1.
His Eminence
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His Eminence is a historical style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts. The style remains in use as the style or standard of address in reference to a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A longer, and more formal, title is His Most Reverend Eminence, patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are also cardinals may be addressed as His Eminence or by the style particular to Eastern Catholic patriarchs, His Beatitude. The Prince and Grand Master of the contemporary Sovereign Military Order of Malta is still syled His Most Eminent Highness, styles such as His Grand Eminence or His Eminent Grace amongst others were used as well, some formalized by the Pope or other powers, such as monarchs. However, many others where simply personal preference of the Cardinal, archbishops in the Eastern Orthodox Church are addressed with the styles of Beatitude or Eminence. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is styled His All-Holiness, and so is, exceptionally, in Oriental Orthodoxy bishops holding the rank of metropolitan are referred to as His Eminence. The Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia is addressed as His Beatitude and it is also used, informally, in Islam for highly honorable religious leaders. Tsem Tulku Rinpoche, a Tibetan Buddhist tulku of the Gelugpa monastic order who presides over a center in Malaysia
2.
Cardinal (Catholicism)
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A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, the duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia, a cardinals primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante, the governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the clergy of Rome. The term was applied in this sense as early as the century to the priests of the tituli of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Pauls Cathedral. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean principal, eminent, or superior. The name was given to the senior priest in each of the title churches of Rome. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome, by decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V, in the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, in early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs
3.
Archbishop of Westminster
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The Archbishop of Westminster heads the Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster, in England. All previous Archbishops of Westminster have become Cardinals, thus Pope Pius IX issued the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae of 29 September 1850 by which thirteen new dioceses were created. Although these dioceses could not formally claim pre-Elizabethan territorial dioceses, they did claim validity and continuity with the pre-Elizabethan Church, although these repeals at the time only benefited Dissenters, their rescission and abolition suggested reform was in the air and on Parliaments mind. As a result of the 1727 Act, Christianity in England also ceased to be a compulsory society, still, Catholics had to wait another 95 years before being given full civil and religious rights. Nevertheless, the gains of the Dissenters a century earlier were a significant step towards eliminating Catholic disabilities later and it was repealed by Gladstone in 1871. One of these newly restored dioceses was the Diocese of Westminster, Westminster retained as suffragan dioceses only Northampton, Nottingham and Brentwood. Subsequently these were joined by a new diocese of East Anglia, elected with territory from the Northampton diocese in the Counties of Cambridge, the previous Catholic jurisdiction of the London area was headed by the Vicar Apostolic of the London District or Titular Bishop, appointed by the pope. The Archbishops residence is Archbishops House, Ambrosden Avenue, London, cardinal Vincent Nichols was installed as the 11th Archbishop on 21 May 2009. He was elevated to cardinal on 22 February 2014, among the old European Catholic Sees, the Archbishop of Westminster is referred to as the only valid Primate of England and Wales. In global Catholicism, however, the last time there was an elected Catholic Primate of England in the UK, accepted by the state, was prior to the Elizabethan phase of the Reformation
4.
Province of Westminster
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The 22 dioceses are divided into five ecclesiastical provinces, each being overseen by an archbishop. Two Catholic dioceses, those of Leeds and Portsmouth, share their name with Anglican dioceses, the Anglican Diocese of Leeds. However, in both cases the two dioceses cover differing areas. The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland comprises two Latin ecclesiastical provinces each headed by a Metropolitan archbishop, the provinces in turn are subdivided into 6 dioceses and 2 archdioceses, each headed by a bishop or an archbishop, respectively. The Eastern Catholic Churches, including the Ukrainian Greek Church, are autonomous, the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham is one of three Personal Ordinariates. The ordinariates were established in order to enable groups of Anglicans to join the Catholic Church while preserving elements of their liturgical and spiritual patrimony, Personal Ordinariates are headed by Ordinaries. org - England and Wales
5.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in England. The diocese consists of all of London north of the River Thames and west of the River Lea, the borough of Spelthorne, Surrey and the county of Hertfordshire, which lies immediately to Londons north. The diocese is led by the Archbishop of Westminster, who serves as pastor of the church, Westminster Cathedral. However he is not formally a primate, though has special privileges conferred by the Papal Bull Si qua est, the diocese is one of the smallest dioceses in England and Wales in geographical area, but the largest in terms of Catholic population and priests. The suffragan sees of Westminster are the dioceses of Brentwood, East Anglia, Northampton, the mostly clandestine apostolic vicariate covering the country was divided so that the Apostolic Vicariate of London District formed on 30 January 1688 coinciding with a degree of freedoms. By decree of Pope Pius IX this entity gained its elevation to the rank of a diocese on 29 September 1850. On 3 April 2009, it was announced that the Archbishop of Birmingham and he further announced that the Pope had asked him to continue in his pastoral ministry as archbishop beyond the age limit until further provision was made. The archbishop is assisted by four auxiliary bishops, each with specific areas of responsibility within the administration of the diocese. One of the auxiliary bishops serves as chancellor and moderator of the curia, one as vicar for the clergy, one for pastoral affairs. The Metropolitan Curia and Chancery Offices are located at Vaughan House, the diocesan seminary, Allen Hall, is located in Chelsea, West London, and is a direct descendant of the seminary of Douai College, France. Vincent Nichols Liturgy in the diocese is based around the Revised Roman Rite promulgated by Pope Paul VI now in its third edition. However, as might be expected from a city as cosmopolitan as London, the Latin Mass Society arranges liturgy according to the 1962 Missal with episcopal approval. The Ukrainian Rite Catholics have a presence in the diocese with their own cathedral in Binney Street close to Bond Street. There are also a number of masses for the expatriate Polish community, as well as French, German, Spanish. The diocese is responsible for many chaplaincies, including Heathrow Airport, hospitals. See St. Georges Interdenominational Chapel, Heathrow Airport for more information about the Heathrow Airport Latin-rite Catholic chaplaincy, there are a large number of religious communities in the diocese. The Jesuits have a presence in London with communities in Mayfair, Kensington, Kilburn, Osterley, Southall, Stamford Hill, Swiss Cottage. The Institute of the BVM is located in Swiss Cottage, Acton, Osterley, Redbourn, the Servants of the Mother of God at Bayswater, Hampton and Somers Town
6.
Henry Edward Manning
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Henry Edward Manning was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic church, and the second Archbishop of Westminster from 1865 until his death in 1892. Manning was born on 15 July 1808 at his grandfathers home, Copped Hall, Totteridge, Hertfordshire. Mannings mother, Mary, daughter of Henry Leroy Hunter, of Beech Hill, Manning spent his boyhood mainly at Coombe Bank, Sundridge, Kent, where he had for companions Charles Wordsworth and Christopher Wordsworth, later bishops of St Andrews and Lincoln respectively. He attended Harrow School during the headmastership of George Butler, however, this proved to be no impediment to his academic career. Manning matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1827 and soon made his mark as a debater at the Oxford Union, returning to Oxford in 1832, he gained election as a fellow of Merton College and received ordination as a deacon in the Church of England. In January 1833 he became curate to John Sargent, Rector of Lavington-with-Graffham, in May 1833, following Sargents death, he succeeded him as rector due to the patronage of Sargents mother. Manning married Caroline, John Sargents daughter, on 7 November 1833, in a ceremony performed by the brides brother-in-law, Mannings marriage did not last long, his young and beautiful wife came of a consumptive family and died childless on 24 July 1837. When Manning died many years later, for decades a celibate Roman Catholic cleric, in December of that year he paid his first visit to Rome and called on Nicholas Wiseman in company with Gladstone. Four volumes of Mannings sermons appeared between the years 1842 and 1850 and these had reached the 7th, 4th, 3rd and 2nd editions respectively in 1850, but were not afterwards reprinted. In 1844 his portrait was painted by George Richmond, and the year he published a volume of university sermons. This sermon had annoyed Newman and his more advanced disciples, the denial of the objective effect of the sacraments was to Manning and many others a grave heresy, contradicting the clear tradition of the Christian Church from the Fathers of the Church on. The following year, on 6 April 1851, Manning was received into the Catholic Church and soon afterwards, given his great abilities and prior fame, he quickly rose to a position of influence, and in 1865 he was appointed Archbishop of Westminster. In 1875 Manning was created Cardinal-Priest of Ss Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, becoming His Eminence The Most Rev. Dr Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, Manning participated in the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII in 1878. Manning approved the founding of the Catholic Association Pilgrimage, Manning was very influential in setting the direction of the modern Catholic Church. Manning used this goodwill to promote a modern Roman Catholic view of social justice and these views are reflected in the papal encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Leo XIII which marks the beginning of modern Roman Catholic social justice teaching. Manning was instrumental in settling the London Dock Strike of 1889 at the behest of Margaret Harkness, when Manning died his estate was probated at £3,527. He received a burial at St Marys Roman Catholic Cemetery in Kensal Green. Some years later, in 1907, his remains were transferred to the newly completed Westminster Cathedral, rule of Faith Unity of the Church A charge delivered at the ordinary visitation of the archdeaconry of Chichester in July Sermons 4 vols
7.
