1.
Tehran
–
Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area, in the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga. It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, the capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sadabad. Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third symbol of the city. There have been plans to relocate Irans capital from Tehran to another area, due mainly to air pollution, to date, no definitive plans have been approved. A2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living, according to the Global Destinations Cities Index in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations. The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain, the settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years. The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian, in the Avestas Videvdat, Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd. In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province and it was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, in some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster, although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran. Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsis Shahname, the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Aži Dahāka, during the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhsh—the son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobin—who resisted the Muslim Invasion, because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew. In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, the medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion
2.
Rapping
–
The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
3.
Hip hop music
–
It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
4.
Mahdyar Aghajani
–
Mahdyar Aghajani is a musician, record producer and film composer born and raised in Tehran, Iran. He raised the standard of Iranian underground music, using Persian traditional instruments in electronic, in 2006 Hichkas released the first Iranian hip hop album Jangale Asfalt. Mahdyar Aghajani, musician and producer of album, integrated hip hop. After an interview with Nasim-E-Haraz magazine regarding the release of his first mainstream album in 2006 with Hichkas, in 2009 Mahdyar composed the original soundtrack for the film No One Knows About Persian Cats. The film criticizes Iranian government policies regarding underground music, No One Knows About Persian Cats success at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival got part of the crew of the film in trouble with Iranian authorities. The pressure resulted in Mahdyar leaving his family behind at the age of 20, har Tor Shodeh Migam Hichkas Bunch of SoldiersYe Mosht Sarbaz Bahman Ghobadi – No One Knows About Persian Cats 12. Jouwani Hichkas Ye Rooze Khoob Miad This song has become an instant hit, Hichkas - Mā Az Ounāshim 04. Quf - Shak Quf – Zir o Bam e Zirzamin 01, shabe Khazan Hichkas - Young N Foolish Fadaei - Adl EP01
5.
Kool G Rap
–
Nathaniel Thomas Wilson, better known by his stage name Kool G Rap, is an American rapper from LeFrak City, Queens. He began his career in the mid-1980s as one half of the group Kool G Rap & DJ Polo and he is often cited as one of the most influential and skilled MCs of all time, and a pioneer of mafioso rap/street/hardcore content and multisyllabic rhyming. On his album The Giancana Story, he stated that the G in his name stands for Giancana and he has also been cited as a major influence to some of hip-hops most critically acclaimed figures such as The Notorious B. I. G. Big Pun, Nas, Eminem and Jay-Z, as well as many underground rappers, Wilson grew up in the poverty-ridden streets of Corona, Queens, New York with legendary producer Eric B. In an interview with The Source he stated, Growing up in Corona was like a little Harlem, I was like 15 years old, Ma dukes couldnt dress a nigga no more and at that age you want a little money in your pocket. Thats what gets us all, material possessions, a nigga got caught up in that mentality. Nigga started selling drugs at a point, and all that shit. Eventually all my friends got smoked, All my friends started packing burners everyday, we was wild shorties. Around this time, Wilson was looking for a DJ, and through Eric B. he met DJ Polo, who was looking for an MC to collaborate with. Juice Crew producer Mr. Magic and DJ Marley Marl allowed Polo and G Rap to go to their studio to record a demo and they eventually released Its a Demo as a single with Im Fly, along with two more singles. Shortly after this, Kool G Rap appeared on the Juice Crews classic posse cut The Symphony before they released their debut album and this album and their two later albums, Wanted, Dead or Alive and Live and Let Die, are highly regarded and considered hip-hop classics. Eventually in 1993, Kool G Rap parted ways with DJ Polo in pursuit of a solo career. In 1995, G Rap started his career with the album 4,5,6, which featured production from Buckwild. It has been his most commercially successful record, reaching No.24 on the US Billboard 200 album chart and this was followed by Roots of Evil in 1998. In 1997 G Rap was featured on Frankie Cutlass Politic & Bullsht album track titled Know Da Game which also featured Mobb Deep and my Life the hit single from the album featuring Talk Box legend G-Wise reached No.6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Rap singles charts. He then released a joint album with his group,5 Family Click, in the following years, mixtapes were made and further collaborations continued. There were even rumors of G Raps signing to both Rocafella and G-Unit Records, and even at one point Maybach Music, in 2007 he released Half a Klip on Chinga Chang Records, featuring production from, among others, DJ Premier and Marley Marl. A full LP was released in 2011, Riches, Royalty, Respect showcasing his true to form style, the promise and prospects of collaboration albums were announced later the next year on his own, newly formed label FullMettle
6.
