1.
East Sussex
–
East Sussex /ˈsʌsᵻks/ is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east, Surrey to the north west and West Sussex to the west, archaeological remains are plentiful, especially in the upland areas. The areas position on the coast has also meant that there were invaders, including the Romans. Earlier industries have included fishing, iron-making, and the trade, all of which have declined. Sussex is traditionally sub-divided into six rapes, from the 12th century the three eastern rapes together and the three western rapes together had separate quarter sessions, with the county town of the three eastern rapes being Lewes. This situation was formalised by Parliament in 1865, and the two parts were made into administrative counties, each with distinct elected county councils in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, in East Sussex there were also three self-administered county boroughs, Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. In 1974 East Sussex was made a non-metropolitan and ceremonial county, at the same time the western boundary was altered, so that the Mid Sussex region was transferred to the county of West Sussex. In 1997, Brighton and Hove became a unitary authority, it was granted city status in 2000. East Sussex is divided into five local government districts, three are larger, rural, districts are, Lewes, Wealden, and Rother. Eastbourne and Hastings are mainly urban areas, the rural districts are further subdivided into civil parishes. To the north lie parallel valleys and ridges, the highest of which is the Weald itself, the sandstones and clays meet the sea at Hastings, the Downs, at Beachy Head. East Sussex, like most counties by the south coast, has an average total of around 1,750 hours of sunshine per year. This is much higher than the UKs average of about 1,340 hours of sunshine a year, the relief of the county reflects the geology. The chalk uplands of the South Downs occupies the coastal strip between Brighton and Eastbourne, there are two river gaps, the Rivers Ouse and Cuckmere. The Seven Sisters, where the Downs meet the sea, are the remnants of dry valleys cut into the chalk, to the east of Beachy Head lie the marshlands of the Pevensey Levels, formerly flooded by the sea but now enclosed within a deposited beach. At Bexhill the land begins to rise again where the sands and clays of the Weald meet the sea, further east are the Pett Levels, more marshland, beyond which is the estuary of the River Rother. On the far side of the estuary are the dunes of Camber Sands, the highest point of the Downs within the county is Ditchling Beacon, at 814 feet, it is termed a Marilyn. The Weald occupies the northern borderlands of the county, between the Downs and Weald is a narrow stretch of lower lying land, many of the rivers and streams occupying this area originate in the Weald
East Sussex
–
County Hall,
Lewes
East Sussex
–
Flag of East Sussex County Council
East Sussex
–
Beachy Head and
lighthouse,
Eastbourne, East Sussex
East Sussex
–
Royal Pavilion, Brighton
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Grid reference
–
Grid references define locations on maps using Cartesian coordinates. Grid lines on maps define the system, and are numbered to provide a unique reference to features. Grid systems vary, but the most common is a grid with grid lines intersecting each other at right angles. The grid numbers on the east-west axis are called Eastings, numerical grid references consist of an even number of digits. Thus in a 6 digit grid reference 123456, the Easting component is 123, grids may be arbitrary, or can be based on specific distances, for example some maps use a one-kilometre square grid spacing. A grid reference locates a unique square region on the map, the precision of location varies, for example a simple town plan may use a simple grid system with single letters for Eastings and single numbers for Northings. A grid reference in this system, such as H3, locates a particular square rather than a single point and these points can then be located by someone else using grid references, even if using maps of a different scale. In the Universal Transverse Mercator system, grid reference is given by three numbers, zone, easting and northing, in the UTM system, the earth is divided into 60 zones. Northing values are given by the north, or south of the equator. Easting values are established as the distance from the meridian of a zone. The central meridian is arbitrarily set at 500,000 metres, a position 100 kilometres west of a central meridian would have an easting of 400,000 metres. Due to its popularity, and worldwide cover, the UTM system is used worldwide by NATO as well as countries, including Australia. In the United Kingdom, a grid system is used. Since the Eastings and Northings are one kilometre apart, a combination of a Northing, the convention is the grid reference numbers call out the lower-left corner of the desired square. In the example map below, the town Little Plumpton lies in the square 6901, even though the writing which labels the town is in 6802 and 6902, the more digits added to a grid reference, the more precise the reference becomes. To locate a specific building in Little Plumpton, a further two digits are added to the reference to create a six-digit reference. The extra two digits describe a position within the 1-kilometre square, imagine a further 10x10 grid within the current grid square. Any of the 100 squares in the superimposed 10×10 grid can be described using a digit from 0 to 9
Grid reference
–
A typical map displaying grid reference
4.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
–
The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
Ordnance Survey National Grid
–
Grid square TF. The map shows
The Wash and the
North Sea, as well as places within the counties of
Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and
Norfolk.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
–
Geodesy
5.
Castle
–
A castle is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars debate the scope of the castle, but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Usage of the term has varied over time and has applied to structures as diverse as hill forts. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with different features, although some, such as curtain walls. A European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures served as centres of administration. Many castles were built from earth and timber, but had their defences replaced later by stone. Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to the proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on flanking fire, many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castles firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape, while castles continued to be built well into the 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration, and country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of castles, part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture. The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum, which is a diminutive of the word castrum, meaning fortified place. The Old English castel, Old French castel or chastel, French château, Spanish castillo, Italian castello, the word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote this type of building, which was then new to England. In its simplest terms, the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is a fortified residence. Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for service and the expectation of loyalty. Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, as well as defensive structures, castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a base of operations in enemy territory
Castle
–
The
Alcázar of Segovia in Spain overlooking the city
Castle
–
Bodiam Castle in
East Sussex, England, surrounded by a water-filled
moat
Castle
–
The
Norman "White Tower", the
keep of the
Tower of London, exemplifies all uses of a castle including city defence, a residence, and a place of refuge in times of crisis.
Castle
–
Windsor Castle in England was founded as a fortification during the
Norman Conquest and today is one of the principal official residences of Queen
Elizabeth II.
6.
Herstmonceux
–
Herstmonceux is a village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. The parish includes Herstmonceux Castle, the village of Cowbeech and a number of smaller hamlets, the name ’’Herstmonceux’’ comes from Anglo-Saxon hyrst, wooded hill, plus the name of the Monceux family who were lords of the manor here in the 12th century. It is one of the sports earliest references, the parish council consists of eleven elected members. An electoral ward in the name exists. This ward had a population at the 2011 census of 2,852, Cowbeech village is located to the north-west of the parish. Herstmonceux Castle is a site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. It is now home to the Bader International Study Centre of Queens University, Kingston, Canada, the castle grounds are also home to the Observatory Science Centre, which is operated by Science Projects Limited, and the Herstmonceux Mediaeval Festival. Buckwell Place was the seat of the Hare family, there are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest within the Parish. Herstmonceux Park is of importance because of its habitat and fen vegetation. It is the known location of Milk Parsley in the south-east. The second site, Pevensey Levels, lies partially in the parish, the site is of biological interest consisting of low-lying grazing meadows, hosting a wide variety of wetland flora and fauna. Education is provided at Herstmonceux CE Primary School, all Saints parish church, with its 12th century west tower and 13th/14th century nave, overlooks the Castle. Herstmonceux Congregational Church, located just outside the village on the way to the castle, was erected in 1811 and is now a listed building, the Herstmonceux area is famous for the making of trugs – baskets made from split willow boards set in an ash or chestnut frame. A number of people continue this tradition. There are also a number of local B&Bs which provide lodgings for tourists staying in the due to its rural nature but close proximity to London, Brighton and other coastal towns. The Herstmonceux Medieval Festival is held annually in August, the village is twinned with Varengeville-sur-Mer, in Normandy, France. Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century
Herstmonceux
–
The windmill
Herstmonceux
–
Herstmonceux Castle
Herstmonceux
–
Former Royal Greenwich Observatory.
7.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
8.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
–
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park, overlooking the River Thames. It played a role in the history of astronomy and navigation. The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the stone being laid on 10 August. The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren and he appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. The building was completed in the summer of 1676, the building was often called Flamsteed House, in reference to its first occupant. The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century,1675 –22 June, Royal Observatory founded. 1675 –10 August, construction began,1714 Longitude Act established the Board of Longitude and Longitude rewards. The Astronomer Royal was, until the Board was dissolved in 1828,1767 Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne began publication of the Nautical Almanac, based on observations made at the Observatory. 1833 Daily time signals began, marked by dropping a Time ball,1899 The New Physical Observatory was completed. 1924 Hourly time signals from the Royal Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February,1948 Office of the Astronomer Royal was moved to Herstmonceux. 1957 Royal Observatory completed its move to Herstmonceux, becoming the Royal Greenwich Observatory, the Greenwich site is renamed the Old Royal Observatory. Greenwich site is returned to its name, the Royal Observatory. The Ordnance Office was given responsibility for building the Observatory, with Moore providing the key instruments, Moore donated two clocks, built by Thomas Tompion, which were installed in the 20 foot high Octagon Room, the principal room of the building. They were of unusual design, each with a pendulum 13 feet in length mounted above the face, giving a period of four seconds. British astronomers have used the Royal Observatory as a basis for measurement. Four separate meridians have passed through the buildings, defined by successive instruments, subsequently, nations across the world used it as their standard for mapping and timekeeping. When the Airy circle became the reference for the meridian, the difference resulting from the change was considered enough to be neglected. When a new triangulation was done between 1936 and 1962, scientists determined that in the Ordnance Survey system the longitude of the international Greenwich meridian was not 0° and this old astronomical prime meridian has been replaced by a more precise prime meridian
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
–
Royal Observatory, Greenwich. A
time ball sits atop the Octagon Room.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
–
Flamsteed House in 1824
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
–
Royal Observatory, Greenwich c. 1902 as depicted on a postcard
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
–
Former Royal Greenwich Observatory,
Herstmonceux, East Sussex
9.