Francis Bourne
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Francis Alphonsus Bourne was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1903 until his death, born in Clapham to an English Civil Servant father and an Irish mother, Francis Bourne entered St. Cuthbert College at Ushaw Moor, County Durham in 1867 and then St. Edmunds College in Ware in 1877. He joined the Order of Friars Preachers, more known as the Dominicans, in Woodchester. From 1880 to 1881 he attended St. Thomas Seminary in Hammersmith, and then went to study in France at Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris, while in Paris, he met the Italian saint Don Bosco, and considered joining Don Boscos Salesian Order. He was ordained to the priesthood on 11 June 1884, and then did work in Blackheath, Mortlake. Bourne was rector of the House of Studies at Henfield Place from 1889 to 1891, at time he began teaching at St. Johns Seminary in Wonersh. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness by Pope Leo XIII in 1895, on 27 March 1896 Bourne was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Southwark and Titular Bishop of Epiphania in Cilicia. He received his consecration on the following 1 May from Cardinal Herbert Vaughan, with Bishops John Baptist Butt and Thomas Whiteside. Bourne later succeeded Butt as Bishop of Southwark on 9 April 1897, as Archbishop of Westminster, he became the spiritual head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. In defiance of the law banning Eucharistic processions, Bourne gave the benediction from the loggia of Westminster Cathedral in 1908. However, the Cardinal continued to warn Catholics to be cautious of the principles which sometimes affect parties. Rather conservative, Bourne was opposed to Modernism, but he was prudent in his handling of the Modernist crisis in England, the leading lay English Catholic intellectual at the time, Baron Friedrich von Hügel, was on the moderate wing of the Modernist movement. Knowing of von Hügels holiness and fundamental loyalty, Bourne told the Barons daughter Thekla, I have never got him into trouble, michael de la Bédoyère describes Bourne as a prelate whose wisdom and statesmanship have never been sufficiently acknowledged. He was not overly supportive of interfaith dialogue nor of ecumenism and he condemned granting greater freedom to divorce and use birth control. He also desired to see the United Kingdom adopt Roman Catholic faith as its official religion and he died from a years illness in his archiepiscopal residence in London, at age 73. Saint Monicas Church, Palmers Green Diocese of Westminster Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic-Hierarchy
8.
San Gregorio Magno al Celio
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St. Augustine of Canterbury and his Benedictines were sent by Pope Gregory I to evangelize England in 597 AD. The 1, 100th anniversary of the founding of their order was celebrated here at an evening Lenten Vespers service on Saturday and it was attended by Anglican and Catholic prelates, and was jointly led by Pope Benedict XVI, and Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located on the Caelian Hill, in front of the Palatine, next to the basilica and monastery is a convent of nuns and a homeless shelter run by the order Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta founded, the Missionaries of Charity. The church had its beginning as a simple oratory added to a villa suburbana of Pope Gregory I. Saint Augustine of Canterbury was prior of the monastery before leading the Gregorian mission to the Anglo-Saxons seven years later, the community was dedicated to the Apostle Andrew. It retained its dedication in early medieval documents, then was normally recorded after 1000 as dedicated to St. Gregory in Clivo Scauri. The term in Clivo Scauri reflected its site along the access road, the Clivus Scauri. The decayed church and the monastery attached to it on the now-isolated hill passed to the Camaldolese monks in 1573. This Order still occupies the monastery, the archives of the monastery were published by the Camaldolese abbot, Gian Benedetto Mittarelli, in his monumental history, the Annales Camaldulenses ordini S. Benedicti ab anno 970 ad anno 1770. The church is preceded by a staircase rising from the via di San Gregorio. A Latin inscription commemorating Sir Edward Carne, the ambassador of Queen Mary I of England, the lion-griffin protomes that form its front and appear in Raphaels fresco are continued on the sides in an acanthus scroll. Three more marble thrones of precisely the same model may be seen in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, the church follows the typical basilican plan, a nave divided from two lateral aisles, in this case by sixteen antique columns with pilasters. In the 1970s, the Camaldolese monks allowed the Blessed Teresa of Calcutta and it is still maintained by her religious congregation, the Missionaries of Charity. The decoration includes stuccoes by Francesco Ferrari, and a Cosmatesque pavement, the main altarpiece has a Madonna with Saints Andrew and Gregory by Antonio Balestra. The second altar on the left has a Madonna on a Throne with child and four Saints, at the end of the nave, the altar of S. Gregorio Magno has three fine reliefs from the end of the 15th century by Luigi Capponi. Gregory, and an altar by Andrea Bregno and pupils. The chapel is used by Romes Romanian community, which follows the Byzantine rite there, Silvia e S. Gregorio by Giovanni Lanfranco. The oratory to the right is dedicated to St. Silvia, St. Gregorys mother
9.
Gloucester
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Gloucester is a city and district in southwest England, the county city of Gloucestershire. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, Gloucester was founded in AD97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the industries, and has a strong financial and business sector. The origins of the name Gloucester can be traced to Caerloyw in the modern Welsh, there are various appellations in history such as Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre as an early British settlement is not confirmed by direct evidence. However, Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, parts of the walls can be traced, and a number of remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. In Historia Brittonum, an account of the early rulers of Britain, Vortigerns grandfather. Part of the foundations of Roman Gloucester can be today in Eastgate Street, while Roman tombstones. After the withdrawal on the Roman Empire in the late 4th Century the town returned to the control of Celtic Dubonni tribe. By the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester is shown as part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, Gloucester was captured by the Saxons in 577. In the early 10th century the remains of Saint Oswald were brought to a church in Gloucester. The core street layout is thought to date back to the reign of Ethelfleda in late Saxon times. In 1051 Edward the Confessor held court at Gloucester and was threatened there by a led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex. A unique coin, dated to 1077–80, was discovered, just north of the city and it features the name of the moneyer Silacwine and its place of minting. The Portable Antiquities Scheme said that, until the coin was discovered, after the Norman Conquest, William Rufus made Robert Fitzhamon the first baron or overlord of Gloucester. Fitzhamon had a base at Cardiff Castle, and for the succeeding years the history of Gloucester was closely linked to that of Cardiff. During the Anarchy, Gloucester was a centre of support for the Empress Matilda who was supported in her claim to the throne by her half-brother, Fitzhamons grandson, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. The story of the Anarchy is vividly told in a series of paintings by William Burges at the Castle. King Henry II granted Gloucester its first charter in 1155, which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London, a a second charter of Henry II gave them freedom of passage on the River Severn
10.
Gloucestershire
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Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the fertile valley of the River Severn. The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud. Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. The local rural community moved to the city, and Bristols population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and it later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. The official former postal county abbreviation was Glos, rather than the frequently used but erroneous Gloucs. or Glouc. In July 2007, Gloucestershire suffered the worst flooding in recorded British history, the RAF conducted the largest peace time domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion, the county recovered rapidly from the disaster, investing in attracting tourists to visit the many sites and diverse range of shops in the area. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven schools, two are in Stroud, one in Cheltenham and four in Gloucester. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, all but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms, each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. Most of the old market towns have parish churches, at Deerhurst near Tewkesbury, and Bishops Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship, other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve, the mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey
11.
