1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
No Doubt
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No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim, California, that formed in 1986. Since 1994, the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani, bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal, guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont, since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio, they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley. The ska sound of their song Trapped in a Box that was featured on their first album No Doubt failed to make an impact. The Beacon Street Collection is a raw expression of their sound, inspired by ska punk, the album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995, over three times as many as their first album sold. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady, which incorporated reggae, the album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Sly and Robbie, and Lady Saw. The album produced two Grammy-winning singles, Hey Baby and Underneath It All, as well as Hella Good, after a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects, with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love. Baby. and The Sweet Escape while Tom Dumont released his own music project. In 2008, the band resumed working slowly on their effort, titled Push and Shove. They have sold over 33 million records worldwide, Eric Stefani and John Spence met at a Dairy Queen and had talked about getting a group together to play music. Eric got a keyboard and gathered some players together to practice, the practice included Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, John Spence, Jerry McMahon, Chris Leal, Chris Webb, Gabriel Gonzalez & Alan Meade and Tony Meade. They practiced in Erics parents garage, Tony Kanal went to one of the bands early shows and soon joined the band as its bassist. After initially rejecting her advances, he began dating Gwen, but they kept their secret for a year. Paul Caseley also joined the band in 1987, Eric Carpenter joined the horn section soon after. In December 1987, Spence committed suicide days before the band was to play a gig at The Roxy Theatre for record industry employees. No Doubt disbanded but decided to regroup after several weeks with Alan Meade taking over vocals, when Meade left the band, Gwen replaced him as lead singer, and No Doubt continued to develop a live following in California. He joined No Doubt and replaced Jerry McMahon as the bands guitarist, Adrian Young replaced Chris Webb as the drummer the following year. Caseley left No Doubt in July 1989 for the US Navy Band, No Doubts self-titled debut album was finally released in 1992, but it featured no radio singles, although a video was made for Trapped in a Box. The albums distinctly upbeat pop/cartoon sound sharply contrasted with the then-dominant grunge movement, because the music worlds focus was redirected squarely at Seattle, No Doubts album was not supported by the record label and considered a commercial failure for selling only 30,000 copies
3.
Bounty Killer
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Rodney Basil Price, known as Bounty Killer, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall deejay. Allmusic describes him as having one of the most aggressive dancehall stars of the 90s. He is the founder of a collective known as The Alliance with deejay Mavado. Price moved to Kingston at an age, along with his mother. His father owned and ran the Black Scorpio sound system and Price started his career as a sound system deejay in his early teens. At the age of 14, Price was shot by a bullet during a gunfight between rival political factions, and while convalescing in hospital decided on the name Bounty Killer. After recovering, he increased his performances on a number of sound systems. Prior to his entry into the industry, Rodney Price was in the retail industry as an entrepreneur selling figurines. He was then encouraged to record at King Jammys studio in Kingston, Price eventually recorded with King Jammy, the first session being in Spring 1992. One of his first tunes was the Coppershot, which Jammy was unwilling to release due to its lyrics glorifying gun culture, Jammys brother Uncle T disagreed and released the single himself. In 1993, Price performed at the annual hardcore festival Sting, held in Portmore, Jamaica every year on Boxing Day, the rivalry continued through the 1990s, with both accusing the other of a stolen act. They settled their differences after both realized the effect their feud was having on the industry. He has also had heated rivalries with other top deejays, including Merciless and Vybz Kartel. He increased control over his output in 1995 by leaving Jammy and setting up his own Scare Dem Productions company and Priceless Records label. During the 1990s, Price voiced for several producers and labels in Jamaica, releasing songs such as Defend the Poor, Mama, Book, Book, Book, Babylon System and Down in the Ghetto. At about this time, he known in USA and in Europe, recording with such artists as Busta Rhymes, No Doubt, Masta Killa, The Fugees, Wyclef Jean, Mobb Deep, Capone-N-Noreaga, Swizz Beatz. In the mid-1990s, he began releasing albums, with four released in 1994 and his 1996 album My Xperience was hugely successful, spending six months on the Billboard reggae chart. In 1997 Bounty Killer decided to make a version of Rose Royce hit single Love Dont Live Here Anymore
4.
Rock Steady (album)
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Rock Steady is the fifth studio album by American rock band No Doubt, released on December 11,2001 by Interscope Records. The band began writing the album with recording sessions in Los Angeles and San Francisco, then traveled to London and Jamaica to work with various performers, songwriters. Sly & Robbie, The Neptunes, and William Orbit were among the artists the band collaborated with on the album. As a result of collaborations, Rock Steady touches on many musical styles, focusing on dub, synthpop. The band attempted to capture the vibe of Jamaican dancehall music, singer Gwen Stefani wrote her lyrics quickly in comparison to previous records, and dealt with topics ranging from partying to ruminations on her relationship with Gavin Rossdale. Rock Steady received mostly positive reviews music critics, and it was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards. The album was a comeback for the band, surpassing sales of their previous offering, Return of Saturn. Rock Steady spawned four singles, two of which won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, rolling Stone ranked Rock Steady number 316 on its 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Every night on the tour to support their 2000 album Return of Saturn, during a discussion over dinner in late 2000, the band members decided they wanted to explore dancehall-style rhythms for their next album. Drawing inspiration from such as Bounty Killer, Cutty Ranks, and Mr. Vegas. The group often tried recreating beats from other files on the computer. They worked with producer Philip Steir at Toast Studios in San Francisco during this time, when writing lyrics for previous albums, Stefani typically read works by Sylvia Plath that would make her depressed or find different words that inspire me. In contrast, for Rock Steady she wrote the lyrics quicker, many of the demos recorded during these early sessions were used in the final tracks, rather than completely reworking the songs. The band saw this as a way to preserve the initial spark from when the songs were conceived, the next month, Stefani left Los Angeles for London to visit boyfriend Gavin Rossdale, and the band traveled with her to finish recording Detective. There, they worked with Eurythmics member David A. Stewart, in March, No Doubt traveled to Jamaica, staying at the Blue Lagoon in Port Antonio. The band spent most of the swimming and getting sunburned and drinking and smoking and recording a little music. The group would often have Red Stripe beers or rum and cokes with jerk food for breakfast, on one occasion and they began work in the mid-afternoon and worked into the night, with an after-party following the session. The group collaborated with Sly & Robbie, who produced Underneath It All and Hey Baby and brought in dancehall toasters Lady Saw and Bounty Killer, and Steely & Clevie, the band returned from Jamaica and resumed work in June 2001, collaborating with producers Nellee Hooper and Timbaland
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
6.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
7.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
8.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
9.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
10.