Zedbazi
–
Zedbazi is an Iranian hip hop band from Tehran. They are known as the pioneer of rap in Iran. The band has been suspended since October 2014, and the members have divided into two groups. Foundation of the dates back to early 2002. It was started up by Saman Rezapour and Mehrad Mostowfi Rad, after moving to London, they met Sohrab Mostavafi in a summer school, where he joined the band after collaborating on Kal Kal, a cover of D12s Rap Game. The first collaboration of Siavash Jalali and Alireza Jazayeri with the earlier members was Berim Faza. Siavash and Alireza were best friends in Paris, where they had also met Nassim Parize, the three future band members officially joined Zedbazi by releasing Tabestoon Kootahe in September 2007. They brought a new style into the band, as Mehrad Hidden remarks in Ardeshir Ahmadis Zedbazi Documentary, the formula they brought was different than ours. Our formula was necessary for the inception, theirs was necessary for the continuation, the name Zedbazi consists of the words zed and bāzi. Zakhar is an old and non-common word in modern Persian language, therefore, Zedbazi can be translated as the zakhar acts. They are considered as the first musical band in Iran to use explicit language. Tabestoon Kootahe is considered as Zedbazis most popular song, which was released in September 2007 and it is about the bittersweet feeling of a summertime in Iran. In October 2014, the band announced a separation between the members and it was due to some internal disagreements. Saman Wilson, who had not been attending to the songs after Tabestoon Kootahe, returned and joined Mehrad Hidden. Alireza JJ, Sijal, and Nassim decided to work together, according to Alireza JJ, all of the members are still part of the band, but they are currently not working together. Their first studio album, Zakhar Nameh, was released on June 4,2012, all of the band members, except Saman Wilson, were involved in the album, featuring Hichkas, Behzad Leito and Arash Dara. On July 28,2014, the album Pir Shodim Vali Bozorg Na was released and it was composed by Alireza JJ and DJ AFX, and included Behzad Leito, Paya, Erfan, Sepehr Khalse, Sina Mafee, Magico and Cornellaa as featured artists. The album Bozorg, Vol.2, presented by Bozorg, was released on February 27,2015, with Sohrab MJ, Arash Dara, Tara Salahi, Kiarash, and Siamak as featured artists
7.
Lowkey
–
Kareem Dennis, better known by his stage name Lowkey, is an English rapper, and political activist of Iraqi descent. He first became known through a series of mixtapes he released before he was 18 and he released his second solo album Soundtrack to the Struggle independently on 16 October 2011. He is known for his controversial lyricism on real life issues, kareem Dennis was born in London to an Iraqi mother and an English father. From the age of twelve he began to rap, initially imitating American rappers and he began attending the open mic sessions which took place at the Deal Real record shop on Carnaby Street, Central London. The first part of his mixtape series Key to the Game, was released independently in 2003, within a year and a half he had released a second and third volume, all of which gained critical acclaim from UK hip hop circles. Though stalled by other artistic endeavours, Dear Listener was eventually released in January 2009 and he bookended the year with another release, Uncensored, with highlights from the entire Key To The Game series and Dear Listener. This was released digitally in December through iTunes, after touring with Immortal Technique the two made a single, Voices of the Voiceless which was released in September 2009 after a one-minute preview was officially released on YouTube. The second single, Long Live Palestine was digitally released on 9 March 2009, Long Live Palestine was packaged in an EP with Part 1 and the instrumental. The single received statements of support from Tony Benn and Benjamin Zephiniah and it was also admired by the Respect politician George Galloway who described the song as a classic and Lowkey as an outstanding figure. Soundtrack to the Struggle was released on 16 October 2011, the album entered the UK Albums Chart on 23 October at number 57 – becoming Lowkeys first entry on the national charts. In the UK Download Chart, Soundtrack to the Struggle peaked higher than its UK Albums Chart position – at number 14, and in the UK R&B Chart, the album received its highest OCC position, number 6. In the UK Indie Chart, the peaked at number 9. On 17 April 2012, Lowkey officially put his career on hiatus. He said that months of contemplation, he has decided to step away from music. With this, he announced that he would deactivate his Facebook page, on 26 July 2016, various sources shared an image on social media relating to Lowkeys return to the music scene with new single Ahmed. On 29 July 2016, Lowkey released a video for the single, in addition, a seven-day tour across the UK in September 2016 was announced. On September 3,2016, “Children of Diaspora”, the single track since Lowkey’s return, was released. The track addresses issues of racism and xenophobia, and mentions victims of brutality in the U. K
8.
