1.
Running back
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A running back is an American and Canadian football position, a member of the offensive backfield. The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback for a play, to catch passes from out of the backfield. There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a play, depending on the offensive formation. A running back may be a halfback or a fullback, a running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the teams starting running back. The halfback or tailback position is responsible for carrying the ball on the majority of running plays, in the modern game, an effective halfback must have a blend of both quickness and agility as a runner, as well as sure hands and good vision up-field as a receiver. Quarterbacks depend on halfbacks as a safety valve receiver when primary targets downfield are covered or when they are under pressure, occasionally, halfbacks line up as additional wide receivers. As a trick play, running backs are used to pass the ball on a halfback option play or halfback pass. The difference between halfback and tailback is the position of the player in the offensive formation. In historical formations, the lined up approximately halfway between the line of scrimmage and the fullback. Because the halfback is usually the main ball carrier, modern offensive formations have positioned the halfback behind the fullback. As a result, some systems or playbooks will call for a tailback as opposed to a halfback, in most modern college and professional football schemes, fullbacks carry the ball infrequently, instead using their stronger physiques as primary lead blockers. On most running plays, the leads the halfback, attempting to block potential tacklers before they reach the ball carrier. When fullbacks are called upon to carry the ball, the situation calls for gaining a short amount of yardage. Fullbacks are technically running backs, but today the term running back is used in referring to the halfback or tailback. Although modern fullbacks are rarely used as carriers, in previous offensive schemes fullbacks would be the designated ball carriers. In high school football, where player sizes vary greatly, fullbacks are still used as ball carriers. In high school and college offenses, the triple option uses the fullback as a primary ball carrier. The fullback plays a role by establishing an inside running threat on every play
2.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
3.
Gridiron football
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Gridiron football, or North American football, is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada. The predominant forms of football are American football and Canadian football. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Gridiron football developed in the late 19th century out of the games now known as rugby football. Walter Camp is credited with creating many of the rules that differentiate gridiron football from its older counterparts, because the two sets of lines had the same spacing and were perpendicular, they divided the field into squares, resembling a checkerboard or gridiron pattern. The word gridiron, in use since the 14th century, refers to a grid for cooking food over a fire. As described in Outdoor Sports and Games, by Claude H. Miller, at each end are goal posts set 18 feet 6 inches apart, with a crossbar 10 feet above the ground. The field is marked off in chalk lines similar to a tennis court, the centre of the field where the play starts is 55 yards from either end. The lines on a football field make an effect and have given to the field the name of gridiron. As a result, the name of the field, gridiron, was applied to the game itself, the ball would be snapped in the grid in which it was downed on the previous play. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Especially outside of the U. S. and Canada, the gridiron and gridiron football are often used to distinguish the North American sport from other codes of football. Gridiron is the word for the sport in Australia and New Zealand. In the United States and Canada, the game is known unambiguously as football, association football is known in these countries as soccer and rugby football, seldom encountered in the U. S. is known as rugby or, especially in Canada, English rugby. American football is the most common and widely known of the football codes. It is played with players to a side, four downs. The premier professional league in the United States, the National Football League, has its own distinct code, colleges in the United States generally play under the code defined in NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. Youth games generally follow NFHS code with modifications, adult semi-pro, alternative and minor professional, amateur, touch, flag, etc. may follow any one of these codes or use their own rules
4.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
5.
Pep rally
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Pep rallies or pep assemblies are a gathering of people, typically students of middle school, high school, and college age, before a sports event. The purpose of such a gathering is to encourage school spirit, the pep rallies are often very loud and have a lot of excitation to keep all the students excited for the upcoming game and to cheer on the team. At a pep rally, cheerleaders will often lead in boisterous chants and dance moves intended to get the student body involved, games between competing classes with small prizes may be held. The schools band will often play music in between demonstrations, and the drumline may play. In the case of a game, the Homecoming court may be chosen. This is also a time for the captains to let the school know how their team are doing this season. Most schools have pep rallies to honor future and past events, college basketball teams celebrate the opening of the season with Midnight Madness, an event similar to a pep rally
6.
Marching band
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A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, and prepare for a competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass instruments, woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, most marching bands wear some kind of uniform that includes the school or organizations colors, name or symbol. Most high school marching bands are accompanied by a colorguard, a group of performers, Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform concerts that implement many songs, traditions. Band is a term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and it evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged. As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield and this intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band, Bands that march in formation are often ordered to dress their ranks and cover down your file. They may be called to attention, and given such as about face. Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms, in the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. The oldest American college marching band, the Notre Dame Marching Band, was founded in 1845 first performed at a game in 1887. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century associated with military ROTC programs. Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a V formation, the first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the time as the field show. University fight songs are closely associated with a universitys band. Boston College claims the first fight song, For Boston, many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines and these bands are said to be corps-style bands
7.