Port Antonio
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Port Antonio is the capital of the parish of Portland on the northeastern coast of Jamaica, about 60 miles from Kingston. It had a population of 12,285 in 1982 and 13,246 in 1991, Portland formally became a parish in 1723 by order of the Duke of Portland, after whom it is named, and then Governor of Jamaica. The existing port was to be called Port Antonio and was slated to become a naval stronghold, to that end, by 1729, the British began to build Fort George on the peninsula separating the twin East and West harbors known as the Titchfield promontory. The fort was intended to protect settlers from attacks by the Spanish from the sea, the island was glamorized by Hollywood as a model of paradise in movies of the 1940s and 1950s, and in later movies such as Club Paradise and Cocktail. This image was added to by the arrival of movie star Errol Flynn in 1946 when his yacht and he subsequently bought nearby Navy Island, part of historic Fort George in Port Antonio as well as hundreds of acres of farmland along the Portland coast. The Rio Grande, Boston Bay and Reach Falls are also close by, in addition there is the Bay View Eco Resort located on a former Coconut Plantation and Pimento Lodge in Long Bay which is within easy access of all destinations. Port Antonio is a hub for bus transport in the north east of the island, Port Antonio was the terminus of the now abandoned railway from Kingston via Spanish Town and Bog Walk, which was primarily built to serve the banana export trade. The poet, Robert Burns, was engaged to become a book keeper at the Springbank property near Port Antonio, the 1989 thriller film The Mighty Quinn was filmed at various locations throughout Jamaica, with the principal outdoor scenes shot in Port Antonio. The 1990 thriller film Lord of the Flies was filmed on location in Port Antonio, guide to attractions and sights in Port Antonio A History of Portland
11.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
12.
Kingston, Jamaica
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Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States. The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. Greater Kingston, or the Corporate Area refers to areas under the KSAC, however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish. Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052, and St. Andrew parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001, Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east, communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, two parts make up the central area of Kingston, the historic Downtown, and New Kingston. Both are served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by the smaller, Kingston was founded in July 1692 as a place for survivors of the 1692 earthquake that destroyed Port Royal. Before the earthquake, Kingston’s functions were purely agricultural, the earthquake survivors set up a camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to mosquito-borne diseases, initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barrys Hog Crawle. The town did not begin to grow until after the destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, by 1716 it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal. Gradually wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the lands north on the plains of Liguanea. The first free school, Wolmerss, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street, in 1755 the governor, Sir Charles Knowles, had decided to transfer the government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. It was thought by some to be a location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston. By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings, the harbour fostered trade, and played part in several naval wars of the 18th century
13.
Dancehall
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Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, in the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably, with digital dancehall becoming increasingly characterized by faster rhythms. Dancehall music saw mainstream success in Jamaica throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, by the 2010s, dancehall began to heavily influence the work of established Western artists producers which has helped to further bring the genre into the Western music mainstream. Dancehall is named after Jamaican dance halls in which popular Jamaican recordings were played by local sound systems and they began in the late 1940s among people from the inner city of Kingston, who were not able to participate in dances uptown. Themes of social injustice, repatriation and the Rastafari movement were overtaken by lyrics about dancing, violence, around the same time, producer Don Mais was reworking old rhythms at Channel One Studios, using the Roots Radics band. Sound systems such as Killimanjaro, Black Scorpio, Gemini Disco, Virgo Hi-Fi, Volcano Hi-Power and Aces International soon capitalized on the new sound, deejay records became, for the first time, more important than records featuring singers. The early 1980s also saw the emergence of female deejays in dancehall music, such as Lady G, Lady Saw, other female dancehall stars include artistes like Diana King and in the late 1990s to the 2000s Ce Cile, Spice, Macka Diamond and more. In the mid-1980s, French Caribbean group Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, King Jammys 1985 hit, Sleng Teng by Wayne Smith, with an entirely-digital rhythm hook took the dancehall reggae world by storm. Many credit this song as being the first digital rhythm in reggae, however, this is not entirely correct since there are earlier examples of digital productions, such as Horace Fergusons single Sensi Addict produced by Prince Jazzbo in 1984. The Sleng Teng rhythm was used in over 200 subsequent recordings and this deejay-led, largely synthesized chanting with musical accompaniment departed from traditional conceptions of Jamaican popular musical entertainment. Dub poet Mutabaruka said, if 1970s reggae was red, green and gold and it was far removed from reggaes gentle roots and culture, and there was much debate among purists as to whether it should be considered an extension of reggae. This shift in style again saw the emergence of a new generation of artists, such as Buccaneer, Capleton and Shabba Ranks, the deejays became more focused on violence, with Bounty Killer, Mad Cobra, Ninjaman and Buju Banton becoming major figures in the genre. By the early 2000s, dancehall inspired pop music saw increased popularity in Jamaica, as well as in the United States and international markets. This was first seen with artists, such as Sean Paul whos single Get Busy became the first dancehall single to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The late 2000s saw domestic success for artists, such as Popcaan, Vybz Kartel, Konshens, Mr. Vegas. Donna P. Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview, such a drastic change in the popular music of the region generated an equally radical transformation in fashion trends, specifically those of its female faction. In lieu of traditional, modest rootsy styles, as dictated by Rastafari-inspired gender roles, women began donning flashy and this transformation is said to coincide with the influx of slack lyrics within dancehall, which objectified women as apparatuses of pleasure. These women would team up others to form modeling posses, or dancehall model groups
14.
