royals founders and vice presidents, died in Orlando, Florida. Hess was an inventor and held over 140 patents relating to the typewriter. World War II brought tremendous change to Royal, in order to aid the war effort, Royal converted its manufacturing to war work exclusively. Royal would manufacture machine guns, rifles, bullets, propellers and it wouldnt be until September 1945 that Royal would start typewriter production full-time again and not until December 1948 that Royal would catch up on its pre-war backlog. In 1947, Royal would produce, in limited quantity, a version of its popular Quiet Deluxe model
Royal Typewriter Company
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Royal typewriter brand incorporating Litton Industries logo
Royal Typewriter Company
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Typewriter used for many years by Pulitzer Prize-winner
Herb Caen in preparing his daily column. He called it his "Loyal Royal".
30.
Art Hoppe
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Art Hoppe was a popular columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle for more than 40 years. He was known for satirical and allegorical columns that skewered the self-important, many columns featured whimsical characters such as expert-in-all-things Homer T. Pettibone and a presidential candidate named Nobody. Occasionally, Hoppe reined in his humor for poignant columns on topics, such as To Root Against Your Country. Hoppe began at the Chronicle as a boy in 1949 and was promoted to reporter before beginning his own column. At the peak of its popularity, Hoppes column appeared in the Chronicle five days a week and was syndicated in more than 100 newspapers nationwide and his close friends included fellow columnists Russell Baker and Art Buchwald. Hoppe received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Society of Newspaper Columnists in 1996, on his own ititiative, he released fellow Chronicle columnist Herb Caen from a mutual vow to accept a special 1996 Pulitzer Prize. He died from complications of cancer in February 2000, aged 74, survived by his wife Gloria. Obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle National Society of Newspaper Columnists Hall of Fame
Art Hoppe
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Hoppe in 1994