Mill Hill
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Mill Hill is a suburb in the London Borough of Barnet, England. It is an area situated nine miles north west of Charing Cross, Mill Hill was in the historic county of Middlesex until it was absorbed by London. Mill Hill consists of distinct parts, the original Mill Hill Village, the later-developed but now main hub of the area at Mill Hill Broadway. A further area at the edge of the suburb, The Hale, is on the borders of Mill Hill and Edgware. The areas name was first recorded as Myllehill in 1547 and appears to mean hill with a windmill, however, the workings of the original Mill are in the building adjacent to The Mill Field. Mill Hill Village is the oldest known inhabited part of the district and it is thought that the name Mill Hill may be derived from a mill on The Ridgeway, built on an area of open ground known as The Mill Field. The village is bounded on the north and the south by Green Belt land, the areas proximity to the city made it popular as a country retreat from the 17th century onwards, and large houses and quaint cottages survive. William Wilberforce and Sir Stamford Raffles both briefly resided here, the former being the patron of Mill Hill’s first church, Saint Paul’s. As of February 2011, the places in Mill Hill Village where money can be spent are The Three Hammers and Adam & Eve pubs. Inglis Barracks at Mill Hill East was home to the Middlesex Regiment between 1905 and 1966, the 1941 reopening of the railway station, under war-time conditions, was to allow easy access to the barracks. Situated along Partingdale Lane is Seafield House, now a private home, it was originally designed and operated as a nuclear bunker to house and protect the London North Group emergency regional government between about 1951 and 1985. Mill Hill was part of the ancient civil parish of Hendon within the county boundaries of Middlesex. Mill Hill as part of Municipal Borough of Hendon was merged into the London Borough of Barnet in Greater London in 1965, Mill Hill is one of 21 electoral wards in the borough. This ward has 3 out of the 63 seats on the Barnet Council, Mill Hill was in the parliamentary constituency of Hendon which was created in 1918. This lasted until 1945 when the constituency was split in two, Mill Hill in Hendon North, in 1997, the Hendon constituency was recreated. From then, until he lost his seat to the Conservative candidate, Matthew Offord, in the 2010 General Election, Hendon was represented in the House of Commons by the Labour MP, Mill Hills postal address is London NW7. The village is a development along The Ridgeway. It has green belt either side, Partingdale and Burtonhole form a distinct valley north of The Ridgeway
12.
Middlesex
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Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century
13.
Westminster Cathedral
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Westminster Cathedral, or the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, in London is the mother church of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. The site on which the stands in the City of Westminster was purchased by the Diocese of Westminster in 1885. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church in England and Wales, the land was acquired in 1884 by Wisemans successor, Cardinal Manning, having previously been occupied by the second Tothill Fields Bridewell prison. The cathedral opened in 1903, a year after Bentleys death, one of the first public services in the cathedral was Cardinal Vaughans requiem, the cardinal died on 19 June 1903. For reasons of economy, the decoration of the interior had hardly been started, under the laws of the Catholic Church at the time, no place of worship could be consecrated unless free from debt and having its fabric completed. The consecration ceremony took place on 28 June 1910, although the interior was never finished, in 1977, as part of her Silver Jubilee celebrations, Queen Elizabeth II visited the cathedral. Although there was no religious service it was symbolic as the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic church in the nation since the Reformation. On 28 May 1982, the first day of his pastoral visit to the United Kingdom. On 18 September 2010, on the day of his four-day state visit to the United Kingdom. In January 2011 the cathedral was the venue for the reception and ordination of three former Anglican bishops into the newly formed Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, unlike in a Gothic cathedral, at Westminster they are limited to the interior. The main piers and transverse arches that support the domes divide the nave into three bays, each about 395 square metres, the domes rest on the arches at a height of 27 metres from the floor, the total internal height being 34 metres. In selecting the type of dome, of shallow concavity, for the main roofing, weight. The domes and pendentures are formed of concrete, and as extraneous roofs of timber were dispensed with, the concrete flat roofing around the domes is covered with asphalt. The sanctuary is essentially Byzantine in its system of construction, the extensions that open out on all sides make the corona of the dome seem independent of support. The eastern termination of the cathedral suggests the Romanesque, or Lombardic style of Northern Italy, the large buttresses resist the pressure of a vault 14. 5-metre in span. Although the cruciform plan is not very noticeable inside the building and these with their twin gables, slated roofs, and square turrets with pyramidal stone cappings suggest a Norman prototype in striking contrast to the rest of the design. The main structural parts of the building are of brick and concrete, following Byzantine tradition, the interior was designed with a view to the application of marble and mosaic. Throughout the exterior, the introduction of white stone bands in connection with the red brickwork produces an impression quite foreign to the British eye
14.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
15.
Prelate
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A prelate is a high-ranking member of the clergy who is an ordinary or who ranks in precedence with ordinaries. The word derives from the Latin prælatus, the past participle of præferre, which means carry before, be set above or over or prefer, hence, the archetypal prelate is a bishop, whose prelature is his particular church. All other prelates, including the regular prelates such as abbots and it equally applies to Cardinals and certain Superior Prelates of the Offices of the Roman Curia who are not bishops, such as the auditors of the Holy Roman Rota and Protonotaries Apostolic. All these enjoy the title of monsignor. ”, at present, the only Personal Prelature in the Catholic Church is that of Opus Dei, founded by St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer in 1928 and raised to the status of a personal prelature in 1982. In the Armenian Apostolic Church, prelate refers to a diocesan bishop, a territorial prelature is, in Roman Catholic usage, a prelate whose geographic jurisdiction, called territorial prelature, does not belong to any diocese. As of 2013, there were 44 territorial prelatures, all in the Latin Church, the term also is used in a generic sense, in which case it may equally refer to an apostolic prefecture, an apostolic vicariate or a territorial abbacy. The institution was later reaffirmed in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, such a prelature is an institution having clergy and lay members which would carry out specific pastoral activities. Personal prelatures are fundamentally secular organizations operating in the world, whereas religious institutes are religious organizations operating out of the world, the first personal prelature is Opus Dei, which was elevated to a personal prelature by Pope John Paul II in 1982 through the Apostolic constitution Ut sit. Catholic Church hierarchy § Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law Ordinariate for the faithful of eastern rite Personal ordinariate
16.
Catholic Truth Society
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Catholic Truth Society is a body that prints and publishes Catholic literature, including apologetics, prayerbooks, spiritual reading, and lives of saints. It is based in London, the United Kingdom, the CTS had been founded in 1868 by Cardinal Herbert Vaughan, but became defunct when he was made a bishop, since he no longer had time to devote to it. Some years later, others came up with the idea and were directed to Vaughan. Accordingly, the organization was refounded on November 5,1884, under the presidency of Cardinal Vaughan, W. H. Cologan and James Britten, a layman and the principal spirit behind its refounding, serving as secretaries. The booklets are often sold inexpensively in Catholic parishes in the United Kingdom, in recent years the CTS has also diversified into study courses, Bibles, catechisms including the YouCat youth catechism, and The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The revised text is accompanied by new introductions, textual, and liturgical notes, in 2014, CTS entered into a distribution agreement with Ignatius Press in the United States to bring the famous CTS bookstands to North America. Some of these organisations have direct descent from the original societies, but some simply claim inspiration from the original name and have adopted it accordingly
17.
Josephite Fathers
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The Josephite Fathers and Brothers or, more properly, Saint Josephs Society of the Sacred Heart, Inc. are a society of Catholic priests and brothers, based in the United States. It was formed in 1871 by a group of priests from the English Foreign Mission Society of Saint Joseph and they decided to establish a mission society in the United States dedicated to newly freed people after the American Civil War. 1865 ushered in the period of Southern Reconstruction, during which time, ten former confederate states were divided into five military districts. It was against this backdrop that the U. S. bishops met for their provincial council in Baltimore in 1869. The fifth decree of this Council exhorted the Council Fathers to provide missions and schools for all black Americans in their dioceses, as education was seen as a critical need by the community. Subsequently, the Council Fathers wrote a letter requesting clergy for that purpose to Father Herbert Vaughan superior general of the Saint Josephs Society for Foreign Missions in Mill Hill, London. He had founded the society in 1866, and in 1869 opened St Josephs Foreign Missionary College in that area of London, later Vaughan was installed as Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. Vaughan brought a group of priests to Baltimore, Maryland in 1871 to form a society devoted to freedmen. In 1893 they re-organized to create a United States-based institution, the St. Joseph Society of the Sacred Heart, among the small founding group of Josephite priests in 1893 was Fr. Charles R. Uncles, the first African-American priest, who was trained and ordained in the United States, with his initial studies at a seminary in Quebec. The commitment to the African-American apostolate by the new Society was the same as before, to teach the faith of the Catholic Church, the society is interracial, with resources and personnel being committed totally to serving the African-American community. The society operates St. Augustine High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Josephite Fathers also operate St. Joseph Manor in Baltimore and St. Joseph Seminary in Washington, DC. Currently pastor of Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish in Washington, Father Norvel,76, will serve a four-year term at the religious institutes Baltimore headquarters. Father Norvel had served as general for the Josephites from 1983-1987. He is credited with starting the Gospel choir movement in Washington, D. C. and he also established a Josephite house of spiritual formation in Nigeria, where he served for five years. The house has been the source of a number of Josephite vocations, the Josephite Harvest is the official magazine of the Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, which has been ministering in the African-American community since 1871. The Harvest has been in publication for 125 years, which makes it the longest running Catholic mission magazine still in existence in the US today and it first began in 1888 published under the name The Colored Harvest, before being changed in 1960 to The Josephite Harvest. During the 20th century, The Harvest chronicled the Josephites efforts to build parishes and schools for African-Americans throughout the nation
18.
