1.
Prime Minister of Brazil
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The political position of Prime Minister of Brazil existed for two times. The first during the era of the Empire of Brazil, in which Brazil as a Constitutional Monarchy, the office was created in 1847 and abolished together with the monarchy in 1889. The second time was in the 1960s when the presidential Brazil adopted the parliamentarist system lasting for less than 2 years, often, the title President of the Council, a shortened version of the official style, was also employed. However, Emperor Pedro II decided to appoint a president of the Council among his ministers, however, the emperor didnt become a figurehead monarch like other heads of State in a parliamentary system. The prime minister needed to retain the political confidence both of a majority of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Emperor, who scrutinized the workings of the Government. Sometimes the Emperor would dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and summon new elections, or dismiss the prime minister, thus, the Emperor would often dismiss a prime minister, and then appoint someone else from the same party. All this led to a succession of short-lived Cabinets, the emperor retained decision-making powers with regard to the signature or veto of bills passed by Parliament, and would not always abide by the advice of his ministers. During the forty-nine years of Pedro IIs personal reign, from 1840 until 1889 there were sixteen parliamentary elections and this means that, on average, each legislature of the Chamber of Deputies had a life span slightly superior to three years. Certain politicians, however, like the Duke of Caxias, Marquis of Olinda, Caxias and Zacarias Góis e Vasconcellos each served three times as President of the Council, while Olinda held the office of Prime Minister for a record of four times. The president of the Council owed his position to both his partys majority in the Legislature and to the Emperor, and these two sources of authority could sometimes come into conflict. The longest continuous prime-ministership corresponded to the period when the Viscount of Rio Branco was in office, the position of prime minister was abolished with the deposition of the Monarchy in 1889. Several of his co-conspirators, however, were Republicans, and later in the day the events of the coup progressed to the deposition of the Monarchy. Once the Republic was proclaimed, a presidential Executive replaced the system of Government. After the coup détat that abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic, the new republic instead adopted the model of a presidential executive, except for a brief period during the presidency of President João Goulart. The parliamentary system was adopted in 1961 as a solution to a grave political crisis, and was again abolished. However, the holders of the office were addressed and referred to as Premier or Prime Minister. Often, the expression President of the Council, a version of the official title, was also used. Parties List of Brazilian monarchs List of Presidents of Brazil President of Brazil
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Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
3.
National Democratic Union (Brazil)
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The National Democratic Union was a political party that existed in Brazil between 1945 and 1965. It was ideologically aligned with conservatism, during most of its existence, it was the countrys second-strongest party. Its symbol was an Olympic torch and its motto was The price of freedom is eternal vigilance, at the end of Getúlio Vargas Estado Novo regime in 1945, political parties were allowed to reorganize themselves and to run in the general elections of that year. UDN grouped the main leaders of the opposition against the populism of the outgoing president and this constant opposition to Vargas was the partys main characteristic. Therefore, its opponents were the Social Democratic Party and the Brazilian Labour Party, formed to give support to Vargas among the elite. The main political figure of UDN was Carlos Lacerda, an enemy of Vargas. An assassination attempt against Lacerda led to Vargas suicide, on 1960, UDN preferred not to launch a presidential candidate, supporting the victorious Jânio Quadros instead. Although Quadros was not a UDN member himself, most of the ministers in the Quadros Cabinet were members of UDN, the party was soon dissatisfied with Quadros, who resigned in a clumsy political maneuver. Without UDNs support, Quadros lost the majority of seats in the Congress, on August 21,1961, just eight months after his inauguration, he resigned, hoping to return to power via popular acclaim. Vice President João Goulart from PTB then took office, as soon as 1962, UDN began to conspire with military officers to topple him. A political protégé of Vargas, Goulart launched a Basic Reforms plan, predicting education reform, land reform, urban reform, electoral reform and that was labelled by UDN as a Soviet influence on Brazilian politics. The plan also made PSD withdraw its support to the Goulart government in the National Congress, on April 1964, Goulart was deposed by a US-backed military coup détat, which had the support of most UDN members. Lacerda, then governor of the Guanabara State hoped to win the presidential election of 1965. However, the military regime cancelled this election and suppressed all the political parties, most of its members subsequently joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, a new party created to endorse the military regime. Even before UDN supported the 1964 Brazilian Coup détat, opponents of UDN characterized it as a golpista party, however, the party was not conservative as a whole. Liberal and authoritarian, conservative and progressive theses coexisted in UDN, for instance, it voted in favor of the state monopoly on oil and against the impeachment of Communist members of the Congress. On the other hand, it denounced the Communist infiltration in public administration, contesting the results whenever losing an election was also a common practice inside UDN. The party was marked by binding itself with the Brazilian Army, an expression of the attitudes of its leaders towards politics, udenismo was characterized by defending classical liberalism, clinging to higher education and morality, and repulsing populism
4.