Persian language
–
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
9.
Iran
–
Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
10.
Vanak
–
Vanak is a neighbourhood in the northern part of Tehran, capital of Iran and there is a square and a street named after it. The word Vanak means Small Tree in Persian, the name derives from the original older village of Vanak in the area, and today there is also a square called Vanak nearby. Vanak is one of the important junctures in Tehran and the midpoint for some of the citys highways such as the Jahan-Kudak, Chamran, Hemmat, a small Armenian community has lived near the Vanak village for a very long time. Today the Ararat Sports Complex is the largest sports complex of Armenian Iranians, the complex located near Vanak square. Vanak is an affluent neighbourhood with highrise commercial buildings, a course, chic cafés and malls. Mostowfi ol-Mamalek, a prime minister of Persia is buried in a private residence in Vanak neighbourhood. There is a village with the name in Farahan in Markazi Province. Probably Mirza Hassan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek is from this village, in addition there is another town with the same name near Semirom in Isfahan Province
11.
Battle
–
A battle is a combat in warfare between two or more armed forces, or combatants. A war sometimes consists of many battles, Battles generally are well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. Wars and military campaigns are guided by strategy, whereas battles take place on a level of planning, German strategist Carl von Clausewitz stated that the employment of battles. To achieve the object of war was the essence of strategy, where the duration of the battle is longer than a week, it is often for reasons of staff operational planning called an operation. Battles can be planned, encountered, or forced by one force on the other when the latter is unable to withdraw from combat, a battle always has as its purpose the reaching of a mission goal by use of military force. However, a battle may end in a Pyrrhic victory, which favors the defeated party. If no resolution is reached in a battle, it can result in a stalemate, a conflict in which one side is unwilling to reach a decision by a direct battle using conventional warfare often becomes an insurgency. Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration and this was mainly due to the difficulty of supplying armies in the field, or conducting night operations. The means of prolonging a battle was typically by employment of siege warfare, improvements in transportation and the sudden evolving of trench warfare, with its siege-like nature during World War I in the 20th century, lengthened the duration of battles to days and weeks. This created the requirement for unit rotation to prevent combat fatigue, trench warfare had become largely obsolete in conflicts between advanced armies by the start of the Second World War. The space a battle depends on the range of the weapons of the combatants. A battle in this sense may be of long duration and take place over a large area. Until the advent of artillery and aircraft, battles were fought with the two sides within sight, if not reach, of each other. Conversely, some of the Allied infantry who had just dealt a defeat to the French at the Battle of Waterloo fully expected to have to fight again the next day. Battlespace is a strategy to integrate and combine armed forces for the military theatre of operations, including air, information, land, sea. It includes the environment, factors and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force and this includes enemy and friendly armed forces, facilities, weather, terrain, and the electromagnetic spectrum within the operational areas and areas of interest. Battles are decided by various factors, the number and quality of combatants and equipment, the skill of the commanders of each army, and the terrain advantages are among the most prominent factors. A unit may charge with high morale but less discipline and still emerge victorious and this tactic was effectively used by the early French Revolutionary Armies
12.