St Bede's College, Manchester
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St Bedes College is an independent Roman Catholic co-educational school for children from 3–18 years on Alexandra Road South in Whalley Range, Manchester, England. It is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, dr Richard Robson has been Headmaster of the College since January 2015. Shortly afterwards, work began on the Vaughan Building, the College’s Grade One listed building. The original school was at 16 Devonshire Street, Grosvenor Square, off Oxford Road and was set up in 1876 by the then Bishop of Salford, Herbert Vaughan, later Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. Originally, the school was conceived as a school to prepare the sons of Manchester Catholics for a life in business. This was the first school under the patronage of Saint Bede, possibly the name was chosen because the Cardinals brother, a Benedictine and the Archbishop of Sydney, was Dom Bede Vaughan. In August 1877, the Manchester Aquarium on Alexandra Road South, on 10 September 1877, St Bedes College re-opened in the Manchester Aquarium with 45 pupils who were taught by 11 staff,8 of them priests. The faculty lived in Rose Lawn, until the accommodation levels were completed in the Vaughan Building, the somewhat spartan conditions were alleviated by a team of long-serving nuns, who took care of the domestic and catering requirements, as well as a number of lay staff. In the late 1870s and early 1880s, the Vaughan building was constructed, the original plan was for a symmetrical building, with five-storey towers at each end. Only one half of this design was carried out. An imposing entrance on Alexandra Road leads into a corridor adorned with mosaics, the original aquarium building leads off the main corridor directly opposite the main entrance. Appropriately the decorative scheme includes plaster mouldings of fish and other marine animals, in 1891, Salford Catholic Grammar School amalgamated with the College which duly became the place where over 500 priests, some of whom later became bishops or archbishops, were educated. The College Chapel was built in 1898 and the Henshaw Building and it remained empty until 1984 when the Governors took the decision to make St Bedes co-educational. Over the next three years, the St Regis building was renovated and allowed the College roll to increase from 630 at the beginning of the 1980s to just under 1000 today. Between 1886 and 1896, the College had a school at Bonn, Germany. British victims of the war are commemorated in the College Chapel, several notable television series have been filmed in and around the College buildings. For example, it featured in Granada Televisions The Jewel in the Crown and The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, in 1893 the Bishop of Salford, John Bilsborrow, appointed Father James Rowan, a former teacher at the college, as priest in charge of the district. The new English Martyrs Parish Church was consecrated on the Feast of the English Martyrs,4 May 1922, the school admits children from Roman Catholic and non-Catholic families
19.
Recusant
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Recusancy was the state of those who refused to attend Anglican services during the history of England and Wales, these individuals were known as recusants. The Recusancy Acts began during the reign of Elizabeth I and were repealed in 1650 and they imposed various types of punishment on those who did not participate in Anglican religious activity, such as fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment. As far as the term is used in the present day, recusant applies to the descendants of Roman Catholic British gentry and peerage families. Catholicism was the majority religion in various pockets, notably in parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cumbria, and in Scotland, in parts of the Highlands and the Southern Hebrides. The term recusant is also used generally to refer to non-compliance with a perceived innovation of questionable orthodoxy. Some traditional Catholics have used the term following Vatican II, particularly in defence of the Latin mass, Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled recusants as well, the recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III, but not always enforced with equal intensity. Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under James I and Charles I, recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws, most of which were repealed during the Regency and the reign of George IV. The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under William III, early recusants included Protestant dissenters, whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers. With the growth of these groups after the Restoration of Charles II. The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs, among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet-descended Beauforts. In the English-speaking world, the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France, in 1582 and in Douai and it was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. The 1750 revision is still printed today, the Douay-Rheims Challoner Bible is still often preferred by more conservative or Traditionalist Catholics. Other members of the Howard family, the Earls of Carlisle, Effingham, Recusancy was historically focused in Northern England, particularly Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire. The Acton family is another well-known recusant family, the will of a William Latewise who died in 1603 in Goosnargh – part of the parish of Kirkham – states he was of Culcheth in the parish of Winwick. One of those preparing his inventory in 1608 was John Sterrope, around this time the area around Goosnargh was home to several Catholic families – Beesley, Hesketh, Keighley, Marsden, and Threlfall. Records show that members of the Latewysse family were fined for recusancy. In Wales, the few recusant families include Mostyn, Herbert, Morgan and, most notably and they helped to provide a resurgent Catholic Church in England with financial support
20.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
21.
Herefordshire
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Herefordshire is a historic English county in the West Midlands. It is a county and a unitary non-metropolitan county and district, also named in legislation as the County of Herefordshire. The Welsh unitary county covering the part of Gwent next to Herefordshire is Monmouthshire, Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town, with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement. The county is one of the most rural and sparsely populated in England, the land use is predominantly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and cider production, and the Hereford cattle breed. From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former county of Hereford. Herefordshire was reconstituted both as a new district and as a new county by Statutory Instrument as defined in The Hereford and this Order established Herefordshire as a unitary authority on 1 April 1998, combining county and district functions into a single council. Herefordshire is also called a unitary district, but this is not official nomenclature. Herefordshire is officially known as an authority for local government purposes. The Lieutenancies Act 1997 made Herefordshire a ceremonial county, covering the area of the unitary district. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS3 region and is one of three counties that comprise the Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire NUTS2 region. The River Wye, which at 135 miles is the fifth-longest in the United Kingdom and it flows through both Hereford and Ross-on-Wye before returning to Wales. Leominster is situated on the River Lugg, a tributary of the Wye, there are two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the county. The Wye Valley is located in the valleys south of Hereford, while the Malvern Hills are in the east of the county. Herefordshire is one of the 39 historic counties of England, in 1974 it was merged with neighbouring Worcestershire to form the Hereford and Worcester administrative county. Within this, Herefordshire was covered by the government districts of South Herefordshire, Hereford. However, the county was dissolved in 1998, resulting in the return of Herefordshire and Worcestershire as counties, the current ceremonial county and unitary district have broadly the same borders as the pre-1974 historic county. However this has been from a base, with only Northumberland. The population is White 98. 2%, Asian 0. 8%, Mixed 0. 7%, Black 0. 2%, gypsies and Travellers have historically been Herefordshires largest minority ethnic group
22.