Brazilian Socialist Party
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The Brazilian Socialist Party is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the regime in 1965. It elected six Governors in 2010, becoming the second largest party in number of state governments, in 2014 the party went into opposition, advocating greater economic stability, low inflation, high economic growth, sustainable development, and social welfare programs. The name Brazilian Socialist Party or variants had been used by several small socialist parties of brief existence prior to the foundation of PSB on 1947. PSB has its origins at the end of the Getúlio Vargas Estado Novo regime and its goals were to combine the social changes of the period with broad civil and political liberties. EDs ideology was based on a broad left-wing concept, it advocated that socialism had to be built gradually and legally, through the defense of democracy and a national identity. On 6 August 1947, the Brazilian Socialist Party was founded, maintaining the same program, in its 1947 manifesto, the PSB sought to represent an alternative to the main left-wing parties of that period, Vargas Brazilian Labor Party and the Brazilian Communist Party. PSB opposed the centralism and authoritarianism of Vargas, as well as the labour union structure supported by PTB. They opposed PCBs cult of personality and radical Marxism, which placed the PSB in the center-left spectrum, PSB proposed to be a party of everyone who relies on their own work. Its structure brought a new experience which characterized PSBs democratic profile, through them, Socialist militants could get involved in the party project, discuss national issues and form the orientation and the target of partisan action. In the 1950 election, PSBs candidate, João Mangabeira won only 0. 12% of the vote, at the same time, the PSB approached the PCB, banned in 1947 and operating underground. A number of communists ran for office under the PSBs endorsement, in the 1955 election, the PSB endorsed the UDN candidate, Juarez Távora. In São Paulo, the PSB supported the electoral endeavors of Jânio Quadros, first in the São Paulo mayoral election in 1953 and Quadros successful bid for Governor in 1954. However, the PSBs support for Quadros, a rather middle-class reformer, split the party, in the 1960 election, won by Quadros, the PSB supported the candidacy of Teixeira Lott. The PSB had limited legislative representation between 1947 and 1964, but in 1962 it elected one Senator, Aurélio Viana defeated the UDNs candidate, Juracy Magalhães in Guanabara State. The party supported left-wing President João Goulart, who was overthrown by the military in 1964, most Socialists joined the Brazilian Democratic Movement, the only opposition party recognized by the military regime. Following the fall of the military in 1985, a number of former PSB members joined the Democratic Labour Party or the Workers Party, following re-democratization, a Brazilian Socialist Party was re-organized on the 1947 manifesto. It achieved limited success at the outset, though it elected some legislators and mayors
5.
Supreme Federal Court
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The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues, on questions involving exclusively non-constitutional issues, regarding federal laws, the highest court is, by rule, the Superior Court of Justice. There are also other mechanisms for reaching the Court directly, such as the Declaratory Action of Constitutionality, the eleven judges of the court are called Ministers, although having no similarity with the government body of ministers. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, there is a mandatory retirement age of 75. All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court have been broadcast live on television since 2002, the Court is open for the public to watch the meetings. The result was a court that is overstretched to the point of mutiny, the Supreme Court received 100,781 cases last year. The court was inaugurated during the era in 1808, the year that the royal family of Portugal arrived in Rio de Janeiro. It was originally called the House of Appeals of Brazil, the proclamation of the Brazilian Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Imperial Constitution in 1824 preceded the establishment of the Supreme Court of Justice in 1829. With the first Constitution of the Republic, the current Court was established, two hundred members have served on the Court. The Constitution of 1891 decided that the Court would have 15 members, when Getúlio Vargas came into power, the number of members was reduced to 11. The number was changed to 16 in 1965, but returned to 11 in 1969 and has not changed since, of all Presidents of Brazil, only one never nominated a minister. The President and Vice-president of the Court are elected by their peers for a term of two years by secret ballot, the currently serving President is Carmen Lúcia. Re-election for a term is not allowed. By tradition, the members of the Court always elect as president the most senior minister of the Court that has not yet served as President, to avoid politicization of the Court. Therefore, it is known beforehand that the next Presidents of the Court, after Carmen Lúcia, will be, in order, Dias Toffoli and Luiz Fux. According to the convention, the Court selects as vice-president for a certain term the minister who, according to that tradition. Notes M. ^ Names in bold are the used in social denomination. Brazil federal courts Tribunal de Justiça List of Ministers of the Supreme Federal Court Official website Photo 360° of Supreme Federal Court - GUIABSB
6.