Ragga
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Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a subgenre of dancehall and reggae music, in which the instrumentation primarily consists of electronic music. Similar to hip hop, sampling often serves a prominent role in raggamuffin music, in the mid-1980s, French Antilles Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, took Caribbean music to another level by recording in a digital format. Wayne Smiths Under Mi Sleng Teng was produced by King Jammy in 1985 on a Casio MT-40 synthesizer and is recognized as the seminal ragga song. Sleng Teng boosted Jammys popularity immensely, and other producers quickly released their own versions of the riddim, Ragga is now mainly used as a synonym for dancehall reggae or for describing dancehall with a deejay chatting rather than singjaying or singing on top of the riddim. Ragga originated in Jamaica during the 1980s, at the time that electronic dance musics popularity was increasing globally. One of the reasons for raggas swift propagation is that it is generally easier, Ragga evolved first in Jamaica, and later in Europe, North America, and Africa, eventually spreading to Japan, India, and the rest of the world. Ragga heavily influenced early jungle music, and also spawned the syncretistic bhangragga style when fused with bhangra, in the 1990s, ragga and breakcore music fused, creating a style known as raggacore. The term raggamuffin is a misspelling of ragamuffin, a word that entered the Jamaican Patois lexicon after the British Empire colonized Jamaica in the 17th century. Despite the British colonialists pejorative application of the term, Jamaican youth appropriated it as an ingroup designation, the term raggamuffin music describes the music of Jamaicas ghetto dwellers. In the late 1980s, influential Jamaican rapper Daddy Freddys pioneering efforts in fusing ragga with hip hop music earned him international acclaim while helping to publicize and popularize ragga. In 1987, Daddy Freddy and Asher Ds Ragamuffin Hip-Hop became the first multinational single to feature the word ragga in its title, in 1992, Canadian hip hop group Rascalz released their debut album under the name Ragga Muffin Rascals. Artists like Mad Lion grew in popularity during this early 90s trend, some ragga artists believe that the assimilation of hip hop sensibilities is crucial to the international marketability of dancehall music. Dissertation Thesis at the Zurich University,1986, buchverlag Michael Schwinn, Neustadt, Deutschland,1. 1992 René Wynands, Do The Reggae, Reggae von Pocomania bis Ragga und der Mythos Bob Marley. 1995 ISBN 3-492-18409-X, ISBN 3-7957-8409-3 Online-Version Norman C, stolzoff, Wake the Town and Tell the People. Durham, London, Duke University Press,2000
15.
Electro (music)
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Electro is a genre of electronic music and early hip hop directly influenced by the use of the Roland TR-808 drum machines, and funk. This is the distinction between electro and previously prominent genres such as disco, in which the electronic sound was only part of the instrumentation. It also palpably deviates from its predecessor boogie for being less vocal-oriented, following the decline of disco music in the United States, electro emerged as a fusion of funk and New York boogie. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak. By the mid 1980s, the genre moved away from its electronic and funk influences, using harder edged beats and rock samples, Electro became popular again in the late 1990s with artists such as Anthony Rother and DJs such as Dave Clarke. A third wave of popularity occurred in 2007, Electro has branched out into subgenres, including Electrocore and Skweee, which developed in Sweden and Finland. From its inception, one of the characteristics of the electro sound was the use of drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. As the genre evolved, computers and sampling replaced drum machines in electronic music and it is important to note, that although the electro of the 1980s and contemporary electro both grew out of the dissolution of disco, they are now different genres. Classic electro drum patterns tend to be electronic emulations of breakbeats, with a kick drum. The difference between electro drumbeats and breakbeats is that electro tends to be mechanical, while breakbeats tend to have more of a human-like feel. The definition however is somewhat ambiguous in nature due to the uses of the term. The Roland TR-808 drum machine hit the market in 1980, defining early electro with its immediately recognizable sound, staccato, percussive drumbeats tended to dominate electro, almost exclusively provided by the TR-808. As an inexpensive way of producing a sound, the TR-808 caught on quickly with the producers of early electro because of the ability of its bass drum to generate extreme low-frequencies. This aspect of the Roland TR-808 was especially appealing to producers who would test drive their tracks in nightclubs and its unique percussion sounds like handclaps, open and closed high-hat, clave and cowbell became integral to the electro sound. A number of songs in the early 1980s employed the TR-808, including Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing, ” Cybotron’s “Clear, ” and Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock. ”The Roland TR-808 has attained iconic status. Through the use of samples, the Roland TR-808 remains popular in electro, most electro is instrumental, but a common element is vocals processed through a vocoder. Additionally, speech synthesis may be used to create robotic or mechanical lyrical content, as in the iconic Planet Rock, although primarily instrumental, early electro utilized rap
16.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
17.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
18.
Gwen Stefani
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Gwen Renée Stefani is an American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. During the bands hiatus, Stefani embarked on a pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was met both critical and commercial success. It spawned three successful singles, What You Waiting For. Rich Girl, and Hollaback Girl, the reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006 Stefani released her studio album The Sweet Escape. The album produced two singles, Wind It Up and the albums title track The Sweet Escape. Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016, Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist she has received accolades, including an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L. A. M. B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, drawing inspiration from Japanese culture, Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls. She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015, Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–09 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their 100 Greatest Women in Music list in 2012, including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Stefani was born on October 3,1969, in Fullerton, California and she was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from The Four Tops 1968 cover of The Left Bankes 1966 song Walk Away Renée. Her father, Dennis Stefani, is Italian American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive and her mother, Patti, worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Gwens parents were fans of music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan. She has two siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother named Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and The Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, finally, in 1991, the band was signed to Interscope Records
19.