The Hendre
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The Hendre is Monmouthshires only full-scale Victorian country house, constructed in the Victorian Gothic style. It is located in the parish of Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, some 4 miles north-west of the town of Monmouth, the house is Grade II* Listed and is now the clubhouse of the Rolls of Monmouth Golf Club. The Welsh word hendre derives from the Welsh words hen and dre, the ascent of the Rolls family to the aristocracy, and to the fortune used to develop the Hendre as the finest Victorian country house in Monmouthshire, was through marriage. James James of the parish of Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern, Monmouthshire settled in London and acquired an estate in Southwark. He purchased several farms and parcels of land in Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern and Llangattock-Vibon-Avel between 1639 and 1648, in his will published in 1677 he left his estate to his only surviving child, Sarah, who was the wife of Dr Elisha Coysh, a physician from London. Their daughter married William Allen, who bought land in Monmouthshire. William Allens daughter and heir married her cousin Thomas Coysh and they were succeeded by their son Richard Coysh, who was succeeded by his sister Sarah, the eventual sole heir of the families of Coysh, Allen and James. Sarah married John Rolls of the Grange, Bermondsey, and of the Hendre, Monmouthshire, sheriff of Monmouthshire 1794, John Rolls died the day after his wife. John Rolls was succeeded by his son John Rolls of the Hendre and he was succeeded by his son John Allan Rolls, sheriff in 1875 and MP for Monmouthshire, 1880–1885, created Baron Llangattock of the Hendre,1892. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls and this was an important event in the familys social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society. Of John Allans three sons, the most famous was Charles, the co-founder of Rolls Royce, as well as his interests in cars and aeroplanes, Charles was a keen balloonist, the Flight Magazine of January 1909 recording a flight from Monmouth, Ballooning Home. On Saturday last the Hon. C. S, Rolls gave an exhibition of the possibilities of ballooning by taking his mother, Lady Llangattock, home by balloon. The ascent was made at Monmouth in the balloon Mercury, the occupants of the basket being Lady Llangattock, Hon. C. S. Rolls, Hon. Mrs. Assheton – Harbord, Mr. Claud Crompton, and Mr. Charles Freeman, and his heir was his first son John Maclean Rolls, 2nd Baron Llangattock. He died at Boulogne in 1916 from wounds received at the Battle of the Somme and she had married John Taylor Harding of Pentwyn, vicar of Rockfield and Canon of Llandaff, son of John Harding of Henbury and they had four children. John Reginald Harding in turn married Elizabeth Margaret Saunders and had five children, the Harding-Rolls branch of the family continued to live at The Hendre until 30 August 1984 when, following a failed time-share operation, it was sold to Effold Properties Limited. The mansion is presently the club house to The Rolls of Monmouth golf course, the mansion began as a shooting lodge, for John Rolls, and the original manor house was expanded throughout the next one hundred years. The first of three expansions by the Rolls family began with the architect George Vaughan Maddox, who rebuilt parts of the wing in 1830
23.
Monmouthshire (historic)
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Monmouthshire, also known as the County of Monmouth, is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county. It corresponds approximately to the present principal areas of Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent, Newport and Torfaen, the eastern part of the county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised coal mining. The county or shire of Monmouth was formed parts of the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. The historic boundaries are the River Wye on the east, dividing it from Gloucestershire, the boundaries with Herefordshire to the northeast and Brecknockshire to the north were less well-defined. The parish of Welsh Bicknor, was an exclave of Monmouthshire, Usk continued as an unreformed borough until its final abolition in 1886. New forms of government were established in the urban areas of the county with the setting of local boards under the Public Health Act 1848. The Public Health Act 1875 divided the areas into rural sanitary districts. An administrative county of Monmouthshire, governed by a county council, was formed in 1889 under the terms of the Local Government Act 1888. The administrative county had similar boundaries, but included the Beaufort, Dukestown, Llechryd, the county council was based in Newport, rather than the historic county town of Monmouth. In the same year the parish of Fwthog was transferred to both the administrative and geographic county of Monmouthshire, under the Local Government Act 1894, the administrative county was divided into urban and rural districts, based on existing sanitary districts. In 1899 Abergavenny was incorporated as a borough, two further urban districts were formed, Mynyddislwyn in 1903, and Bedwas and Machen in 1912. The County of Monmouth Review Order 1935 revised the number and boundaries of the urban, the last major boundary change to affect the administrative county was in 1938 when the Monmouthshire parish of Rumney was incorporated into the city and county borough of Cardiff. However, maps continued to show the Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border as the Rhymney River, the administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The successor authority, with boundary changes, was titled Gwent. Some border parishes became part of the new Rhymney Valley district of Mid Glamorgan, successor districts of Gwent were Blaenau Gwent, Islwyn, Monmouth, Newport and Torfaen. Monmouthshires status was somewhat ambiguous between the 16th and 20th centuries, with it considered by some as part of England, between about the 5th and 10th centuries the Welsh Kingdom of Gwent covered a variable area roughly contiguous with Monmouthshire. It then became part of Morgannwg, and shortly before the Norman conquest had become part of the unified Welsh realm of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
24.
Holy orders
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In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament, the Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination. Denominations have varied conceptions of Holy Orders, in the Anglican churches and some Lutheran churches the traditional orders of bishop, priest and deacon are bestowed using ordination rites. The extent to which ordination is considered sacramental in these traditions has, however, many other denominations do not consider ministry as being sacramental in nature and would not think of it in terms of holy orders as such. Historically, the word order designated a civil body or corporation with a hierarchy. The word holy refers to the Church, in context, therefore, a holy order is set apart for ministry in the Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church considers ordination to be a Sacred Mystery, although all other mysteries may be performed by a presbyter, ordination may only be conferred by a bishop, and ordination of a bishop may only be performed by several bishops together. Cheirotonia always takes place during the Divine Liturgy and it was the mission of the Apostles to go forth into all the world and preach the Gospel, baptizing those who believed in the name of the Holy Trinity. In the Early Church those who presided over congregations were referred to variously as episcopos or presbyteros and this link is believed to continue in unbroken succession to this day. Over time, the ministry of bishops and presbyters or priests came to be distinguished, in Orthodox terminology, priesthood or sacerdotal refers to the ministry of bishops and priests. A bishop is the Teacher of the Faith, the carrier of Sacred Tradition, a bishop is consecrated through the laying on of hands by several bishops. The consecration of a bishop takes place near the beginning of the Liturgy, since a bishop can, in addition to performing the Mystery of the Eucharist, also ordain priests and deacons. Customarily, the consecrated bishop ordains a priest and a deacon at the Liturgy during which he is consecrated. A priest may serve only at the pleasure of his bishop, a bishop bestows faculties giving a priest chrism and an antimins, he may withdraw faculties and demand the return of these items. After the Aër is taken from the candidate to cover the chalice and diskos, the candidate is then taken to the southeast corner of the Holy Table and kneels on both knees, resting his forehead on the edge of the Holy Table. Afterwards, the bishop brings the newly ordained priest to stand in the Holy Doors and he then clothes the priest in each of his sacerdotal vestments, at each of which the people sing, Worthy. A deacon may not perform any Sacrament and performs no liturgical services on his own but serves only as an assistant to a priest and may not even vest without the blessing of a priest. After being vested as a deacon and given a liturgical fan, the Anglican churches hold their bishops to be in apostolic succession, although there is some difference of opinion with regard to whether ordination is to be regarded as a sacrament
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Bishop
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A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1
26.