Mascot
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Mascots are also used as fictional, representative spokespeople for consumer products, such as the rabbit used in advertising and marketing for the General Mills brand of breakfast cereal, Trix. In the world of sports, mascots are used for merchandising. Team mascots are often confused with team nicknames, while the two can be interchangeable, they are not always the same. For example, the teams of the Auburn University are nicknamed the Auburn Tigers. Costumed mascots are commonplace, and are used as goodwill ambassadors in the community for their team, company. It was originally sporting organisations that first thought of using animals as a form of mascot to bring entertainment and excitement for their spectators, before mascots were fictional icons or people in suits. Animals were mostly used in order to bring a different feel to the game. The event that prompted these changes was the invention of the Muppets in the late 1960s, the puppets offered something different to what everyone was used too. It allowed to people to not only have visual enjoyment but also allowed them to interact physically with the mascots, marketers quickly realized the great potential in three-dimensional mascot and took on board the Muppet-like idea. This change encouraged other companies to start creating their own mascots, resulting in mascots being a necessity amongst not only the sporting industry, the word mascot originates from the French term mascotte which means lucky charm. This was used to describe anything that brought luck to a household, the word was first recorded in 1867 and popularised by a French composer Edmond Audran who wrote the opera La Mascotte, performed in December 1880. But didnt enter into the English language until the year after in 1881, however, before this, the terms were familiar to the people of France as a slang word used by gamblers. The term is a derivative of the word masco meaning sorceress or witch, before the 19th century, the word mascot was associated with inanimate objects that would be commonly seen such as a lock of hair or a figurehead on a sailing ship. But from then on until the present day, the term was seen to be associated with good luck animals. Often the choice of mascot reflects a desired quality, an example of this is the fighting spirit. In the United States, controversy surrounds some mascot choices, especially those using human likenesses, Mascots based on Native American tribes are particularly contentious, as many argue that they constitute offensive exploitations of an oppressed culture. However several Indian tribes have come out in support of keeping the names. For example, the Utah Utes and the Central Michigan Chippewas are sanctioned by local tribes, similarly, the Florida State Seminoles are supported by the Seminole Tribe of Florida in their use of Osceola and Renegade as symbols
8.
Homecoming
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Homecoming is the tradition of welcoming back former students and celebrating a schools existence. It is a tradition in high schools and colleges in the United States, Canada. Homecoming is a tradition in the United States. People, towns, high schools, and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back alumni and former residents. It is built around an event, such as a banquet and, most often. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary widely, a dance commonly follows the game or the day following the game. When attached to a game, Homecoming traditionally occurs on the teams return from the longest road trip of the season. The game itself, whether it be football or another sport, the game is supposed to be an easy win and thus weaker schools will sometimes play lower division schools. The tradition of Homecoming has its origin in alumni football games held at colleges and universities since the 19th century, Many schools including Baylor, Southwestern, Illinois, and Missouri have made claims that theyve held the first modern homecoming. The NCAA, Trivial Pursuit, Jeopardy. and references from the American TV drama NCIS give the title to the University of Missouris 1911 football game during which alumni were encouraged to attend and it was the first annual homecoming centered on a parade and a football game. Along with the game, the celebration included a parade. The event was a success, with nearly 10,000 alumni coming home to part in the celebration and watch the Tigers. The Missouri annual homecoming, with its parade and spirit rally centered on a football game is the model that has gone on to take hold at colleges. At least two collegiate homecoming celebrations predate the University of Missouri football game homecoming event, Southwestern University, in Georgetown, TX and Baylor University, in Waco, TX. By multiple historical accounts, Southwestern held the first Homecoming on record on Wednesday, former students raised funds, provided homes, prepared and served a barbecue supper, and decorated the town buildings. Members of the senior class waited tables, northern Illinois University has one of the longest-celebrated homecoming traditions in the country. The alumni football game played on Oct.10,1903, baylors homecoming history dates back to November 1909 and included a parade, reunion parties and an afternoon football game, a tradition that continued and celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2009. There was a gap between 1910 and 1915 when there was no homecoming event, however there has been continuity since 1915, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign claims to have first held a homecoming event in 1910, celebrating the 100th anniversary in 2010
9.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
10.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
11.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
12.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
13.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
14.