Tony Kanal
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Tony Ashwin Kanal is a British-American musician, record producer and songwriter. Kanal is the bassist for the American rock band No Doubt and his musical work outside of the band includes producing and songwriting with artists such as reggae singer Elan Atias and No Doubt bandmate Gwen Stefani, among others. Kanals father Gulab and his mother Lajwanti Lajju are from India and are Hindus and his parents emigrated from India to London, England, where Kanal was born. While most of his years were spent in London, Kanal and his family also spent brief periods living in Toronto, Canada. At age eleven, he was taken by his once again to the United States. There, his parents opened a store named Kanals Gifts and Fashion, Kanals father suggested that Kanal learn to play the saxophone since it was the formers favorite instrument, so he bought one for Kanal. Kanal later learned how to play the bass from his schoolmate Dave Carpenter, after seeing one of third wave ska band No Doubts early shows, he joined the band as its bassist. Kanal enrolled at California State University, Fullerton to major in psychology, in October 1991, No Doubt began recording with producer Dito Godwin. When Interscope Records began turning songs down, No Doubt did it on their own, over two years they recorded ten songs and released it independently. When No Doubt went on hiatus, Kanal began a career behind the mixing console, in 2004, Kanal produced three songs for the soundtrack to 50 First Dates. Also in 2004, Kanal produced and co-wrote three tracks on Gwen Stefanis first solo album Love, Kanal then produced Elan Atiass debut album, Together as One, which was released in June 2006. Kanal again worked with Gwen Stefani for her solo album The Sweet Escape. He has created several remixes, including ones of Stefanis Hollaback Girl, Kanal produced the song Rent for the ska punk band Peppers 2006 album No Shame. In 2008, he collaborated on two songs titled Sober and Funhouse with Pink for her album Funhouse and also sang back-up on Crystal Ball, in late 2009, Kanal co-wrote and played bass for a song of former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatts debut solo album. Kanal also contributed on track seven of Weezers 2010 album Hurley and he received co-writing credit for the song Smart Girls. In 2010, Kanal co-wrote, produced, and performed bass on the track Kiss You Up, recorded by Barbadian artist Shontelle for her second album, No Gravity. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum
20.
Tom Dumont
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Thomas Martin Tom Dumont is an American guitarist and producer. Dumont is a member of third wave ska band No Doubt, born in Los Angeles, California, the Dumont family lived in Irvine, California. Tom was the adopted child in his family and has two siblings. Dumonts father, who played the piano, gave his son a guitar at age twelve, Dumont practiced by strumming folk songs by the likes of James Taylor. Dumont was influenced by metal bands such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest. He joined his older sisters heavy metal band Rising, but left in 1988 for third wave ska band No Doubt and he has one sister named Gina and a brother named John. Dumont studied music theory for five semesters at Orange Coast College, when the band moved into a house on Beacon Avenue in Anaheim, he wrote a poem about being addicted to television. He took the poem to Eric Stefani, who put the poem to music, the song was recorded for the bands self-titled debut album and was the albums only single. The band later self-released The Beacon Street Collection in March 1995, the same month, Dumont left his job as a file clerk at a mortgage company. He had a feeling about having finished recording Tragic Kingdom. Tragic Kingdom became a success, certified diamond in the United States. When Eric left the band, Tom took leadership in writing and composing responsibilities, after the Tragic Kingdom tour, Tom returned to his home in Long Beach, California and started surfing in 1997. Dumont is a member of The Surfrider Foundation, an organization to preserve coastal life. Since Eric Stefani left, Tom Dumont, Tony Kanal and Gwen Stefani became No Doubts primary songwriters, during No Doubts hiatus, Dumont produced Matt Costas 2005 debut album, titled Songs We Sing, after hearing a demo tape by Costa. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum. Stefani made a post on March 28,2008 stating that songwriting had commenced but was slow on her end because she was, at the time, manager Jim Guerinot said the yet-untitled album is being produced by Mark Spike Stent, who helped produce and mix Rock Steady. Between Stefanis pregnancy and recording, No Doubt did not tour in 2008, No Doubt announced on their official website that they will tour in the summer of 2009 with Paramore, The Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry, and Panic. at the Disco
21.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
22.
Sly and Robbie
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Sly and Robbie are a prolific Jamaican rhythm section and production duo, associated primarily with the reggae and dub genres. Drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare teamed up in the mid-1970s after establishing themselves separately in Jamaica as professional musicians, speaking on his influences, Sly explains “My mentor was the drummer for The Skatalites, Lloyd Knibb. And I used to listen a lot to the drummer for Booker T. & the M. G. s, Al Jackson Jr. and a lot of Philadelphia. And there are other drummers in Jamaica, like Santa and Carly from The Wailers Band, Winston Bennett, Paul Douglas, I respect all these drummers and have learnt a lot from them. From them, I listened and created my own style and they played some things I copied, other things I recreated. ”Sly and Robbie first worked together with The Revolutionaries for the newly created Channel One studio and label, operated by the Hoo Kim brothers. According to The Independent, their album was The Mighty Diamonds 1976 release Right Time. Then when it go to number 1 and stay there, everybody started trying for that style, Sly and Robbie were important in developing the trend towards computer-assisted music and programming in the mid-1980s. It also produced a number 12 hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1987 with Boops which Robbie Williams later sampled for his single Rudebox. In the early 1990s, Sly and Robbie introduced a sound with the hits Bam Bam. Chaka Demus rough DJ vocals were matched with Pliers sweet, melodic, soul-influenced singing and this formula has since been used with great success by the likes of Shaggy, Shabba Ranks, Maxi Priest and others. This predates the trend in some rap music where a hook or chorus is sung by a guest. In the Bam Bam style, Dunbar introduced Indian tabla sounds in his drum beats, Sly & Robbie continued to innovate during the late 1990s and early 2000s, fusing dancehall and Latin music sounds or dancehall and hip hop/R&B. They had a second UK top 40 hit in 1997, with the collaboration with Simply Red on a cover of Gregory Isaacs Night Nurse, in 1999, their Strip to the Bone album paired them with Scottish electro producer Howie B, and together they explored new dub territories. Their 1999 single Superthruster from this became a mainstream hit. The animated video depicted Sly and Robbie in battlesuits chasing a harlequin through a technological complex, as the video progresses, the harlequin turns out to be a marionette directed by the real villain. The early scene involving the Harlequin marionette bears at least a passing resemblance to Sven Väths 1994 animated cult-video Harlequin. Superthruster was released on vinyl and as a DVD single, its February 1999 release date making it one of or even the first DVD single ever to go on sale and they won a Grammy Award in 1999 for the album Friends. In 2003 they compiled and mixed a DJ mix album, Late Night Tales, Sly & Robbie, fresh, Carlos Santana, Sinéad OConnor, and others
23.