Hasan Salaam
–
Hasan Salaam is a rapper born in New York City and raised in New Jersey. His lyrics touch on subjects as post-colonial exploitation of African culture. Salaam organizes food and clothing drives in Jersey City on the third Sunday of each month, Salaam started rapping at the age of 10. After seeing a preview for the movie Malcolm X in 1992 he read the Autobiography of Malcolm X, which inspired him. In 2005 he won an award for Best Live Performance and Best Underground Song of the Year for the song Blaxploitation from his debut album Paradise Lost at the third Annual Underground Music Awards. Together with Hicoup, Rugged N Raw, Impaq and Badsportt he is a member of the group 5th Column, Salaam featured on the UK Hip hop group Mecca2Medinas Truthseekers album in 2006. Salaams third album proper, Children of God, was released in 2008, featuring guest appearances from Lord Jamar, Masta Ace, described the album as well rounded and handled superbly, saying that Salaam has a voice that is trained like an instrument, commands attention. Children of God has been described as themed deeply in all religions, Salaam organizes food and clothing drives in Jersey City on the third Sunday of each month. Hasan works with charities, non-profits, and youth all over the world, in November 2010, Hasan became the first U. S hip hop artist to ever perform in Guinea-Bissau. On this same trip he worked with the artists, taught creative writing to the youth. The “Music Is My Weapon” project is the step, in an effort to provide change to a country that remains one of the poorest and least politically stable in the world. December 2011, Hasan Salaam released an EP Music Is My Weapon employing all profits to build a well, school, and clinic in Guinea-Bissau
13.
Leighton House Museum
–
The Leighton House Museum is a museum in the Holland Park district of Kensington and Chelsea in London. The former home of the painter Frederic, Lord Leighton, it has open to the public since 1929. Built for Leighton by the architect and designer George Aitchison, it is a Grade II* listed building and it is noted for its elaborate Orientalist and aesthetic interiors. It is open to the public daily except Tuesdays, and is a museum to 18 Stafford Terrace. The first part of the house was designed in 1864 by the architect George Aitchison, building commenced shortly afterwards, and the house, which cost £4500 equivalent to £399,030 in 2015, was ready for occupation by the end of the year. The building is of red Suffolk bricks with Caen Stone dressings in a classical style. The architect extended the building over 30 years, the first phase was only three windows wide, the main room was the first floor studio, facing north, originally 45 by 25 feet, with a large central window to provide plenty of light for painting. There was also a gallery at the east end, and a staircase for use by models. The house was extended to the east in 1869–70, additionally, a major extension was made in 1877–79, the two-storey Arab Hall, built to house Leightons collection of tiles collected during visits to the Middle East. According to Aitchison and Walter Crane, the design was based on the palace of La Zisa in Palermo, the 17th-century tiles are complemented by carved wooden lattice-work windows of the same period from Damascus. There are also large 16th-century Turkish tiles, the west wall has a wooden alcove with inset 14th-century tiles. The room also contains Victorian elements, the capitals of the smaller columns are by Sir Joseph Boehm, from Aitchisons designs. The capitals of the columns, gilded and carved in the shape of birds, are by Randolph Caldecot. The mosaic frieze was designed by Walter Crane, the marble work was by George P. White. Elaborate decorative paintwork adorns the ceiling and in the centre of the floor there is a fountain. The tiles in the passage to the Arab Hall are by William de Morgan, in 1889 an additional winter studio was added to the building. The final addition by Aitchison was the picture gallery in 1895. After Leighton died in 1896, the contents of the house were sold, including at least one thousand of his own drawings, in 1927 Mrs Henry Perrin offered to pay for additional gallery space
14.
No One Knows About Persian Cats
–
No One Knows About Persian Cats is a 2009 Iranian film directed by Bahman Ghobadi produced by Wild Bunch. The film offers perspective of Iran as it explores its underground Rock scene and it won the Special Jury Prize Ex-aequo in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. The film follows two young musicians as they form a band and prepare to leave Iran shortly after being released from prison. According to Abedian, her camera operator got a call from Ghobadi, underground Musicians Fight The Man In Tehran, NPR movie review by Mark Jenkins, 2010-04-15, accessed 2010-05-07
15.
