1.
His Eminence
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His Eminence is a historical style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts. The style remains in use as the style or standard of address in reference to a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A longer, and more formal, title is His Most Reverend Eminence, patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are also cardinals may be addressed as His Eminence or by the style particular to Eastern Catholic patriarchs, His Beatitude. The Prince and Grand Master of the contemporary Sovereign Military Order of Malta is still syled His Most Eminent Highness, styles such as His Grand Eminence or His Eminent Grace amongst others were used as well, some formalized by the Pope or other powers, such as monarchs. However, many others where simply personal preference of the Cardinal, archbishops in the Eastern Orthodox Church are addressed with the styles of Beatitude or Eminence. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is styled His All-Holiness, and so is, exceptionally, in Oriental Orthodoxy bishops holding the rank of metropolitan are referred to as His Eminence. The Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia is addressed as His Beatitude and it is also used, informally, in Islam for highly honorable religious leaders. Tsem Tulku Rinpoche, a Tibetan Buddhist tulku of the Gelugpa monastic order who presides over a center in Malaysia
2.
Cardinal (Catholicism)
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A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, the duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia, a cardinals primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante, the governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the clergy of Rome. The term was applied in this sense as early as the century to the priests of the tituli of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Pauls Cathedral. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean principal, eminent, or superior. The name was given to the senior priest in each of the title churches of Rome. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome, by decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V, in the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, in early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs
3.
Archbishop of Westminster
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The Archbishop of Westminster heads the Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster, in England. All previous Archbishops of Westminster have become Cardinals, thus Pope Pius IX issued the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae of 29 September 1850 by which thirteen new dioceses were created. Although these dioceses could not formally claim pre-Elizabethan territorial dioceses, they did claim validity and continuity with the pre-Elizabethan Church, although these repeals at the time only benefited Dissenters, their rescission and abolition suggested reform was in the air and on Parliaments mind. As a result of the 1727 Act, Christianity in England also ceased to be a compulsory society, still, Catholics had to wait another 95 years before being given full civil and religious rights. Nevertheless, the gains of the Dissenters a century earlier were a significant step towards eliminating Catholic disabilities later and it was repealed by Gladstone in 1871. One of these newly restored dioceses was the Diocese of Westminster, Westminster retained as suffragan dioceses only Northampton, Nottingham and Brentwood. Subsequently these were joined by a new diocese of East Anglia, elected with territory from the Northampton diocese in the Counties of Cambridge, the previous Catholic jurisdiction of the London area was headed by the Vicar Apostolic of the London District or Titular Bishop, appointed by the pope. The Archbishops residence is Archbishops House, Ambrosden Avenue, London, cardinal Vincent Nichols was installed as the 11th Archbishop on 21 May 2009. He was elevated to cardinal on 22 February 2014, among the old European Catholic Sees, the Archbishop of Westminster is referred to as the only valid Primate of England and Wales. In global Catholicism, however, the last time there was an elected Catholic Primate of England in the UK, accepted by the state, was prior to the Elizabethan phase of the Reformation
4.