Brazilian Academy of Letters
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Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15,1896, on July 20 of the same year, the Academy entered into operation. The Brazilian Academy of Letters is, according to its statutes, charged with the care of the language of Brazil. The Academy is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil, although it is not a state institution and no law grants to it oversight over the language, by its prestige and technical qualification it is the paramount authority on Brazilian Portuguese. The Academys main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language of which there were five editions, the Vocabulary is prepared by the Academys Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the Vocabulary, it is considered not to exist as a word in Brazilian Portuguese. The Orthographic Vocabulary, however, is not a dictionary, as it contains words and their grammatical categories, the Academy does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in the future. Both the Houaiss and the Aurélio Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the Academy in their private capacities, the preparation of an official dictionary of the Portuguese language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The Academy is composed to this day of 40 members, known as immortals, chosen from among the citizens of Brazil, the position of immortal is awarded for the recipients lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the Academy members when one of the chairs become vacant, the academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with a sword when participating in official meetings of the Academy. The Academy, which was a purely male affair until the election of novelist Rachel de Queiroz in 1977 for chair No. 5, now has four members, one of which, Nélida Piñon. The Academy, thanks to revenues in excess of $4 million a year, is financially stable and it owns a skyscraper with 28 floors, in the center of Rio, which the Academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were legated by book editor Francisco Alves, in 1917 and this comfortable situation allows for paying a jeton to each academician. The ABL is located just by its side, in a neoclassical building and it was donated by the government of France in 1923 and is so named because it is a copy of the Petit Trianon palace in Versailles, near Paris, France. It has recently inaugurated one of the largest public libraries in Rio, with 90,000 volumes, sometimes, an extraordinary commemorative prize is also awarded, such as the José Lins do Rego prize, in 2001, and the Afonso Arinos prize, in 2005. The Academy also publishes a periodical, the Brazilian Review
7.
Adelino Fontoura
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Adelino Fontoura Chaves was a Brazilian poet, actor and journalist. He is the patron of the 1st chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, Adelino Fontoura was born in the city of Axixá, in Maranhão, to Antônio Fontoura Chaves and Francisca Dias Fontoura. Since as a child, he would have a strong friendship with future author Artur Azevedo. Moving to Recife, he would work at the satirical journal Os Xênios, returning to Maranhão, he initiated his artistical career, performing in a play that would make him arrested. After this incident, he moved to Rio de Janeiro and he tried the artistic and the journalistic career, failing in the first one. After the Gazeta da Tarde was bought by José do Patrocínio, already very sick, his situation got worse due to the harsh French winter, what made him move to Lisbon in an unsuccessful attempt to get better. He died with only 25 years, without publishing any book, as mentioned above, Fontouras work is very sparse, as he did not published anything during his lifetime. Attempts of compiling his poetry were made during the 1940s and 1950s by Múcio Leão and his most well-known poem is the sonnet Celeste. Works by Fontoura at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Fontouras biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
8.
Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay
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Afonso dEscragnolle Taunay was a Brazilian writer, politician and noble. Afonso was born in Palácio Rosado, the residence of Santa Catarinas governor and he was the only legitime son of Alfredo dEscragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay, and Cristina Teixeira Leite. He was the grandson of Félix Taunay, baron of Taunay, and the great-grandson of the Count of Escragnolle and he has one half-brother, João Pedro Nolasco, born in Paris. He graduated in Civil Engineering at the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro and he taught at Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. He was the director of Museu Paulista from 1934 to 1937 and he married Sara de Sousa Queirós, and had four sons, Ana Queirós Taunay, Paulo Taunay, Augusto de Escragnolle Taunay and Clarisse Taunay
9.
Ana Maria Machado
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Ana Maria Machado is a Brazilian writer of childrens books, one of the most significant alongside Lygia Bojunga Nunes and Ruth Rocha. She received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000 for her contribution to childrens literature. She started her career as a painter in Rio de Janeiro, after studying Romance languages she did a PhD with Roland Barthes at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris. She worked as journalist for the magazine Elle in Paris and the BBC in London, in 1979, she opened the first children’s bookshop in Brazil, Malasartes. In 1969, Ana Maria Machado started to write, in Era uma vez um tirano three children defy a tyrant who has forbidden colour, thoughts and any happiness. Without pointing fingers, Ana Maria Machado always dresses up her messages in humorous stories, similar to many Brazilian children’s book authors of her generation, Ana Maria Machado stands in the tradition of the first great children’s book author, Jose Bento Monteiro Lobato. Her writing is marked, in the style of realism, by a subtle mix of social satire and fantastic elements as well as a conscious and playful use of language. For the author, fantasy also means to expand the sense for space and time and to allow reality, just as brilliantly in ‘Palavra de Honra’ Machado tells the story of a Luso-Brazilian family which has become very wealthy since their arrival in the 19th century. The reader encounters Letícia, who tries to reconstruct her own story out of the remains of the family legacy. Ana Maria Machado lives with her family in Rio de Janeiro, the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of childrens books. Jansson received the award in 2000. Ana Maria Machado has written more than hundred books for children and adults in 17 countries for which she has received the most significant Brazilian awards and many international honours
10.
