1.
Granada
–
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Beiro, the Darro, the Genil and the Monachil. It sits at an elevation of 738 m above sea level, yet is only one hour by car from the Mediterranean coast. Nearby is the Sierra Nevada Ski Station, where the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996 were held, about 3. 3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these people coming from South America. Its nearest airport is Federico García Lorca Granada-Jaén Airport, the Alhambra, a Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. It is the most renowned building of the Andalusian Islamic historical legacy with its cultural attractions that make Granada a popular destination among the touristic cities of Spain. The Almohad influence on architecture is preserved in the Granada neighborhood called the Albaicín with its fine examples of Moorish. Granada is also well-known within Spain for the University of Granada which has about 80,000 students spread over five different campuses in the city, the pomegranate is the heraldic device of Granada. The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500 BC and experienced Roman, the most ancient ruins found in the city belongs to an Iberian oppidum called Ilturir, in the region known as Bastetania. This oppidum eventually changed its name to Iliberri, and after the Roman conquest of Iberia, the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in AD711, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established Al-Andalus. In the early 11th century, after a war that ended the Caliphate, the Berber, Zawi ben Ziri, established an independent kingdom for himself. Jewish people were established in another close to Illiberis, called Gárnata or Gárnata al-Yahūd. Granadas historical name in the Arabic language was غرناطة, the word Gárnata possibly means hill of strangers. Because the city was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, in a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of Al-Andalus. By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach the hill of the future Alhambra, the Almoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and the Almohad dynasty from 1166. With the Reconquista in full swing after the conquest of Córdoba in 1236, according to some historians, Granada was a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile since that year. It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for gold from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb, the Nasrids also supplied troops from the Emirate and mercenaries from North Africa for service to Castile. Ibn Battuta, a traveler and an authentic historian, visited the Kingdom of Granada in 1350
Granada
–
From top left: The
Alhambra,
Generalife, Patio de los Leones in Alhambra, Royal Hall in Alhambra,
Albaicín and
Sacromonte, Huerto del Carlos, in Albaicín, Plaza Nueva, house in Albaicín, façade of the
cathedral, bell tower of the cathedral,
Royal Chapel
Granada
–
Arco/puerta de Elvira in Granada
Granada
–
Historic map of Granada by
Piri Reis
2.
Crown of Castile
–
The title of King of Castile remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, in the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain, even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of was called Spain by both contemporaries and historians. King of Castile also remains part of the title of Felipe VI of Spain. The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias, the Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of León. From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between León and the Kingdom of Navarre, in the 11th century it became a kingdom in its own right. The two kingdoms had been united twice previously, From 1037 until 1065 under Ferdinand I of León, upon his death his kingdoms passed to his sons, León to Alfonso VI, Castile to Sancho II, and Galicia to García. From 1072 until 1157 under Alfonso VI, Urraca, and Alfonso VII, from 1111 until 1126 Galicia was separate from the union under Alfonso VII. In 1157 the kingdoms were divided between Alfonsos sons, with Ferdinand II receiving León and Sancho III Castile, from then on the two kingdoms were united under the name of the Kingdom of León and Castile, or simply as the Crown of Castile. Ferdinand III later conquered the Guadalquivir Valley, while his son Alfonso X conquered the Kingdom of Murcia from Al-Andalus, the heir to the throne has been titled Prince of Asturias since the 14th century. Almost immediately after the union of the two kingdoms under Ferdinand III, the parliaments of Castile and León were united. It was divided into three estates, which corresponded with the nobility, the church and the cities, and included representation from Castile, León, Galicia, Toledo, Navarre, under Alfonso X, most sessions of the Cortes of both kingdoms were held jointly. The Cortes of 1258 in Valladolid comprised representatives of Castile, Extremadura and León, subsequent Cortes were celebrated separately, for example in 1301 that of Castile in Burgos and that of León in Zamora, but the representatives demanded that the parliaments be reunited from then on. These laws continued to be in force until 1889, when a new Spanish civil code, in the 13th century there were many languages spoken in the Kingdoms of León and Castile among them Castilian, Leonese, Basque and Galician-Portuguese. But, as the century progressed, Castilian gained increasing prominence as the language of culture, henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian, likewise all translations of Arabic legal and government documents were made into Castilian instead of Latin. In 1492, under the Catholic Monarchs, the first edition of the Grammar of the Castilian Language by Antonio de Nebrija was published, Castilian was eventually carried to the Americas in the 16th century by the conquistadors. Because of Castilians importance in the land ruled by the Spanish Crown, on the death of Alfonso XI a dynastic conflict started between his sons, the Infantes Peter and Henry, Count of Trastámara, which became entangled in the Hundred Years War. Alfonso XI had married Maria of Portugal with whom he had his heir, however, the King also had many illegitimate children with Eleanor of Guzman, among them the above-mentioned Henry, who disputed Peters right to the throne once the latter became king
Crown of Castile
–
The Recapture of Granada (F. Padilla)
Crown of Castile
–
Royal Standard
Crown of Castile
–
Columbus and the Catholic Monarchs (The return of Columbus)
Crown of Castile
–
"The Comuneros Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado in the Patíbulo ", by
Antonio Gisbert, 1860.
3.
Caribbean Sea
–
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the islands of the West Indies. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2, the seas deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays, the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria, the Caribbean Sea has the worlds second biggest barrier reef, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. It runs 1,000 km along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, the name Caribbean derives from the Caribs, one of the regions dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. During the first century of development, Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed, from the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the South Sea as opposed to the North Sea. The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492, at that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was colonised by several Western cultures. As of 2015 the area is home to 22 island territories, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Caribbean Sea as follows, On the North. In the Windward Channel – a line joining Caleta Point and Pearl Point in Haïti, in the Mona Passage – a line joining Cape Engano and the extreme of Agujereada in Puerto Rico. From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point and thence to Baja Point in Venezuela, note that, although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf, it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate, the Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad, the larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc. The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era. It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period, in the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Seas formation began in the Triassic, powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool, the emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
–
Roadtown,
Tortola,
British Virgin Islands
Caribbean Sea
–
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
–
Christopher Columbus landing on
Hispaniola in 1492.
Caribbean Sea
–
Tulum,
Maya city on the coast of the Caribbean in the state of
Quintana Roo (
Mexico)
4.
New Kingdom of Granada
–
The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549, ultimately the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom, in 1514, the Spanish first permanently settled in the area. With Santa Marta and Cartagena, Spanish control of the coast was established, starting in 1536, the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored the extensive highlands of the interior of the region, by following the Magdalena River into the Andean cordillera. After Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain in May 1539, belalcázars victory placed the region under the Viceroyalty of Peru, which was being organized at the time. Charles V ordered the establishment of an audiencia, a type of court that combined executive and judicial authority. The Royal Audiencia was created by a decree of July 17,1549. It was given authority over the provinces of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, Popayán, the Audiencia was charged primarily with dispensing justice, but it was also to oversee the running of government and the settlement of the territory. It held its first session on April 7,1550, in a mansion on the Plaza Mayor at the site today houses the Colombian Palace of Justice. Initially all of the justices held executive power, with these two offices the president oversaw the civilian government and held the command over the kingdoms military forces. The president was loosely dependent upon the Viceroy of Peru at Lima in administrative, the jurisdictional boundaries of the Audiencia encompassed the territory of the kingdom. One further change came as part of the Bourbon Reforms of the eighteenth century, because of the slowness in communications between Lima and Bogotá, the Bourbons decided to establish an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The governor-president of Bogotá became the viceroy of the new entity, with military and executive oversight over the neighboring Presidency of Quito, the Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada Cook, Karoline P. Religious Identity, Race and Status in New Granada, Race and Blood in the Iberian World,3,81. Fisher, John R. Allan J. Keuthe, and Anthony McFarlane, Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1990, ISBN 978-0-8071-1654-8 Graff, Gary W. Spanish Parishes in Colonial New Granada, Their Role in Town-Building on the Spanish-American Frontier. The Political Economy of Smuggling, regional economies in early Bourbon New Granada Kuethe. Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773–1808, gainesville, University Presses of Florida,1978
New Kingdom of Granada
–
The New Kingdom of Granada
New Kingdom of Granada
–
Burgundian Saltire
New Kingdom of Granada
–
Old map of Tierra Firme, showing the initial divisions of the region
5.
Conquistador
–
Conquistadors /kɒŋˈkɪstəˌdɔːrz/ is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa and Asia, conquering territory and they colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa, human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time, from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and vice versa. The spread of diseases, including smallpox, flu and typhus. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports, by the late 16th century silver imports from America provided one-fifth of Spains total budget. The conquistadors were professional warriors, using European tactics, firearms and their units would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were composed of Iberian and other European soldiers. Native allied troops were largely equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of men without military experience, Catholic clergy which helped with administrative duties. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans and they not only fought in the battlefield but served as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers, physicians, and scribes. India Catalina and Malintzin were Native American women slaves who worked for the Spaniards, Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian, many foreigners Hispanicised their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example, Ioánnis Fokás was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the strait that bears his name between Vancouver Island and Washington State in 1592, german-born Nikolaus Federmann, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a conquistador in Venezuela and Colombia. The origin of people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband, women who travelled thus include María de Escobar, María Estrada, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children, European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, Kings army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young recruit could become a leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers
Conquistador
–
Conquistadors and their native
Tlaxcalan allies enter Tenochtitlan
Conquistador
–
The surrender of
Granada in 1492. The last
Moorish sultan of Granada,
Muhammad XII, before
Ferdinand and Isabella.
Conquistador
–
Christopher Columbus 's first landing in the Americas in 1492
Conquistador
–
Hernando De Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.
6.