Roger Fiennes
–
Sir Roger Fiennes was an English Knight, Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, and builder of Herstmonceux Castle. Roger Fiennes was the son of William de Fiennes, Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex and he was baptized at Herstmonceux on 14 September 1384. Sir Roger accompanied King Henry V to France and fought at Agincourt in 1415, sir Roger was prominent in the politics and a prominent member of the royal household. He was Knight of the Shire for Sussex in 1416,1429,1439,1442 and 1445, Roger Fiennes, was ultimately responsible for the construction of Herstmonceux Castle in the County of Sussex. He needed a house fitting a man of his position, so construction of the castle on the site of the old manor house began in 1441 and it was through his position as treasurer that he could afford the £3,800 construction cost of the original castle. The castle is not a structure, but a palatial residence. He married Elizabeth Holland, daughter of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter and Elizabeth of Lancaster and his will was dated at Buxted, Sussex 29 October 1449 and proved on 18 November 1449. He was buried at All Saints, Herstmonceux
Roger Fiennes
–
Herstmonceux Castle
10.
William the Conqueror
–
William I, usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward, after a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands, William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of Normandy, by Roberts mistress Herleva. His illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father, during his childhood and adolescence, members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke and for their own ends. In 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy and his marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders. By the time of his marriage, William was able to arrange the appointments of his supporters as bishops and his consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons, and by 1062 William was able to secure control of the neighbouring county of Maine. In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England, then held by the childless Edward the Confessor, his first cousin once removed. There were other claimants, including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson. William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him, William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066 and he made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by 1075 Williams hold on England was mostly secure, Williams final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086 William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, a listing all the landholders in England along with their holdings. William died in September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France and his reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. He did not try to integrate his various domains into one empire, Williams lands were divided after his death, Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, and his second surviving son, William Rufus, received England. Norsemen first began raiding in what became Normandy in the late 8th century, permanent Scandinavian settlement occurred before 911, when Rollo, one of the Viking leaders, and King Charles the Simple of France reached an agreement surrendering the county of Rouen to Rollo. The lands around Rouen became the core of the duchy of Normandy. Normandy may have used as a base when Scandinavian attacks on England were renewed at the end of the 10th century. In an effort to improve matters, King Æthelred the Unready took Emma of Normandy, sister of Duke Richard II, as his second wife in 1002
William the Conqueror
–
William as depicted in the
Bayeux Tapestry during the
Battle of Hastings, lifting his helm to show that he is still alive
William the Conqueror
–
Château de Falaise in
Falaise,
Lower Normandy, France; William was born in an earlier building here.
William the Conqueror
–
Column at the site of the
Battle of Val-ès-Dunes
William the Conqueror
–
Image from the
Bayeux Tapestry showing William with his half-brothers. William is in the centre, Odo is on the left with empty hands, and Robert is on the right with a sword in his hand.
11.
Domesday Book
–
Domesday Book is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states, Then, at the midwinter, was the king in Glocester with his council. After this had the king a large meeting, and very deep consultation with his council, about this land, how it was occupied and it was written in Medieval Latin, was highly abbreviated, and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The assessors reckoning of a mans holdings and their values, as recorded in Domesday Book, was dispositive, the name Domesday Book came into use in the 12th century. As Richard FitzNeal wrote in the Dialogus de Scaccario, for as the sentence of that strict and terrible last account cannot be evaded by any skilful subterfuge and its sentence cannot be quashed or set aside with impunity. That is why we have called the book the Book of Judgement, because its decisions, like those of the Last Judgement, are unalterable. The manuscript is held at The National Archives at Kew, London, in 2011, the Open Domesday site made the manuscript available online. The book is a primary source for modern historians and historical economists. Domesday Book encompasses two independent works, Little Domesday and Great Domesday, no surveys were made of the City of London, Winchester, or some other towns, probably due to their tax-exempt status. Most of Cumberland and Westmorland are missing, the omission of the other counties and towns is not fully explained, although in particular Cumberland and Westmorland had yet to be fully conquered. Little Domesday – so named because its format is smaller than its companions – is the more detailed survey. It may have represented the first attempt, resulting in a decision to avoid such level of detail in Great Domesday, some of the largest such magnates held several hundred fees, in a few cases in more than one county. For example, the chapter of the Domesday Book Devonshire section concerning Baldwin the Sheriff lists 176 holdings held in-chief by him, as a review of taxes owed, it was highly unpopular. Each countys list opened with the demesne lands. It should be borne in mind that under the system the king was the only true owner of land in England. He was thus the ultimate overlord and even the greatest magnate could do no more than hold land from him as a tenant under one of the contracts of feudal land tenure. In some counties, one or more principal towns formed the subject of a separate section and this principle applies more specially to the larger volume, in the smaller one, the system is more confused, the execution less perfect. Domesday names a total of 13,418 places and these include fragments of custumals, records of the military service due, of markets, mints, and so forth
Domesday Book
–
Domesday Book: an engraving published in 1900. Great Domesday (the larger volume) and Little Domesday (the smaller volume), in their 1869 bindings, lying on their older "
Tudor " bindings.
Domesday Book
–
Great Domesday in its "
Tudor " binding: a wood-engraving of the 1860s
Domesday Book
–
Domesday chest, the German-style iron-bound chest of c.1500 in which Domesday Book was kept in the 17th and 18th centuries
Domesday Book
–
Entries for
Croydon and
Cheam,
Surrey, in the 1783 edition of Domesday Book
12.
Henry VI of England
–
Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Henry inherited the long-running Hundred Years War, where Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. Henry married Charless niece, Margaret of Anjou, partially in the hope of achieving peace in 1445, the war recommenced, with France taking the upper hand, by 1453, Calais was Henrys only remaining territory on the continent. Henry experienced a breakdown after the failure of the war. Civil war broke out in 1460, leading to a period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was taken prisoner by Richard of York at Northampton on 10 July 1460 but was rescued that December by forces loyal to Margaret and he was deposed on 29 March 1461 following the victory at Towton by Richards son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Henry suffered another breakdown and, despite Margaret continuing to lead a resistance to Edward, he was captured by Edwards forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, restored Henry to the throne in 1470, Henry died in the Tower during the night of 21 May 1471, possibly killed on the orders of Edward. He was buried at Chertsey Abbey, before being moved to Windsor Castle in 1484, miracles were attributed to Henry after his death, and he was informally regarded as a saint and martyr until the 16th century. He left a legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, Kings College and All Souls College, William Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. Henry was the child and heir of King Henry V. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor Castle and he succeeded to the throne as King of England at the age of nine months upon his fathers death on 31 August 1422, he was the youngest person ever to succeed to the English throne. A few weeks later on 21 October 1422 in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420 and his mother, Catherine of Valois, was then 20 years old. As Charles VIs daughter, she was viewed with suspicion by English nobles and was prevented from playing a full role in her sons upbringing. On 28 September 1423, the nobles swore loyalty to Henry VI and they summoned Parliament in the Kings name and established a regency council to govern until the King should come of age. One of Henry Vs surviving brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, was appointed regent of the realm and was in charge of the ongoing war in France. During Bedfords absence, the government of England was headed by Henry Vs other surviving brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and his duties were limited to keeping the peace and summoning Parliament. Henry Vs half-uncle Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, had an important place on the Council, after the Duke of Bedford died in 1435, the Duke of Gloucester claimed the Regency himself, but was contested in this by the other members of the Council
Henry VI of England
–
Henry VI
Henry VI of England
–
Henry VI, aged nine months, is shown being placed in the care of the
Earl of Warwick
Henry VI of England
–
Mid-15th century depiction of Henry being crowned King of France
Henry VI of England
–
Margaret of Anjou, depicted in the Talbot Shrewsbury Book, 1444-45
13.
Henry VIII of England
–
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
Henry VIII of England
–
King Henry VIII by
Hans Holbein the Younger,
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.
Henry VIII of England
–
Henry's childhood copy of
De Officiis, bearing the inscription in his hand, "Thys boke is myne".
Henry VIII of England
–
An Illumination from a contemporary manuscript thought to depict Henry mourning the loss of his mother (1503). His sisters are also pictured.
Henry VIII of England
–
Eighteen-year-old Henry VIII after his
coronation in 1509
14.