Coelho Neto
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Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto was a Brazilian writer and politician. He founded and occupied the chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was also the president of the aforementioned Academy in 1926, Coelho Neto was born in the city of Caxias, Maranhão, on February 21,1864. His father was Portuguese, but his mother was an indigenous woman, at six years of age, his parents moved to Rio de Janeiro. He began his education at the Externato of the Colegio Pedro II and he attempted medical school but soon gave up. In 1883 he enrolled at the University of São Paulo School of Law, living in the house where also lived Raul Pompeia. He soon found himself involved in a student movement against a professor, in anticipation of reprisals, he moved to the Law Faculty of Recife, where he completed the first year of law, having been a student of the jurist and poet Tobias Barreto. Returning to São Paulo, he devoted himself passionately to the abolitionist and Republican campaign, in 1885 he finally abandoned his legal studies and moved to Rio de Janeiro. He became part of a group of bohemians that included such as Olavo Bilac, Luís Murat, Guimarães Passos. He joined the newspaper Gazeta da Tarde, later moving to the sheet Cidade do Rio, from this period date his first published volumes. In 1890, he married Maria Gabriela Brandão, daughter of educator Alberto Olympio Brandão, one of those was the famous football player João Coelho Neto. He was appointed to the post of secretary of the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in 1892 he was appointed professor of art history at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes and, later, professor of literature at the Colégio Pedro II. He was elected congressman for Maranhão in 1909 and was reelected in 1917 and he was also secretary-general of the League of National Defense and a member of the Advisory Board of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro. In addition to holding office, Coelho Neto maintained and intensified his activities in magazines and newspapers of all sizes, in Rio. In 1923, he converted to Spiritualism, delivering a speech about his adoption of the doctrine in the Salão da Velha Guarda in Rio de Janeiro. He was active in all literary genres and was for many years the most widely read writer in Brazil. He wrote what could have been the first Brazilian serial movie, however, only the first episode was ever completed. He was probably the most widely read Brazilian writer in the first decades of the twentieth century, however, he and his work were attacked by the Modernists during the Modern Art Week in 1922 and this probably contributed to his later neglect by publishers and the Brazilian public
11.
Carlos Heitor Cony
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Carlos Heitor Cony is a Brazilian journalist and writer. Hes a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and he views himself as center-leftist and faced persecution under the military government in the 1960s. He is one of Brazils leading journalists and novelists with four of his works adapted to movies and he is a columnist at the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S. Paulo. Folha Mertin-litag BBC Carlos Heitor Cony at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Carlos Nejar
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Luis Carlos Verzoni Nejar, better known as Carlos Nejar, is a Brazilian poet, author, translator and critic, and a member of the Academia Brasileira de Letras. One of the most important poets of its generation, Nejar, also called o poeta do pampa brasileiro, is distinguished for his use of a vocabulary, alliteration. His first book, Sélesis, was published in 1960, Nejar was elected to the fourth seat of the Brazilian Academy of Letters on November 24,1988, succeeding Viana Moog. Poetry Sélesis - Livraria do Globo, Porto Alegre,1960, Livro de Silbion - editora Difusão de Cultura, Porto Alegre,1963. Livro do tempo - editora Champagnat, Porto Alegre,1965, O campeador e o vento - editora Sulina, Porto Alegre,1966. Danações - José Álvaro Editor, Rio de Janeiro, em 1969, ordenações, editora Globo em convênio com o Instituto Nacional do Livro. Prêmio Jorge de Lima, Porto Alegre,1971, Canga, editora Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, em 1971. Casa dos arreios - editora Globo, em convênio com o INL, O poço do calabouço, coleção Círculo de Poesia, Livraria Moraes Editores, Lisboa,1974. Prêmio Fernando Chinaglia, para a melhor obra publicada no ano de 1974, pela União Brasileira de Escritores, O poço do calabouço, editora Salamandra, Rio de Janeiro,1977. De sélesis a danações, editora Quíron, em convênio com o INL,1975, somos poucos, editora Crítica, Rio de Janeiro, em 1976. Árvore do mundo, editora Nova Aguilar e convênio com o INL,1977, Prêmio Luíza Cláudio de Souza, do Pen Clube do Brasil, como melhor obra publicada naquele ano. O chapéu das estações, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1978, Três livros, O poço do calabouço, Árvore do mundo e Chapéu das estações, num só volume - Círculo do Livro, os viventes, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1979. Um país o coração, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1980, obra poética -, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1980. Prêmio Érico Veríssimo, Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre,1981, Livro de Gazéis, Moraes Editores, Coleção Canto Universal, Lisboa, Portugal,1983, Editora Record, Rio de Janeiro,1984. Os melhores poemas de Carlos Nejar, editora Global, São Paulo,1984, a genealogia da palavra, editora Iluminuras, São Paulo,1989. Meus estimados vivos, Editora Nemar, Vitória, ES, em 1991, elza dos pássaros, ou a ordem dos planetas, editora Nejarim-Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, ES,1993. Canga, edição bilíngüe, tradução ao espanhol de Luis Oviedo, editora Nejarim-Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, simón Vento Bolívar, bilíngüe, tradução ao espanhol de Luis Oviedo, editora Age, Porto Alegre, RS,1993. Arca da Aliança, editora Nejarim - Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, os dias pelos dias, Editora Topbooks, Rio de Janeiro,1997
13.