Spanish Crown
–
The Monarchy of Spain, constitutionally referred to as the Crown, is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain. It used to be called the Hispanic Monarchy. The monarchy comprises the monarch, his or her family. The Spanish monarchy is represented by King Felipe VI, his wife Queen Letizia, and their daughters Leonor, Princess of Asturias, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 reestablished a constitutional monarchy as the form of government for Spain. The 1978 constitution affirmed the role of the King of Spain as the personification and embodiment of the Spanish State, constitutionally, the king is the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces. According to the constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting relations with the nations of its historical community, the King of Spain serves as the president of the Ibero-American States Organization, purportedly representing over 700,000,000 people in twenty-four member nations worldwide. In 2008, Juan Carlos I was considered the most popular leader in all Ibero-America, a dynastic marriage between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon united Spain in the 15th century. The last pretender of the Crown of the Byzantine Empire, Andreas Palaiologos, sold his title to Ferdinand II of Aragon. However, there is no evidence that any Spanish monarch has used the Byzantine imperial titles, the Spanish Empire became one of the first global powers as Isabella and Ferdinand funded Christopher Columbuss exploratory voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. This led to the discovery of America, which became the focus of Spanish colonization, in 2010, the budget for the Spanish monarchy was 7.4 million euros, one of the lowest public expenditures for the institution of monarchy in Europe. One of the earliest influential dynasties was the House of Jiménez which united much of Christian Iberia under its leadership in the 11th century. From Sancho III of Navarre until Urraca of León and Castile, the Jiménez rulers sought to bring their kingdoms into the European mainstream and often engaged in cross-Pyrenees alliances and marriages, and became patrons to Cluniac Reforms. Urracas son and heir Alfonso VII of León and Castile, the first of the Spanish branch of the Burgundy Family, was the last to claim the title of Spain. The Castilian Civil War ended with the death of King Peter at the hands of his illegitimate half-brother Henry, Henry II became the first of the House of Trastámara to rule over a Spanish kingdom. King Peters heiress, his granddaughter Catherine of Lancaster, married Henry III, reuniting the dynasties in the person of their son, each kingdom retained its basic structure. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs conquered the Kingdom of Granada in southern Spain and this date marks the unification of Spain. The territories of the Spanish empire overseas were dependencies of the crown of Castile, in the early 16th century, the Spanish monarchy controlled several territories in Europe under the Habsburg King Charles I, son of Queen Joanna of Castile. His reign ushered in the Spanish Golden Age a period of colonial expansion
Spanish Crown
–
King of Spain
Spanish Crown
–
Coat of arms of the King of Spain
Spanish Crown
–
Statue of
Queen Urraca in the
Parque del Buen Retiro in
Madrid. Urraca succeeded as queen in 1108, becoming Europe's second regnant female monarch after
Irene I of the Byzantine Empire.
Spanish Crown
–
A copy of the Spanish Constitution, signed by
King Juan Carlos, is held at the Palace of the
Cortes.
7.
El Dorado
–
The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally an empire. A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors, which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime, two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In pursuit of the legend, Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched Colombia, Venezuela, in the course of these explorations, much of northern South America, including the Amazon River, was mapped. By the beginning of the 19th century most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth. The Muisca occupied the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments of Colombia in two migrations from outlying areas, one starting ~1270 BCE, and a second between 800 BCE and 500 BCE. At those times, other ancient civilizations also flourished in the highlands. The Muisca Confederation was as advanced as the Aztec, Maya, in the mythology of the Muisca, Mnya the Gold or golden color, represents the energy contained in the trinity of Chiminigagua, which constitutes the creative power of everything that exists. Chiminigagua is related to Bachué, Cuza, Chibchacum, Bochica, the original narrative can be found in the rambling chronicle El Carnero of Juan Rodriguez Freyle. People gathered here to perform rituals and sacrifices mostly with gold, important lakes were Lake Guatavita, Lake Iguaque, Lake Fúquene, Lake Tota, the Siecha Lakes, Lake Teusacá and Lake Ubaque. El Dorado is applied to a story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. The resulting El Dorado myth enticed European explorers for two centuries, among the earliest stories was the one told on his deathbed by Juan Martinez, a captain of munitions for Spanish adventurer Diego de Ordaz, who claimed to have visited the city of Manoa. Martinez had allowed a store of gunpowder to fire and was condemned to death. The emperor, after he had him, knew him to be a Christian, and caused him to be lodged in his palace. He was brought all the way blindfold, led by the Indians, until he came to the entrance of Manoa itself. But Martinez, not desirous to stay, obtained the favour of Inga to depart, during the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans, still fascinated by the New World, believed that a hidden city of immense wealth existed. Numerous expeditions were mounted to search for treasure, all which ended in failure. The illustration of El Dorados location on maps only made matters worse, the mythical city of El Dorado on Lake Parime was marked on numerous maps until its existence was disproved by Alexander von Humboldt during his Latin America expedition
El Dorado
–
The
Zipa used to cover his body in gold dust and, from his
raft, he offered treasures to the
Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the El Dorado legend. This Balsa Muisca (Muisca raft) figure is on display in the
Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia.
El Dorado
–
Nieuwe caerte van het Wonderbaer ende Goudrjcke Landt Guiana by Jodocus Hondius (1598) shows the city of Manoa on the northeastern shore of
Lake Parime.
El Dorado
–
Parime Lacus on a map by
Hessel Gerritsz (1625). Situated at the west coast of the lake, the so-called city of Manõa or El Dorado
8.
Cabo de la Vela
–
Cabo de la Vela is a headland in the Guajira Peninsula in Colombia with an adjacent small fishing village. The aboriginal inhabitants of the area were a group of Arawaks. Their descendants, the Wayuu people, still inhabit the area, cabo de La Vela is a sacred place to them, since they believe it is the place where the souls of all the deceased travel to rest with the ancestors, as the gate to afterlife. The cape is surrounded by the La Guajira Desert, part of the larger Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub, there are in the area several saline lagoons and mudflats visited by large populations of American flamingos
Cabo de la Vela
–
Cabo de la Vela.
9.
Andes
–
The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They are a range of highlands along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km long, about 200 to 700 km wide, the Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, the Andes are the location of several high plateaus – some of which host major cities, such as Quito, Bogotá, Arequipa, Medellín, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. The Altiplano plateau is the worlds second-highest after the Tibetan plateau and these ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate, the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes are the worlds highest mountain range outside of Asia, the highest mountain outside Asia, Mount Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earths center than any other location on the Earths surface, the worlds highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m. The etymology of the word Andes has been debated, the majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti, which means east as in Antisuyu, one of the four regions of the Inca Empire. In the northern part of the Andes, the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is considered to be part of the Andes. The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel, meaning rope, the Andes range is about 200 km wide throughout its length, except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres wide. The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American plate. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate. In the south, the Andes share a boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, from a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in mountains within the range. The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines, the Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile, the Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively. The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau, the specific point at 18° S where the coastline bends is known as the Arica Elbow
Andes
–
Aerial photo of a portion of the Andes between
Argentina and
Chile
Andes
Andes
–
"
Cono de Arita " in the
Puna de Atacama,
Salta (
Argentina).
Andes
–
Aerial view of Aconcagua.
10.
Departments of Colombia
–
Colombia is a unitary republic formed by thirty-two departments and a Capital District. Each department has a Governor and a Department Assembly, elected by popular vote for a four-year period, the governor cannot be re-elected in consecutive periods. Departments are country subdivisions and are granted a degree of autonomy. Departments are formed by a grouping of municipalities, Municipal government is headed by mayor and administered by a Municipal Council, both of which are elected for four-year periods. Each one of the departments of Colombia in the map below links to a corresponding article, current governors serving four-year terms from 2015 to 2019 are also shown, along with their respective political party or coalition. Estimate for Cundinamarca includes the capital, Bogotá. The indigenous territories are at the level of administrative division in Colombia. Indigenous territories are created by agreement between the government and indigenous communities, also indigenous territories may achieve local autonomy if they meet the requirements of the law. Article 329 of the 1991 constitution recognizes the collective ownership of indigenous territories. Decree 2164 of 1995 interprets Law 160 of 1994, providing, among other things, indigenous territories in Colombia are mostly in the departments of Amazonas, Cauca, La Guajira, Guaviare and Vaupés. When it was first established in 1819, República de la Gran Colombia had three departments, in 1824 the Distrito del Centro was divided into five departments, and further divided into seventeen provices. One department, Istmo Department, consisting of two later became Panama. With the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1826 by the Revolution of the Morrocoyes, in 1832 the provinces of Vélez and Barbacoas were created, and in 1835 those of Buenaventura and Pasto were added. In 1843 those of Cauca, Mompós and Túquerres were created, at this time the cantons and parish districts were created, which provided the basis for the present-day municipalities. However, the new constitution of 1853 introduced federalism, which lead to the consolidation of provinces into states,1861 saw the creation of the final federal state of Tolima. The Colombian Constitution of 1886 converted the states of Colombia into departments, with the state presidents renamed as governors
Departments of Colombia
11.
Magdalena Department
–
Magdalena is a department of Colombia, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea. The capital of the Magdalena Department is Santa Marta and was named after the Magdalena River and it inherited the name of one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia that its current territory integrated. The Department of Magdalena is located on the North Coast of the Colombian Caribbean Region, on the north it borders the Caribbean Sea. On the northeast it borders the La Guajira Department, being divided by the Palomino River, on the east it borders with the Cesar Department, which is in part divided by the Guaraní River. On the west, it is divided by the Magdalena River, and it borders the departments of Atlantico in the Northwest, the territory of the Department of Magdalena is formed by four drainage basins which are very different in composition and importance. Sierra Nevada’s Northern Slope The drainage basin of the Sierra Nevada’s western slope is located in the part of the department. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta creates different rivers that run mainly through the municipality of Santa Marta, and that finally end up draining into the Caribbean Sea. Magdalena Basin The Magdalena River Basin is the largest drainage basin in the department, it is formed by the Magdalena River and its tributaries that feed on to the river and the Marsh. The Mompóx Depression is found within this basin, this runs from the Zapatosa Marsh to the delta of the Magdalena River. This depression collects the most water in the department as its where the Cauca River, Cesar River, marshes The department of Magdalena is characterized by its many marshes and extensive marshland valleys. The whole western side of the department its dotted with marshes and lakes due to the Magdalena River that borders the department on this side, most of this marshes are located in the northwestern side. The permanent marshes are, Chilloa, La Rinconada, Tesca, Pijiño, Juan Criollo, Jaraba, Playa Afuera, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, and Zapatosa. It is located in the northwest of the department and is separated from the sea by a thin margin of land. It has an extension of 4,280 km², of whitch 730 km² are just water mirrors with a depth of 2 to 6 meters. The Zapatosa Marsh, located in the municipality of El Plato in the southernmost part of the department, it is shared with the Cesar Department and it has an extension of 310 km² and at its deepest it reaches about 8m. In it many rivers of different importance merge, the Zapatosa Marsh drains into the Magdalena River by an arm of about 16 km of length. The Department of Magdalena, because of its terrain, and proximity to the sea has an unstable weather and its Climate is mainly dictated by its global positioning, and because the department of Magdalena is located on the Intertropical Convergence Zone it possess an inter-tropical climate. Temperature in the department is affected by currents, precipitation and atmospheric pressure, it mainly has a hot temperatures with high humidity
Magdalena Department
–
Magdalena Department seen from space.
