1.
Prime Minister of Brazil
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The political position of Prime Minister of Brazil existed for two times. The first during the era of the Empire of Brazil, in which Brazil as a Constitutional Monarchy, the office was created in 1847 and abolished together with the monarchy in 1889. The second time was in the 1960s when the presidential Brazil adopted the parliamentarist system lasting for less than 2 years, often, the title President of the Council, a shortened version of the official style, was also employed. However, Emperor Pedro II decided to appoint a president of the Council among his ministers, however, the emperor didnt become a figurehead monarch like other heads of State in a parliamentary system. The prime minister needed to retain the political confidence both of a majority of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Emperor, who scrutinized the workings of the Government. Sometimes the Emperor would dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and summon new elections, or dismiss the prime minister, thus, the Emperor would often dismiss a prime minister, and then appoint someone else from the same party. All this led to a succession of short-lived Cabinets, the emperor retained decision-making powers with regard to the signature or veto of bills passed by Parliament, and would not always abide by the advice of his ministers. During the forty-nine years of Pedro IIs personal reign, from 1840 until 1889 there were sixteen parliamentary elections and this means that, on average, each legislature of the Chamber of Deputies had a life span slightly superior to three years. Certain politicians, however, like the Duke of Caxias, Marquis of Olinda, Caxias and Zacarias Góis e Vasconcellos each served three times as President of the Council, while Olinda held the office of Prime Minister for a record of four times. The president of the Council owed his position to both his partys majority in the Legislature and to the Emperor, and these two sources of authority could sometimes come into conflict. The longest continuous prime-ministership corresponded to the period when the Viscount of Rio Branco was in office, the position of prime minister was abolished with the deposition of the Monarchy in 1889. Several of his co-conspirators, however, were Republicans, and later in the day the events of the coup progressed to the deposition of the Monarchy. Once the Republic was proclaimed, a presidential Executive replaced the system of Government. After the coup détat that abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic, the new republic instead adopted the model of a presidential executive, except for a brief period during the presidency of President João Goulart. The parliamentary system was adopted in 1961 as a solution to a grave political crisis, and was again abolished. However, the holders of the office were addressed and referred to as Premier or Prime Minister. Often, the expression President of the Council, a version of the official title, was also used. Parties List of Brazilian monarchs List of Presidents of Brazil President of Brazil
2.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
3.
Supreme Federal Court
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The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues, on questions involving exclusively non-constitutional issues, regarding federal laws, the highest court is, by rule, the Superior Court of Justice. There are also other mechanisms for reaching the Court directly, such as the Declaratory Action of Constitutionality, the eleven judges of the court are called Ministers, although having no similarity with the government body of ministers. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, there is a mandatory retirement age of 75. All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court have been broadcast live on television since 2002, the Court is open for the public to watch the meetings. The result was a court that is overstretched to the point of mutiny, the Supreme Court received 100,781 cases last year. The court was inaugurated during the era in 1808, the year that the royal family of Portugal arrived in Rio de Janeiro. It was originally called the House of Appeals of Brazil, the proclamation of the Brazilian Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Imperial Constitution in 1824 preceded the establishment of the Supreme Court of Justice in 1829. With the first Constitution of the Republic, the current Court was established, two hundred members have served on the Court. The Constitution of 1891 decided that the Court would have 15 members, when Getúlio Vargas came into power, the number of members was reduced to 11. The number was changed to 16 in 1965, but returned to 11 in 1969 and has not changed since, of all Presidents of Brazil, only one never nominated a minister. The President and Vice-president of the Court are elected by their peers for a term of two years by secret ballot, the currently serving President is Carmen Lúcia. Re-election for a term is not allowed. By tradition, the members of the Court always elect as president the most senior minister of the Court that has not yet served as President, to avoid politicization of the Court. Therefore, it is known beforehand that the next Presidents of the Court, after Carmen Lúcia, will be, in order, Dias Toffoli and Luiz Fux. According to the convention, the Court selects as vice-president for a certain term the minister who, according to that tradition. Notes M. ^ Names in bold are the used in social denomination. Brazil federal courts Tribunal de Justiça List of Ministers of the Supreme Federal Court Official website Photo 360° of Supreme Federal Court - GUIABSB
4.