Raimundo Correia
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Raimundo da Mota de Azevedo Correia was a Brazilian Parnassian poet, judge and magistrate. Alongside Alberto de Oliveira and Olavo Bilac, he was a member of the Parnassian Triad and he founded and occupied the 5th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1911. Correia was born on a ship anchored in the shores of São Luís, Maranhão, Correia made his secondary course at the Colégio Pedro II, and graduated in Law in 1882, at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo. He would serve as a judge in Rio de Janeiro. Correias first book, Primeiros Sonhos, was published in 1879, however, he would join Parnassianism in 1883, with him book Sinfonias. Some of his poems are considered to forerun the Symbolist movement in Brazil. Correia died in 1911 in Paris while he was searching for a treatment for his diseases, Primeiros Sonhos Sinfonias Versos e Versões Aleluias Poesias Raimundo Correias biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Works by Raimundo Correia at LibriVox
14.
Oswaldo Cruz
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For the neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, see Oswaldo Cruz. For the neighborhood in São Paulo, see Osvaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz, better known as Oswaldo Cruz, was a Brazilian physician, bacteriologist, epidemiologist and public health officer and the founder of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. He occupied the chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1912 until his death in 1917. Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz was born on August 5,1872 in São Luis do Paraitinga, as a child, he moved to Rio de Janeiro with his family. At the age of 15 he started to study at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and he was financed by his father-in-law, a wealthy Portuguese merchant. Cruz found the seaport of Santos ravaged by a violent epidemic of plague that threatened to reach Rio de Janeiro. The mayor of Rio de Janeiro authorized the construction of a plant for manufacturing the serum against the disease which had developed at the Pasteur Institute by Alexandre Yersin. He asked the institution for a scientist who could bring to Brazil this know-how, the Pasteur Institute responded that such a person was already available in Brazil, Dr. Oswaldo Cruz. The new institute was established in the old farm of Manguinhos at the shores of Guanabara Bay. In the following year, Cruz was appointed general of Public Health. Using the Federal Serotherapy Institute as technical-scientific base, he started a succession of memorable sanitation campaigns. His first adversary, a series of yellow fever endemics, which had earned Rio de Janeiro the sinister reputation of Foreigners Grave, between 1897 and 1906,4,000 European immigrants had died there from the disease. In 1904, an epidemic was threatening the capital. In the first five months of the year, more than 1,800 people had been hospitalized, a law imposing smallpox vaccination of children had existed since 1837 but had never been put into practice. Therefore, on June 9,1904, following a proposal by Oswaldo Cruz, the extremely rigid and severe provisions of this instrument terrified the people. Popular opposition against Cruz increased sharply and opposition newspapers started a violent campaign against this, members of the parliament and labor unions protested. On November 10, the Vaccine Revolt exploded in Rio, violent confrontations with the police ensued, with strikes, barricades, and shootings in the streets, as the population rose in protest against the government. On November 14, the Military Academy adhered to the revolt, the government declared a state of siege
15.