Province of Westminster
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The 22 dioceses are divided into five ecclesiastical provinces, each being overseen by an archbishop. Two Catholic dioceses, those of Leeds and Portsmouth, share their name with Anglican dioceses, the Anglican Diocese of Leeds. However, in both cases the two dioceses cover differing areas. The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland comprises two Latin ecclesiastical provinces each headed by a Metropolitan archbishop, the provinces in turn are subdivided into 6 dioceses and 2 archdioceses, each headed by a bishop or an archbishop, respectively. The Eastern Catholic Churches, including the Ukrainian Greek Church, are autonomous, the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham is one of three Personal Ordinariates. The ordinariates were established in order to enable groups of Anglicans to join the Catholic Church while preserving elements of their liturgical and spiritual patrimony, Personal Ordinariates are headed by Ordinaries. org - England and Wales
5.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in England. The diocese consists of all of London north of the River Thames and west of the River Lea, the borough of Spelthorne, Surrey and the county of Hertfordshire, which lies immediately to Londons north. The diocese is led by the Archbishop of Westminster, who serves as pastor of the church, Westminster Cathedral. However he is not formally a primate, though has special privileges conferred by the Papal Bull Si qua est, the diocese is one of the smallest dioceses in England and Wales in geographical area, but the largest in terms of Catholic population and priests. The suffragan sees of Westminster are the dioceses of Brentwood, East Anglia, Northampton, the mostly clandestine apostolic vicariate covering the country was divided so that the Apostolic Vicariate of London District formed on 30 January 1688 coinciding with a degree of freedoms. By decree of Pope Pius IX this entity gained its elevation to the rank of a diocese on 29 September 1850. On 3 April 2009, it was announced that the Archbishop of Birmingham and he further announced that the Pope had asked him to continue in his pastoral ministry as archbishop beyond the age limit until further provision was made. The archbishop is assisted by four auxiliary bishops, each with specific areas of responsibility within the administration of the diocese. One of the auxiliary bishops serves as chancellor and moderator of the curia, one as vicar for the clergy, one for pastoral affairs. The Metropolitan Curia and Chancery Offices are located at Vaughan House, the diocesan seminary, Allen Hall, is located in Chelsea, West London, and is a direct descendant of the seminary of Douai College, France. Vincent Nichols Liturgy in the diocese is based around the Revised Roman Rite promulgated by Pope Paul VI now in its third edition. However, as might be expected from a city as cosmopolitan as London, the Latin Mass Society arranges liturgy according to the 1962 Missal with episcopal approval. The Ukrainian Rite Catholics have a presence in the diocese with their own cathedral in Binney Street close to Bond Street. There are also a number of masses for the expatriate Polish community, as well as French, German, Spanish. The diocese is responsible for many chaplaincies, including Heathrow Airport, hospitals. See St. Georges Interdenominational Chapel, Heathrow Airport for more information about the Heathrow Airport Latin-rite Catholic chaplaincy, there are a large number of religious communities in the diocese. The Jesuits have a presence in London with communities in Mayfair, Kensington, Kilburn, Osterley, Southall, Stamford Hill, Swiss Cottage. The Institute of the BVM is located in Swiss Cottage, Acton, Osterley, Redbourn, the Servants of the Mother of God at Bayswater, Hampton and Somers Town
6.
Henry Edward Manning
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Henry Edward Manning was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic church, and the second Archbishop of Westminster from 1865 until his death in 1892. Manning was born on 15 July 1808 at his grandfathers home, Copped Hall, Totteridge, Hertfordshire. Mannings mother, Mary, daughter of Henry Leroy Hunter, of Beech Hill, Manning spent his boyhood mainly at Coombe Bank, Sundridge, Kent, where he had for companions Charles Wordsworth and Christopher Wordsworth, later bishops of St Andrews and Lincoln respectively. He attended Harrow School during the headmastership of George Butler, however, this proved to be no impediment to his academic career. Manning matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1827 and soon made his mark as a debater at the Oxford Union, returning to Oxford in 1832, he gained election as a fellow of Merton College and received ordination as a deacon in the Church of England. In January 1833 he became curate to John Sargent, Rector of Lavington-with-Graffham, in May 1833, following Sargents death, he succeeded him as rector due to the patronage of Sargents mother. Manning married Caroline, John Sargents daughter, on 7 November 1833, in a ceremony performed by the brides brother-in-law, Mannings marriage did not last long, his young and beautiful wife came of a consumptive family and died childless on 24 July 1837. When Manning died many years later, for decades a celibate Roman Catholic cleric, in December of that year he paid his first visit to Rome and called on Nicholas Wiseman in company with Gladstone. Four volumes of Mannings sermons appeared between the years 1842 and 1850 and these had reached the 7th, 4th, 3rd and 2nd editions respectively in 1850, but were not afterwards reprinted. In 1844 his portrait was painted by George Richmond, and the year he published a volume of university sermons. This sermon had annoyed Newman and his more advanced disciples, the denial of the objective effect of the sacraments was to Manning and many others a grave heresy, contradicting the clear tradition of the Christian Church from the Fathers of the Church on. The following year, on 6 April 1851, Manning was received into the Catholic Church and soon afterwards, given his great abilities and prior fame, he quickly rose to a position of influence, and in 1865 he was appointed Archbishop of Westminster. In 1875 Manning was created Cardinal-Priest of Ss Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, becoming His Eminence The Most Rev. Dr Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, Manning participated in the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII in 1878. Manning approved the founding of the Catholic Association Pilgrimage, Manning was very influential in setting the direction of the modern Catholic Church. Manning used this goodwill to promote a modern Roman Catholic view of social justice and these views are reflected in the papal encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Leo XIII which marks the beginning of modern Roman Catholic social justice teaching. Manning was instrumental in settling the London Dock Strike of 1889 at the behest of Margaret Harkness, when Manning died his estate was probated at £3,527. He received a burial at St Marys Roman Catholic Cemetery in Kensal Green. Some years later, in 1907, his remains were transferred to the newly completed Westminster Cathedral, rule of Faith Unity of the Church A charge delivered at the ordinary visitation of the archdeaconry of Chichester in July Sermons 4 vols
7.