Spike Stent
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Stent grew up in Hampshire, England and first gained experience as an engineer at Jacob Studios as a teenager before a two-year stint at Trident Studios. After Trident, Stent worked out of Olympic Studios in Barnes, Olympic Studios was built as part of a joint venture between himself and EMI. While at Olympic, Stent worked with such as Massive Attack, Bjork, Madonna, U2, Keane. Stent currently works out of two studios, Mix Suite LA in EastWest Studios and Mix Suite UK
24.
Bathwater
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Bathwater is a ska punk song written by Tom Dumont, Tony Kanal, and Gwen Stefani for No Doubts fourth studio album Return of Saturn. It was released as the fourth and final single on November 14,2000. The song was written in ten minutes, opening with slow New Orleans funeral brass. The lyrics discuss overcoming insecurities about a relationship with adoration, the lyric to wash in your old bathwater means accepting a lovers faults. Bathwater is a ska punk song written in the key of E minor and it is composed in swing time with a medium swing and moves at a moderately fast tempo of 138 beats per minute. The songs verses are carried by perfect fifth chords with a chord progression. Some use minor key piano chords on the off beat, Stefanis vocal range spans over two octaves in the song, from G3 to B5. Bathwater received mixed reviews from music critics, entertainment Weekly described the songs cabaret style as campy and noted that even lovelorn teen girls may. think its pretty yucky. Rolling Stone described it as a combination of 2 Tone and the slapstick of farces by Gilbert and Sullivan that never drops the bands blend of adrenaline. In its review of The Singles 1992-2003, OMH Media disagreed and referred to it as a merging of 1940s dance music. The music video was directed by Sophie Muller, who directed the video to their previous single, Simple Kind of Life. It also features members of the burlesque group The Pussycat Dolls, in the United States, the song failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100 and barely entered the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart, inching to number 39. In the territories where the song did chart, it performed poorly, on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the single managed a number 71 peak position. In Germany, the reached number 73. On American Idol, Sanjaya Malakar performed Bathwater, the week that Gwen Stefani was the mentor for the contestants and this performance is most famed for the mohawk Malakar wore, which was composed of seven ponytails. Bathwater was released as a single to promote the album The Singles 1992–2003, although the version on the album is the version from Return of Saturn. The song was remixed by Invincible Overlord, No Doubt guitarist Tom Dumonts side project, the single peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Chart. The video for Bathwater is a version of the original video
25.
Hella Good
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Hella Good is a song by the American rock band No Doubt, taken from their fifth studio album Rock Steady. The song is influenced by electro, rock, punk, and it received positive reviews from contemporary music critics, who made comparisons to the work of a diverse range of artists such as Afrika Bambaataa and Madonna. Hella Good was released as the second single in April 2002. It was successful, and Roger Sanchezs remix of the song topped the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play, at the 45th Grammy Awards, Hella Good was nominated for Best Dance Recording, and Sanchezs remix won for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical. A black-and-white music video was produced, featuring the band squatting in an abandoned ship, No Doubt decided to work with hip hop production duo The Neptunes as a sort of cultural collision. Lead singer Gwen Stefani wanted to write a high-spirited and celebratory song about the things in her life. The word hella was a term used mostly in the San Francisco Bay Area. Having toured in the Bay Area, Stefani borrowed the term to describe her mood, Stefani wanted to use the word dance in a chorus, so she decided to end each line of Hella Goods chorus with the phrase keep on dancing. The songs funk sound is based on such as Queens 1980 single Another One Bites the Dust. Hella Good is a song composed in the key of G minor. It is written in time and moves at a moderately fast 115 beats per minute. The songs beat drew several comparisons to that of Michael Jacksons 1983 single Billie Jean and its hook comes from a simple progression of power chords alternating between G and A flat, suggesting Phrygian mode. Hella Good follows a form with a chorus following each of the two verses. Following the bridge, the chorus is repeated and the closes with an outro. Blender described it as a start to Rock Steady and compared it to the work of pop group Was, rapper and producer Timbaland, ska punk band Fishbone. The NME also compared the song to Bambaataas music as well as that of Britney Spears, playLouder called the track outstanding and compared Nellee Hoopers production to the electroclash style of Chicago house DJ Felix da Housecat. Entertainment Weekly characterized the song as a sequel to Madonnas 1985 synthpop single Into the Groove, the publication listed Hella Good seventh on its list of the top singles of 2002. Stylus Magazine was pleased with the use of overdubbing in the songs anthemic rock chorus, the song was listed at number twenty-six on the 2002 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau
26.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
27.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
28.