Field goal
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A field goal is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football. To score a goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick. The vast majority of goals, in both codes, are placed kicked. Drop kicked field goals were common in the days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times. In most leagues, a field goal awards three points. A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick, since a field goal is worth only three points, as opposed to a touchdown, which is worth six points, it is usually only attempted in specific situations. The goal structure consists of a crossbar suspended 10 feet above the ground. In American football the goals are centered on each end line, in the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play. In the second half, there is time remaining to execute only one more play. The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently. If a team not to attempt a field goal on their last down. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it. The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, the previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal, however, NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three, a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of football sought to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points, it failed. The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3, in comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985. The holder is usually the teams punter or backup quarterback, instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts. The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker
15.
End zone
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The end zone refers to the scoring area on the field, according to gridiron-based codes of football. It is the area between the end line and goal line bounded by the sidelines, there are two end zones, each being on an opposite side of the field. It is bordered on all sides by a line indicating its beginning and end points, with orange. Canadian rule books use the terms goal area and dead line instead of end zone and end line respectively, a similar concept exists in both rugby football codes, where it is known as the in-goal area. Ultimate frisbee also uses an end zone scoring area, scores in this sport are counted when a pass is received in the end zone. The end zones were invented as a result of the creation of the forward pass, prior to this, the goal line and end line were the same, and players scored a touchdown by leaving the field of play through that line. Goal posts were placed on the line, and any kicks that did not result in field goals. In the earliest days of the pass, the pass had to be caught in-bounds. This also made it difficult to pass the ball very close to ones own goal line. Thus, in 1912, the end zone was introduced in American football. Goal posts were originally kept on the lines, but after they began to interfere with play, they moved back to the end lines in 1927. The National Football League moved the goal posts up to the line again in 1933. As with many aspects of gridiron football, Canadian football adopted the forward pass. The forward pass and end zones were adopted in 1929, in Canada, college football never reached a level of prominence comparable to U. S. college football, and professional football was still in its infancy in the 1920s. As a result, Canadian football was still being played in rudimentary facilities in the late 1920s, a further consideration was that the Canadian Rugby Union wanted to reduce the prominence of single points in the game. Therefore, the CRU simply appended 25-yard end zones to the ends of the existing 110-yard field, a team scores a touchdown by entering its opponents end zone while carrying the ball or catching the ball while being within the end zone. If the ball is carried by a player, it is considered a score when any part of the ball is directly above or beyond any part of the line between the pylons. In addition, a two-point conversion may be scored after a touchdown by similar means, in Ultimate Frisbee, a goal is scored by completing a pass into the end zone
16.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
17.
Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes versatility for the defense against three- and four-WR offensive sets. A safety will often cover the fourth receiver, and a linebacker will cover the end or halfback. The 2-4-5 is most often used against the offense, when substituting players may be difficult. 3–3–5 defense A variation of the formation with three linemen, three linebackers, and five defensive backs. 3–4 defense A defensive formation with three linemen and four linebackers, a professional derivative in the 1970s of the earlier Oklahoma or 50 defense, which had five linemen and two linebackers. The 3-4 outside linebackers resemble stand-up ends in the older defense and it is sometimes pronounced thirty-four defense. 4–3 defense A defensive formation with four linemen and three linebackers, first used by coaches Joe Kuharich and Tom Landry. It is sometimes pronounced forty-three defense,46 defense Usually pronounced forty-six defense, a formation of the 4-3 defense featuring several dramatic shifts of personnel. The remaining safety, which is the safety, stays in the backfield. It was invented by Buddy Ryan during his tenure as defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and was popularized by the Bears during their Super Bowl XX championship season,50 defense or 5-2 defense A once popular college defense with five defensive linemen and two linebackers. Also known as the Oklahoma defense, it is very similar to the 3-4. In the 50 defense, the uses a nose tackle. It maximizes size along the line of scrimmage and is used in high school against teams that run the ball a lot. 53-man roster The most players a National Football League team can carry on its roster at the start of the regular season. To reach the deadline, teams can cut players, add players to their practice squad, 7-box or 7-2-2 defense A defensive formation with seven linemen, two linebackers, and two defensive backs
18.