Francis Bourne
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Francis Alphonsus Bourne was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1903 until his death, born in Clapham to an English Civil Servant father and an Irish mother, Francis Bourne entered St. Cuthbert College at Ushaw Moor, County Durham in 1867 and then St. Edmunds College in Ware in 1877. He joined the Order of Friars Preachers, more known as the Dominicans, in Woodchester. From 1880 to 1881 he attended St. Thomas Seminary in Hammersmith, and then went to study in France at Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris, while in Paris, he met the Italian saint Don Bosco, and considered joining Don Boscos Salesian Order. He was ordained to the priesthood on 11 June 1884, and then did work in Blackheath, Mortlake. Bourne was rector of the House of Studies at Henfield Place from 1889 to 1891, at time he began teaching at St. Johns Seminary in Wonersh. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness by Pope Leo XIII in 1895, on 27 March 1896 Bourne was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Southwark and Titular Bishop of Epiphania in Cilicia. He received his consecration on the following 1 May from Cardinal Herbert Vaughan, with Bishops John Baptist Butt and Thomas Whiteside. Bourne later succeeded Butt as Bishop of Southwark on 9 April 1897, as Archbishop of Westminster, he became the spiritual head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. In defiance of the law banning Eucharistic processions, Bourne gave the benediction from the loggia of Westminster Cathedral in 1908. However, the Cardinal continued to warn Catholics to be cautious of the principles which sometimes affect parties. Rather conservative, Bourne was opposed to Modernism, but he was prudent in his handling of the Modernist crisis in England, the leading lay English Catholic intellectual at the time, Baron Friedrich von Hügel, was on the moderate wing of the Modernist movement. Knowing of von Hügels holiness and fundamental loyalty, Bourne told the Barons daughter Thekla, I have never got him into trouble, michael de la Bédoyère describes Bourne as a prelate whose wisdom and statesmanship have never been sufficiently acknowledged. He was not overly supportive of interfaith dialogue nor of ecumenism and he condemned granting greater freedom to divorce and use birth control. He also desired to see the United Kingdom adopt Roman Catholic faith as its official religion and he died from a years illness in his archiepiscopal residence in London, at age 73. Saint Monicas Church, Palmers Green Diocese of Westminster Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic-Hierarchy
8.