Roger Vaughan
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Roger William Bede Vaughan was an English Benedictine monk of Downside Abbey and the second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney in Australia from 1877 to 1883. Vaughan was born near Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, in 1834, one of 14 children and his father, lieutenant John Francis Vaughan, belonged to one of the oldest recusant families in England. His mother was Elizabeth Louise Rolls, a convert and his brother was Cardinal Herbert Vaughan. All his siblings, save three, entered church ministry, Vaughan was probably afflicted with congenital heart disease. At the age of six he was sent to a school in Monmouth for three years, but his health proved to be delicate and for some years he was privately tutored at home. At age seven he was sent briefly to a local school, in September 1850 he was sent to the Benedictine St Gregorys College at Downside near Bath. His mothers death in 1853 prompted serious thoughts of a vocation and on 12 September 1853 he took the Benedictine habit as Brother Bede. In 1855 at his fathers request and expense, Vaughan was sent to Rome for further study under the guidance of the Italian scholar and he remained there for four years. He was ordained priest by Cardinal Patrizi in the basilica of St John Lateran on 9 April 1859, Vaughan had received minor orders in 1855 and after passing through the various stages he was ordained priest on 9 April 1859. He returned to Downside in August and in 1861 was appointed professor of metaphysics, a year later he was elected prior of the diocesan chapter of Newport and Menevia and superior of Belmont. He held this position for over 10 years and he contributed to leading reviews and published his most important literary work, his Life of St Thomas of Aquin, on which he had spent endless pains, in 1871–2. In 1866 he met Archbishop Polding, then on a visit to England and it was not, however, until February 1873 that this was agreed to. From 1874 Vaughan was Rector of St Johns College, University of Sydney, living simply and it has been recorded that his sitting-room had no carpet. This is not to suggest that he was in any way unpopular, rather the reverse and he accused the Freemasons of a conspiracy to subvert religion and take over the education system. Other publications included Christ and His Kingdom, and two series of Lenten lectures Arguments for Christianity and Christs Divinity and he became Archbishop of Sydney on the death of Archbishop Polding, on 16 March 1877. He then resigned the rectorship of St Johns College which he had taken over in 1874 and he spoke vigorously on the education question, but his words had little effect on parliament. In 1880 Henry Parkes passed an education act under which government aid to denominational education ceased at the end of 1882, vaughans views on this question may be found in his Pastorals and Speeches on Education, which appeared in Sydney in 1880. He initiated moves towards the foundation of St Patricks Seminary, Manly and they also felt strongly that the form of church advocated by the Benedictines was less suited to the majority of Irish Catholic adherents than the Cullenist form
27.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Military Ordinariate of Australia, as well as the Eastern Rite Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael, Archangel, St Mary’s Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The current archbishop is Anthony Fisher, the Vicariate Apostolic of New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land was founded in 1834. The Diocese of Sydney was elevated on 5 April 1842, just two weeks later, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese and a metropolitan see. In 1819, two priests were officially authorised by the British government to minister to the Catholics of the Australian colony. Until 1834, the territory now forming the Archdiocese of Sydney and that of the entire Australian mainland, on 28 February 1842, the Diocese of Sydney was erected with Bishop Polding as its diocesan bishop. Some weeks later Sydney was made a see, with Hobart. At that time, the Archdiocese of Sydney included the whole of the portion of the continent, comprising what are now known as the states of New South Wales, Victoria. The suffragan dioceses are, Maitland, Armidale, Bathurst, Lismore, Wilcannia-Forbes, Wagga Wagga, Wollongong, Parramatta, the Metropolitan Cathedral of St Mary is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Sydney and the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The cathedral is dedicated to Mary, Help of Christians, Patron of Australia, St Mary’s holds the title and dignity of a minor basilica, bestowed upon it by Pope Pius XI in 1930. St Marys is the largest church in Australia, though not the highest, in 2008, St Marys Cathedral became the focus of World Youth Day 2008 and was visited by Pope Benedict XVI. A foundation stone for the cathedral was laid in 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, when this cathedral was destroyed by fire in June 1865, plans were put in place for the construction of the current cathedral. Further construction of the nave commenced in 1913 and was dedicated in 1928, the richly decorated crypt was completed in 1961 and the most recent additions, two pinnacled spires, were commenced in 2000 and completed in advance of World Youth Day 2008. St Marys Cathedral Choir, the oldest musical institution in Australia, is formed of approximately 40 choristers and sings at High Mass every Sunday, the following individuals have been elected as Archbishop of Sydney, with a number elected as cardinals, as well as receiving civilian honours. Their highest title is shown here, There are around 577,000 Catholics in the archdiocese, the Catholic population is 27. 7% of the total. There are 139 parishes, in the care of around 246 diocesan priests. There are some 480 priests in total, including priests, working within the archdiocese, including those on lesser duties. There are 1,238 religious sisters and 275 religious brothers, while Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Clancy established the Seminary of the Good Shepherd in the Sydney suburb of Homebush in 1996
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Menevia
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Menevia is a Roman Catholic diocese in Swansea, Wales. It is one of three dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Cardiff and is subject to the Archdiocese of Cardiff. The Vicariate Apostolic of Wales was elevated to diocesan status on 12 May 1898 and had its seat at the Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows until 1987 when the Diocese of Wrexham was created. The current configuration of the Diocese of Menevia covers the area roughly that of the ancient Diocese of St Davids. The current bishop is the Right Reverend Thomas Matthew Burns S. M. the eleventh incumbent,29 September 1850, Universalis Ecclesiae, The Roman Catholic Church in Wales is split between the Diocese of Shrewsbury in the north and the Diocese of Newport and Menevia in the south. 4 September 1860, Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire, the priory of the Diocese of Newport. 4 July 1895, The Diocese of Newport and Menevia splits, glamorgan, Monmouth and Herefordshire become the Diocese of Newport. The rest of Wales, including North Wales from the Diocese of Shrewsbury,12 May 1898, The Vicariate of Wales become the Diocese of Menevia with its pro-cathedral in Wrexham. 7 February 1916, The Diocese of Newport becomes the Archdiocese of Cardiff,12 March 1920, St Davids Cathedral, Cardiff is officially made the metropolitan cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cardiff. 12 February 1987, The Diocese of Menevia is split, the north becomes the Diocese of Wrexham with its cathedral remaining in Wrexham. The south remains the Diocese of Menevia and sets up Swansea Cathedral, there are 27,561 Catholics in the diocese which is served by 34 diocesan priests,19 religious priests,9 non-ordained male religious and 100 female religious. There are 34 Catholic educational institutions in the diocese, the cathedra is located at St. Josephs Cathedral, Swansea. Situated within the diocese is the Welsh National Shrine of Our Lady of Cardigan at Cardigan, Francis Edward Joseph Mostyn † Francis J. org Diocese of Menevia
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Seuthopolis
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Seuthopolis was an ancient hellenistic-type city founded by the Thracian king Seuthes III, and the capital of the Odrysian kingdom. The city was founded sometime from 325 BC to 315 BC and it was a city, built on the site of an earlier settlement, and its ruins are now located at the bottom of the Koprinka Reservoir near Kazanlak, Stara Zagora Province, in central Bulgaria. Seuthopolis was not a true polis, but rather the seat of Seuthes and his palace had a dual role, functioning also as a sanctuary of the Cabeiri, the gods of Samothrace. Most of the space within the city was occupied not by homes but by official structures and it had Thracian and Greek populace. In 281 BC it was sacked by Celts, the dual role of Seuthes palace indicates that Seuthes was a priest–king, the high priest of the Cabeiri among the Odrysian Thracians. According to Seuthopolis’ sign, sanctuary of Dionysius/Sabazios was situated on the square, the cemetery of Seuthopolis included a number of brick tholos tombs, some covered by tumuli, in which the upper-class were interred, sometimes along with their horses. The less affluent were cremated, with modest grave goods laid alongside, the ruins of the city were discovered and excavated in 1948 by Bulgarian archeologists during the construction of the Georgi Dimitrov Reservoir. However, it was decided to continue with the construction and flood the dam, tourists would be transported to the site by boats. It would be illuminated at night, the project was donated by the architect to Kazanlak municipality and funds are being raised to begin construction. According to Tilev, it would cost minimum €50 million, sevtopolis Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Seuthopolis
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Auxiliary bishop
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An auxiliary bishop, in the Roman Catholic Church, is a bishop assigned to assist the diocesan bishop in meeting the pastoral needs of the diocese. They exist in both the Latin Church and in the Eastern Catholic Churches, Auxiliary bishops are titular bishops of sees that no longer exist. The particular duties of a bishop are given by the diocesan bishop and can vary widely depending on the auxiliary bishop, the ordinary. In a larger archdiocese, they might be in assigned to serve a portion of the archdiocese or to serve a particular population such as immigrants or those of a heritage or language. Canon law requires that the diocesan bishop appoint each auxiliary bishop as vicar general or episcopal vicar of the diocese, Catholic Encyclopedia - Auxiliary Bishop USCCB - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese of Indianapolis - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA - Auxiliary Bishops
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford is centred on the City of Salford in Greater Manchester, England. The diocese was founded in 1850 as one of the first post-Reformation Catholic dioceses in Great Britain, since 1911 it has formed part of the Province of Liverpool. Stonyhurst College is also within the diocese, in 2005, the diocese included 207 churches and chapels. The first post-Reformation Catholic chapel in Blackburn was opened in 1773, and he built at Salford St. Johns Church, which was opened in 1848 and which subsequently became the cathedral for the diocese. Dr. Sharples died on 16 August 1850 and the first Bishop of Salford in the hierarchy was the Most. He was succeeded in 1872 by the Most, on his translation to Westminster in 1892, the Most. Rev. John Bilsborrow was consecrated as the third bishop, the fourth bishop, was born in 1852, and ordained priest in 1876. He was closely associated with Cardinal Vaughan in the foundation of St. Bedes College, Manchester, in 1876, Bishop Casartelli was also a professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, and known as a writer on Oriental subjects. St Johns Cathedral, Salford This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles. Almanac for the Diocese of Salford, for the year 1877 etc, various publishers, OCLC498232398 Cooke, Fr. Official website Diocese of Salford, Catholic Hierarchy website GCatholic. org The Latin Mass Society Statistics for all parishes in the diocese