Music journalism
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Music journalism is media criticism and reporting about popular music topics, including pop music, rock music, and related styles. Journalists began writing music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now thought of as classical music. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was James William Davison of The Times, the composer Hector Berlioz also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s. The 1840s could be considered a point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians. However, counterexamples include Alfred Brendel, Charles Rosen, Paul Hindemith, in the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring when classical-music criticism visibly started to disappear from the media. Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from other than their own, such as Indian ragas. The performers be treated as human beings and their music be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon, the review should show an understanding of the musics cultural backgrounds and intentions. A key finding in a 2005 study of journalism in America was that the profile of the average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male. Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, davis, one of the most respected voices of the craft, said he had been forced out after 26 years. Music writers only started treating pop and rock music seriously in 1964 after the breakthrough of the Beatles, one of the early music magazines in Britain, Melody Maker, complained in 1967 about how newspapers and magazines are continually hammering pop music. Melody Maker magazine advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s, by 1999, the quality press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums, which had a key role in keeping pop in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of legitimating pop as an art form, as a result, in the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. In the realm of music, as in that of classical music. Frank Zappa declared that, Most rock journalism is people who cant write, interviewing people who cant talk, in the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media. In 2006, Martin Edlund of the New York Sun criticized the trend, arguing that while the Internet has democratized music criticism, slate magazine writer Jody Rosen discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article The Perils of Poptimism. Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as normative … the standard state of popular music … to which everything else is compared. At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians and genres which rock critics have dismissed as lightweight. Rosen stated that this new paradigm is called popism — or, more evocatively
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Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
30.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
31.
Ray gun
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A raygun is a type of fictional device that fires a beam of destructive energy used in science fiction, a form of directed-energy weapon. They have various names, ray gun, death ray, beam gun, blaster, laser gun, phaser. They are a feature of science fiction, for such stories they typically have the general function of guns. Real-life analogues are particle-beam weapons or electrolasers, electroshock weapons which send current along an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel, a very early example of a raygun is the Heat-Ray featured in H. G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds. Science fiction during the 1920s described death rays, early science fiction often described or depicted raygun beams making bright light and loud noise like lightning or large electric arcs. Sanson has placed a ray-gun there, all depends on the air-scouts, and we must hold our positions until the battle-planes arrive. The variant ray projector was used by John W. Campbell in The Black Star Passes in 1930, the term ray gun had already become cliché by the 1940s, in part due to association with the comic strips Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon. Soon after the invention of lasers during 1960, such devices became briefly fashionable as a weapon for science fiction stories. For instance, characters of the Lost in Space TV series, by the late 1960s and 1970s, as the lasers limits as a weapon became evident, rayguns were dubbed phasers, blasters, pulse rifles, plasma rifles and so forth. He further analyses the problem of power sources. In contrast to their counterparts, the batteries or power packs of even handheld weapons are minute, durable. This effect could sometimes be attributed to the heating atmosphere that it was passing through. Some of the effects are what would be expected from a powerful beam, if it could be generated in reality, Ray guns are often shown as transmitting heat. Ray guns may be used to cut hard materials like a blowtorch. But sometimes not, In movies, rays are often depicted as having effect instantaneously, raygun victims are generally killed instantaneously, often – as in the Star Wars films – without showing visible wounds or even holes in their clothing. Some rayguns cause their targets to disappear entirely, personal equipment and this would only happen if the momentum of the beam were comparable to that of a bullet shot from a gun. A wide range of functions as determined by the requirements of the story, for instance, they may stun, paralyze or knock down a target. Occasionally the rays may have effects, such as the freeze rays in the TV series Batman
32.
Music of Star Wars
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Released between 1977 and 2015, the music for the primary feature films was written by composer John Williams and, in the case of the first two trilogies, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. In July 2013, Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that Williams would be returning more to score the seventh episode, Star Wars. Williams scores for the seven saga films count among the most widely known, additionally, music for animated television series spinoffs has been written by Kevin Kiner, and further music has been composed for Star Wars video games and works in other media. The reasons for Williams tapping of a familiar Romantic idiom are known to involve Lucas desire to ground the otherwise strange and fantastic setting in well-known, audience-accessible music. Indeed, Lucas maintains that much of the trilogys success relies not on advanced visual effects. Star Wars often is credited as heralding the beginning of a revival of grand symphonic scores in the late 1970s. One technique in particular is an influence, Williamss revival of a technique called leitmotif, a leitmotif is a phrase or melodic cell that signifies a character, place, plot element, mood, idea, relationship or other specific part of the film. It is commonly used in film scoring as a device for mentally anchoring certain parts of a film to the soundtrack. Of chief importance for a leitmotif is that it must be enough for a listener to latch onto while being flexible enough to undergo variation. A series of concerts which featured Star Wars music, Star Wars, In Concert, first performed in London, it went on to tour across the United States and Canada, last playing in London, Ontario, Canada on July 25,2010. Kevin Kiner composed the score to the film Star Wars, The Clone Wars which led into the animated TV series of the name while using some of the original themes. His own material for the film includes a theme for Anakin Skywalkers Padawan learner, Ahsoka Tano, Kiner went on to score the TV series entire six seasons, which concluded in 2014. A soundtrack album was released same year by Walt Disney Records. Kiner continued his work with the franchise for the animated series Star Wars Rebels, from A New Hope Cantina Band and Cantina Band #2. Written by John Williams, it is played in the Cantina on Tatooine and it is written for solo trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, Fender Rhodes piano, steel drum, synthesizer and various percussion. According to the Star Wars Customizable Card Game, the title for the first Cantina band piece is Mad About Me. This piece also appears on an all the outtakes easter eggs on the DVDs from episode I and II, from Return of the Jedi Jabbas Baroque Recital. Mozart-esque John Williams composition played while 3PO and R2 first arrive, lyrics written by Joseph Williams and translated into Huttese, this is played by the Max Rebo Band in Jabba the Hutts palace
33.