Kansas State High School Activities Association
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The Kansas State High School Activities Association is the organization which oversees interscholastic competition in the U. S. state of Kansas at the high-school level. It oversees both athletic and non-athletic competition, and sponsors championships in sports and activities. The Kansas State High School Activities Association was formed in 1937, as early as 1910, Kansas schools organized the statewide Debate League and Athletic Association governed by high school principals. The Athletic Association started as a voluntary group of fewer than 50 schools. Out of necessity, the schools adopted eligibility and participation rules. In 1927 the Board of Control employed the first full-time Executive Secretary, to date, six individuals have served as Executive Director. KSHSAA divides schools based upon enrollment of grades 9,10,11 and 12 for competition and state and regional championships. The largest 32 schools in the state are class 6A, the next largest 32 become 5A, the next 64 become 4A, 3A, and 2A respectively and the remaining schools become class 1A. These classes are re-evaluated every year for all activities except football, ninth grade students were not counted toward the annual classification totals from 1967-68 through 2010-11. In 2013, the 64 schools in class 4A voted to split into two divisions for volleyball, baseball, basketball, softball, and football. Football is evaluated biannually based only upon enrollment for grades 9,10, schools with 100 or fewer students in grades 9-11 have the option to play Eight-man football instead of the traditional 11-man game. In 11-man football, there are five classes, with 32 schools in 6A and 5A,64 schools in 4A and 3A, the KSHSAA did not sponsor state championship playoffs for football until 1969. District play was introduced to determine participants in 1981. From 1981 through 2001, only district champions advanced to the playoffs, in 2002, the top two teams in each 11-man district began to qualify for the playoffs, district runners-up were added to the playoff brackets for 8-man in 2004. Schools form leagues to compete against one another, and participation in a league is voluntary. Most schools in a league are located within a geographic range. The most notable example is in Wichita, where the nine high schools within the city form the Greater Wichita Athletic League. However, due to population in western Kansas, schools in the same league are often separated by distances of more than 100 miles
19.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
20.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
21.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
22.
Six-man football
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Six-man football is a variant of American football that is played with six players per team, instead of 11. Six-man football was developed in 1934 by Stephen Epler in Chester, Nebraska, the first six-man game played Thursday, September 27,1934 in the Hebron Athletic Gridiron under the lights with a crowd of almost 1000 watching. This game was played so that all over Kansas and Nebraska could see if they wanted to try this new game of six-man. The two teams playing in the game were the team from Hardy-Chester and a combined team from Belvalex-Alexandria. The two teams had two weeks to practice prior to this game, after that night, rules for the game were distributed to about 60,000 coaches in the United States. On October 5,1940, Windham High School from Windham, defeated Stamford Collegiate of Niagara Falls, Ontario, 39-1 in the first international six-man football game. Jack Pardee began his career as a teenager in Christoval Texas. He was an All-American linebacker at Texas A&M University and a two-time All-Pro with the Los Angeles Rams and he was one of the few six-man players to ever make it to the NFL, and his knowledge of that wide-open game would serve him well as a coach. Pardee was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1986, ed Sprinkle played six-man football at Tuscola High School in 1939, and became known to many as The Meanest Man in Pro Football, nicknamed the Claw. Prior to his NFL career, Sprinkle won three letters in football and two in basketball and earned All-Border Conference while at Hardin-Simmons University in the early 1940s and he earned all-Eastern honors in 1943 while attending the United States Naval Academy. He played for 12 seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League and is credited with calling attention to the NFLs defensive players, at first, he played on both defense and offense. He caught 32 passes for 451 yards and seven touchdowns during his professional career and his ability to rush opposing quarterbacks, however, soon made him a defensive specialist, earning four Pro Bowls. Six-man is a game played on an 80-yard long by 40-yard wide field. Furthermore, the game specifies a 15-yard distance from the line of scrimmage to gain a first down, all six players are eligible to be receivers. On offense, three linemen are required on the line of scrimmage at the start of the play, all forward passes to the player who snapped the ball must travel at least 1 yard in flight. Scoring is the same as in 11-man football, with the exceptions being on the point after touchdown attempt, a point-after kick is worth two points, while a conversion made by running or passing the ball is worth one point, this is the opposite of 11-man football. In addition, a goal is worth 4 points instead of 3. These rule changes were made because of the difficulty of getting a kick off with so few blockers on the line compared to the number of defenders
23.