Baron Dacre
–
Baron Dacre is a title that has been created three times in the Peerage of England, every time by writ. The first creation came in 1321 when Ralph Dacre was summoned to Parliament as Lord Dacre and he married Margaret, 2nd Baroness Multon of Gilsland, heiress of a large estate in Cumbria centred on Naworth Castle and lands in North Yorkshire around what is now Castle Howard. However, the status of barony is uncertain after Margarets death in 1361. Lord Dacres younger son, the third Baron, was murdered in 1375 and he was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron. The latters grandson was Thomas Dacre, the sixth Baron and his second son Ralph was summoned to Parliament as Lord Dacre in 1459. However, this new creation became extinct on his death in 1461, thomass fifth son, Humphrey, was summoned to Parliament as Lord Dacre of Gilsland in 1482. Thomas was succeeded by his granddaughter Joan, the seventh Baroness and she was the wife of Sir Richard Fiennes of Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex. In 1459 Richard was summoned to Parliament as Lord Dacre in right of his wife and this distinction came to an end in 1569, when the Gilsland title became extinct. The great-great-grandson of the 7th Baroness, the ninth Baron, is notable for his conviction for murder in 1541, however, his son Gregory was restored to the title in 1558. He was succeeded by his sister Margaret, the eleventh Baroness and their great-grandson, the fourteenth Baron, married Elizabeth Bayning, daughter of Paul Bayning, first Viscount Bayning of Sudbury, who in 1674 was created Viscountess Bayning for life. Their son, Thomas Lennard, 15th Baron Dacre, was created Earl of Sussex in 1674, however, his earldom became extinct on his death in 1715, while the barony of Dacre fell into abeyance between his two daughters the Hon. Barbara died childless in 1741 and the abeyance was terminated the same year in favour of Anne, the 16th Baroness. She was married three times, firstly to Richard Barrett, secondly to Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham and she was succeeded by Thomas Lennard, the 17th Baron, her son from her first marriage. He died without issue and was succeeded by his nephew. He was the son of Hon. Charles Roper, the son of the late Lady Dacres second marriage to Lord Teynham, on his death the title passed to his sister Gertrude, the 19th Baroness. She was the wife of Thomas Brand and she was succeeded by her son, the 20th Baron. He notably represented Hertfordshire in the House of Commons and his younger brother, the 21st Baron, was a General in the Army. In 1824 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Trevor in lieu of Brand and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the 22nd Baron
Baron Dacre
–
Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre of the South. Executed for murder in 1541 when title was forfeit. Arms of Fiennes, Barons Dacre: Azure, three lions rampant or
Baron Dacre
–
Gregory Fiennes, 10th Baron Dacre(d.1594), son of Thomas 9th Baron. He was restored to the title in 1558. By
Hans Eworth (d.1574) (detail)
Baron Dacre
–
Portrait by
Andrea Soldi of Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 17th Baron Dacre (1736-1744)
15.
Francis Hare (bishop)
–
Francis Hare was an English churchman and classical scholar, bishop of St Asaph from 1727 and bishop of Chichester from 1731. Born on 1 November 1671, he was son of Richard Hare of Leigh and his mother, his fathers second wife, was Sarah, daughter of Thomas Naylor. He was educated at Eton College, and admitted in 1688 to Kings College, Cambridge and he graduated B. A. in 1692, M. A. in 1696, and D. D. in 1708. At Cambridge he was tutor of Robert Walpole and the Marquis of Blandford, son of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in 1704 Hare was appointed chaplain-general to the army in Flanders. He described the campaign of 1704 in a series of letters to his cousin, George Naylor of Herstmonceux Castle, in 1710 he again joined the camp at Douai. Hare received a royal chaplaincy under Queen Anne, and he was elected fellow of Eton in October 1712 and he was rector of Barnes, Surrey,1713 to 1723, and held a prebend in St Pauls Cathedral from 1707 till his death. In October 1726 he exchanged Worcester for the deanery of St Pauls, which he held till his death and he had been dismissed from his chaplaincy about 1718, in consequence of his share in the Bangorian controversy, when he joined the assailants of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly. On the accession of George II, he was in favour with Queen Caroline and she intended him for the see of Bath and Wells, but the ministry was against giving the best preferments to newly consecrated bishops. Hares fame as a preacher at this time is shown by a complimentary allusion in the Dunciad, in 1731 Hare was translated from the see of St Asaph to that of Chichester. In 1736 Sir Robert Walpole, godfather of his son Robert, proposed him as successor to Archbishop William Wake, then rapidly failing. On 26 April 1740 Hare died at the Vatche, and was buried in a mausoleum which he had built for his family adjoining the church of Chalfont St Giles. He had been an old friend of Richard Bentley, to whom he addressed in 1713 The clergymans thanks to Phileleutherus and they were estranged in part by Hares support of John Colbatch. In 1724 Hare published an edition of Terence based upon that of Faërnius, and with notes founded partly on previous communications from Bentley, who had intended to publish an edition himself. The vexed Bentley published his own edition with notes, bitterly attacking Hare, Hare retaliated in an Epistola Critica in 1727, addressed to Henry Bland, head-master of Eton, claiming many errors in his rivals edition. Hares Latin scholarship was praised by Samuel Parr and by James Henry Monk, in 1736 Hare published an edition of the Psalms in Hebrew. Dr. Richard Grey, in the preface to his Hebrew Grammar declared that it restored the text in several places to its original beauty, but Hares theory of Hebrew versification was confuted by Robert Lowth in 1766, and feebly defended by Thomas Edwards. Hare was involved in various controversies, a thanksgiving sermon on the taking of Bouchain was ridiculed by Swift in A Learned Comment. A sermon on King Charless martyrdom produced six pamphlets in its defence, a tract published in 1714, entitled Difficulties and Discouragements which attend the Study of the Scriptures in the way of Private Judgement was censured by convocation
Francis Hare (bishop)
–
Deans
16.
Samuel Wyatt
–
Samuel Wyatt was an English architect and engineer. A member of the Wyatt family, which included several notable 18th- and 19th-century English architects, in his twenties, Wyatt was master carpenter and later Robert Adams clerk of works at Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire, which was a landmark in English neoclassical architecture. He later worked with his brother James Wyatt on the Pantheon in Oxford Street and he designed neoclassical country houses such as Tatton Park in Cheshire, and Trinity House in London and Digswell House in Hertfordshire. He designed the Albion Mills in London, which was the first in the world to be powered by steam engines and he designed model farm buildings, cottages, and several lighthouses, including those at Dungeness and Flamborough Head. Between 1784 and 1807 Samuel worked as architect to the Holkham Hall estate, he designed several farms and he used a simplified new-classical style for these buildings. Samuel Wyatt developed a friendship with Matthew Boulton, for whom he designed Soho House in the Handsworth Staffordshire in 1789 and it is also believed that he was recommended by Boulton to James Watt, for whom Wyatt designed Heathfield House in Handsworth. He was also responsible for work at Moseley Hall in the Moseley area of Birmingham, at the turn of the 18th century he remodelled and extended Shugborough Hall for Viscount Anson. John Martin Robinsons doctoral thesis, Samuel Wyatt, architect via Oxford Research Archive
Samuel Wyatt
–
The
Theatre Royal, Birmingham in 1780
Samuel Wyatt
–
Tatton Hall, Cheshire
Samuel Wyatt
–
Trinity House, London (Samuel's work is in stone on the left)
Samuel Wyatt
–
Soho House, Staffordshire
17.
Courtyard
–
A courtyard or court is an enclosed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky. Such spaces in inns and public buildings were often the meeting places for some purposes. Both of the court and yard derive from the same root. See yard and garden for the relation of this set of words, courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The courtyard house makes its first appearance ca, Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. Before courtyards, open fires were burning in a central place within a home. Over time, these openings were enlarged and eventually led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we know today. Courtyard homes have been designed and built throughout the world many variations. Courtyard homes are prevalent in temperate climates, as an open central court can be an important aid to cooling house in warm weather. However, courtyard houses have been found in harsher climates as well for centuries, the comforts offered by a courtyard—air, light, privacy, security, and tranquility—are properties nearly universally desired in human housing. Ur,2000 BC — two-storey houses constructed around a square were built of fired brick. Kitchen, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, the central uncovered area in a Roman domus was referred to as an atrium. Today, we use the term courtyard to refer to such an area. Roman atrium houses were built side by side along the street and they were one-storey homes without windows that took in light from the entrance and from the central atrium. The hearth, which used to inhabit the centre of the home, was relocated, and these homes frequently incorporated a second open-air area, the garden, which would be surrounded by Greek-style colonnades, forming a peristyle. This created a colonnaded walkway around the perimeter of the courtyard, Courtyard houses in the Middle East reflect the nomadic influences of the region. Often the flat rooftops of these structures were used for sleeping in warm weather, in some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved. The traditional Chinese courtyard house, e. g. siheyuan, is an arrangement of individual houses around a square
Courtyard
–
The huge courtyard surrounded by arched porticoes in the
Great Mosque of Kairouan in
Tunisia.
Courtyard
–
Courtyard in the
Munich Residenz,
Bavaria.
Courtyard
–
Courtyard in a
cloister
Courtyard
–
Entrance to the main courtyard of
Uriarte Talavera, in Puebla, Mexico (first half of 20th century
18.
Nikolaus Pevsner
–
Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA was a German, later British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture. He is best known for his 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, The Buildings of England, the son of a Russian-Jewish fur haulier, Nikolaus Pevsner was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He attended the Thomas School and went on to art history at the Universities of Leipzig, Munich, Berlin. In 1923, he married Carola Kurlbaum, the daughter of distinguished Leipzig lawyer Alfred Kurlbaum and he worked as an assistant keeper at the Dresden Gallery. In 1928 he contributed the volume on Italian baroque painting to the Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft and he taught at the University of Göttingen, offering a specialist course on English art and architecture. According to biographer Stephen Games, Pevsner welcomed many of the economic, however, due to Nazi race laws he was forced to resign his lectureship in 1933. Later that year he moved to England and his first post was an 18-month research fellowship at the University of Birmingham, found for him by friends in Birmingham and partly funded by the Academic Assistance Council. He was subsequently employed as a buyer of modern textiles, glass, since its first publication by Faber & Faber in 1936, it has gone through several editions and been translated into many languages. The English-language edition has also been renamed Pioneers of Modern Design, Pevsner was more German than the Germans to the extent that he supported Goebbels in his drive for pure non-decadent German art. He was reported as saying of the Nazis I want this movement to succeed, there is no alternative but chaos. There are things worse than Hitlerism, nonetheless he was included in the Nazi Black Book as hostile to the Hitler regime. In 1940, Pevsner was interned as an alien in Huyton. He was released three months on the intervention of, among others, Frank Pick, then Director-General of the Ministry of Information. He also completed for Penguin Books the Pelican paperback An Outline of European Architecture, Outline would eventually go into seven editions, be translated into 16 languages, and sell more than half a million copies. In 1942, Pevsner finally secured two regular positions, from 1936 onwards he had been a frequent contributor to the Architectural Review and from 1943 to 1945 he stood in as its acting editor while the regular editor J. M. Richards was on active service. Under the ARs influence, Pevsners approach to modern architecture became more complex and he was also closely involved with the Reviews proprietor, Hubert de Cronin Hastings, in evolving the magazines theories on Picturesque planning. In 1942, Pevsner was also appointed a lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London. He lectured at Cambridge for almost 30 years, having been Slade professor there for a six years from 1949 to 1955
Nikolaus Pevsner
–
Sir Nikolaus Pevsner
CBE FBA
Nikolaus Pevsner
–
Birmingham University
19.