Steve Miller Band
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The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco, California. The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals and it is best known today for a string of mid-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock radio, as well as several earlier acid rock albums. Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band, shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the band’s landmark contract with Capitol/EMI Records in 1967, the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band. In February 1968, the band recorded its album, Children of the Future. It went on to produce the albums Sailor, Brave New World, Your Saving Grace, Number 5, Rock Love, the bands Greatest Hits 1974–78, released in 1978, sold over 13 million copies. The band continued to produce more albums and in 2014 toured with the rock band Journey, in 2016, Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band was contracted to Epic Records after playing many Chicago clubs and they also appeared on Hullabaloo with the Four Tops and the Supremes. Miller left the group to go to San Francisco, where the scene was flourishing. He then formed the Steve Miller Blues Band, Harvey Kornspan, managing partner, wrote and negotiated the bands landmark contract with Capitol/EMI Records then-president Alan Livingston in 1967. Shortly after, the name was shortened to the Steve Miller Band in order to broaden its appeal. Guitarist Boz Scaggs joined the band soon after and the group performed at the Magic Mountain Festival, in February 1968, while in England, the band recorded their debut album Children of the Future at Olympic studios with Glyn Johns as engineer/producer. The album did not score among the Top 100 album chart, the second album Sailor appeared in October 1968 and climbed the Billboard chart to #24. Successes included the single Living in the USA, Brave New World featured the songs Space Cowboy and My Dark Hour. Paul Ramon played drums, bass and sang backing vocals and this was followed by Your Saving Grace and Number 5. In 1971, Miller broke his neck in a car accident, capitol Records released the album Rock Love, featuring unreleased live performances and studio material. This is one of two Steve Miller Band albums not to be released on CD, the other being Recall the Beginning. A Journey from Eden, in 1972, the double album compilation Anthology was released, containing 16 songs from the bands first five albums. The style and personnel of the band changed radically with The Joker, concentrating on straightforward rock, the title track became a #1 single and was certified platinum, reaching over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on January 11,1974, three years later, the band returned with the album Fly Like an Eagle, which charted at #3
34.
Deejay (Jamaican)
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Deejay is a term in Jamaican music for a reggae or dancehall musician who sings and toasts to an instrumental riddim. Deejays are not to be confused with DJs from other genres like hip-hop. Dancehall/reggae DJs who select riddims to play are called selectors, deejays whose style is nearer to singing are sometimes called singjays. The term deejay came about as a result of the act of some selectors of the 1960s and 1970s such as U-Roy or King Stitt toasting to the side of popular records of the time. The version came about when the company produced the 45 record with an instrumental version of the song on the flip side. This gave the deejays the chance to make up on-the-fly lyrics to the instrumental music and this occurrence gave rise to deejay toasting and the term has been used in that context ever since. Toasting, chatting, or deejaying is the act of talking or chanting, usually in a monotone melody, traditionally, the method of toasting originated from the griots of Caribbean calypso and mento traditions. The lyrics can either be improvised or pre-written, toasting is also often used in soca and bouyon music. The African American oral tradition of toasting, a mix of talking and chanting, the combination of singing and toasting is known as singjaying. In the late 1950s deejay toasting was developed by Count Machuki and he conceived the idea from listening to disc jockeys on American radio stations. He would do African American jive over the music while selecting and playing R&B music, deejays like Count Machuki working for producers would play the latest hits on traveling sound systems at parties and add their toasts or vocals to the music. These toasts consisted of comedy, boastful commentaries, half-sung rhymes, rhythmic chants, squeals, screams, late 1960s toasting deejays included U-Roy and Dennis Alcapone, the latter known for mixing gangster talk with humor in his toasting. In the early 1970s, toasting deejays included I-Roy and Dillinger, in the early 1970s Big Youth became very popular and had three very successful albums, Screeming Taget, Dreadlocks Dread and Natty Cultural Dread. In the late 1970s, Trinity became a popular toasting deejay, the 1980s saw the first deejay toasting duo, Michigan & Smiley, and the development of toasting outside of Jamaica. The rhythmic rhyming of vocals of African American toasting influenced the development of toasting in Jamaica, Jamaican deejay toasting also influenced various types of dance music, such as jungle music and UK garage. Dancehall artists that have achieved pop hits with toasting-influenced vocals include Shabba Ranks, Shaggy, Lady Saw, Sean Paul, Terror Fabulous and Damian Marley
35.
Gavin Rossdale
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Gavin McGregor Rossdale is an English musician and actor, known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Bush. He helped form Bush in 1992, upon its separation in 2002, he became the singer and guitarist for Institute. When performing solo, Rossdale plays songs from his musical libraries and he was ranked 75th in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader. In 2013 Rossdale received the British Academys Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement, in 2017, Rossdale became a coach on ITVs The Voice UK. Rossdale was born in Marylebone, London, the son of Barbara Stephan and Douglas Rossdale and his mother was born in Scotland and his father was of Russian Jewish descent, with the familys surname originally being Rosenthal. His parents divorced when he was 11, and he was raised by his father and his mother remarried and moved to Tampa, Florida. Rossdale has a sister, Soraya, and an older sister. His half-sister, Georgina, is a doctor, Rossdale learned to play bass guitar after hanging out with Lorraines boyfriend, who was in a band, but he switched to rhythm guitar. At 17, Rossdale left Westminster School and formed a band called Midnight, in 1991, Rossdale moved to Los Angeles for six months, lived wherever was available in the city, and took whatever part-time jobs he could, including as a production assistant on music video shoots. He then spent some time in New York City before returning to England, where he reconnected with his future manager Dave Dorrell, in 1992, Rossdale formed Future Primitive, its original line-up included Sacha Gervasi, who left to become a filmmaker. The band changed its name to Bush in the summer of 1994, Rossdale has been the lead singer and songwriter for the British post-grunge rock band Bush since its inception. Their debut album, Sixteen Stone, was a commercial success. Almost overnight, Bush went from playing small pubs in London to headlining arenas in the US, however, some critics labelled them as an inferior derivative of bands such as Nirvana and Pixies, and this criticism followed them throughout their career as a band. In particular, Rossdales forced, raspy singing voice and random, stream of lyrics were dismissed by some as an imitation of Nirvanas lead singer. Although the band reached superstar status in the US, they failed to have impact in the UK. The sole exception to this was their single Swallowed, which reached Number 7 on the UK charts, a change in record labels, management and an extended hiatus did not bode well for the band, who unofficially split in 2002. Rossdale performed a song entitled Adrenaline for the soundtrack of the film XXX and this song was also the official theme song for WWEs Unforgiven pay-per-view event in September 2002 and also was The Undertakers Desire/Tribute theme of that same year. He also guest appeared for Blue Man Groups The Current and is featured in its video and this song was used in the ending credits of Terminator 3, Rise of the Machines
36.