Castro Alves
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Antônio Frederico de Castro Alves was a Brazilian poet and playwright, famous for his abolitionist and republican poems. One of the most famous poets of the Condorism, he won the epithet of O Poeta dos Escravos and he is the patron of the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In 1853, he was sent to study in the Colégio Sebrão, run by Abílio César Borges, there, he would meet and befriend Ruy Barbosa. In 1862, he moved to Recife in order to study at the Faculdade de Direito do Recife and he only was able to join the college in 1864, there meeting Tobias Barreto and José Bonifácio the Younger. They would heavily influence Alves writing style, and in turn and his father would die in 1866, and short after, he met Portuguese actress Eugênia Câmara, and would start dating her afterwards. In the following year, he and Câmara would go to São Paulo, in there, he also befriended Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa, and wrote a poem named Deusa incruenta, based on Sousas work Terribilis Dea. His play Gonzaga would be performed on the end of 1868, being received by critics and public alike. During a hunting trip in the year, Alves received an accidental shotgun shot in his left foot. However, a prosthesis was made for him, and thus he was able to walk again and he would spend the year of 1870 in his home-state of Bahia, trying to recover from the tuberculosis he got while in São Paulo. Also in 1870, Alves published the poetry book Espumas Flutuantes – the only work he would publish during his lifetime, all his other works would receive a posthumous publication. Alves attempts to mitigate the tuberculosis were in vain, he would die on 6 July 1871, in the city of Salvador and they can be found on Espumas Flutuantes. Castro Alves biography at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Works by or about Castro Alves at Internet Archive Works by Castro Alves at LibriVox
5.
Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay
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Alfredo Maria Adriano dEscragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay, was a French Brazilian writer, musician, professor, military engineer, historian, politician, sociologist and nobleman. He is famous for the Regionalist novel Inocência, considered a forerunner of Naturalism in Brazil, and for A Retirada da Laguna. The Brazilianist Leslie Bethell has described it as the one undoubted literary masterpiece produced by the Paraguayan War and he founded and occupied the 13th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1899. Taunay was born in Rio de Janeiro, in 1843, growing up in a cultured environment, Taunay studied Literature and Humanities at the Colégio Pedro II, graduating in 1858. He would study Physics and Mathematics in what is now the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. From his experiences at the war, he wrote the memoir Cenas de Viagem in 1868, Taunay wrote and published his first romance, Mocidade de Trajano, in 1871, under the pen name Sílvio Dinarte. In 1885, he would ask for his demission of the Major post, Taunay married Cristina Teixeira Leite, daughter of Francisco José Teixeira Leite, granddaughter of Francisco José Teixeira and grandniece of Custódio Ferreira Leite. They would have one son, future historian Afonso dEscragnolle Taunay, Taunay was a member of the Conservative Party, but when the party fell, in 1878, he travelled to Europe, returning only in 1880. From 1881 to 1884, he was the deputy of Santa Catarina and he candidated himself to the post of deputy of Rio de Janeiro, but was defeated in the elections. From 1885 to 1886, he was the governor of Paraná, one of Taunays most famous deeds as governor of Paraná was the inauguration of the famous Passeio Público in the capital Curitiba, in 1886. In 1889, Emperor Pedro II gave him the title of Viscount of Taunay, however, when Brazil became a Republic, the nobility ranks were all abolished. Taunay, disgusted, abandoned his career, since he was a monarchist. He died in 1899, due to diabetes
6.