Admiralty
–
The new Admiralty Board meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board. It is common for the authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply The Admiralty. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011, the title was awarded to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh by Queen Elizabeth II on his 90th birthday. There also continues to be a Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom, the office of Admiral of England was created around 1400 although there had already been Admirals of the Northern and Western Seas. In 1546, King Henry VIII established the Council of the Marine, later to become the Navy Board, operational control of the Royal Navy remained the responsibility of the Lord High Admiral, who was one of the nine Great Officers of State. In 1628, Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission, the office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709 after which the office was almost permanently in commission. In 1831, the first Navy Board was abolished as a separate entity, in 1964, the Admiralty along with the War Office and the Air Ministry as separate departments of state were abolished, and re-emerged under one single new Ministry of Defence. Within the expanded Ministry of Defence are the new Admiralty Board which has a separate Navy Board responsible for the running of the Royal Navy. The Army Board and the Air Force Board, each headed by the Secretary of State for Defence, the Board of Admiralty consisted of a number of Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners were always a mixture of admirals, known as Naval Lords or Sea Lords and Civil Lords, the quorum of the Board was two commissioners and a secretary. The president of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty, after 1806, the First Lord of the Admiralty was always a civilian while the professional head of the navy came to be known as the First Sea Lord. The first real concerted effort to organise the Admiralty was started by Henry VIII. Between 1860 and 1908 there was no study of strategy and of staff work conducted within the naval service. All the navys talent flowed to the great technical universitys and it was perceived by officials within the Admiralty at this time that the running of war was quite a simple matter for any flag officer who required no formal training. The new War Staff had hardly found its feet and it struggled with the opposition to its existence by senior officers they were categorically opposed to a staff. The deficiencies of the system within this department of state could be seen in the conduct of the Dardanelles campaign, there was no mechanisms in place to answer the big strategic questions in 1914 a Trade Division was created. In 1916, Sir John Jellicoe came to the Admiralty, he organized the staff as following, Chief of War Staff, Operations, Intelligence, Signal Section, Mobilization, Trade. This for the first time gave the naval staff direct representation on the Board, the would direct all operations and movements of the fleet, while the would be responsible for mercantile movements and anti-submarine operations
Admiralty
–
Board of admiralty about 1810.
Admiralty
Admiralty
–
The Admiralty complex in 1794. The colours indicate departments or residences for the several Lords of the Admiralty. The pale coloured extension behind the small courtyard on the left is Admiralty House.
Admiralty
–
Old Admiralty (Ripley Building) in 1760 before addition of the Adam screen
20.
Royal Greenwich Observatory
–
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park, overlooking the River Thames. It played a role in the history of astronomy and navigation. The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the stone being laid on 10 August. The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren and he appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. The building was completed in the summer of 1676, the building was often called Flamsteed House, in reference to its first occupant. The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century,1675 –22 June, Royal Observatory founded. 1675 –10 August, construction began,1714 Longitude Act established the Board of Longitude and Longitude rewards. The Astronomer Royal was, until the Board was dissolved in 1828,1767 Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne began publication of the Nautical Almanac, based on observations made at the Observatory. 1833 Daily time signals began, marked by dropping a Time ball,1899 The New Physical Observatory was completed. 1924 Hourly time signals from the Royal Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February,1948 Office of the Astronomer Royal was moved to Herstmonceux. 1957 Royal Observatory completed its move to Herstmonceux, becoming the Royal Greenwich Observatory, the Greenwich site is renamed the Old Royal Observatory. Greenwich site is returned to its name, the Royal Observatory. The Ordnance Office was given responsibility for building the Observatory, with Moore providing the key instruments, Moore donated two clocks, built by Thomas Tompion, which were installed in the 20 foot high Octagon Room, the principal room of the building. They were of unusual design, each with a pendulum 13 feet in length mounted above the face, giving a period of four seconds. British astronomers have used the Royal Observatory as a basis for measurement. Four separate meridians have passed through the buildings, defined by successive instruments, subsequently, nations across the world used it as their standard for mapping and timekeeping. When the Airy circle became the reference for the meridian, the difference resulting from the change was considered enough to be neglected. When a new triangulation was done between 1936 and 1962, scientists determined that in the Ordnance Survey system the longitude of the international Greenwich meridian was not 0° and this old astronomical prime meridian has been replaced by a more precise prime meridian
Royal Greenwich Observatory
–
Royal Observatory, Greenwich. A
time ball sits atop the Octagon Room.
Royal Greenwich Observatory
–
Flamsteed House in 1824
Royal Greenwich Observatory
–
Royal Observatory, Greenwich c. 1902 as depicted on a postcard
Royal Greenwich Observatory
–
Former Royal Greenwich Observatory,
Herstmonceux, East Sussex
21.
Isaac Newton Telescope
–
The Isaac Newton Telescope or INT is a 2.54 m optical telescope run by the ING at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma in the Canary Islands since 1984. Originally it was situated at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex, England and it was inaugurated in 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II. The telescope is now one member of the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, however, Herstmonceux suffered from poor weather, and the advent of mass air travel made it plausible for UK astronomers to run an overseas observatory. In 1979, the INT was shipped to La Palma, where it has remained ever since and it saw its second first light in 1984, with a video camera. Today, it is used mostly with the Wide Field Camera, the other main instrument available at the INT is the Intermediate Dispersion Spectrograph, recently re-introduced having been unavailable for a period of several years. The La Palma INT is a Cassegrain telescope, with a 2.54 m diameter primary mirror, the mirror weighs 4361 kg, and is supported by a polar disc/fork type equatorial mounting. The total weight of the telescope is around 90 tons, the f/3.29 Prime focus, used with the WFC, allows an unvignetted field of view of 40 arcminutes. There is also a secondary station, the f/15 Cassegrain focus. The telescopes second first light was done by video. 8-1.5 arcsec seeing at the INT, the Isaac Newton Telescope was a very large telescope for its day, and the largest in England. It was a little smaller in aperture than the 100-inch Hooker telescope in the United States and it originally had a 98-inch mirror when in England, but given a new, larger 100-inch mirror by Grubb Parsons after the move. INT locations are Herstmonceux Castle then ORM, the INT was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in 1967. Largest optical telescopes 1967, INT began its new life atop the Canary Island of La Palma, large visible-light optical ground telescopes in 1984, Newtons Reflector International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin INT Homepage Merrifield, Michael, Barrena, Rafael
Isaac Newton Telescope
–
The INT dome by moonlight
Isaac Newton Telescope
–
The old building at Herstmonceux Castle in England
Isaac Newton Telescope
–
Isaac Newton Telescope Mirror, with the primary mirror cover petals almost closed.
Isaac Newton Telescope
–
International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin featuring the Isaac Newton Telescope.
22.
La Palma
–
La Palma, also San Miguel de La Palma, is the most north-westerly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 706 km2 making it the fifth largest of the seven main Canary Islands. The total population is about 86,000, of which 18,000 live in the capital, Santa Cruz de la Palma, La Palma has sister city status with El Dorado Hills, California. In 1815, the German geologist Leopold von Buch visited the Canary Islands, in the center of the island is the Caldera de Taburiente National Park, one of four national parks in the Canary Islands. La Palma, like the islands of the Canary Island archipelago, is a volcanic ocean island. The volcano rises almost 7 km above the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, there is road access from sea level to the summit at 2,426 m, which is marked by an outcrop of rocks called Los Muchachos. This is the site of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palmas geography is a result of the volcanic formation of the island. The highest peaks reach over 2,400 m above sea level, the northern part of La Palma is dominated by the Caldera de Taburiente, with a width of 9 km and a depth of 1,500 m. It is surrounded by a ring of mountains ranging from 1,600 m to 2,400 m in height, on its northern side is the exposed remains of the original seamount. Only the deep Barranco de las Angustias ravine leads into the area of the caldera. It can be reached only by hiking, the outer slopes are cut by numerous gorges which run from 2,000 m down to the sea. Today, only few of these carry water due to the water tunnels that have been cut into the islands structure. From the Caldera de Taburiente to the runs the ridge Cumbre Nueva – the New Ridge. The southern part of La Palma consists of the Cumbre Vieja, the Cumbre Vieja is active – but dormant, with the last eruption occurring in 1971 at the Teneguía vent which is located at the southern end of the Cumbre Vieja – Punta de Fuencaliente. Beyond Punta de Fuencaliente, the Cumbre Vieja continues in a direction as a submarine volcano. Like all of the Canary Islands, La Palma originally formed as a seamount through submarine volcanic activity, La Palma is currently – along with Tenerife, the most volcanically active of the Canary Islands and was formed three to four million years ago. Its base lies almost 4,000 m below sea level, about a half a million years ago, the Taburiente volcano collapsed with a giant landslide, forming the Caldera de Taburiente. Erosion has since exposed part of the seamount in the sector of the Caldera
La Palma
–
Satellite image of La Palma, with the Caldera de Taburiente visible (north is to the lower right)
La Palma
–
Flag of La Palma
La Palma
–
A view of the island looking south
La Palma
–
Walls of
Caldera de Taburiente
23.