Magdalena Department
Magdalena Department
–
View of the municipality of
El Banco from the
Magdalena River
Magdalena Department
–
Overflow of the Magdalena River caused floodings in 2005.
12.
Cesar Department
–
The department capital city is Valledupar. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, in 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos. In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence in Valledupar, in 1829 Valledupar became a cantón of the province of Santa Marta. By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the province of Valledupar, in 1857 became a province of the state of Magdalena and by Law of December 29,1864 became the department of Valledupar pertaining to state of Magdalena. On December 21,1967 the department of Cesar was created officially, the Cesar name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River. The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river, the department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted. The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in the northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the side of its basin is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri, Badillo, Ariguani, Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29,1993. Ciénaga de Zapatosa Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, lower lands present a warm and dry climate, annual precipitations are less than 1,300 mm a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow at high altitude peaks, Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief, with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, in 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos. In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar, in 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar, in 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29,1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21,1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially, the Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos,990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves. The Northwestern Subregion covering the municipalities of Bosconia, El Copey, El Paso, the economy of the César Department is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining
Cesar Department
–
Cerro Pintao and the Serranía del Perijá.
Cesar Department
–
Cesar shown in green
Cesar Department
–
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as seen from
Valledupar.
Cesar Department
–
Ciénaga de la Zapatosa marsh by
La Gloria, southern Cesar Department
13.
Santander Department
–
Santander is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine states of the United States of Colombia. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory now known as Santander was inhabited by Amerindian ethnic groups, Muisca, Chitareros, Laches, Yariguí, Opón, Carare and Guanes. Their political and social structure was based on cacicazgos, a federation of tribes led by a cacique and their main activity was planting maize, beans, yuca, arracacha, cotton, agave, tobacco, tomato, pineapple, guava, among others. Their agricultural skills were developed to take advantage of the different mountainous terrains. The Guanes utilized terraces and a system of irrigation. They had a knowledge of arts and crafts based on ovens to produce ceramics and they had cotton to make clothing and accessories such as hats and bags. Spanish conqueror Antonio de Lebrija led the first expedition through the area in 1529, the area was later invaded c.1532 by German Ambrosius Ehinger in a quest to find El Dorado. This disrupted or destroyed many of the Amerindian villages, some ethnic groups like the Yariguíes, Opones, and Carares fought the conquerors until they became extinct. Explorer Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada later went to the area in an effort to appease the tribes, once the Amerindian tribes were dominated, the Spanish organized the territory based on Cabildos to maintain the dominance and administer justice in the conquered territory. Amerindians were enslaved and forced to work in agriculture, manufacturing goods and these two villages functioned as centers for the Cabildos territories. In 1636 the Cabildo of Vélez was transferred to a new jurisdiction centered on the village of Girón, with an area which went from the Sogamoso River, the village of San Gil was created in 1689, segregated from the Jurisdiction of Vélez. In 1789 the village of Socorro was also segregated from Vélez and they were all put under the mandate of the Province of Tunja, a subdivision of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. On July 9,1795 the corregimiento of Vélez – San Gil – Socorro was created due to the unsustainability of the Province of Tunja, and local government was established in the village of Socorro. Santander cuisine, referred to as santandereas, includes regional specialties and food from the Departments capital city of Bucaramanga and other cities such as Cepita
Santander Department
14.
Cundinamarca Department
–
Department of Cundinamarca is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers 22,623 square kilometres and it has a population of 2,598,245 as of 2013 and it was created on August 5,1886 under the constitutional terms presented on the same year. Cundinamarca is located in the center of Colombia, Cundinamarcas capital city is Bogotá, the capital of Colombia. This is a case among Colombian departments, since Bogotá is not legally a part of Cundinamarca. In censuses, the populations for Bogotá and Cundinamarca are tabulated separately, otherwise, the capital district of Bogotá is nearly completely surrounded by Cundinamarca territory and was formed by carving up Cundinamarca. Because of this and other changes, the present department of Cundinamarca is much smaller than the original state. According to the latest census conducted in 2005,2,280,037 people live in Cundinamarca, excluding 6,776,009 of the capital, the racial makeup is, Whites and mestizos, Mestizos are mixed European-Amerindian blood. The Bogotá metropolitan area has a history of European and other Latin American immigration, blacks or Afro-Colombians Indigenous/Amerindians Roma East Asians, often of Chinese descent. About 25,000 Chinese-Colombians live in the department, the city of Bogotá and the municipalities of Soacha, La Calera, Cota, Chía, Madrid, Funza, Mosquera, Fusagasugá, Facatativá and Zipaquirá form a single metropolitan area. Bogotá Metropolitan Area, Comprises the towns of Soacha, Facatativá, Chia, Madrid, Funza and its activities are centered in the industrial sector. Estate activity is important especially in the closer to Bogotá, Chía, La Calera. Girardot, In the far southwest and bordering Department of Tolima, is the capital of the Province of Alto Magdalena and its main economic activity is trade, as a result of a major tourist dynamics and its proximity to major agricultural areas of Tolima. It has a college and important trade fairs and events, Fusagasugá is located between Bogotá and Girardot, and it is an hour of each city. Its economy is focused on trade and agricultural marketing, with a significant production of ornamental plants and flowers for export. Zipaquirá, Despite being part of the area of Bogotá. Its economy is focused on commerce and services, other major towns are Ubaté due to high livestock and dairy production. Guaduas, is an important cultural center, chocontá and Fred are agricultural centers. Cundinamarca has 15 provinces and the Capital District, which acts as capital of the Republic, capital of the Department
Cundinamarca Department
–
Chisaca Lake at
Sumapaz Paramo
Cundinamarca Department
15.
Huila Department
–
Huila is one of the departments of Colombia. It is located in the southwest of the country, and its capital is Neiva, the south of the department is located in the Colombian Massif. The Cordillera Oriental is born in this place, Colombias second highest peak, the Nevado del Huila volcano, is located in Huila department. The Magdalena River is Colombias largest river, rises in Huila department, some of Huilas most important towns are placed in the Magdalena River Valley. Betania is a dam located in the Magdalena river, a bigger dam, El Quimbo, is planned for the same river
Huila Department
16.
Colombia
–
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
Colombia
–
San Agustín Archaeological Park
Colombia
Colombia
–
Lost City
Colombia
–
Muisca raft. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of
El Dorado. The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.
17.
Meta Department
–
Meta is a department of Colombia. It is close to the center of the country, to the east of the Andean mountains. A large portion of the department, which is crossed by the Meta River, is covered by a grassland plain known as the Llanos. The department has a monument placed in the geographic centre of Colombia, at a place known as Alto de Menegua. Achagua, which is similar to Piapoco, is an Indigenous language spoken by a minority in the department, folklore llanero Government Meta Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website San Martín Territory
Meta Department
–
The Llanos in
Colombia.
18.
Putumayo Department
–
Putumayo is a department of Colombia. It is in the south-west of the country, bordering Ecuador, the word putumayo comes from the Quechua languages. The verb putuy means to spring forth or to burst out, after the Inca defeat in 1533, the region was invaded by the Spanish in 1542, and from 1547 was administered by Catholic missions. Later a long process of territorial redistributions began,1831, Popayán Province, government of Putumayo official website Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website
Putumayo Department
–
Putumayo shown in red
19.
Peru
–
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
Peru
–
Sculpted
Chavin head embedded in one of the walls of the temple of
Chavín de Huantar
Peru
Peru
–
A
Moche ceramic vessel from the 5th century depicting a man's head
Peru
–
The citadel of
Machu Picchu, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru
20.
Ecuador
–
Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century
Ecuador
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Ingapirca ruins northeast of Cañar canton,
Cañar Province
Ecuador
–
Flag
Ecuador
–
Spanish Historical Center in
Quito
Ecuador
–
Shipwrights from Francisco de Orellana's expedition building a small
brigantine, the San Pedro.
21.
Sutatausa
–
Sutatausa is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Ubaté Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The name Sutatausa comes from Chibcha and means small tribute, the area of Sutatause before the Spanish conquest was inhabited by the Muisca, organised in their loose Muisca Confederation. Sutatausa was ruled by the based in Bacatá. Modern Sutatausa was founded on June 24,1537 by Hernán Pérez de Quesada, brother of conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, main economical activities of Sutatausa are agriculture, dairy farming and small-scale mining. Tourism is also an important factor of income
Sutatausa
–
Sutatausa
Sutatausa
–
Seal
22.
Indigenous peoples of Colombia
–
Indigenous peoples of Colombia, or Native Colombians, are the ethnic groups who have been in Colombia prior to the Europeans in the early 16th century. Known as pueblos indígenas in Spanish, they comprise 3. 4% of the countrys population, approximately 80% of the indigenous peoples of Colombia live in the La Guajira, Cauca, and Nariño Departments. While the Amazonian region of Colombia is sparsely populated, it is home to over 70 different indigenous ethnic groups. Some theories claim the earliest human habitation of South America to be as early as 43,000 BC, anthropologist Tom Dillehay dates the earliest hunter-gatherer cultures on the continent at almost 10,000 BC, during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. According to his evidence based on rock shelters, Colombias first human inhabitants were concentrated along the Caribbean coast. By that time, these regions were forested and had a climate resembling todays. Dillehay has noted that Tibitó, located just north of Bogotá, is one of the oldest known and most widely accepted sites of human occupation in Colombia. Colombias indigenous culture evolved from three main groups—the Quimbaya, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central, the Chibchas, and the Kalina. The two most advanced cultures of Amerindian peoples at the time were the Muisca and Taironas, who belonged to the Chibcha group and were skilled in farming, mining, and metalcraft. D. The Taironas, who were divided into two subgroups, lived in the Caribbean lowlands and the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Muisca civilization was organized into distinct provinces governed by communal land laws and powerful caciques. At the end of the period, the native population still constituted about half of the total population. In the agricultural chiefdoms of the highlands, the Spaniards successfully imposed institutions designed to ensure their control of the Amerindians, the colonists had organized political and religious administration by the end of the sixteenth century, and they had begun attempts to religiously convert the Amerindians. The most important institution that regulated the lives and welfare of the highland Amerindians was the resguardo, under this system, Amerindians were allowed to use the land but could not sell it. As land pressures increased, however, encroachment of white or mestizo settlers onto resguardo lands accelerated, the government generally had not attempted to legislate in the past in matters affecting the forest Amerindians. During the colonial period, Roman Catholic missions were granted jurisdiction over the lowland tribes, division of the resguardos stopped in 1958, and a new program of community development began to try to bring the Amerindians more fully into the national society. New resguardos have been created, and others have been reconstituted, the 1991 constitution opened special political and social arenas for indigenous and other minority groups. For example, it allowed for creation of a commission to design a law recognizing the black communities occupying unsettled lands in the riverine areas of the Pacific Coast
Indigenous peoples of Colombia
–
The
Wayuu are the largest indigenous ethnic group in Colombia.