Rachel de Queiroz
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Rachel de Queiroz was a Brazilian author, translator and journalist. Rachel was born on 17 November 1910 in Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. During her childhood, her family spent a couple of years in Rio de Janeiro and she began her career in journalism in 1927 under the pen name Rita de Queiroz. She entered national spotlight with the success of her debut novel O Quinze in 1930. She published other three novels before moving to Rio, in 1939 and she was also renowned for her crônicas, short topical newspaper pieces. In 1964 she became Brazils representative to the UN and in 1977 she became the first woman writer to enter the Academia Brasileira de Letras and she won the Camões Prize and the Prêmio Jabuti. She died of heart attack in her apartment in Leblon, Rio de Janeiro on 4 November 2003 and her novel O Quinze was made into a film in 2004. edu Biography Rachel de Queiroz at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Casimiro de Abreu
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Casimiro José Marques de Abreu was a Brazilian poet, novelist and playwright, adept of the Ultra-Romanticism movement. He is famous for the poem Meus oito anos and he is patron of the 6th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Casimiro de Abreu was born on January 4,1839, in the city of Barra de São João, to rich Portuguese farmers José Joaquim Marques de Abreu and Luísa Joaquina das Neves. He received only an education at Instituto Freeze, in Nova Friburgo. Following orders of his father, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1852 to dedicate himself to commerce, with his father, he travelled to Portugal in 1853. There he began his career, writing for many newspapers and collaborating with Alexandre Herculano and Luís Augusto Rebelo da Silva. In 1857, he returned to Rio, where he became a collaborator for the newspapers A Marmota, O Espelho, Revista Popular, while working for the latter, he met Manuel Antônio de Almeida and Machado de Assis. In 1859, he published his most famous work, the poetry book As Primaveras and its publication was financed by his father, although he disapproved Casimiros literary vocation. Suffering from tuberculosis, Casimiro moved to Nova Friburgo in order to recover, but he died at age 21 on October 18,1860
17.
Castro Alves
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Antônio Frederico de Castro Alves was a Brazilian poet and playwright, famous for his abolitionist and republican poems. One of the most famous poets of the Condorism, he won the epithet of O Poeta dos Escravos and he is the patron of the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In 1853, he was sent to study in the Colégio Sebrão, run by Abílio César Borges, there, he would meet and befriend Ruy Barbosa. In 1862, he moved to Recife in order to study at the Faculdade de Direito do Recife and he only was able to join the college in 1864, there meeting Tobias Barreto and José Bonifácio the Younger. They would heavily influence Alves writing style, and in turn and his father would die in 1866, and short after, he met Portuguese actress Eugênia Câmara, and would start dating her afterwards. In the following year, he and Câmara would go to São Paulo, in there, he also befriended Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa, and wrote a poem named Deusa incruenta, based on Sousas work Terribilis Dea. His play Gonzaga would be performed on the end of 1868, being received by critics and public alike. During a hunting trip in the year, Alves received an accidental shotgun shot in his left foot. However, a prosthesis was made for him, and thus he was able to walk again and he would spend the year of 1870 in his home-state of Bahia, trying to recover from the tuberculosis he got while in São Paulo. Also in 1870, Alves published the poetry book Espumas Flutuantes – the only work he would publish during his lifetime, all his other works would receive a posthumous publication. Alves attempts to mitigate the tuberculosis were in vain, he would die on 6 July 1871, in the city of Salvador and they can be found on Espumas Flutuantes. Castro Alves biography at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Works by or about Castro Alves at Internet Archive Works by Castro Alves at LibriVox
18.
Euclides da Cunha
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Euclides da Cunha was a Brazilian journalist, sociologist and engineer. His most important work is Os Sertões, an account of the military expeditions promoted by the Brazilian government against the rebellious village of Canudos. This book was a favorite of Robert Lowell, who ranked it above Tolstoy, jorge Luis Borges also commented on it in his short story Three Versions of Judas. The book was translated into English by Samuel Putnam and published by the University of Chicago Press in 1944, Euclides da Cunha was heavily influenced by Naturalism and its Darwinian proponents. Os Sertões characterised the coast of Brazil as a chain of civilisations while the interior was more primitively influenced, Euclides da Cunha was the basis for the character of The Journalist in Mario Vargas Llosas The War of the End of the World. Euclides da Cunha occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1903 until his death in 1909, Euclides da Cunha was born January 20,1866 in Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he lived until he was three years old. He attended Escola Militar da Praia Vermelha, a school in Rio. He was readmitted to the Escola Militar in 1889 and he was admitted to the Brazilian War School in 1891. He was discharged from the Army in 1896 in order to dedicate himself to studying civil engineering, in 1897 he Accompanied the Army in the Campanha de Canudos, against a rebellious group of peasants under the leadership of Antonio Conselheiro. Between 7 August and 1 October, he was in the Sertão, on August 15,1909 he tried to kill a young Army lieutenant who was the lover of his wife, but his brother shot back in self-defense and Euclides da Cunha was killed. 1902 Os Sertões -- also Penguin Classics in a new translation, ISBN 978-0-14-310607-41907 Contrastes e confrontos, new York, Alfred A. Knoff, pp. 210–221
19.
Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda
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Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda was a prominent Brazilian jurist, judge, diplomat and professor of Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco. He occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1979, Pontes de Miranda was born in Maceió and studied in Recife, receiving his diploma in Law in 1911. He got married twice, in 1914, to Maria Beatriz Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda, after beginning his career as a lawyer, Pontes de Miranda become a judge in 1924. In 1939, he left the Court of Appeal in which he presided, Pontes de Miranda was also a professor. He taught law at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1932 and he died at the age of 87, in Rio de Janeiro, victim of a heart attack. More than thirty years after his death, Pontes de Miranda is still one of the most cited Brazilian jurists, Pontes de Miranda has written 29 works, which spread over 144 volumes, ranging from scientific to literary subjects. His literary efforts include both prose and poetry, however, he is best regarded for his scientific works, and, especially, his eight treatises, all of which are dedicated to the study of law. This treatise is a vast piece of work, comprising 60 volumes and 30 thousand pages and it is considered one of the longest treatises ever written by a single person. Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Mirandas biography at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
20.
Nelson Pereira dos Santos
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Nelson Pereira dos Santos is a Brazilian film director. He directed films such as Vidas Secas, based on the book with the name by Brazilian writer Graciliano Ramos. Santos was born in São Paulo, the first feature film he directed was Rio 40°, which was released in 1955. The film is a chronicle of life in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, in 1963, he was a member of the jury at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival. In 1981 he was a member of the jury at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival and his most well-known film outside of Brazil is Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês. It was entered into the 21st Berlin International Film Festival and his 1994 film The Third Bank of the River was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. Santos belongs to the Brazilian Academy of Letters since 2006, juventude Rio 40 Graus Rio Zona Norte Mandacaru Vermelho El justicero Barren Lives The Golden Mouth Hunger for Love The Alienist How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman Quem é Beta
21.
Alberto de Oliveira
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Antônio Mariano de Oliveira was a Brazilian poet, pharmacist and professor. He is better known by his pen name Alberto de Oliveira, alongside Olavo Bilac and Raimundo Correia, he comprised the Brazilian Parnassian Triad. He founded and occupied the 8th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1937, jornal de Poesia bio Brazilian Embassy in Ottawa Fundamentos Modernos das Poesias de Alberto de Oliveira
22.
Carlos Chagas Filho
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Carlos Chagas Filho was a Brazilian physician, biologist and scientist active in the field of neuroscience. He was internationally renowned for his investigations on the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of electrogenesis by the electroplaques of electric fishes. He was the son of Dr. Carlos Chagas, an eminent scientist who is credited for the discovery of Chagas disease. His oldest brother was Evandro Chagas, also a physician and scientist specialized, like his father and he studied medicine from 1926 to 1931 at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Brasil (presently the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. After graduation, he went to become a director of this hospital during 1932, one year after graduation, he accepted a teaching post as assistant professor at the Medical School, in the chair of Biological Physics. With the death of its incumbent, Prof. Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira, he became its chairman, returning to Brazil, he established a Laboratory of Biophysics at the Medical School and assembled a group of students and researchers. In 1945 he achieved the elevation of the Laboratory to the Biophysics Institute and he was its director for a long time, as well as the dean of the Medical School. The Institute presently bears his name, Dr. Carlos Chagas Filho retired in 1980, but continued to work steadfastly almost until his death, at 89 years of age. Dr. Chagas Filhos main scientific contribution was centered on the study of the eletroplaques of the poraquê or electric eel, with his group, he made important and original advances in the elucidation of its anatomy and electrophysiology, cytochemistry, as well as its nervous control. He discovered the brain structures which control electrical discharges. He discovered also that the electroplaques has two kinds of excitability, one which is direct, and another which is reflex via the nervous pathways and he studied also the effects of curare on the electroplaques, which are modified striated muscles and thus have synaptic transmission based on acetylcholine. Dr. Chagas Filho also isolated the ACh membrane receptor and she later went to receive the Nobel Prize of Physiology and Medicine. He published several books, including an autobiography, a memoir about his father. Dr. Chagas Filho played a significant role as international leader and he was a Brazilian delegate and ambassador to UNESCO in Paris, and member of the Research Council of the Pan American Health Organization, in Washington, DC. At the United Nations he was president of the Special Committee for the Application of Science, together with Nobel Prize winner, physicist Abdus Salam, he founded the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Sciences. In 1972, he was appointed by Pope Paul VI to the presidency of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and he was deeply religious and sought to reconcile science and religion as best as possible. Rio de Janeiro, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz,1993, E Gomes-Quintana, RD Machado, C Chagas Filho. Cholinergic membranes from normal and denervated electric organ of Electrophorus electricus, CS Mermelstein, V Moura Neto, C Chagas Filho
23.