E minor
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E minor is a minor scale consisting of the pitches E, F♯, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp, the E harmonic minor raises the note D♮ to D♯. Its relative major is G major, and its parallel major is E major, much of the classical guitar repertoire is in E minor, as this is a very natural key for the instrument. In standard tuning, four of the six open strings are part of the tonic chord. The key of E minor is also popular in metal music
37.
Time signature
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The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar
38.
Roland AX-1
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The Roland AX-1 is a keytar, produced by Roland, that does not produce its own sounds but controls other devices via MIDI. The industrial design of the Roland AX-1 was done in a basement studio in London, the electronic design and engineering was done by Roland Europe, Italy. The Roland AX-1 has a pitch bend ribbon and a touchpad-like expression bar on its neck and it also has a sustain switch on the back of its neck for ease of playing. It has 45 velocity sensitive keys and it does not produce its own sounds but must be plugged into a MIDI device in order to be played. The AX-1 was followed by the Roland AX-7 which added additional features. This instrument functions as a MIDI controller, it produces MIDI messages that are sent to a synthesizer or sound module. It is fully compatible with General MIDI, General MIDI Level 2 and it can store up to 32 patches. A black model was produced, the AX-1B. Kristian Sensini Italian Film Composer plays an AX-1, henrik Klingenberg of Power Metal band Sonata Arctica plays an AX-1. More recently, Jake Hallman, pianist for Eric Lee Beddingfield and County Line was seen playing an AX-1 at several live shows, french Maestro Jean-Michel Jarre has been using the AX-1 ever since his 1993 Europe In Concert tour. He used both the red and black versions and a customized white AX-1 also, imogen Heap, formerly of British Pop duo Frou Frou, sported an AX-1 while touring with Frou Frou and on her solo tours. Branden E. Cate of the North Idaho alternative rock band, UNISON, chris Marion of classic rock band Little River Band has used an AX-1 since it was commercially released in the 90s. Madonna Wayne Gacy, former keyboardist of Marilyn Manson, played a customized AX-1 with sections spray painted black live during the Dead to the World tour. Simon Kvamm, of the Danish group Nephew, used the black AX-1 during the 07.07.2007 concert in Roskilde Festival in Denmark, janne Warman, of the Finnish band Children of Bodom, used an AX-1 onstage. Haruko Momoi performs on stage and in pictures with the AX-1, the Gregory Brothers often use a red AX-1, which can be seen in many of their Auto-Tune the News series. Eitan Levine of The N Result and 100% Cotton can be using his keytar at his live performance. Notably on the rock hit, On My Shoulders. Benno de Goeij was using it at Armin Only Imagine events in 2008, peter Gabriel used it whilst playing the song Steam on his Secret world tour in 1993
39.
E-mu Systems
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E-MU Systems was a software synthesizer, audio interface, MIDI interface, and MIDI keyboard manufacturer. Founded in 1971 as a maker, E-mu was a pioneer in samplers, sample-based drum machines. After its acquisition in 1993, E-mu Systems was a wholly owned subsidiary of Creative Technology, in 1998, E-mu was combined with Ensoniq, another synthesizer and sampler manufacturer previously acquired by Creative Technology. E-mu was last based in Scotts Valley, California, on the outskirts of Silicon Valley. E-mu Systems was founded in Santa Cruz, CA by Dave Rossum, scott Wedge, who would ultimately become president, joined later that summer. E-mu, along with Solid State Microtechnologies, also developed several synthesizer module IC chips, with a price of $69,200, only one machine was ever produced. At that same convention, Wedge and Rossum saw the Fairlight CMI, recognizing the trend of digital samplers, they realized that E-mu had the technology to bring a lower-priced sampler to market. The Emulator debuted in 1981 at a list price of $7,900, following the Emulator, E-mu released the first programmable drum machine with samples built-in priced below $1,000, the E-mu Drumulator. The Drumulators success was followed by the Emulator II and III, the SP-12 drum sampler, in 1989, E-mu introduced the Proteus, a rackmount sound module, containing pre-recorded samples in ROM. At its introduction, the Proteus had a large library of high-quality samples priced much lower than the competition. The success of the Proteus spurred the development of several versions, including the Proteus XR, an orchestral version. In 1987, E-mus SP-1200 drum sampler offered a box for sequencing not only drum sounds, but looping samples. In 1993, E-mu was acquired by Creative Technology and began working on PC soundcard synthesis, Creative Wave Blaster II and Sound Blaster AWE32 used EMU8000 effect processor. Throughout the 1990s, E-mu made many different sound modules along the lines of the Proteus series, E-mu also made unsuccessful attempts at breaking into the digital multitrack recorder with the Darwin hard-disk recording system. In 1998, E-mu was combined with Ensoniq, another synthesizer and sampler manufacturer previously acquired by Creative Technology, a complementary line of keyboard synthesizers was also released using the same technology. Subsequent products from E-mu were exclusively in software form, in 2004 E-mu released the Emulator X, a PC-based version of its hardware samplers with extended synthesis capabilities. While a PCI card is used for input and output. Proteus X, a sample player, was released in 2005