Indigenous peoples of Colombia
–
Golden statuette of a
Quimbaya cacique.
Indigenous peoples of Colombia
–
Muisca people in
Bogota, 2008
Indigenous peoples of Colombia
–
Kogai children
23.
Muisca people
–
The Muisca are the Chibcha-speaking people that formed the Muisca Confederation of the central Andean highlands of present-day Colombias Eastern Range, in particular the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. As one out of four advanced civilizations of the Americas, they were encountered by the Spanish Empire in 1537 and it bordered the territories of the Panche and Pijao tribes. At the time of the conquest, the area had a large population, estimates vary from half a million to up to three million inhabitants. The Muisca spoke muysccubun, a dialect of Chibcha, also called Muysca and Mosca, the economy was based on agriculture, salt mining, metalworking and manufacturing. Today the Muisca population has almost died out, although in the municipalities and districts Cota, Chía, Tenjo, Suba, Engativá, Tocancipá, Gachancipá, a census by the Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 provided a total of 14,051 Muisca persons in Colombia. Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense show evidence of activity since the Archaic stage at the beginning of the Holocene era. Colombia has one of the most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas, El Abra, human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that the people were members of the El Abra Culture, scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Formative stage, as shown by evidence found at Aguazuque and Soacha. Like the other cultures of America, the Muiscas were in a transition between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to the region from the lowlands and they had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In Zipacón there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics, the most ancient settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 500 BCE and 800 BCE, a wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms and these groups were still in residence upon the arrival of the Spanish conquerors. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century and it is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of Chibcha, was similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Zipa Saguamanchica was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the Sutagao, and especially the Panche, the Caribs were also a permanent threat as rivals of the zaque of Hunza, especially for the possession of the salt mines of Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa. The Muisca people were organized in a confederation that was a union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no monarch, nor was it an empire
Muisca people
–
Muisca raft (1200–1500 CE), representation of the initiation of the new
Zipa in the
lake of Guatavita
Muisca people
–
Muisca people.
Muisca people
–
Ruins of an ancient Muisca temple at
El Infiernito (the little hell) near
Villa de Leyva
Muisca people
–
Monument to
Bochica in the town of Cuitiva (Boyacá).
24.
Sutagao people
–
The Sutagao are the Chibcha-speaking indigenous people from the region of Fusagasugá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Knowledge about the Sutagao has been provided by scholar Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, the name Sutagao is derived from the Chibcha words Suá, Sun and gao, son, Sons of the Sun. The Sutagao was a small indigenous group that lived between the Sumapaz Paramo and the Pasca River. Before the Spanish conquest, the Sutagao were in conflict with the Muisca to the northeast, zipa Saguamanchica conquered the Sutagao around 1470 when the cacique of the Sutagao lost the Battle of Pasca. Conquistador Hernán Pérez de Quesada, brother of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada submitted the Sutagao to the new rule of the New Kingdom of Granada, the Sutagao inhabited the region until a new town was founded by Bernardino Albornoz between 5 and 13 February in 1592. During the visit of Miguel de Ibarra there were 759 indigenous people residing in Fusagasugá, when Aróstequi arrived in February 1760, the indigenous population had dwindled to 85, and there were 644 new settlers divided among 109 families
Sutagao people
–
Sculpture of a Sutagao Indian standing at the entrance of
Fusagasugá,
Colombia
25.
Duitama
–
Duitama is a city and municipality in the department of Boyacá. It is the capital of the Tundama Province, Duitama is located 240 kilometres northeast of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia and 50 kilometres northeast of Tunja, the capital Boyacá. Duitama has existed since pre-Columbian times, when the Muisca inhabited the surrounding a former lake in the valley. The original name of Duitama was Tundama, named after cacique Tundama, the elevation of the city is about 2,590 metres above sea level and the average temperature is 16 °C. Duitama is known as The Pearl of Boyacá, Duitama in the times before the Spanish conquest was called Tundama. Before the Spanish conquest, the Muisca were organized in a loose Muisca Confederation, additionally, more independent caciques governed other villages. The Tundama ruled over the villages of Onzaga, Soatá, Chitagoto, Susacón, Icabuco, Lupachoque, Sátiva, Tutazá, the Tundama lived on the hill currently called La Tolosa. In 1536, Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada set foot from the Caribbean coastal city of Santa Marta towards the highlands of then unexplored Colombia with an army of 800 men. After conquering the areas of the Muisca, accessed from the shores of the Magdalena River he. He first submitted Hunza, the seat of the zaque and in September 1537 he arrived in Sugamuxi, the cacique Tundama heard about the invading foreigners and tried to win time while hiding his treasures from the Spanish. One of his men proposed to surrender to the soldiers armed with superior weapons, Tundama was killed by a hammer of Maldonado in late December 1539. During the colonial period of the established state New Kingdom of Granada, Duitama was converted to catholicism by friars of Santo Domingo. They held their positions until 1775, modern Duitama was not founded until 1819, before Simón Bolívar liberated the later state of Gran Colombia from the Spanish rule. Duitama was a community that grew after the installation of the train station in 1923. From 1950 onwards the city hosted more industry, in 1995, Duitama was the second city in Latin America to host the UCI Road World Championships. The first city to host that event was San Cristóbal, Venezuela in 1977, in Duitama the touristic village Pueblito Boyacense is a popular destination. The village is composed of colonial houses
Duitama
–
Duitama Center
Duitama
–
"Pueblito Boyacense"
Duitama
–
Simón Bolívar (Plaza Libertadores)
26.
Quito
–
It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains. With a population of 2,671,191 according to the last census, Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador and it is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of the Metropolitan District of Quito. The canton recorded a population of 2,239,191 residents in the 2010 national census, in 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations. The historic center of Quito has one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas, Quito and Kraków, Poland, were the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO, in 1978. The central square of Quito is located about 25 kilometres south of the equator, a monument and museum marking the general location of the equator is known locally as la mitad del mundo, to avoid confusion, as the word ecuador is Spanish for equator. Quitos origins date back to the first millennium, when the Quitu tribe occupied the area, according to Juan de Velascos 1767 book Historia del Reino de Quito, the Quitu were conquered by the Caras tribe, who founded the Kingdom of Quito about 980 AD. For more than four centuries, Quito was ruled under the kings, Caras and their allies were narrowly defeated in the epic battles of Tiocajas and Tixán in 1462, by an army of 250,000 led by Túpac Inca, the son of the Emperor of the Incas. After several decades of consolidation, the Kingdom of Quito became integrated into the Incan Empire, in 1534, the Caras/Quitu people were conquered by the Spanish. Rumiñahui was then executed on January 10,1535, on March 14,1541, Quito was declared a city and on February 14,1556, was given the title Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de San Francisco de Quito, starting at this point its urban evolution. In 1563, Quito became the seat of a Real Audiencia of Spain and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and its administration on both Viceroyalties remained to Quito. As with other places colonized by the Spanish, the colonizers promptly established Roman Catholicism in Quito, the first church was in fact built even before the city had been officially founded. In January 1535, the San Francisco Convent was constructed, the first of about 20 churches, the Spanish converted the indigenous population to Christianity and used them as labor for construction. In 1743, after nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was a city of about 10,000 inhabitants, on August 10,1809, an independence movement from Spanish domination started in Quito. On that date, a plan for government was established that placed Juan Pío Montúfar as president with various prominent figures in other positions of government. However, this movement was ultimately defeated on August 2,1810. A chain of conflicts concluded on May 24,1822, when Antonio José de Sucre, under the command of Simón Bolívar and their victory marked the independence of Quito and the surrounding areas. In 1833, members of the Society of Free Inhabitants of Quito were assassinated by the government after they conspired against it, and on March 6,1845, later, in 1875, the countrys president, Gabriel García Moreno, was assassinated in Quito. Two years later, in 1877, Archbishop José Ignacio Checa y Barba was killed by poisoning while he was celebrating Mass, in 1882, insurgents arose against the regime of dictator Ignacio de Veintimilla
Quito
–
Quito
Quito
–
Artwork that shows the city in the mid-18th century.
Quito
–
Map dated 1786, showing the city of Quito in the late 18th century. North is to the right.
Quito
–
View of Quito from the
International Space Station (north is at the left of the image). Quito sits on the eastern slopes of the
Pichincha Volcano, whose crater is visible.
27.