Coelho Neto
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Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto was a Brazilian writer and politician. He founded and occupied the chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was also the president of the aforementioned Academy in 1926, Coelho Neto was born in the city of Caxias, Maranhão, on February 21,1864. His father was Portuguese, but his mother was an indigenous woman, at six years of age, his parents moved to Rio de Janeiro. He began his education at the Externato of the Colegio Pedro II and he attempted medical school but soon gave up. In 1883 he enrolled at the University of São Paulo School of Law, living in the house where also lived Raul Pompeia. He soon found himself involved in a student movement against a professor, in anticipation of reprisals, he moved to the Law Faculty of Recife, where he completed the first year of law, having been a student of the jurist and poet Tobias Barreto. Returning to São Paulo, he devoted himself passionately to the abolitionist and Republican campaign, in 1885 he finally abandoned his legal studies and moved to Rio de Janeiro. He became part of a group of bohemians that included such as Olavo Bilac, Luís Murat, Guimarães Passos. He joined the newspaper Gazeta da Tarde, later moving to the sheet Cidade do Rio, from this period date his first published volumes. In 1890, he married Maria Gabriela Brandão, daughter of educator Alberto Olympio Brandão, one of those was the famous football player João Coelho Neto. He was appointed to the post of secretary of the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in 1892 he was appointed professor of art history at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes and, later, professor of literature at the Colégio Pedro II. He was elected congressman for Maranhão in 1909 and was reelected in 1917 and he was also secretary-general of the League of National Defense and a member of the Advisory Board of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro. In addition to holding office, Coelho Neto maintained and intensified his activities in magazines and newspapers of all sizes, in Rio. In 1923, he converted to Spiritualism, delivering a speech about his adoption of the doctrine in the Salão da Velha Guarda in Rio de Janeiro. He was active in all literary genres and was for many years the most widely read writer in Brazil. He wrote what could have been the first Brazilian serial movie, however, only the first episode was ever completed. He was probably the most widely read Brazilian writer in the first decades of the twentieth century, however, he and his work were attacked by the Modernists during the Modern Art Week in 1922 and this probably contributed to his later neglect by publishers and the Brazilian public
7.
Euclides da Cunha
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Euclides da Cunha was a Brazilian journalist, sociologist and engineer. His most important work is Os Sertões, an account of the military expeditions promoted by the Brazilian government against the rebellious village of Canudos. This book was a favorite of Robert Lowell, who ranked it above Tolstoy, jorge Luis Borges also commented on it in his short story Three Versions of Judas. The book was translated into English by Samuel Putnam and published by the University of Chicago Press in 1944, Euclides da Cunha was heavily influenced by Naturalism and its Darwinian proponents. Os Sertões characterised the coast of Brazil as a chain of civilisations while the interior was more primitively influenced, Euclides da Cunha was the basis for the character of The Journalist in Mario Vargas Llosas The War of the End of the World. Euclides da Cunha occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1903 until his death in 1909, Euclides da Cunha was born January 20,1866 in Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he lived until he was three years old. He attended Escola Militar da Praia Vermelha, a school in Rio. He was readmitted to the Escola Militar in 1889 and he was admitted to the Brazilian War School in 1891. He was discharged from the Army in 1896 in order to dedicate himself to studying civil engineering, in 1897 he Accompanied the Army in the Campanha de Canudos, against a rebellious group of peasants under the leadership of Antonio Conselheiro. Between 7 August and 1 October, he was in the Sertão, on August 15,1909 he tried to kill a young Army lieutenant who was the lover of his wife, but his brother shot back in self-defense and Euclides da Cunha was killed. 1902 Os Sertões -- also Penguin Classics in a new translation, ISBN 978-0-14-310607-41907 Contrastes e confrontos, new York, Alfred A. Knoff, pp. 210–221
8.
Alberto de Oliveira
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Antônio Mariano de Oliveira was a Brazilian poet, pharmacist and professor. He is better known by his pen name Alberto de Oliveira, alongside Olavo Bilac and Raimundo Correia, he comprised the Brazilian Parnassian Triad. He founded and occupied the 8th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1937, jornal de Poesia bio Brazilian Embassy in Ottawa Fundamentos Modernos das Poesias de Alberto de Oliveira
9.
Fagundes Varela
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Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was a Brazilian Romantic poet, adept of the Ultra-Romanticism movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was born in Rio Claro in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to places, among them the city of Catalão, Goiás. Returning to Rio, he lived in Angra dos Reis and Petrópolis, in 1859, he goes to São Paulo and, in 1862, enters at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, but abandons it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, Noturnas, one year before and he married a circus artist from Sorocaba, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family and made his condition worse. With her he had a son, Emiliano, who died with 3 months old, extremely depressed, Fagundes wrote in the memory of his son his most well-known poem. His woman died in 1865 or 1866, while Varela was travelling to Recife, returning to São Paulo, he matriculated himself once more in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1867, but would later abandon it once more. He then returns to his house in Rio Claro, living in there until 1870 and he marries once again, with his cousin Maria Belisária de Brito Lambert, having with her two daughters and one son. Having moved to Niterói with his father in 1870, he lives there until dying, some of Varelas poems have an unusual theme for the Ultra-Romanticism, the Abolitionism. Because of that, he is considered to be one of the forerunners of the Condorism, alongside Junqueira Freire, another Ultra-Romantic poet who spoke of the Abolitionism in some of his poems