Canary Islands
–
The Canary Islands, also known as the Canaries, are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located on the Atlantic Ocean,100 kilometres west of Morocco. The Canaries are among the outermost regions of the European Union proper and it is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government. The main islands are Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, the archipelago also includes a number of islands and islets, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles. The Canary Islands is the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region, the islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot summers and moderately warm winters. The precipitation levels and the level of maritime moderation varies depending on location and elevation, green areas as well as desert exist on the archipelago. Due to their location above the inversion layer, the high mountains of these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have built on the islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927 a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared, the third largest city of the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna on Tenerife. This city is home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias. During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, who came south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning Islands of the Dogs, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained vast multitudes of dogs of very large size. Another speculation is that the dogs were actually a species of monk seal, critically endangered. The dense population of seals may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with these islands by sea. Alternatively, it is said that the inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them. The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the dog-headed ones, who worshipped dogs on an island. Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the god, Anubis are closely connected
Canary Islands
–
Mount
Teide on
Tenerife, the highest mountain in Spain, is also one of the most visited
National Parks in the world.
Canary Islands
–
Flag
Canary Islands
–
Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo.
Canary Islands
–
Panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with
Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center
24.
Alfred Bader
–
Alfred Robert Bader CBE is a Canadian chemist, businessman, philanthropist, and collector of fine art. He was considered by the Chemical & Engineering News poll of 1998 to be one of the Top 75 Distinguished Contributors to the Chemical Enterprise during C&ENs 75-year history, Alfred Bader was born on April 28,1924, in Vienna, Austria. His father, Alfred Bader, was of Czech Jewish descent and his grandfather, Moritz Ritter von Bader, had been a civil engineer, who worked on the Suez Canal and was knighted by Emperor Franz Josef for his service as Austrian consul at Ismaïlia. His mother, Elizabeth Countess Serényi, came from an aristocratic Catholic Hungarian family, in spite of adamant opposition from Serényis family, the couple had married in London and settled in Vienna. Alfred was born two weeks before his fathers death. He was adopted by his fathers sister, Gisela Reich, and his older sister, Marion, remained with Countess Serényi and was raised as a Catholic. In June 1938, Bader was forced out of school because Jews were forbidden to attend beyond the age 14, on December 10,1938, he was sent from Austria to England as part of the Kindertransport to escape Nazi persecution. His adoptive mother remained in Austria, and died in 1942 in Theresienstadt, while in England, Bader attended the East Hove Senior School for Boys, and Brighton Technical College. In 1940 he was sent to a Canadian internment camp for European refugees, while in the camp, Bader passed his junior and senior matriculation, taking exams from McGill University. A Montreal sponsor, Martin Wolff, welcomed him into a Canadian Jewish family in late 1941 and he received his B. Sc. in Engineering Chemistry in 1945, followed by a B. A. in History in 1946. During the summers, he worked for the Murphy Paint Company in Montreal, formulating paints, lacquers and he completed his M. S. in Chemistry in 1947, doing considerable work on the oxidation of linoleic acids and isomeric tetrahydroxystearic acids. His work with Arthur F. McKay, a superb experimentalist who supervised Baders laboratory work in experimental chemistry, Bader went on to study at Harvard University, with the support of the Abbott fellowship. He received an M. A. in Chemistry in 1949, at Harvard, he studied with famed organic chemist Louis Fieser, working on the rearrangement of quinones and the development of intermediates in the Hooker oxidation process. By the time he finished his Ph. D. at Harvard, in January 1950, Bader began work as a research chemist at Pittsburgh Plate Glass. His appointment to the Milwaukee, Wisconsin research facilities broke a rule against the hiring of Jews. This work led to a number of patents, the patent for Baders method of creating diphenolic acid was later sold by PPG to Johnson Wax for $1M. Bader remained with PPG until 1954, when the company planned a move to Pittsburgh, during this time, Bader became increasingly aware of the need for a small reliable company dedicated to providing quality research chemicals. At that time Kodak was their only supplier, and the company seemed to show insufficient consideration for small
Alfred Bader
–
Alfred R. Bader, recipient of the Pittcon Heritage Award, 2009
Alfred Bader
–
The Quill Cutter, Paulus Lesire, ca.1628-9
Alfred Bader
–
Drs. Alfred and Isabel Bader at the Queen's University
Bader International Study Centre, 2009
Alfred Bader
–
Head of an Old Man in a Cap, by Rembrandt, Agnes Etherington Art Centre
25.
The Silver Chair
–
The Silver Chair is a high fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1953. It was the fourth published of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia, it is six in recent editions. Like the others, it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes and her work has retained in many later editions. The novel is set primarily in the world of Narnia, decades after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader there, King Caspian X is now an old man, but his son and only heir, Prince Rilian, is missing. Aslan the lion sends two children from England to Narnia on a mission to resolve the mystery, Eustace Scrubb, from The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, in the frame story, Eustace and Jill are students at a horrible boarding school, Experiment House. The Silver Chair is dedicated to Nicholas Hardie, the son of Colin Hardie, macmillan US published an American edition within the calendar year. The Silver Chair was adapted and filmed as a BBC television series of six episodes in 1990, Eustace confides in Jill about his Narnian adventures, and that his experiences there have led to the changes in his behaviour. Jill initially thinks that Eustace is lying, but when he promises and asks her to attempt to go to Narnia with him, Eustace suggests asking for Aslans help, and as the bullies converge on them, the two blunder through a gate that leads them to Aslans Country. There, they encounter a cliff, where Jill shows off by approaching a cliffs edge, Aslan appears and saves Eustace by blowing him to Narnia. He charges Jill with helping Eustace find Prince Rilian of Narnia, who disappeared years before. Aslan then blows Jill into Narnia, where she arrives a few moments after Eustace—just as an elderly and frail King takes ship and sails from the harbor. They learn, much to Eustaces dismay, that the departing King is actually King Caspian X, who has set off to search for Aslan or for his son. Trumpkin the Dwarf, now Lord Regent and quite deaf, provides Jill and Eustace with rooms in Cair Paravel, master Glimfeather summons them to a Parliament of his fellow talking owls. The owls explain that Caspians son, Prince Rilian, disappeared while searching for the serpent that killed his mother. They journey toward the north of Narnia after crossing the River Shribble. The first giants they encounter take no notice of them, hungry and suffering from exposure, they meet the Lady of the Green Kirtle accompanied by a silent knight in black armour. She encourages them to proceed northward to Harfang, the castle of the Gentle Giants, Jill and Eustace, overcome at the thought of comfort and warmth, are eager to go, only Puddleglum argues against the journey to Harfang. After several days journey, and falling into a chasm in a driving snowstorm
The Silver Chair
–
First edition dustjacket
26.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
–
BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
–
BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
27.
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of literature and is the authors best-known work. The books span the history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magicians Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle. The books have profoundly influenced adult and childrens literature since World War II. Lewiss exploration of themes not usually present in literature, such as religion, as well as the books perceived treatment of issues including race. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939, he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch, the Magicians Nephew, the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, the original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle and this picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself, shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three girls, Margaret, Mary and Katherine, came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest and they all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mothers who was an old professor who lived all by himself in the country. In It All Began With a Picture C. S. Lewis continues, but then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time, apart from that, I dont know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the story together. The manuscript for The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949, the name Narnia is based on Narni, Italy, written in Latin as Narnia. Lancelyn Green wrote, When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word Narnia, Lewis showed him Murrays Small Classical Atlas, grundy, which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham. On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy, Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The Chronicles of Narnia HarperCollins boxed set; books presented in order of the fictional chronology
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
A 1970 Collier-Macmillan edition paperback boxed set (cover art by
Roger Hane), where the books are presented in order of original publication
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
A map by David Bedell of the
fictional universe of the Narnian world.
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The premiere of
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian in 2008
28.