Andalusia
–
Andalusia is an autonomous community in southern Spain. It is the most populated and the second largest in area of the communities in the country. The Andalusian autonomous community is recognised as historical nationality. The territory is divided into eight provinces, Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and its capital is the city of Seville. Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines, the small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System, consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, in the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spains Meseta Central. To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System, the name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus. Including an intense relationship with Naples, Italy, Andalusia has been a traditionally agricultural region, compared to the rest of Spain and the rest of Europe. However, the growth of the community especially in the sectors of industry and services was above average in Spain, the region has, however, a rich culture and a strong cultural identity. Many cultural phenomena that are seen internationally as distinctively Spanish are largely or entirely Andalusian in origin and these include flamenco and, to a lesser extent, bullfighting and Hispano-Moorish architectural styles. Andalusias hinterland is the hottest area of Europe, with cities like Córdoba, Late evening temperatures can sometimes stay around 35 °C until close to midnight, with daytime highs of over 40 °C common. Seville also has the highest average temperature in mainland Spain and mainland Europe. Its present form is derived from the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia. However, the etymology of the name Al-Andalus is disputed, the Spanish place name Andalucía was introduced into the Spanish languages in the 13th century under the form el Andalucía. This was a Castilianization of Al-Andalusiya, the form of the Arabic language al-Andalus. The etymology of al-Andalus is itself somewhat debated, but in fact it entered the Arabic language before this came under Muslim rule. Like the Arabic term al-Andalus, in historical contexts the Spanish term Andalucía or the English term Andalusia do not necessarily refer to the territory designated by these terms today. To designate the territories the Christians had regained by that time in the Guadalquivir valley and in the Kingdoms of Granada, in a document from 1253, Alfonso X styled himself Rey de Castilla, León y de toda Andalucía
Andalusia
–
Map of the
Iberian peninsula dated 1770. The Kingdoms of
Jaén,
Córdoba and
Seville are collectively referred to under the name Andalucía, while the
Kingdom of Granada appears under its individual name.
Andalusia
–
Flag
Andalusia
–
Portrait of
Blas Infante, executed in
azulejos, located on the avenue in
Jerez de la Frontera named in his honor.
Andalusia
–
Andalusian firs,
Sierra de las Nieves
28.
Marrano
–
Marranos is a term used for those Jews living in Iberia who converted or were forced to convert to Christianity yet continued to practice Judaism in secret. Converts from both Judaism or Islam were referred to by the broader term New Christians. The term marrano came into use in 1492 with the Castilian Alhambra Decree. By then, the majority of Jews in Spain had converted to Catholicism. They remained under the eye of the Spanish Inquisition subject to suspicions of secret practice of Judaism by formal Catholics. The origin of the term marrano as applied to Crypto-Jews is debatable, one derives from Arabic مُحَرّمٌ muḥarram, meaning forbidden, anathematized. Marrano in this context means swine or pig, from the prohibition against eating pork. The numbers who converted and the effects of various migrations in and this percentage was suggested as representing the proportion of Sephardi in the population at the time of mass conversions in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the authors concede that other historical population movements from the Near East such as Syrians and Phoenicians may also account for these results, some Portuguese conversos or cristãos-novos continued to practice as crypto-Jews. In the early 20th century, historian Samuel Schwartz wrote about crypto-Jewish communities discovered in northeastern Portugal and he claimed that members had managed to survive more than four centuries without being fully assimilated into the Old Christian population. The last remaining community in Belmonte officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s. In 2003, the American Sephardi Federation founded the Belmonte Project to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the Belmonte community, two documentary films are known to have been made in north-eastern Portugal where present day descendants of Marranos were interviewed about their lives. In 1974 for The Marranos of Portugal, the Israel Broadcasting Authority sent reporter Ron Ben-Yishai to carry out interviews with families about their religious practice, the film was commended at the 1976 Jerusalem Jewish Film and TV Festival. Another documentary, The Last Marranos, was made by the New York Jewish Media Fund in 1997, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain and Portugal, conversos continued to be suspect in times of social strain. In Lisbon in 1506, a plague caused people to look for scapegoats. Some became suspicious that conversos might be practicing Judaism and therefore be at fault, officials seized several, but released them after a few days. A New Christian who tried to explain the miracle as due to natural causes was dragged from the church, a Dominican roused the populace still more. Friar João Mocho and the Aragonese friar Bernardo, crucifix in hand, were said to have gone through the streets of the city, crying Heresy. and calling upon the people to destroy the conversos
Marrano
–
Marranos: Secret
Seder in Spain during the times of inquisition, an 1892 painting by
Moshe Maimon
Marrano
–
First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel (1656-1833), in Manhattan, New York City
Marrano
–
Execution of
Mariana de Carabajal in Mexico, 1601.
29.
Sephardi Jews
–
They established communities throughout Spain and Portugal, where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity. Spoken by Sephardim in the Eastern Mediterranean, Haketia, an Arabic influenced Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, with numerous Hebrew and Aramaic terms. Taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portuguese, including in a mixture of the two. Traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex-converso Western Sephardim, taken with them during their later migration out of Iberia in the 16th to 18th centuries as conversos, after which they reverted to Judaism. In most cases these varieties have incorporated loanwords from the languages of the Americas introduced following the Spanish conquest. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition, the name Sephardi means Spanish or Hispanic, derived from Sepharad, a Biblical location. The location of the biblical Sepharad is disputed, but Sepharad was identified by later Jews as Hispania, that is, Sepharad still means Spain in modern Hebrew. In its most basic form, this broad definition of a Sephardi refers to any Jew, of any ethnic background. The term Sephardi in the sense, thus describes the nusach used by Sephardi Jews in their Siddur. A nusach is defined by a liturgical traditions choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers, Sephardim traditionally pray using Minhag Sefarad. Additionally, Ethiopian Jews, whose branch of practiced Judaism is known as Haymanot, have come under the umbrella of Israels already broad Sephardic Chief Rabbinate. The divisions among Sephardim and their descendants today is largely a result of the consequences of the Royal edicts of expulsion. In the case of the Alhambra Decree of 1492, the purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spains large converso population. Indeed, a number of those Jews who had not yet joined the converso community finally chose to convert. While the stipulations were similar in the Portuguese decree, King Manuel then largely prevented Portugals Jews from leaving, by blocking Portugals ports of exit. This failure to leave Portugal was then reasoned by the king to signify a default acceptance of Catholicism by the Jews, actual physical forced conversions, however, were also experienced throughout Portugal. Sephardi Jews, therefore, encompass Jews descended from those Jews who left the Iberian Peninsula as Jews by the expiration of the respective decreed deadlines. This group is divided between those who fled south to North Africa, as opposed to those who fled eastwards to the Balkans, West Asia
Sephardi Jews
–
Elias Canetti
Sephardi Jews
–
Sephardi Jewish couple from Sarajevo in traditional clothing. Photo taken in 1900.
Sephardi Jews
–
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Sephardi Jews
–
Benjamin Disraeli
30.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
–
Lady of Elche
Spain
–
Flag
Spain
–
Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
–
Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
31.
Santa Marta
–
Santa Marta, officially Distrito Turístico, Cultural e Histórico de Santa Marta, is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of the department of Magdalena and fourth largest urban city of the Caribbean Region of Colombia, after Barranquilla, Cartagena and this city is situated on a bay of the same name and as such, is a prime tourist destination. Before the arrival of Europeans, the South American continent was inhabited by a number of indigenous groups, the Tairona formed mid- to large-size population centers, consisting of stone pathways, terraces, protected waterways, and spaces dedicated to agricultural produce. Their economy was agricultural, cultivating corn, pineapple, yucca. The Tayrona are considered advanced for their time period. Surviving archaeological sites consisted of formed terraces and small scale underground stone channels and they also were known to actively collect and process salt, which was a significant trading commodity. We know that they traded with indigenous groups along the coast. Archaeological excavations have recovered significant works in pottery, stonework and gold, Santa Marta’s flag consists of two colours, white and blue. White symbolises peace, in all are united without restriction. Blue symbolises the sky, the sea, the found in the horizon. Santa Marta is located on Santa Marta Bay of the Caribbean Sea in the province of Magdalena and it is 992 km from Bogotá and 93 km from Barranquilla. It is bordered to the north and west by the Caribbean and to the south by the municipalities of Aracataca, Santa Martas economy is based on tourism, trade, port activities, fishing and agriculture, in that order. The main agricultural products are, bananas, coffee, cocoa, Santa Marta is a major port. Simon Bolivar International Airport is 16 km from the city centre and it should be noted that historic figure Simon Bolivar died here, a significant event for South America as a whole. His villa known as La Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino is located just outside the city centre, as the main city centre is located close to the coast, the city itself has had difficulty controlling expansion. Although, technically a separate locality, Rodadero is often considered part of Santa Marta itself, Santa Marta has one sister city, Miami Beach, Florida. Barranquilla Cartagena de Indias Taganga Santa Marta at analitica
Santa Marta
Santa Marta
–
Coat of arms
Santa Marta
–
Vista satelital de la
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Santa Marta
–
Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta
32.
Rodrigo de Bastidas
–
Rodrigo de Bastidas was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of South America, discovered Panama, and founded the city of Santa Marta. Rodrigo de Bastidas was a notary from the town of Triana, Seville. He was born around 1465 and his father was named Rodrigo de la Bastida, Rodrigo de Bastidas married Isabel Rodríguez de Romera Tamaris and the couple got two children, son Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera and daughter Isabel de Bastidas y Rodríguez de Romera. After sailing with Christopher Columbus during his voyage to the New World in 1493. In exchange for granting De Bastidas the right to explore various territories in the New World, the King and Queen issued a charter that is still preserved in the National Archives in Spain. He sailed to the New World from Cádiz in October 1499 with two ships, the San Antón and the Santa Maria de Gracia and he was accompanied on this voyage by Juan de la Cosa and Vasco Núñez de Balboa. At the South American coast he sailed westward from Cabo de la Vela, Colombia and he discovered the mouth of a river he named the Magdalena River and the Gulf of Urabá on the Panamanian/Colombian coast. He reached La Punta de Manzanillo on Panamas upper Caribbean coast before having to abandon his effort. He is acknowledged to be the first European to have claimed that part of the isthmus, however, the poor condition of his ships, caused by shipworm that ate the wooden hull, forced him to turn back and head to Santo Domingo to effect repairs. Despite repeated repairs, the ships sank in port at Jacaragua, leaving most of the indigenous slaves to drown, while some gold. De Bastidas was forced to return overland to Santo Domingo, trading trinkets for food, on arrival in Santo Domingo he was placed under arrest by Governor Fransico de Bobadilla, and sent back to Spain for allegedly trading with the indigenous people without permission. He was acquitted of charges by the Spanish Crown. He returned to Santo Domingo with his family, and became rich in cattle, in 1504 he undertook another expedition to Tierra Firme, raiding 600 slaves for sale in Hispaniola. In 1520 the governorship of Trinidad was granted to De Bastidas, but this was opposed by Diego Columbus and he received instead permission to exploit a region from Cabo de la Vela westward to the Magdalena River, however this expedition was delayed for several years. In 1524 he returned to the New World and accompanied by Juan de Céspedes founded the city of Santa Marta on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and he named the city Santa Marta because it was on Saint Marthas feast day that the city was founded. And I declare that the deaths and harms which arise from this will be your fault, on a trip to the interior and the territories of Bonda and Bondigua in present-day Colombia, he traded a substantial amount of gold. De Bastidas had a policy prohibiting his troops from using the indigenous people or robbing them of their goods. His troops, many of whom had gone adventuring in the hopes of obtaining gold and he refused to share it with his men, saying that he needed it to help defray the costs of the colony
Rodrigo de Bastidas
–
Rodrigo de Bastidas
33.