Bahman Ghobadi
–
Bahman Ghobadi is an Iranian film director, producer and writer of Kurdish ethnicity. He was born on February 1,1969 in Chovar, Ilam, Ghobadi belongs to the new wave of Iranian cinema. He was born in Chovar, a Kurdish city in Iran and he belongs to the Malekshahi tribe. His family moved to Sanandaj in 1981, Ghobadi received a Bachelor of Arts in film directing from Iran Broadcasting College. After a brief career in photography, Ghobadi began making short 8 mm films. His documentary Life In Fog won numerous awards, bahman Ghobadi was assistant director on Abbas Kiarostamis The Wind Will Carry Us. Bahman Ghobadi founded Mij Film in 2000, a company with the aim of production of films in Iran about its different ethnic groups and his first feature film was A Time for Drunken Horses, the first Kurdish film produced in Iran. The film won the Caméra dOr at the Cannes Film Festival and his second feature was Marooned in Iraq, which brought him the Gold Plaque from the Chicago International Film Festival. In 2006, Ghobadis Half Moon won the Golden Shell at the San Sebastian International Film Festival, Irans renowned actors Golshifteh Farahani, Hassan Poorshirazi and Hedyeh Tehrani acted in this movie. The music of the movie was made by Irans musician Hossein Alizadeh, the film, which was a collaborative project by Iran, France, Austria and Iraq, was shot fully in Iranian Kurdistan. However, it narrates the story of a group of Iranian Kurdish musicians who would like to travel to Iraqi Kurdistan, in 2006, Index on Censorship gave Ghobadi an Index Film Award for making a significant contribution to freedom of expression through his film Turtles Can Fly. In May 2009, his film No One Knows About Persian Cats won an Un Certain Regard Special Jury Prize ex-aequo when it premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and this film chronicles the hardships facing young Iranian musicians seeking to evade censorship
16.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
17.
Music of Iran
–
Music of Iran or Music of Persia, as evidenced by the archaeological records of the Fertile Crescent civilization of Elam, the most ancient culture in southwestern Iran, dates back thousands of years. In ancient Iran musicians held socially respectable positions and we know that the Elamites and the Achaemenid Empire certainly made use of musicians but we do not know what that music was like. During the Parthian era, troubadours or Gosans were highly sought after as entertainers, there are theories in Academia that perhaps the early Dari Poets of Eastern Iran like Roudaki were in fact Gosans. The history of performance in Sassanid Iran is however better documented than earlier periods. This is especially evident in the context of Zoroastrian ritual. By the time of Khosrau II the Sassanid royal court was the host of prominent musicians such as Ramtin, Bamshad, Nakisa, Azad, Sarkash, among these survived names, Barbad is remembered in much documents and has been named as remarkably high skilled. He has been credited to have given an organization of musical system consisting of seven Royal modes named Xosrovani, thirty derived modes named lahn and these numbers are in accordance with Sassanids calendar of number of days in a week, month, and year. The theories these modal systems were based on are not known, there are also some of a descriptive nature like roshan cheragh. The relief depicts two boats and the picture shows these boats at two successive moments within the same panel. Barbad may have invented the lute and the tradition that was to transform into the Maqam tradition. Even after Islam, Persian musicians did not disappear, Zaryab is often credited with being the greatest influence over Andalusian, Farabi and Avicenna were not only musical theorists but adept at the lute and the Ney, respectively. The position of a work of music often depends on the music genre. The academic Authentic Persian Music is strongly based on the theories of aesthetics as expounded by the likes of Farabi. It also preserves melodic formula that are attributed to the musicians of the Persian imperial court of Khosroe Parviz in the Sassanid Period. However, the influence of Dastgah cannot be underestimated as it is seen as the reservoir of authenticity that other forms of musical genres derive melodic and performance ideas, Persian classical music goes back a long way. Musicians like Barbad were legendary in the empire of the Sassanid era, until the early 20th century, musiqi-e assil was heard almost entirely at the royal courts of the monarchy. The renaissance brought popularity to the genre, Women were banned from singing as soloists for male audiences, though they were allowed to perform as soloists for female audiences, as instrumentalists and in choirs. For this reason some female singers, including Maryam Akhondy, left the Islamic Republic to work in exile, most notable living Iranian classical vocalists are, Sodeyf, Shajarian, Shahram Nazeri
18.