C. S. Lewis
–
Clive Staples Lewis was a British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, broadcaster, lecturer, and Christian apologist. He held academic positions at both Oxford University and Cambridge University, Lewis and fellow novelist J. R. R. Tolkien were close friends. They both served on the English faculty at Oxford University, and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, according to Lewiss memoir Surprised by Joy, he was baptised in the Church of Ireland, but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis returned to Anglicanism at the age of 32, owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends and his faith profoundly affected his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim. In 1956, he married American writer Joy Davidman, she died of cancer four years later at the age of 45, Lewis died on 22 November 1963 from renal failure, one week before his 65th birthday. In 2013, on the 50th anniversary of his death, Lewis was honoured with a memorial in Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey, Lewiss works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularised on stage, TV, radio and his works entered the public domain in 2014 in countries where copyright expires 50 years after the death of the creator, such as Canada. Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland, on 29 November 1898 and his father was Albert James Lewis, a solicitor whose father Richard had come to Ireland from Wales during the mid-19th century. His mother was Florence Augusta Lewis, née Hamilton, known as Flora and he had an elder brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis. When he was four, his dog Jacksie was killed by a car, at first, he would answer to no other name, but later accepted Jack, the name by which he was known to friends and family for the rest of his life. When he was seven, his family moved into Little Lea, as a boy, Lewis was fascinated with anthropomorphic animals, he fell in love with Beatrix Potters stories and often wrote and illustrated his own animal stories. He and his brother Warnie created the world of Boxen, inhabited, Lewis loved to read, his fathers house was filled with books, and he felt that finding a book to read was as easy as walking into a field and finding a new blade of grass. Lewis was schooled by tutors before being sent to the Wynyard School in Watford, Hertfordshire, in 1908. Lewiss brother had enrolled there three years previously, the school was closed not long afterwards due to a lack of pupils, the headmaster Robert Oldie Capron was soon after committed to a psychiatric hospital. Lewis then attended Campbell College in the east of Belfast about a mile from his home and he was then sent to the health-resort town of Malvern, Worcestershire, where he attended the preparatory school Cherbourg House, which Lewis calls Chartres in his autobiography. It was during this time that Lewis abandoned his childhood Christian faith and became an atheist, becoming interested in mythology, in September 1913, Lewis enrolled at Malvern College, where he remained until the following June. He found the school socially competitive, after leaving Malvern, he studied privately with William T. Kirkpatrick, his fathers old tutor and former headmaster of Lurgan College. As a teenager, Lewis was wonder-struck by the songs and legends of what he called Northernness and these legends intensified an inner longing he later called joy
C. S. Lewis
–
C.S. Lewis aged 50
C. S. Lewis
–
Little Lea, home of the Lewis family from 1905 to 1930
C. S. Lewis
–
Plaque on a park-bench in
Bangor, County Down
C. S. Lewis
–
Magdalen College, Oxford
29.
Vic and Bob
–
Vic and Bob, also known as Reeves and Mortimer, are a British comedy double act consisting of Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer. They have written and starred in comedy programmes on British television since 1990. Both at times play the man, often Mortimer will play the exasperated foil to Reeves eccentric buffoon. They forged a status for themselves as the alternatives to alternative comedy in the late 1980s, in a 2005 poll The Comedians Comedian, the duo were voted the 9th greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. Vic and Bob have performed on a number of programmes as a double act. Jim Moirs comedy career began in New Cross, London, in the mid-1980s, having tried out various stage names, he settled on Vic Reeves and began a show called Vic Reeves Big Night Out at The Goldsmiths Tavern. There he met and began working with Bob Mortimer, and the show moved to a bigger venue. The show began to attract various well-known audience members, such as Charlie Higson, Paul Whitehouse, Jonathan Ross, Jonathan Ross played a large part in Reeves first TV appearances, which included Reeves hanging suspended from the ceiling during an episode of The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross. His company, Channel X, brought Vic Reeves Big Night Out to Channel 4 as a series in 1990. The show quickly attained a cult following, a New Years Eve special bridging 1990/91 followed. This was followed by a second series in 1991. In addition to Reeves and Mortimer, the mainstay of the programme was Les, Vics bald, lab coat-clad assistant who never spoke. In 1993 Reeves and Mortimer transferred from Channel 4 to BBC Two, writing and appearing in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, the programmes were more slick and scripted than their Channel 4 predecessors. The live stage show followed the TV series hosted a welcome return for Novelty Island. In 1997, they co-wrote a one-off special, Its Ulrika. for Shooting Stars panellist, the show aired on BBC1, and featured appearances from Vic and Bob, as well as Matt Lucas, David Walliams and Charlie Higson. A new sketch show followed in 1999, Bang Bang, Its Reeves, characters Donald and Davey Stott returned to the screen. The series also featured celebrity cameos, including Caprice, Michael Winner, Sinéad OConnor and Damon Hill. In 2004, in collaboration with Steve Coogan, Reeves and Mortimer produced The All Star Comedy Show, in 2005, a full series was commissioned and was given the new name Monkey Trousers
Vic and Bob
–
Vic Reeves
Vic and Bob
–
Bob Mortimer
30.
The Coca-Cola Company
–
The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. The Coca-Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler, the Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments. The companys stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA, the S&P500 index, the Russell 1000 Index, as of 2015, its chairman and its CEO is Muhtar Kent. In December 2016, it was announced that James Quincey, the operating officer would replace Kent as CEO. The company has a history of acquisitions. Coca-Cola acquired Minute Maid in 1960, the Indian cola brand Thums Up in 1993, in 2001, it acquired the Odwalla brand of fruit juices, smoothies, and bars for $181 million. In 2007, it acquired Fuze Beverage from founder Lance Collins, the companys 2009 bid to buy a Chinese juice maker ended when China rejected its $2.4 billion bid for the Huiyuan Juice Group, on the grounds the resulting company would be a virtual monopoly. Nationalism was also thought to be a reason for aborting the deal, in 1982, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures for $692 million. It sold the studio to Sony, for $3 billion. In 2013, Coca-Cola finalized its purchase of ZICO, a water company. In 2011, the Coca-Cola company bought the rest of the tea company Honest Tea. In 2015, the took a minority stake ownership in the cold pressed juice manufacturer. According to The Coca-Cola Companys 2005 Annual Report, the firm at that time sold beverage products in more than 200 countries and this is more countries than are generally agreed to exist, according to the World Atlas.5 billion. Of these, beverages bearing the trademark Coca-Cola or Coke accounted for approximately 78% of the companys total gallon sales, the figure in 2010 showed that they sold 1.6 billion drinks every day. In 2010, it was announced that Coca-Cola had become the first brand to top £1 billion in annual UK grocery sales, since the 1920s, Coca-Cola has been a publicly traded company. One share of stock purchased in 1919 for $40, with all dividends reinvested, would be worth $9.8 million in 2012, Coca-Cola has paid a dividend, increasing each year for 49 years. Stock is available from a direct purchase program, through Computershare Trust Company, the bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise the resulting Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and food service distributors. Outside the United States, the bottlers also control the fountain business, since the early 1980s, the company has actively encouraged the consolidation of bottlers, with the company often owning a share of these anchor bottlers
The Coca-Cola Company
–
Coca-Cola headquarters: Coca-Cola's corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
The Coca-Cola Company
–
Coca-Cola
The Coca-Cola Company
–
The Coca-Cola Company's Minute Maid group North America offices in
Sugar Land Town Square,
Sugar Land, Texas, United States
The Coca-Cola Company
–
Houston Coca-Cola Bottling Company
31.
Harry Potter
–
Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a wizard, Harry Potter. Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, on 26 June 1997, the series has now been translated into multiple languages including French, Irish, Spanish, German and Swedish to name a few. They have attracted a wide audience as well as younger readers. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome. As of May 2013, the books have more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history. The series was published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The original seven books were adapted into a film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time as of August 2015, in 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age and the British school story. According to Rowling, the theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and his magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, each novel chronicles one year in Harrys life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many flashbacks, which are experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality, the full background to this event and Harry Potters past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potters eleventh birthday, Harrys first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts
Harry Potter
–
"
The Elephant House " – One of the cafés in
Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter.
Harry Potter
–
The novelist,
J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter
–
The
Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in
Moscow, 2007
Harry Potter
–
"Platform 9¾" sign on
London King's Cross railway station
32.
Sweepstakes
–
Sweepstakes are a type of contest where a prize or prizes may be awarded to a winner or winners. Sweepstakes began as a form of lottery that were tied to products sold, in response, the FCC and FTC refined U. S. broadcasting laws. Today, sweepstakes in the USA are used as marketing promotions to reward existing consumers, by definition, the winner is determined by luck rather than skill. Sweepstakes with large grand prizes tend to attract more entries regardless of the odds of winning, therefore, the value of smaller prizes usually total much less than that of the top prize. Firms that rely on sweepstakes for attracting customers, such as Publishers Clearing House and Readers Digest, have found that the more involved the entry process. Businesses often obtain marketing information about their customers from sweepstakes entries, because of their potential for abuse, sweepstakes are heavily regulated in many countries. The U. S. Canada, and individual U. S. states all have laws covering sweepstakes, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission exercises some authority over sweepstakes promotion and sweepstakes scams in the United States. There are similar laws in Brazil, usually requiring an answer to an easy giveaway question, in the United States, sweepstake sponsors are very careful to disassociate themselves from any suggestion that players must pay to enter, or pay to win, as this would constitute gambling. There should be no monetary cost to the entrant and sweepstakes winners should also not be required to pay any kind of fee to receive their prizes. S. Another example is that Tennessee state law prohibits sweepstakes agencies and sponsors from requiring sweepstakes prize winners to submit to in perpetuity publicity releases. Most corporate-sponsored sweepstakes promoted in the United States limit entry to U. S. citizens, the American Family Publishers sweepstakes used paid advertisements during NBCs The Tonight Show to announce its grand prize winners. All three companies eventually paid fines and penalties to a variety of states who initiated legal actions against them, Sweepstakes are frequently used by fast-food restaurants to boost business. One of the most popular has been the McDonalds Monopoly instant-win game-piece promotion, pepsi Stuff was Pepsis largest and most successful long-term promotion ever and it ran for many years in the US and in many countries around the world. Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a product for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes must be planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud. Before home computers were popular, a method of entry was a mailed, plain 3 ×5 index card with the entrants name. Massive computer-printed entries resulted in a new requirement that entries must be hand-printed, laser printers which can mimic ink pen writing are also a problem for sponsors. In most sweepstakes, entrants and their relatives must not be related to the sponsor or promoter, in Australia, a sweepstake is known as a competition, however the technical name for a consumer competition is a trade promotion lottery
Sweepstakes
–
U.S. Federal Trade Commission headquarters at the
Federal Trade Commission Building,
Washington, D.C.