Sogamoso
–
Sogamoso is a city in the department of Boyacá of Colombia. It is the capital of the Sugamuxi Province, named after the original Sugamuxi, Sogamoso is nicknamed City of the Sun, based on the original Muisca tradition of pilgrimage and adoring their Sun god Sué at the Sun Temple. The city is located at an altitude of 2,569 metres on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Sogamoso is named after Sugamuxi or Suamox, the name in Chibcha for the city and Sugamuxi. Suamuxi means Dwelling of the Sun, knowledge about Sugamuxi has been provided by Pedro Simón and the German countess Gertrud von Podewils Dürniz, in her work Chigys Mie. Before the Spanish conquest, Suamox, as it was called, was ruled by the iraca of which the last ruler was called Sugamuxi. The city was a place of pilgrimage and the iraca was both priest and ruler housed in the Sun Temple, a richly ornamented temple honouring Sué, gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the conquistador of the Muisca Confederation, arriving in Suamox territories in September 1537. Soldiers of De Quesada accidentally set the Sun Temple on fire, lucas Fernández de Piedrahita narrates about the march of De Quesada to Suamox, the looting of the city and the fire of the temple of the Sun. Soon after the conquest, the missionaries began the construction of a chapel that would open the way to the first Catholic church of the time, located on the central square. Natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt who visited the New Kingdom of Granada at the beginning of the 19th century, valdez Tavera The economy of Sogamoso is centered around agriculture, trade, the steel industry and construction materials, and in the exploitation of limestones, marble and coal. During the years 2007 and 2008, the city had a development in urban construction. Sogamoso is served by Alberto Lleras Camargo Airport, aerocivil lifted the restriction of air operations in September 2009. Of the Mud to the Steel in the Rome of the Chibchas, villa de Leyva was about to be born twice,2,8
Sogamoso
–
Sogamoso
34.
Tairona
–
The Tairona people formed one of the two principal linguistic groups of the Chibcha family, the other being the Muisca. Genetic and archaeological evidence shows a relatively dense occupation of the region by at least 200 BCE, pollen data compiled by Luisa Fernanda Herrera in the 1980 shows considerable deforestation and the use of cultigens such as yuca and maiz since possibly 1200 BCE. However, occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by sedentary or semi-sedentary populations have been documented to have occurred by c.4000 BCE and this movement allowed them to evade the worst of the Spanish colonial system during the 17th and 18th centuries. The indigenous Kogi, Wiwa, Arhuacos and Kankuamo people who live in the area today are believed to be descendants of the Tairona. Initially it was used to refer to the inhabitants of a valley, but by the 16th century, the Spanish used it for the whole group of complex chiefdoms in the area. The groups in the northern and western Sierra Nevada were largely indistinguishable to the Spaniards, the archaeological sequence of the region spans from approximately 200 BCE to the 17th century CE when the Tairona were forcibly integrated into the Spanish Encomienda system. Knowledge sources about the pre-Columbian Tairona civilization are limited to archaeological findings, one of the first descriptions of the region was written by Pedro Martyr d Anghiera and was published in 1530. The area also was described by explorers who visited the region between 1505 and 1524. Anghiera portrays the Tairona valleys as densely populated, with extensive fields irrigated in the way as those in Tuscany. Many villages were dedicated to fishing and traded their goods for the rest of their needs with those living inland. Anghiera describes how they aggressively repelled the Spanish when they attempted to take women and children as slaves in the first contacts, one of the best-known Tairona nucleated villages and archaeological sites is known as Ciudad Perdida. It was a city, about 13 hectares in the core. It was discovered by looters in 1975 but is now under the care of the Colombian Institute of Anthropology, there are many other sites of similar or greater size. A larger site, Pueblito is located near the coast, according to Reichel-Dolmatoffs research, it contains at least 254 terraces and had a population of about 3,000 people. Archaeological studies in the show that even larger nucleated villages existed towards the western slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, like Posiguieca. Smaller villages and hamlets were part of a very robust exchange network of specialized communities, villages that specialized in salt production and fishing, like Chengue in the Parque Tairona, are evidence of a robust Tairona political economy based on specialized staple production. Chengue contains at least 100 terraces and was inhabited by about 800 to 1,000 people in 15 hectares by 1400, the Tairona are known to have built stone terraced platforms, house foundations, stairs, sewers, tombs, and bridges. Use of pottery for utilitarian and ornamental or ceremonial purposes was also developed as a result of fairly specialized communities
Tairona
–
Tairona figure pendants in
gold
Tairona
–
Map showing ancient
pre-Columbian Cultures
Tairona
–
Tairona
greenstone staff, 1550 - 1600 CE.
Tairona
–
Monument in Santa Marta depicting Taironas.
35.
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
–
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range separated from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. The Sierra Nevada encompasses about 17,000 km2 and serves as the source of 36 rivers, the range is in the Departments of Magdalena, Cesar and La Guajira. SRTM data and local topographic maps show that their true elevations are approximately 5,700 m, the Sierra Nevada is a compact group, relatively small in area, and completely surrounded by lands with elevations below 200 m. Although it is associated with the Tropical Andes, the backbone of the Andes cannot be reached from the Sierra Nevada without dropping below this level. This makes its highest point the worlds fifth most prominent summit, several peaks in the Sierra Nevada are intervisible with Cerro Paramillo, a 3,730 m peak in Antioquia Department. This implies a direct line of sight of just over 500 km. It is calculated that the average rainfall is 4,000 mm at elevations of 500 m to 1,500 m. The temperature varies between 0 °C and 27 °C, the tropical rainforest is made up of perennial trees, with a canopy reaching between 30 m to 40 m. There is a variety and large populations of epiphytes and lianas. The indigenous peoples made an alcoholic beverage from fruits of the palm Attalea maripa found at the lower elevations, of Colombias 340 endemic species,44 are found in the park, for example seven species of endemic hummingbirds. Of the 3,057 endangered species,44 are found here, the area is home to 440 species of birds, including black-fronted wood-quail, king vulture, Andean condor, Santa Marta warbler and Santa Marta parakeet. Mammals found in the include, tapir, cougar, jaguar, squirrel, Transandinomys talamancae, otter. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is home to a number of ecoregions, the Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub region lies near the Caribbean seacoast to the north of the range. The Sinú Valley dry forests cover the lower slopes, up to an elevation of 500 m. The Santa Marta montane forests lie above 500 m to 800 m, the montane forests are separated from other moist forests by the lower-elevation dry forests and xeric shrublands, and have large numbers of endemic species. Above 900 m is a transitional forest zone of smaller trees, the Santa Marta Páramo, a high altitude belt of montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with marshes and acid bogs, occupies the zone between 3,300 m and 5,000 m. The Santa Marta Páramo is the northernmost enclave of Páramo in South America, above 5,000 m meters lies the permanent snow cap. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Natural Park is Colombias second oldest national park and it is located in the Cordillera Oriental range, between the departments of La Guajira, Magdalena and Cesar, in the mountain range of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
–
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
–
Sierra Nevada viewed from
Valledupar
36.
Tayrona National Natural Park
–
The park covers approximately 30 square kilometres of maritime area in the Caribbean sea and approximately 150 square kilometres of land. It was the second most visited park in Colombia in 2012. The most visited park was the Rosario and San Bernardo Corals National Natural Park, the park has an area of 150 square kilometers. It is located in the jurisdiction of the Santa Marta municipality, in the Department of Magdalena, Taganga is its most southern part, its western boundary goes toward the northeast following the coastline, including a kilometer of sea area, until the Piedras River. Temperatures in the park and surrounding citites range from 27 to 35 °C at sea level, scholars have done an extensive classification of animal species living in the park, which include about 108 species of mammals and 300 species of birds. The Mantled howler, the oncilla, deer and more than 70 species of bats are among the parks typical residents, the parks 300 species of birds include the montane solitary eagle, the military macaw, black-backed antshrike, white-bellied antbird and the lance-tailed manakin. There are more than 350 algae and more than 770 species of plants and it is one of three national parks in the Colombian Caribbean with coral reefs on its territories, the other two being Old Providence McBean Lagoon and Rosario and San Bernardo Corals. There is archaeological evidence of ancient human settlements in the area of the park up until the 16th century, the place now has facilities for the eco-tourism, with paths suitable for walks. The Archaeologic Museum of Chairama is located in the Cañaveral Site, other places which attract visitors are Los Naranjos Path, Castilletes Beach, The Pool, the Piedras River and the San Juan Out. List of national parks of Colombia Taganga Cortés, Jorge, Latin American coral reefs, Gulf Professional Publishing, tayrona National Natural Park travel guide from Wikivoyage The parks page at Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia
Tayrona National Natural Park
–
Parque Natural Nacional Tayrona
Tayrona National Natural Park
–
Playa Brava in Tayrona National Natural Park
Tayrona National Natural Park
–
Cabo San Juan is one of the more popular swimming areas
37.
Muisca mythology
–
This article describes the Muisca mythology, the mythology of the Muisca. Mythology is different from religion in the sense that myths are usually the combination of real events and/or people with a legendary twist, the religion of the Muisca is described in Muisca religion, their deities, rituals and sacred sites. The times before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation are filled with mythology, the first confirmed human rulers of the two capitals Hunza and Bacatá are said to have descended from mythical creatures. Apart from that other Muisca myths exist, such as the legendary El Dorado, mitos y leyendas indígenas de Colombia - Indigenous myths and legends of Colombia, 1-219. Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S. A
Muisca mythology
–
Moon Goddess Chia Preliminary Sketch by
Alonso Neira Martinez
Muisca mythology
–
Monument to Bachué goddess by Luís Horacio Betancur,
Medellín (
Colombia).