Iranian pop music
–
Iranian pop music refers to pop music originated in Iran, with songs mainly in Persian and other regional languages of the country. The origin of Iranian pop music back to the time of the 19th-century Qajar dynasty. Following the invent of radio in 1930, and after World War II, Persian pop music grew and developed during the 1950s. Different types of pop music, including rumba, tango and waltz music, were developed during this period. Viguen, known as the Sultan of Persian Pop and Jazz, was one of the most prominent and he was of Armenian origin, and sang in both Persian and Armenian. By the 1970s, a new wave was formed in Iranian pop music, using instruments and adding electric guitar. Parviz Maghsadi and Varoujan Hakhbandian were among pioneer composers who wrote and composed songs for singers such as Viguen, Googoosh, Dariush. After the 1979 Revolution, pop music was banned and completely disappeared from the scene in Iran, many Iranians immigrated to foreign countries, especially to Los Angeles in the United States, and many continued to sing in exile. Since then, several popular Iranian TV channels and radio stations operate outside of the country and these broadcast companies play an important role in promoting and connecting Iranian pop artists to Iranians living all over the world. In the 1990s, officials of the new government decided to produce and promote a decent pop music, in order to compete with the abroad, ali Moallem and Fereydoun Shahbazian headed a council at the IRIB that supervised the revival of domestic pop music. Shadmehr Aghili was one of the first post-revolutionary Iranian singers who received significant support, including promotion by national television and he was highly skilled at playing violin and guitar, and was a very talented singer. He became a successful and popular musician and singer in Iran. Under the presidency of Khatami, as a result of easing cultural restrictions within Iran, since the new administration took office, the Ministry of Ershad adopted a different policy, mainly to make it easier to monitor the industry. The newly adopted policy included loosening restrictions for a number of artists. However, the number of album releases increased, arian, the first officially sanctioned pop music band with female singers in post-revolutionary Iran, started a new chapter of Iranian pop music. In late 2009, Sirvan Khosravi became the first domestic Iranian artist to achieve high-rotation airplay on a regular European radio station and he made his debut with the song Saat-e 9, which also made headlines in Iranian online media. In August 2010, Farzad Farzin made his debut European chart with the song Chike Chike from his third legal album Shans. 1971, Googoosh, first prize and golden record at the MIDEM in Cannes,1972, Googoosh, first prize at the Carthage Music Festival
19.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
20.
How to Rap
–
How to Rap, The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC is a book on hip hop music and rapping by Paul Edwards. It is compiled from interviews with 104 notable rappers who provide insights into how they write, how to Rap 2, Advanced Flow & Delivery Techniques is a sequel to the book, also on hip hop music and rapping by Paul Edwards. It includes more insights from the interviews done from the first book, how to Rap, The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC was published by Chicago Review Press in December,2009 with a foreword by Kool G Rap. How to Rap 2, Advanced Flow & Delivery Techniques was also published by Chicago Review Press in September,2013 with a foreword by Gift of Gab of Blackalicious. In the sequel, reviewers note that, Edwards asks advanced wordsmiths for advice on rhythm, melody, pitch, timing, enunciation, percussion, playing characters, rhyme schemes, how to Rap is published in the UK by Random House on their Virgin Books imprint. This edition is published by Random House in Australia. It was translated and published in Japanese by P-Vine Books in 2011 and translated and published in Korean by Hans Media, the book is compiled from interviews with rappers, the interviews comprise the majority of the books content. Tupac Shakur The book was received by critics and press outlets. …Edwards has made his bid to become the Aristotle of Hip-Hop poetics”
21.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