Sweepstakes
–
U.S. Federal Trade Commission seal.
33.
Hogwarts
–
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, shortened Hogwarts, is a fictional British school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburghs Loretto School, according to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing for fun and was then voted on. J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be, A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys house, it isnt a building that Muggles could build, in the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland. The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on, Muggles cannot see the school, rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. There is also an owlery, which all the owls owned by the school. Some rooms in the school tend to move around, and so do the stairs in the grand staircase, electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the levels of magic, substitutes for magic Muggles use such as computers, radar. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid, the giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from eleven to eighteen. Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are one thousand students at Hogwarts. She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the number of people in Harrys year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harrys year, Rowling has said that Hogwarts is a multifaith school. She has further stated on the subject, The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans, in response to the query, o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts. I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club, Rowling replied, according to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place, and squibs cannot attend the school as students. A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of children and writes their names into a large parchment book
Hogwarts
–
Hogwarts as depicted in
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Hogwarts
–
Coat of arms of Hogwarts
Hogwarts
–
A studio model of Hogwarts at Leavesden Studios.
Hogwarts
–
Film set of The Great Hall, Hogwarts at
Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, UK
34.
Charmed
–
Charmed is an American television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television, with Brad Kern serving as showrunner. The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7,1998, each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve, while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco. The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters, Prue, Piper and Phoebe, however, following Prues death in the third-season finale, their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards. During its fifth season, the became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WBs history. The shows ratings, although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks, were substantial for The WB as it was not one of the main TV networks in the US. At 178 episodes, Charmed is the second-longest drama broadcast by The WB, the series has also received numerous awards and nominations. Charmed has also become a source of pop culture references in film, the shows success has led to its development in other media, including a video game, board games, novels, and a comic book series which serves as a continuation of its narrative. Throughout 2012, six years after it ceased broadcasting, Charmed was the second-most watched television series on subscription services, including Amazon Video. The series starts when Phoebe Halliwell returns from New York and moves back into the familys Halliwell Manor in San Francisco to live with her sisters Prue and Piper. By the end of the first episode, each sister learns that she has a magical power. Prue, the eldest, has the power of telekinesis, Piper, the middle sister, has the power to effectively freeze people and objects. As she grows more proficient, she learns how to freeze only certain people or objects or body parts, in season three, her powers evolve further, as she is able to cause evil beings or objects to explode using her hands. Phoebe, the youngest of the three, initially possesses the power of allowing her to receive visions of the future. She later develops the powers of levitation in season three, and empathy in season six, the latter allowing her to sense and tap into others emotions and, sometimes, in accordance with the series mythology, a witchs powers are tied to their emotions. During the first two seasons, the sisters face various evil beings from week to week, however, in the third season, they discover that their ultimate enemy is The Underworlds demonic ruler, The Source of All Evil. Eventually, Prue is killed in the season three finale by The Sources personal assassin, Shax, the Source, responsible for the majority of attacks on the sisters, becomes the main villain during season four until he is finally vanquished. After his demise, an annual season-long storyline and several antagonists are introduced in subsequent seasons, the sisters also fight to prevent the exposure of the existence of magic to the human community at large, contending with several police and FBI investigations. The sisters also face romantic storylines, eventually, the two manage to marry and consecrate their union in season three, producing a son named Wyatt in season five
Charmed
–
Charmed
Charmed
–
The
Victorian building filmed as the Halliwell Manor is located at
Carroll Avenue in
Los Angeles, California. However, in the series, the fictional manor is set in
San Francisco.
Charmed
–
Shannen Doherty (left) portrayed
Prue Halliwell, and
Holly Marie Combs (right) portrayed
Piper Halliwell.
Charmed
35.
The Painted World
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The second season of Charmed, an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on September 30,1999 on The WB. Airing on Thursdays at 9,00 pm, the season consisted of 22 episodes, paramount Home Entertainment released the complete second season in a six-disc box set on September 6,2005
The Painted World
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DVD cover art
The Painted World
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A trinity knot, the
triquetra design on the cover of the series'
Book of Shadows.
36.
Thomas Read Kemp
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Thomas Read Kemp was an English property developer and politician. He was the son of Sussex landowner and Member of Parliament Thomas Kemp and he was educated at Westminster School, and matriculated at St Johns College, Cambridge in 1801. He graduated B. A.1805, M. A.1810 and he entered the Middle Temple in 1804. Kemp conceived and developed the Regency-style Kemp Town estate in Brighton on the south coast of England and he was Member of Parliament for Lewes 1811–16 and 1826–37 and for Arundel 1823–26. He fled Britain in 1837 to escape his creditors and died in Paris in 1844 and he is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. A tablet was erected to his memory at St Nicholass Church next to his wifes, Kemp married Frances Baring, daughter of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet and Harriet Herring in 1806. They had four sons and six daughters and she died during childbirth in 1825 and was buried at St. Nicholass Church. As second marriage in 1832, Kemp wedded Frances Shakerley of Somerford, rose Collis The New Encyclopedia of Brighton Brighton and Hove City Council Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Thomas Read Kemp Thomas Read Kemp
Thomas Read Kemp
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Drawing of Kemp by Sir
Thomas Lawrence.
37.
Guinness Mahon
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Guinness Mahon was an Irish merchant bank originally based in Dublin but more recently with major operations in London. The firm was founded as an agency in Dublin in 1836 by barrister Robert Rundell Guinness, a great-nephew of the brewer Arthur Guinness, and John Ross Mahon. A London office opened in 1873, closed in 1916 during World War I and this became Guinness Mahon Holdings, which merged with Lewis & Peat Ltd in 1974, forming Guinness Peat. The Group ran into difficulties in the late 1980s and demerged into three parts, the Guinness Mahon investment banking business, Fenchurch Insurance and the off-shore investment activities. Its subsidiaries and offshoots included Guinness Peat Aviation and Guinness Peat Group in New Zealand and Guinness Flight Hambro, the rise of a merchant bank
Guinness Mahon
–
v
38.
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
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Castles have played an important military, economic and social role in Great Britain and Ireland since their introduction following the Norman invasion of England in 1066. During the 12th century the Normans began to build castles in stone – with characteristic square keeps – that played both military and political roles. Royal castles were used to control key towns and the economically important forests, following the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 1170s, under Henry II, castles were established there too. Castles continued to grow in sophistication and comfort during the 12th century, leading to a sharp increase in the complexity. The tower house style would also be adopted in the north of England and Ireland in later years, in North Wales Edward I built a sequence of militarily powerful castles after the destruction of the last Welsh polities in the 1270s. By the 14th century castles were combining defences with luxurious, sophisticated living arrangements and heavily landscaped gardens, many royal and baronial castles were left to decline, so that by the 15th century only a few were maintained for defensive purposes. A small number of castles in England and Scotland were developed into Renaissance Era palaces that hosted lavish feasts, such structures were, however, beyond the means of all but royalty and the richest of the late-medieval barons. The defences of castles around the British Isles were improved to deal with this threat. Nevertheless, in the civil and religious conflicts across the British Isles during the 1640s and 1650s. Modern defences were built alongside existing medieval fortifications and, in many cases, castles successfully withstood more than one siege. At the end of the war castles were slighted to prevent future use. Other castles were used as county gaols, until parliamentary legislation in the 19th closed most of them down, such renovations raised concerns over their protection so that today castles across the British Isles are safeguarded by legislation. Primarily used as tourist attractions, castles form a key part of the heritage industry. The English word castle derives from the Latin word castellum and is used to refer to the fortified residence of a lord or noble. The presence of castles in Britain and Ireland dates primarily from the Norman invasion of 1066, before the arrival of the Normans the Anglo-Saxons had built burhs, fortified structures with their origins in 9th-century Wessex. Most of these, especially in areas, were large enough to be best described as fortified townships rather than private dwellings and are therefore not usually classed as castles. Although rural burhs were relatively secure their role was primarily ceremonial, there were, however, a small number of castles which were built in England during the 1050s, probably by Norman knights in the service of Edward the Confessor. These include Hereford, Clavering, Richards Castle and possibly Ewyas Harold Castle, William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and one of his first actions after landing was to build Hastings Castle to protect his supply routes
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
–
Conwy Castle, Wales
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
–
The
Tower of London, England
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
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Castle Stalker, Scotland
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
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White's Castle, Ireland
39.