Rui Barbosa
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Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira was a Brazilian polymath, diplomat, writer, jurist, and politician. Born in Salvador, Bahia, he was a representative, senator, Minister of Finance. For his distinguished participation in the 2nd Hague Conference, defending the principle of equality among nations and he ran unsuccessfully for the Presidency of Brazil in 1910,1914 and in 1919. Ruy Barbosa gave his first public speech for the abolition of slavery when he was 19, for the rest of his life he remained an uncompromising defender of civil liberties. Slavery in Brazil was finally abolished by the Lei Áurea in 1888, part of Barbosas legacy to history is that he authorised, as minister of finance on 14 December 1890, the destruction of most government records relating to slavery. The avowed reason for destruction, which took several years to be enacted and was followed by his successors, was to erase the stain of slavery on Brazilian history. However, historians agree that Barbosa aimed to prevent any possible indemnization of the former slave-owners for this liberation. Indeed, eleven days after the abolition of slavery, a law project was deposed at the Chamber, Barbosas liberal ideas were influential in drafting of the first republican constitution. He was a supporter of fiat money, as opposed to a gold standard, during his term as finance secretary, he implemented far-reaching reforms of Brazils financial regime, instituting a vigorously expansionist monetary policy. The result was chaos and instability, the so-called fiat experiment resulted in the bubble of encilhamento, due to his controversial role during it, in the following administration of Floriano Peixoto, he was forced into exile until Florianos term ended. Years later, after his return he was elected as a Senator and he headed the Brazilian delegation to the 2nd Hague Conference and was brilliant in its deliberations. As candidate of the Civilian Party in the election of 1910. He was not successful and lost to Marshal Hermes da Fonseca and he ran again in the elections of 1914 and 1919, both times losing to the government candidate. During World War I, he played a key role among those who advocated the Allied cause, Barbosa died in Petrópolis, near Rio de Janeiro, in 1923. Turner, CW, Ruy Barbosa, Brazilian crusader for the freedoms, New York, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-419-10424-1. Mendes Silva, Professor Raul, Haia, Ruy Barbosa e a delegação brasileira à segunda conferência de paz, Missões de Paz, Brazil, fundação Casa de Ruy Barbosa, BR, Brazilian government. Works by or about Rui Barbosa at Internet Archive
24.
Fagundes Varela
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Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was a Brazilian Romantic poet, adept of the Ultra-Romanticism movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was born in Rio Claro in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to places, among them the city of Catalão, Goiás. Returning to Rio, he lived in Angra dos Reis and Petrópolis, in 1859, he goes to São Paulo and, in 1862, enters at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, but abandons it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, Noturnas, one year before and he married a circus artist from Sorocaba, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family and made his condition worse. With her he had a son, Emiliano, who died with 3 months old, extremely depressed, Fagundes wrote in the memory of his son his most well-known poem. His woman died in 1865 or 1866, while Varela was travelling to Recife, returning to São Paulo, he matriculated himself once more in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1867, but would later abandon it once more. He then returns to his house in Rio Claro, living in there until 1870 and he marries once again, with his cousin Maria Belisária de Brito Lambert, having with her two daughters and one son. Having moved to Niterói with his father in 1870, he lives there until dying, some of Varelas poems have an unusual theme for the Ultra-Romanticism, the Abolitionism. Because of that, he is considered to be one of the forerunners of the Condorism, alongside Junqueira Freire, another Ultra-Romantic poet who spoke of the Abolitionism in some of his poems
25.
Darcy Ribeiro
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Darcy Ribeiro was a Brazilian anthropologist, author and politician. His ideas of Latin American identity have influenced several later scholars of Latin American studies, Darcy Ribeiro was born in Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, the son of Reginaldo Ribeiro dos Santos and of Josefina Augusta da Silveira. He completed his primary and secondary education in his town, at the Grupo Escolar Gonçalves Chaves. He also served as the first rector of university. He was the founder of the State University of Norte Fluminense as well and he wrote numerous books, many of them about the indigenous populations of Brazil. Long before politicians incorporated the importance of education for the development of Brazil into their discourse, Darcy Ribeiro, Ribeiro was defeated, being unable to overcome the high approval rating of Moreira who was elected due to the popularity of the then-recent currency reform, the Cruzado Plan. Darcy Ribeiro was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters on October 8,1992 and his election was to Chair Number 11, which has as its Patron Fagundes Varela. He was formally received into the Academy on April 15,1993 and he died in Brasília, aged 74. He believed that people went through a process beginning as hunter-gatherers. Profile at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Fundação Darcy Ribeiro