Muisca mythology
–
Monument to Bochica,
Cuitiva, Boyacá (
Colombia).
38.
Magdalena River
–
The Magdalena River is the principal river of Colombia, flowing northward about 1,528 kilometres through the western half of the country. It takes its name from the biblical figure Mary Magdalene and it is navigable through much of its lower reaches, in spite of the shifting sand bars at the mouth of its delta, as far as Honda, at the downstream base of its rapids. It flows through the Magdalena River Valley and its drainage basin covers a surface of 273,000 square kilometres, which is 24% of the countrys area and where 66% of its population lives. The headwaters of the Magdalena River are in the south of Colombia, the river then runs east of north in a great valley between the two cordilleras. The Magdalena River basin, which includes the Cauca River and other tributaries, is rich in fish. As of 2008,213 fish species were known from the basin, since then several new species have been described from the basin such as five Hemibrycon in 2013, two Ancistrus in 2013 and a Farlowella in 2014. About 55% of the species in the basin are endemic, including four endemic genera, The catfish Centrochir and Eremophilus. In general, the fauna shows connections with surrounding basins, notably Atrato and Maracaibo. The most productive fishing areas in Colombia are in the basin, the primary threats are pollution and habitat loss. Additional dams are being constructed, including El Quimbo and Ituango, as a result of the pollution, heavy metals have also been detected in some commercially important fish in the river. As of 2002,19 fish species in the basin were recognized as threatened. In addition, there is a possible risk posed by invasive hippopotamus, due to its geographical position in the north of South America, the Magdalena River was since precolumbian times a route towards the interior of today Colombia and Ecuador. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the river was the transport link communicating Bogotá with the Caribbean Sea port Cartagena de Indias. In 1825, the Congress of Colombia awarded a concession to establish steam navigation in the Magdalena River to Juan Bernardo Elbers, by 1845, steamboats regularly travelled on the river until 1961, when the last steamers ceased operation. Much of the film Love in the Time of Cholera takes place in the historic, some screen shots showed the Magdalena River and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range
Magdalena River
–
The delta of the Magdalena River
Magdalena River
–
Magdalena River in
Cundinamarca –
Tolima
Magdalena River
–
"
Sampan on the Magdalena ", c. 1860
aquatint by
Ramón Torres Méndez.
Magdalena River
–
Honda city upon Magdalena River
39.
Cienaga, Magdalena
–
Ciénaga is a municipality and a town in the Magdalena Department, Colombia, the second largest population center in this department, after the city of Santa Marta. It is situated at 11°00 North, 74°15 West, the town is situated in the northern part of Magdalena,35 km from Santa Marta. In 1993, there were 121,681 inhabitants, the mean annual temperature is 34 °C. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers the area was populated by Chimila indigenous people. The foundation of Ciénaga has always been a matter of due to many different historical theories. It is believed to be founded first in what is now a village known as Pueblo Viejo. In 1585 monk Fray Tomás Ortiz established a parish that would burn in a fire. During the war of independence from Spain, Ciénaga became a ground on November 10,1820. On December 6,1928, the Banana massacre occurred in this town, Guillermo Buitrago, who died very young -29 years old - became a very important figure of the 20th centurys folklore in Colombia. The city pays homage to him in the Guillermo de Jesús Buitrago Guitar Festival. It was also the birthplace of Andrés Paz Barrosthe, cumbia cienaguera founder, Ciénaga celebrates every year on January 20 the Fiesta del Caimán honoring a local legend known as La Historia de Tomasita. The impact of the industry on Ciénaga and the surrounding region is depicted in several stories by Gabriel García Márquez in 100 Years of Solitude
Cienaga, Magdalena
–
Central Park in the town of Ciénaga
Cienaga, Magdalena
–
Plaza Cienaga Panorama 2
40.
Funza
–
Funza is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Western Savanna Province, of the department of Cundinamarca. Funza is situated on the Bogotá savanna, the part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense with the urban centre at an altitude of 2,548 metres. In and around Funza wetlands remain to exist, the remnants of the Pleistocene Lake Humboldt, the eastern boundary is formed by the Bogotá River. The name Funza comes from Chibcha and means Powerful lord, in the times before the Spanish conquest, Funza was an important village in the Muisca Confederation. This loose confederation of rulers of the Muisca had as southern ruler the zipa based in Bacatá and it is said that the actual location of Bacatá was in Funza. Modern Funza was founded by conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada en route in his search for El Dorado on April 20,1537, on January 21,1972, a Líneas Aéreas La Urraca flight crashed in Funza after an explosion on board. The economy of Funza is based on agricultural and industrial activities, main agricultural products are potatoes and maize. Other industries involve plastics and metalcraft production, Spanish conquest of the Muisca Muisca Wetlands of Bogotá
Funza
41.
Tamalameque
–
Tamalameque is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Cesar. It was originally the site of a Chimila settlement, Thamara, Tamalameque was first visited by the Bavarian conquistador Ambrosius Ehinger in 1531. The first conquest expedition into the interior of Colombia, led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada passed through Tamalameque in 1536, the local Chimila resisted heavily against the conquistadors. Modern Tamalameque was founded on September 29,1544 by Lorenzo Martín, Tamalameque, situated in an area dotted with wetlands and swamps at the Magdalena River, has an economy based on fishing, agriculture and livestock farming. Main agricultural products cultivated are rice and sorghum, and farther from the river bananas, gobernacion del Cesar, Tamalameque Tamalameque, Historia y Leyenda
Tamalameque
–
Location of the municipality and town of Tamalameque in the Department of Cesar.
42.
Barrancabermeja
–
Barrancabermeja is a city in Colombia, located on the shore of the Magdalena River, in the western part of the department of Santander. It is home to the largest oil refinery in the country and is the capital of the Province of Mares, Barrancabermeja is known as the Oil Capital of Colombia. It is located 114 km west of Bucaramanga, on the banks of the Magdalena River in the Middle Magdalena region, which is the largest municipality and second in the entire department. Puerto Wilches lies to the north of Barrancabermeja, Puerto Parra and Simacota to the south, San Vicente de Chucuri and Giron to the southeast and it is 101 km from Bucaramanga, the capital of Santander. The city is situated on the banks of the Magdalena River, in the past a Ferry service would cross between Santander and Antioquia, on the opposite side, where further oil fields are found. A bridge now spans the river at this location, barrancabermejas culture has been largely affected by the migratory movements caused by the oil boom. The city exhibits an amalgam of many customs from Colombia. Due to its history as an oil town, the city is visited by moneyed foreigners, often engineers and supervisory employees. Thus Barrancabermeja has a reputation as an open and vibrant city, barrancabermejas night life includes Salsa and merengue dance clubs. The citys culture presents a strong Caribbean influence that nevertheless is not exclusive of other cultural expressions from among the variety found in Colombia, the predominant music in the city is vallenato and other Caribbean rhythms including papayera. Several local and national political organizations including unions, womens organizations, marches and demonstrations are quite common and the oil workers union is among the most important in the nation. In 1996 and 2000, Barrancabermeja hosted the Mundial de Patinaje, an international rollerblading competition
Barrancabermeja
–
Barrancabermeja
Barrancabermeja
43.
Chicha
–
In South and Central America, chicha is a fermented or non-fermented beverage usually derived from maize. Chicha includes corn beer known as chicha de jora and non-alcoholic beverages such as chicha morada, archaeobotanists have found evidence for chicha made from maize, the fruit of Schinus molle and Prosopis pods. Chichas can also be made from quinoa, kañiwa, peanut, manioc root, palm fruit, potato, Oxalis tuberosa, while chicha is most commonly associated with maize, the word is used in the Andes for almost any homemade fermented drink, and many unfermented drinks. Many different maize landraces, grains or fruits have been and can be used to make chicha in different regions, the way in which chicha is made and defined is likely to change depending on the region The exact origin of the word chicha is debated. One belief is that the word chicha is of Taino origin and became a term used by the Spanish to define any. It is possible that one of the first uses of the term chicha was from a group of people who lived in Colombia and Panama, the [[Kuna people|Kuna. However, according to the Real Academia Española and other authors, furthermore, according to Don Luis G. Iza it comes from the Nahuatl word chichiatl, which means fermented water, the verb chicha meaning to sour a drink and the postfix -atl meaning water. The common Spanish expression Ni chicha ni limonada is roughly equivalent to the English neither fish nor fowl. Chicha de jora is a corn beer prepared by germinating maize, extracting the malt sugars, boiling the wort, the process is essentially the same as the process for the production of regular beer. It is traditionally made with Jora corn, a type of corn from the Andes, some add quinoa or other adjuncts to give it consistency, then it is boiled. Chancaca, a form of sugar, helps with the fermentation process. Other ways of making chicha was by having women chew the corn then spit it out in water and it is traditionally prepared from a specific kind of yellow maize and is usually referred to as chicha de jora. Naturally occurring ptyalin enzymes in the makers saliva catalyses the breakdown of starch in the maize into maltose, Chicha prepared in this manner is known as Chicha de Muko. It is usually made from ears of maize, which are boiled with pineapple rind, cinnamon. This gives a strong, purple-colored liquid, which is mixed with sugar. This beverage is taken as a refreshment, but in recent years many health benefits of purple corn have been found. Chicha morada is Common in Bolivian and Peruvian cultures and is drunk as an accompaniment to food. Chicha de jora has been prepared and consumed in communities throughout in the Andes for millennia, the Inca used chicha for ritual purposes and consumed it in vast quantities during religious festivals
Chicha
–
Chicha morada served with pipeño
Chicha
–
A glass of
Chicha de jora, a type of
corn beer
Chicha
–
Chicha morada Peru; unfermented chicha made from purple maize and boiled with pineapple and spices.
Chicha
–
Chicha de jora
44.
Cotton
–
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa. The greatest diversity of wild species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds, the fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, China is the worlds largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years, in the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters and weigh 226.8 kilograms. Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, the Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India, for example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC. Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán, Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC, the domestication of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico is dated between 3400 and 2300 BC. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and this may be a reference to tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum, which is a native of the Indian subcontinent. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, Cotton has been spun, woven and it clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, in Iran, the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era, however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran, in Persian poets poems, especially Ferdowsis Shahname, there are references to cotton. Marco Polo refers to the products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, during the Han dynasty, cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt, and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops
Cotton
–
Cotton
Cotton
–
Manually decontaminating cotton before processing at an Indian spinning mill (2010)
Cotton
–
Cotton field
Cotton
–
Cotton plant
45.