List of castles in England
–
It is not a list of every castle ever built in England, many of which have vanished without trace, but is primarily a list of buildings and remains that have survived. In almost every case the buildings that survive are either ruined, for several reasons, whether a given site is that of a medieval castle has not been taken to be a sufficient criterion for determining whether or not that site should be included in the list. Castles that have vanished or whose remains are visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings. Fortifications from before the period are not listed, nor are architectural follies. In other respects it is difficult to clear and consistent boundaries between two sets of buildings, comprising those that indisputably belong in a list of castles and those that do not. In order to establish a list that is as far as possible comprehensive as well as consistent, before the list itself, a discussion of its scope includes lengthy lists of buildings excluded from the main lists for various reasons. The Castellarium Anglicanum, an index of castles in England and Wales published in 1983. Many of these castles have vanished or left almost no trace, the present list includes more than 800 medieval castles of which there are visible remains, with over 300 having substantial surviving stone or brick remains. A castle is a type of fortified structure, developed in Europe during the Middle Ages, the first castles appeared in France in the 10th century, and in England during the 11th century. Some were later rebuilt in stone, but there are a great many sites in England where all that is visible today are traces of earthworks. Castles continued to be built in England for several hundred years, the two principal elements in their construction were the great tower or keep, such as the White Tower, and the fortified enclosure, such as is provided by the outer wall of the Tower of London. Many took the form of the tower, a smaller, more modest version of the castle keep. Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences, typically, a castle was the residence of a feudal lord, providing the owner with a secure base from which to control his lands, and also a symbol of wealth and power. Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Age hill fort, provided public or communal defences, the many Roman forts of which ruins survive in Britain differed in being wholly military in nature - they were camps or strongholds of the Roman army. The Romans also built town or city walls in England, which can still be seen, by the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. In the reign of Henry VIII, fears of invasion led to the building of a series of new fortresses along the south coast of England, known as the Device Forts or Henrician Castles. One of them, Pendennis Castle, was one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War—starvation forcing surrender after a siege of five months. As the role of the castle as fortress declined in the medieval period
List of castles in England
–
Windsor Castle, Berkshire
List of castles in England
–
The Tower of London
List of castles in England
–
Pendennis Castle, Cornwall: a 16th-century Henrician Castle
List of castles in England
–
Herstmonceux Castle, East Sussex
40.
Historic England
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Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, ancient monuments. The body was created by the National Heritage Act 1983. Historic England has a remit to and complements the work of Natural England which aims to protect the natural environment. Historic England inherits English Heritages position as the UK governments statutory adviser and this includes archaeology on land and under water, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of Englands heritage and publishes the annual the Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK Governments Official statistics and it is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the man-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations. Giving grants national and local organisations for the conservation of buildings, monuments. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings, advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation. Administering and maintaining the register of Englands listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, conservation areas and protected parks and this is published as an online resource as The National Heritage List for England. Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage, providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities, consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e. g. It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, however they do not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023. Britain from Above, presents the unique Aerofilms collection of photographs from 1919-1953. Images of England website Heritage Explorer, Education site for teachers Department for Culture Media and Sport
Historic England
–
Historic England
Historic England
–
Historic England's
Swindon Office and home to their Archives.
41.
Wikisource
–
Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
–
The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
–
Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
–
::: Original text
Wikisource
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
42.
Richardson Memorial Stadium
–
George Taylor Richardson Memorial Stadium is an 8,500 seat Canadian football stadium located on the campus of the Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. It was built in 1971 and is the home of the Golden Gaels football team and it is named in memory of George Taylor Richardson, a Queens graduate renowned for his athleticism and sportsmanship who died in World War I. It is the stadium to bear the name. The original stadium was funded by Georges brother, James Armstrong Richardson, graduate, the stadiums bleachers were deemed structurally unsafe in May 2013, causing 6,500 seats to be removed. Renovations were completed in July 2013, with a new capacity of 8,500 with two new end zone seating sections. In December 2014, a $20.27 million revitalization was announced that will be completed for September 17,2016 for its football game. The original field was located on Union Street at the present site of Mackintosh-Corry Hall and it was opened in 1921 on a piece of land bought from a community of nuns. This field hosted the 1922 Grey Cup, when a new social sciences complex, Mackintosh-Corry Hall was planned, the original stadium was torn down and relocated to the newly acquired West Campus. In 2013, Seating capacity was reduced to 8,500, down from 10,200, plans to reconstruct the 40 year old stadium at the same location were approved in December 2014, with $20.27 million of funding needed. Principal Daniel Woolf stated that the stadium was desperately in need of revitalization, $17 million was raised from donations, inclunding $10 million from former Gaels football player and current Guelph Gryphons head coach Stu Lang. Construction began on December 5,2015 and the stadium re-opened for the beginning of the 2016 football season on September 17,2016, Richardson played host to two World Cup 2006 qualifiers between Canada and Belize in 2004. Canada won both matches 4-0 and progressed to the stage after Belize had forfeited their right to play a home match due to a lack of infrastructure. It hosted the Colonial Cup match between the US Tomahawks and Canada Wolverines on September 19,2010 which was the first international rugby match played in Canada since 1995. On June 9,2012, Canada played the United States in a friendly match, Canada won 28-25 in front of 7,521 spectators
Richardson Memorial Stadium
–
Richardson Memorial Stadium
Richardson Memorial Stadium
–
The West (alumni and public) stands at Richardson Memorial Stadium
43.
Joseph S. Stauffer Library
–
Joseph S. Stauffer Library or Stauffer is the main social science and humanities library of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Construction was completed in 1994 at a cost of C$42 million, funded partially by the Ontario government, the library is the largest building on the University campus, with Postmodern architecture referencing the Neo-Gothic style by architecture firm Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects. It won the 1997 Governor Generals Award for Architecture, the Queens University Library is a contributor to the Open Content Alliance KPMB Architects Stauffer Library
Joseph S. Stauffer Library
–
Joseph S. Stauffer Library
Joseph S. Stauffer Library
44.
Boo Hoo the Bear
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Boo Hoo the Bear is the mascot of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. Boo Hoo wears a vest and tam in the Royal Stewart tartan, originally, Boo Hoo was a real bear which was paraded around at football games and kept in the basement of Grant Hall. The first bear was a pet of Bill Hughes who brought him to Queens when he was hired as a boxing trainer and this was the first of a succession of 5 bears who lived at the stadium until the 1950s. The mascot was revived in its present form in the 1980s by the Queens Bands Cheerleaders and is currently in his eighth incarnation, giving him the full title of King Boo Hoo the eighth. He is seen often around the Queens campus, at the Queens Gaels football games, frosh week and homecoming, and has been on the cover of several issues of Golden Words
Boo Hoo the Bear
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Boo Hoo the Bear
45.
Golden Words
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Golden Words is a weekly humour publication produced by students at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It claims to be the only humour weekly in Canada, the paper was founded by the Engineering Society in 1967 to give the Engineering Society a voice on campus. Its very first cartoon contained an Engineer reading a copy of the Queens Journal, thinking to himself Oh, recent volumes have run 25 issues. Along with the Queens Journal, it is one of the two main publications on campus, and claims a circulation of over 9,000. The papers humour style reflects its motto, Sola Veritas Est Qui Facit Ut Me in Merda and its printed humour is diverse, running the gamut from absurdist sketches and short stories to political satire and commentary on current events. Practical jokes have also figured prominently in its history, and are revealed in subsequent issues. Published parodies have included Queens Journal, the Queens Gazette, the Kingston Whig-Standard, in September 1989, the masthead staff stole the Greasepole from the first year students charged with protecting it - and ransomed it back to them for 100 cases of beer. The paper maintains a rivalry with the Journal. Although Golden Words is owned by the Engineering Society, the paper attracts contributors from across the undergraduate population, notable Golden Words alumni include humourist Jay Pinkerton, game designer Erin Robinson, screenwriter Elan Mastai, and 1000 Awesome Things author Neil Pasricha. Robertson Davies serially published the first few chapters of his work The Manticore in the Golden Words, the papers editors for the 52nd Volume are Brendan Robson and Sam Goldstein. List of student newspapers in Canada List of newspapers in Canada Golden Words Official Website
Golden Words
–
The February 3, 2010 front page of Golden Words
46.
CFRC-FM
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CFRC-FM is the campus radio station of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The station has one of the longest radio histories in the world, CFRC remains in operation at the present time and serves the Queens University campus and greater Kingston. The station broadcasts at 101.9 MHz, although for most of its past it operated at 1490 on the AM dial, CFRC-FM is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association. A comprehensive oral history of the station was compiled by Arthur Zimmerman, Radio technology has a surprisingly long history in Kingston, dating back to the early radio experimentations of Queens first Professor of General Engineering, James Lester Willis Gill. An informal wireless club was formed by a group of Gills students, with the help of Professor Douglas Jemmett an experimental station license was obtained in the Spring of 1922. The stations equipment was housed in the basement of the Electrical Engineering building, Fleming Hall and it had a power output of approximately 250 watts, and had an estimated range of 160 kilometres. Some student broadcasters also said that CFRC meant Crazy Fellows Raising Cain, with the replacement of the CRBC with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1936, CFRC became an affiliate. Since the station began broadcasting, CFRC periodically changed frequencies until it settled on 1490 AM on March 29,1941. In 1954, CFRC-FM began broadcasting at 91.9 Megacycles on the FM dial to simulcast the programming of CFRC/1490. In 1986, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved Radio Queens application to change CFRC-FMs frequency from 91.9 MHz to its current FM frequency,101.9 MHz. In 1990 the AM frequency went dark and all CFRC programming moved to the FM frequency, the station was for many years the only campus radio station in Canada to be owned and operated by a university rather than by its students. This changed in 2003 when ownership and management of the station was transferred from the university to the Alma Mater Society. Due to changes in CRTC regulations, CFRCs ownership transitioned from 2012 to 2014 so that it become an autonomous service, CFRC has for years provided regular coverage of all regular season and playoff football games. Intermittently, they have provided coverage of hockey and basketball. Lorne Greene, CBC wartime announcer, later star of Bonanza, in the Shadow of the Shield. ISBN 0-9695570-0-0 CFRC-FM CFRC-AM history - Canadian Communications Foundation CFRC-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CFRC-FM
CFRC-FM
–
CFRC-FM