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Stonyhurst College
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Stonyhurst College is a coeducational Roman Catholic independent school, adhering to the Jesuit tradition, on the Stonyhurst Estate, Lancashire, England. It occupies a Grade I listed building, the school has been fully co-educational since 1999. The college was founded in 1593 by Father Robert Persons SJ at St Omer, after moving to Bruges in 1762 and Liège in 1773, the college moved to Stonyhurst in 1794. It provides boarding and day education to approximately 450 boys and girls aged 13–18, on an adjacent site, its preparatory school, St Marys Hall, provides education for boys and girls aged 3–13. The school combines an academic curriculum with extra-curricular pursuits, Roman Catholicism plays a central role in college life, with emphasis on both prayer and service, according to the Jesuit philosophy. The earliest deed concerning the Stanihurst is held in the colleges Arundell Library, in 1372, a licence was granted to John de Bayley for an oratory on the site. His descendants, the Shireburn family, completed the oldest portion of the extant buildings, richard Shireburn began building the hall, which was enlarged by his grandson Nicholas who also constructed the ponds, avenue and gardens. Following his death, the passed to his wife and then to their sole heir, Mary. In 1754, it was inherited by her cousin Thomas Weld of Lulworth, a former pupil of the school from its years in Liège, he donated the buildings, with 30 acres of land, in 1794 to the Society of Jesus. As such it was one of several expatriate English schools operating on the European mainland, in 1762, the Jesuits were forced to flee and re-established their school at Bruges. The school was moved in 1773 to Liège, where it operated for two decades before moving to Stonyhurst on 29 August 1794, schooling resumed on 22 October that year. By the turn of the century, it had become Englands largest Catholic college. A seminary was constructed on the estate, and an observatory, the 20th century saw the gradual hiring of a mostly lay staff, as the number of Jesuits declined. The seminary at St Marys Hall was closed, and the school discontinued its education of university-aged philosophers, since the Second World War, the buildings have been refurbished or developed. Additions include new buildings in the 1950s and 1960s, a new boarding wing in the 1960s. The school became fully co-educational in 1999, the original preparatory school to Stonyhurst, Hodder Place, came into the hands of the Jesuits as part of the estate donated by alumnus Thomas Weld. Originally used as a novitiate, it became a school to the college in 1807. St Marys Hall, on a site to Stonyhurst, was built as a Jesuit seminary in 1828 and functioned until 1926
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Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
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Brugelette
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Brugelette is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. On January 1,2006, Brugelette had a population of 3,284. The total area is 28.40 km² which gives a density of 116 inhabitants per km². The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities, Brugelette proper, Cambron-Casteau, Attre, Mévergnies-lez-Lens, Attre Castle Pairi Daiza Media related to Brugelette at Wikimedia Commons Official web site
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Order of Saint Benedict
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns
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Downside Abbey
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The Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as Downside Abbey, is a Benedictine monastery in England and the senior community of the English Benedictine Congregation. One of its main apostolates is the Downside School, for the education of children aged eleven to eighteen, alumni of the school are known as Old Gregorians. Both the abbey and the school are located at Stratton-on-the-Fosse between Westfield and Shepton Mallet in Somerset, South West England, Downside Abbey has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described the Abbey as the most splendid demonstration of the renaissance of Roman Catholicism in England, the community was founded in 1605 at Douai in Flanders, then part the Spanish Netherlands, under the patronage of St Gregory the Great. In 1611 Dom Philippe de Caverel, abbot of St. Vaasts Abbey at Arras, built, the Priory of St. Gregory was therefore the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the Reformation. For nearly 200 years the monastery trained monks for the English mission, two of them, Saints John Roberts and Ambrose Barlow, were among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970. French troops invaded Flanders during the French Revolution, the monastic community was expelled by them, after a period of imprisonment, and in March 1795 the community was permitted to proceed to England. They settled for some 20 years as guests of Sir Edward Smythe at Acton Burnell, Shropshire, before settling at Mount Pleasant, Downside, in Somerset. The monastery was completed in 1876 and the church in 1925. The building of Downside abbey church was begun in the 19th century, the church is built in the Gothic Revival style, and is designed to rival in size the medieval cathedrals of England that were lost to the Catholic Church through the Reformation. The earliest part is the decorated transepts by Archibald Matthias Dunn and Edward Joseph Hansom, the choir is the work of Thomas Garner, dedicated in 1905. The nave by Giles Gilbert Scott remains unfinished, with its wall in crude Lias stone standing bare. The tower, completed in 1938, at 166 feet, is the second highest in Somerset, the choir stalls are modeled on the stalls in Chester Cathedral. Following a grant of £856,000 in 2013 the archive of the abbey have opened to the public and much of the collection of rare books and manuscripts have been digitised. Removed to the church of Saint Vigor in nearby Stratton-on-the-Fosse in 1907, it survives today somewhere in America. The current organ in the church was built by John Compton in 1931 to replace the Garrard organ. This extraordinarily large number of stops is derived from a mere 38 ranks of pipes by means of extension and transmission, the whole instrument is enclosed within three stone and concrete chambers with swell shutters facing upwards, except the Tuba box which speaks down into the transept. Downside School, attached to the monastery, is a Roman Catholic public school for boys, as in most Roman Catholic schools in the 21st century, non-Catholic students are accepted
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Bath, Somerset
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Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, known for its Roman-built baths. In 2011, the population was 88,859, Bath is in the valley of the River Avon,97 miles west of London and 11 miles south-east of Bristol. The city became a World Heritage Site in 1987, the city became a spa with the Latin name Aquæ Sulis c. AD60 when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon, Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre, the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries. In the 17th century, claims were made for the properties of water from the springs. Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood, the Elder, and in the 18th century the city became fashionable, Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century. Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II, the city has software, publishing and service-oriented industries. Theatres, museums, and other cultural and sporting venues have helped make it a centre for tourism with more than one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city each year. There are several museums including the Museum of Bath Architecture, Victoria Art Gallery, Museum of East Asian Art, the city has two universities, the University of Bath and Bath Spa University, with Bath College providing further education. Sporting clubs include Bath Rugby and Bath City F. C. while TeamBath is the name for all of the University of Bath sports teams. Bath became part of the county of Avon in 1974, and, the hills in the locality such as Bathampton Down saw human activity from the Mesolithic period. Several Bronze Age round barrows were opened by John Skinner in the 18th century, solsbury Hill overlooking the current city was an Iron Age hill fort, and the adjacent Bathampton Camp may also have been one. A long barrow site believed to be from the Beaker people was flattened to make way for RAF Charmy Down, messages to her scratched onto metal, known as curse tablets, have been recovered from the sacred spring by archaeologists. The tablets were written in Latin, and cursed people whom the writers felt had wronged them, for example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the baths, he might write a curse, naming the suspects, on a tablet to be read by the goddess. A temple was constructed in AD 60–70, and a complex was built up over the next 300 years. Engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation, in the 2nd century, the spring was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted structure that housed the caldarium, tepidarium, and frigidarium. The town was given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century. After the failure of Roman authority in the first decade of the 5th century, in March 2012 a hoard of 30,000 silver Roman coins, one of the largest discovered in Britain, was unearthed in an archaeological dig
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Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
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Papal States
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The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio, Marche, Umbria and Romagna and these holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy, only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the Popes temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Vatican by signing the Lateran Treaty, granting the Vatican City State sovereignty. The Papal States were also known as the Papal State, the territories were also referred to variously as the State of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, or the Roman States. For its first 300 years the Catholic Church was persecuted and unrecognized and this system began to change during the reign of the emperor Constantine I, who made Christianity legal within the Roman Empire, and restoring to it any properties that had been confiscated. The Lateran Palace was the first significant new donation to the Church, other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. But the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, the seeds of the Papal States as a sovereign political entity were planted in the 6th century. Beginning In 535, the Byzantine Empire, under emperor Justinian I, launched a reconquest of Italy that took decades and devastated Italys political, just as these wars wound down, the Lombards entered the peninsula from the north and conquered much of the countryside. While the popes remained Byzantine subjects, in practice the Duchy of Rome, nevertheless, the pope and the exarch still worked together to control the rising power of the Lombards in Italy. As Byzantine power weakened, though, the took a ever larger role in defending Rome from the Lombards. In practice, the papal efforts served to focus Lombard aggrandizement on the exarch, a climactic moment in the founding of the Papal States was the agreement over boundaries embodied in the Lombard king Liutprands Donation of Sutri to Pope Gregory II. When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the popes renewed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks. In 751, Pope Zachary had Pepin the Younger crowned king in place of the powerless Merovingian figurehead king Childeric III, zacharys successor, Pope Stephen II, later granted Pepin the title Patrician of the Romans. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756, Pepin defeated the Lombards – taking control of northern Italy – and made a gift of the properties formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope. The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800, when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor, the precise nature of the relationship between the popes and emperors – and between the Papal States and the Empire – is disputed. Events in the 9th century postponed the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed as it was subdivided among Charlemagnes grandchildren