Holy Week
–
Holy Week in Christianity is the week just before Easter. In the West, it is also the last week of Lent, and includes Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. It does not include Easter Sunday, although traditions observing the Easter Triduum may overlap or displace part of Holy Week or Easter itself within that additional liturgical period, Holy Week in the Christian year is the week immediately before Easter. In this text, abstinence from flesh is commanded for all the days, dionysius Alexandrinus in his canonical epistle, refers to the 91 fasting days implying that the observance of them had already become an established usage in his time. The Codex Theodosianus, however, is explicit in ordering that all actions at law should cease, of the particular days of the great week the earliest to emerge into special prominence was naturally Good Friday. Next came the Sabbatum Magnum with its vigil, which in the church was associated with an expectation that the second advent would occur on an Easter Sunday. Other writings that refer to related traditions of the early Church include, most notably, The Pilgrimage of Etheria, today, in the Western Christian Church, among Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics, the liturgies used for Holy Week are nearly identical. Holy Week begins with Palm Sunday, which may also be known as Passion Sunday in some denominations, traditionally, Palm Sunday commemorates the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, one of the few events described in all four canonical gospels. As described in the accounts, Jesuss entry into Jerusalem was noted by the present who shouted praises. In the Roman Rite, before 1955 it was simply as Palm Sunday. From 1955 to 1971 it was called Second Sunday in Passiontide or Palm Sunday, among Lutherans and Anglicans, the day is known as the Sunday of the Passion, Palm Sunday. In many liturgical denominations, to commemorate the Messiahs entry into Jerusalem to accomplish his paschal mystery, immediately following this great time of celebration over the entrance of Jesus into Jerusalem, he begins his journey to the cross. The blessing is followed by a procession or solemn entrance into the church. The Mass or service of worship includes a reading of the Passion. The palms were then blessed with five prayers, and a procession went out of the church and on its return included a ceremony for the reopening of the doors, after this the normal Mass was celebrated. The days between Palm Sunday and Holy Thursday are known as Holy Monday, Holy Tuesday, and Holy Wednesday. Among them On Monday, some observe the anointing of Jesus at Bethany, other events which the Gospels tell of which may have occurred on this day include cursing the fig tree and the Cleansing of the Temple. On Tuesday, some observe Jesus predictions of his own death, as described in, on Wednesday, some observe the story of Judas arranging his betrayal of Jesus with the high priests
Holy Week
–
The
entry of Jesus into Jerusalem on
Palm Sunday marks the beginning of Holy Week.
Holy Week
–
A Washing of Feet ceremony on
Holy Thursday in the Armenian Orthodox church
Holy Week
–
A Good Friday procession in
Ecuador
46.
Tenza
–
Tenza is a town and municipality in the subregion of the Eastern Boyacá Province of the Colombian department Boyacá. Tenza borders La Capilla and Pachavita in the north, in the east the department of Cundinamarca, in the south with Sutatenza, the altitude of the municipality in the Tenza Valley ranges from 1,600 metres to 2,200 metres. Tenza used to be inhabited by the Muisca before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who was looking for emeralds, the village was ruled by the cacique of Cora, loyal to the zaque of Hunza. Modern Tenza was founded during the Spanish conquest of the Muisca by the Jiménez de Quesada, on June 24th, Tenza used to be called Tenazuca, which in the Chibcha language of the Muisca means going down at night. Livestock farming is the most important activity, the agriculture of Tenza is relatively modest with beans, peas, maize, yuca, arracacha, tomatoes, cucumbers and bananas. Some mining is executed in Tenza
Tenza
–
Tenza
47.
Tumbaga
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Tumbaga is an alloy composed mostly of gold and copper. It has a lower melting point than gold or copper alone. It is harder than copper, but maintains malleability after being pounded, Tumbaga can be treated with a simple acid, like citric acid, to dissolve copper off the surface. What remains is a layer of nearly pure gold on top of a harder. This process is referred to as depletion gilding, Tumbaga was widely used by the pre-Columbian cultures of Central America to make religious objects. Like most gold alloys, tumbaga was versatile and could be cast, drawn, hammered, gilded, soldered, welded, plated, hardened, annealed, polished, engraved, embossed, and inlaid. The proportion of gold to copper in artifacts varies widely, items have been found with as much as 97% gold while others instead contain 97% copper. Some tumbaga has also found to be composed of metals besides gold and copper. Tumbaga objects were made using a combination of the lost wax technique. An alloy of varying proportions of copper, silver, and gold was cast and this disolved the silver from the surface leaving only gold. When viewed through a microscope voids appear where the copper and silver had been, in 1992, approximately 200 silver tumbaga bars were recovered in wreckage off Grand Bahama Island. They were composed of silver, copper, and gold plundered by the Spaniards during the conquests of Cortés. Such bars were typically melted back into their constituent metals in Spain, the use of a nanoetched tumbaga alloy was suggested as a way to increase capacity on Li-ion batteries. This would have confined copper to small islands and thereby limited dendrite formation, shipwreck recovered right after the conquest of Cortés with tumbaga gold bars The Tumbaga Saga, Treasure of the Conquistadors. Book about Tumbaga Bars The Art of Precolumbian Gold, The Jan Mitchell Collection, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Tumbaga
–
A
pectoral of tumbaga, of the
Quimbaya culture; 300–1600 AD.
48.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
Venezuela
–
The signing of Venezuela's independence, by
Martín Tovar y Tovar
Venezuela
–
Flag
Venezuela
–
The
Battle of Carabobo, during the
Venezuelan War of Independence
Venezuela
–
José Gregorio Monagas abolished slavery in 1854.
49.
Neiva
–
Neiva is the capital of the Department of Huila. It is located in the valley of the Magdalena River in south central Colombia with a population of about 378,857 inhabitants and it is one of the most important cities in southern Colombia, mainly because of its strategic geographical location. Neiva was first founded in 1539 by Juan de Cabrera in an area now belonging to the municipality of Campoalegre, in 1550, Juan de Alonso y Arias relocated the city to the place that is now the municipality of Villavieja. At this location, the city was destroyed by indigenous tribes in 1560, the city was founded, at its actual location, for the third and final time in 1612 by Diego de Ospina y Medinilla. Neiva became important during the times because of its strategic location. It was located in the route that communicated the Viceroyalty of Peru with Bogotá. The city was declared as the capital of the Province of Neiva, made up of the Neiva, La Plata, Timaná, in 1905 the city became the capital of the newly created Huila Department, which had been severed from the Tolima Department by the national government. In 1967, the city was hit severely by an earthquake of magnitude 7.2, the earthquake destroyed several buildings including the Palacio de las 57 ventanas, the Governors building. Due to its location near the equator and its low altitude and it is about 300 kilometers /186.4 miles from the Colombian capital, Bogotá. The city of Palembang in Indonesia is the antipode of Neiva, Neiva is a distribution center for many consumer goods to the national economy such as rice, coffee, beef, milk, leather by-products and other agricultural products. Its annual agricultural fair held in May showcases horses, cattle and pork from local municipalities, around this sanctuary there are parks and gardens usually crowded by locals and tourists who came to the growing city. The city can be reached by road travel, or by all major national airlines, Neiva is home to several universities which serve primarily Southern Colombia. Among the most important are the Universidad Surcolombiana, the Corporación Universitaria del Huila, the Benito Salas Airport named after Benito Salas Vargas is located inside the city and serves domestic destinations. The city is known as the Bambuco capital, soccer is currently the most popular sport in the city. The city is the base for the Atlético Huila club which competes in the top division of the Colombian professional football league, the games are played at the Guillermo Plazas Alcid Stadium. Basketball had historically a high popularity, although it has decreased in recent years, the cities Basketball games are played at the Coliseo Álvaro Sánchez Silva court. The city has host important national and international sport events
Neiva
–
Catedral de Neiva
Neiva
–
Flag
50.
Teusaquillo
–
Teusaquillo is the 13th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It is located in the center of the city, to the northwest of downtown. It is a locality with several green zones in its parks, avenues. It is located on the site of an indigenous reserve known as Pueblo Viejo. The total area of the locality is 14.19 square kilometres, the locality is located in the Salitre and Fucha river basins. The Simón Bolívar park system includes several large lakes. Teusaquillo is also crossed by canals, which form part of the rainwater-management system of Bogotá. They are extensions of streams that start in the eastern mountains, Salitre River system, Canal Arzobispo, An extension of the Arzobispo River which runs through the locality until Carrera 30, at which point it continues as the El Salitre Canal. Canal El Salitre, From Carrera 30, it runs in front of the National University campus, passing Estadio El Campín until Calle 63, where it enters the locality of Barrios Unidos. Fucha River system, San Francisco Canal, which is an extension of the river of the same name, Teusaquillo is relatively flat due to its location on the Bogotá savanna. It slopes slightly to the northwest, the name Teusaquillo, like the name of Bogotá itself, dates to pre-Columbian times. Similar to the city, the name corresponded to a different location that is located near the municipality of Funza. That, in turn, was known as Bacatá and was the capital of the southern Muisca Confederation, within the zipazgo was Teivzaquillo, Thibzaquivo, Teusacá or Tipizaquillo, the place of respitr of the zipa, the leader of the Muisca in Bacatá. Teusacá in Chibcha means borrowed enclosure, located in the foothills of the Cordillera Oriental, it was discovered by conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. It was conquered by the Spanish who founded the town of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza on August 6,1538 and it was renamed Santafé in 1539 and was made the capital of Nueva Granada. At that time, the name Teivzaquillo fell out of use, during the post-colonial period, the locality remained a rural area with a largely agrarian economy. It was known as Pueblo Viejo and that field saw the first game between Colombian football teams, the Red Team and the White Team—both belonging to Football Club. The following year, another field was built and named Marly, the area quickly became the capital citys football destination
Teusaquillo
–
Canal Arzobispo.
Teusaquillo
–
Teusaquillo in Bogotá
Teusaquillo
–
Lake in the Simón Bolívar Park.
Teusaquillo
–
House in Teusaquillo.
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