San Gregorio Magno al Celio
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St. Augustine of Canterbury and his Benedictines were sent by Pope Gregory I to evangelize England in 597 AD. The 1, 100th anniversary of the founding of their order was celebrated here at an evening Lenten Vespers service on Saturday and it was attended by Anglican and Catholic prelates, and was jointly led by Pope Benedict XVI, and Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located on the Caelian Hill, in front of the Palatine, next to the basilica and monastery is a convent of nuns and a homeless shelter run by the order Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta founded, the Missionaries of Charity. The church had its beginning as a simple oratory added to a villa suburbana of Pope Gregory I. Saint Augustine of Canterbury was prior of the monastery before leading the Gregorian mission to the Anglo-Saxons seven years later, the community was dedicated to the Apostle Andrew. It retained its dedication in early medieval documents, then was normally recorded after 1000 as dedicated to St. Gregory in Clivo Scauri. The term in Clivo Scauri reflected its site along the access road, the Clivus Scauri. The decayed church and the monastery attached to it on the now-isolated hill passed to the Camaldolese monks in 1573. This Order still occupies the monastery, the archives of the monastery were published by the Camaldolese abbot, Gian Benedetto Mittarelli, in his monumental history, the Annales Camaldulenses ordini S. Benedicti ab anno 970 ad anno 1770. The church is preceded by a staircase rising from the via di San Gregorio. A Latin inscription commemorating Sir Edward Carne, the ambassador of Queen Mary I of England, the lion-griffin protomes that form its front and appear in Raphaels fresco are continued on the sides in an acanthus scroll. Three more marble thrones of precisely the same model may be seen in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, the church follows the typical basilican plan, a nave divided from two lateral aisles, in this case by sixteen antique columns with pilasters. In the 1970s, the Camaldolese monks allowed the Blessed Teresa of Calcutta and it is still maintained by her religious congregation, the Missionaries of Charity. The decoration includes stuccoes by Francesco Ferrari, and a Cosmatesque pavement, the main altarpiece has a Madonna with Saints Andrew and Gregory by Antonio Balestra. The second altar on the left has a Madonna on a Throne with child and four Saints, at the end of the nave, the altar of S. Gregorio Magno has three fine reliefs from the end of the 15th century by Luigi Capponi. Gregory, and an altar by Andrea Bregno and pupils. The chapel is used by Romes Romanian community, which follows the Byzantine rite there, Silvia e S. Gregorio by Giovanni Lanfranco. The oratory to the right is dedicated to St. Silvia, St. Gregorys mother
9.
Gloucester
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Gloucester is a city and district in southwest England, the county city of Gloucestershire. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, Gloucester was founded in AD97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the industries, and has a strong financial and business sector. The origins of the name Gloucester can be traced to Caerloyw in the modern Welsh, there are various appellations in history such as Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre as an early British settlement is not confirmed by direct evidence. However, Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, parts of the walls can be traced, and a number of remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. In Historia Brittonum, an account of the early rulers of Britain, Vortigerns grandfather. Part of the foundations of Roman Gloucester can be today in Eastgate Street, while Roman tombstones. After the withdrawal on the Roman Empire in the late 4th Century the town returned to the control of Celtic Dubonni tribe. By the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester is shown as part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, Gloucester was captured by the Saxons in 577. In the early 10th century the remains of Saint Oswald were brought to a church in Gloucester. The core street layout is thought to date back to the reign of Ethelfleda in late Saxon times. In 1051 Edward the Confessor held court at Gloucester and was threatened there by a led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex. A unique coin, dated to 1077–80, was discovered, just north of the city and it features the name of the moneyer Silacwine and its place of minting. The Portable Antiquities Scheme said that, until the coin was discovered, after the Norman Conquest, William Rufus made Robert Fitzhamon the first baron or overlord of Gloucester. Fitzhamon had a base at Cardiff Castle, and for the succeeding years the history of Gloucester was closely linked to that of Cardiff. During the Anarchy, Gloucester was a centre of support for the Empress Matilda who was supported in her claim to the throne by her half-brother, Fitzhamons grandson, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. The story of the Anarchy is vividly told in a series of paintings by William Burges at the Castle. King Henry II granted Gloucester its first charter in 1155, which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London, a a second charter of Henry II gave them freedom of passage on the River Severn
10.
Gloucestershire
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Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the fertile valley of the River Severn. The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud. Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. The local rural community moved to the city, and Bristols population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and it later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. The official former postal county abbreviation was Glos, rather than the frequently used but erroneous Gloucs. or Glouc. In July 2007, Gloucestershire suffered the worst flooding in recorded British history, the RAF conducted the largest peace time domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion, the county recovered rapidly from the disaster, investing in attracting tourists to visit the many sites and diverse range of shops in the area. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven schools, two are in Stroud, one in Cheltenham and four in Gloucester. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, all but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms, each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. Most of the old market towns have parish churches, at Deerhurst near Tewkesbury, and Bishops Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship, other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve, the mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vaughan, Herbert". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 955–956.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