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Pontifical Gregorian University
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The Pontifical Gregorian University is a pontifical university located in Rome, Italy. It was originally a part of the Roman College founded in 1551 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, in 1584 the university was given a grandiose home by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was renamed. Only the theology and philosophy departments survived the turmoil in Italy after 1870. Its international faculty serves around 3800 students from over 150 countries, Saint Francis Borgia, the vice-king of Catalonia who became a Jesuit himself, provided financial patronage. With a small library connected to it, this school was called the Collegio Romano, in September of the same year, the site was transferred to a larger facility behind the Church of San Stefano del Cacco due to the large number of students seeking enrollment. After only two years of existence, the Roman College already counted 250 alumni, in January 1556, Pope Paul IV authorized the College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, thereby raising the school to the rank of university. During the following two decades, due again to a number of students, the university changed its location twice. During this period, a chair in philosophy was added, and a chair in Arabic was added to the already existing chairs in Latin, Greek. With the university counting more than a thousand pupils at this point, two blocks near the Via del Corso were expropriated, and the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati was commissioned to design a grand new edifice for the institute. The new building was inaugurated in 1584, in became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano. For his sponsorship of the Roman College, Gregory XIII became known as its founder and father, the university in its new space was able to augment the number of disciplines that were taught. New chairs of Church history and liturgy were added, at this time, the university also attained great prestige in the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The illustrious Jesuit mathematician, physicist, and inventor Athanasius Kircher also subsequently taught there, not long after the new quarters were opened, the student body increased to over two thousand. The university chapel, too small for so many students, was rebuilt as the Church of SantIgnazio between 1626 and 1650, becoming one of the major Baroque churches of the area. In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus and it was reverted to the Jesuits on 17 May 1824 by Pope Leo XII, after the refoundation of their order. It was at point that Pope Pius IX permitted the school to assume the title of Pontifical University. With the difficult situation after Romes takeover, the endeavors of the university were dramatically affected. Due to a lack of space, the university had to all faculties except for theology
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Aubrey Thomas de Vere
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Aubrey Thomas de Vere was an Irish poet and critic. He was a nephew of Lord Monteagle and a brother of Sir Stephen de Vere. His sister Ellen married Robert OBrien, the brother of William Smith OBrien, in 1832, his father dropped the original surname Hunt by royal licence, assuming the surname de Vere. He was strongly influenced by his friendship with the astronomer, Sir William Rowan Hamilton, through whom he came to a knowledge and reverent admiration for Wordsworth and he was educated privately at home and in 1832 entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he read Kant and Coleridge. Later he visited Oxford, Cambridge, and Rome, and came under the potent influence of John Henry Newman and he was also a close friend of Henry Taylor. The characteristics of Aubrey de Veres poetry are high seriousness and a religious enthusiasm. His research in questions of faith led him to the Roman Catholic Church where in 1851 he was received into the Church by Cardinal Manning in Avignon. In many of his poems, notably in the volume of sonnets called St Peters Chains, for a few years he held a professorship, under Newman, in the Catholic University in Dublin. In A Book of Irish Verse, W. B, yeats described de Veres poetry as having less architecture than the poetry of Ferguson and Allingham, and more meditation. Indeed, his few but ever memorable successes are enchanted islands in gray seas of stately impersonal reverie and description, one needs, perhaps, to perfectly enjoy him, a Dominican habit, a cloister, and a breviary. He also visited the Lake Country of England, and stayed under Wordsworths roof and his veneration for Wordsworth was singularly shown in later life, when he never omitted a yearly pilgrimage to the grave of that poet until advanced age made the journey impossible. He was of tall and slender physique, thoughtful and grave in character, of exceeding dignity and grace of manner, according to Helen Grace Smith, he was one of the most profoundly intellectual poets of his time. His census return for 1901 lists his profession as Author and he died at Curraghchase in 1902, at the age of eighty-eight. As he never married, the name of de Vere at his death became extinct for the second time and he also wrote a picturesque volume of travel-sketches, and two dramas in verse, Alexander the Great, and St Thomas of Canterbury. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition, both of these dramas, though they contain fine passages, suffer from diffuseness and a lack of dramatic spirit. One of his best remembered poem is Inisfail while two of his historical poems used to be on the Junior Cycle English syllabus, The March to Kinsale and The Ballad of Athlone. In his Recollections he says that Byron was his first admiration, a volume of Selections from his poems was edited in 1894 by G. E. Woodberry. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
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Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
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Lucca
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Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio, in a fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital of the Province of Lucca and it is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls. Lucca was founded by the Etruscans and became a Roman colony in 180 BC, the rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. Traces of the amphitheatre still may be seen in the Piazza dellAnfiteatro, at the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy, Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. Under the Lombards, it was the seat of a duke who minted his own coins, the Holy Face of Lucca, a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742. During the eighth-tenth centuries Lucca was a center of Jewish life, Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent. After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune, for almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina, Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe, dante’s Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca, in 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca, the Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiero, Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracanis death in 1328, on 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florences Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca, Castracanis tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavellis third famous book on political rule, in 1408, Lucca hosted the convocation intended to end the schism in the papacy. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state with a republican constitution to remain independent over the centuries. In 1805, Lucca was conquered by Napoleon, who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as Princess of Lucca, from 1815 to 1847 it was a Bourbon-Parma duchy
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St Edmund's College, Ware
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St Edmunds College is a coeducational independent day and boarding school in the British public school tradition set on 440 acres in Ware, Hertfordshire. Founded in 1568 as a seminary, then school, it is the oldest continuously operating. Today it caters for boys and girls aged 3 to 18, St. Edmunds College is a continuation on English soil of the English College that was founded by William Cardinal Allen at Douay in Flanders, France in 1568. Many of its students, both priests and laymen, returned to England to be put to death under the anti-Catholic laws, the college includes amongst its former alumni 20 canonised and 138 beatified martyrs. In the second half of the 17th century, a small Catholic school was begun in Hampshire and it was opened by a priest at Silkstead prior to 1662, and then transferred to Twyford, near Winchester. It was conducted in secrecy, and was for boys of preparatory school age. The poet Alexander Pope was a student at school, although he did not proceed to Douay. In 1769, Bishop James Talbot moved the school to its current site at Old Hall Green, near Puckeridge, the work of the English College in Douay was brought to an end by the French Revolution. In October 1793 the college property was confiscated, professors and students came back to England where, as a result of the Relief Acts, the penal laws against Catholics were considerably relaxed. John Douglass, Vicar Apostolic of the London District, realised that the time had come to replace the English College, on 16 November 1793 – the feast of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury – a new college was instituted. The establishment of St Edmunds College was the beginning of the restoration of Catholic colleges and seminaries throughout England. The remaining staff and students arrived from Douay by 1795, not before students from the North had left and established a foundation which is now Ushaw College. The fortunes of the college varied throughout the 19th century, however, in 1853 a large Gothic chapel designed by Augustus Welby Pugin was completed. The era of Vicars Apostolic ended in 1850 with the restoration of the Hierarchy, in 1869, Henry Edward Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, set up a seminary in Hammersmith, and for the first time St Edmunds ceased to be a theological college. In 1874, the boys were separated from the rest of the college into St Hughs Preparatory School. The prep school has since been renamed St Edmunds Preparatory School, in 1893 his son, Bernard Ward, was appointed president, and he started a scheme of rebuilding and improvements. Numbers in the school increased significantly, and in 1904 Archbishop Francis Bourne decided to return the seminarians to the college. A new wing was built to them, and this part of the college eventually became known as Allen Hall, after Cardinal Allen
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vaughan, Herbert". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 955–956.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 