Eight-man football
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Eight-man football is a form of gridiron football, generally played by high schools with smaller enrollments. Most states continue to play on a 100-yard length field, whereas a few states opt for 80-yard lengths, reduced-player football, which consists of eight-man, six-man, and nine-man football has gained popularity across the United States. Eight-man football shares the rules, procedures, and structure as the traditional 11-man game. Eight-man football is played with eight players on offense and defense, the size of the playing field is often smaller in eight-man football than in 11-man. To accommodate six fewer players on the field, the width of the field is 40-yard-wide,13 1/3-yards narrower than the 53 1/3-yard eleven-man field, most eight-man leagues mandate 100-yard length fields, where few choose the 80-yard-long field length option. There are several professional football leagues in the United States. These leagues typically use a 50-yard by roughly 25-yard field, as professional football is usually played indoors. In recent years, organizations that previously played six-man football have been converting to eight-man football, States elect to use an either playoff system, a bowl game format, or for states with few eight-man teams, no official postseason is organized, instead electing for Conference Champions. Playoff Format States that elect a playoff format will seed teams based on season records. Depending on the sizes of each class, division, or district, teams will advance through the bracket until a state champion is crowned. Bowl Game Format States that elect a bowl game format, also known as a Jamboree, will seed teams based on season records. In this format, teams play one game as there is no advancement through levels as in a playoff format. Wisconsin currently uses this format for postseason eight-man games, eight-man football consists of fast-paced games with higher scoring than the traditional game. Eight-man football is noted for producing multi-skilled players that are responsible for playing several positions, which speed, agility. Eight-man players each account for 12. 5% of the responsibility in eight-man football, compared to 9. 09% responsibility in the eleven-man format, a variety of offensive formations can be used in eight-man football, most of which are converted from traditional eleven-man formations. Eight-man football rules require five players to be on the line of scrimmage with players on each end remaining pass eligible, the interior of the line consists of two guards and a center. Most often, the players on the edges of the formation are tight ends. Attempting the extra point kick after a touchdown is less common in eight-man, due to the lack of specialized kickers and holders, for this reason, teams often attempt a two-point conversion instead
24.
Homeschooling
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Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home. Home education is conducted by a parent or tutor. Many families that start out with a formal structure at home often switch to less formal ways of imparting education outside of school. Homeschooling is the commonly used in North America, whereas home education is more commonly used in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe. Before the introduction of school attendance laws, most childhood education was imparted by the family or community. In several countries homeschooling, in the sense, is considered to be an alternative to attending public or private schools and is a legal option for parents. In other nations, homeschooling is considered illegal or restricted to conditions, as noted in the Homeschooling international status. According to the US National Household Education Surveys, about three percent of all children in the US were homeschooled in the 2011 and 2012 school year, and as of 2016, there are about 2.3 million home-schooled students in the United States. The studies found that of children,83 percent were White,5 percent were Black,7 percent were Hispanic. For much of history and in cultures, enlisting professional teachers was an option available only to the elite social classes. Thus, until recently, the vast majority of people, especially during early childhood, were educated by family members, family friends. The earliest public schools in modern Western culture were established in the early 16th century in the German states of Gotha and Thuringia. However, even in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling, meaning they were homeschooled, tutored, in the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England until the 1850s. Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early-, native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States. Rushdoony was frequently called as a witness by the Home School Legal Defense Association in court cases. During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. This research included independent studies by researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on early childhood education. They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, the Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically
25.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
26.
Tim Tebow
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He played college football for the University of Florida, winning the Heisman Trophy in 2007 and appearing on BCS National Championship-winning teams during the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Tebow was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft and he also played for the New York Jets in 2012. Additionally, he had stints with the New England Patriots. Tebow became the Florida Gators starting quarterback during the 2007 season when he became the first college sophomore to win the Heisman Trophy. In 2008, Tebow led Florida to a 13–1 record and its national championship in three years, and was named the offensive MVP of the national championship game. The Gators again went 13–1 in 2009, his senior year, as a member of the Denver Broncos, he started the last three games of his rookie season and became the teams full-time starting quarterback beginning in the sixth game of 2011. During the 2012 offseason, the Broncos traded Tebow to the New York Jets where he received playing time and was released after the 2012 season ended. He signed a two-year, non-guaranteed contract with the New England Patriots on June 11,2013, after two seasons away from the game, Tebow signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles on April 20,2015 and was released by the Eagles on September 5. It is unprecedented for an NFL quarterback to have had the kind of early success Tebow had, in 2016, Tebow announced he would pursue a career in professional baseball and signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets on September 8. Tebows parents, Pamela Elaine and Robert Ramsey Tebow II, met while attending the University of Florida in the late 1960s and his mother was a freshman and his father was a sophomore at the time. The couple married on June 12,1971, before Pamelas graduation from the University, in 1985, the family moved to the Philippines where they served as Baptist missionaries and built a ministry. Prior to becoming pregnant with Tim, his mother contracted amoebic dysentery and she discovered she was pregnant while recovering. Because of the used to treat her, the fetus experienced a severe placental abruption. Doctors expected a stillbirth and recommended an abortion, the Tebows decided against it citing their strong faith. On August 14,1987, she gave birth to Tim in Manila, Tebow is the youngest of five children. He and his siblings were all homeschooled by their parents, who instilled the familys Christian beliefs, in 1996, legislation was passed in Florida allowing home-schooled students to compete in high school sporting events. The law specifies that home-schooled students may participate on the team of the high school in the school district in which they live. Tebow took advantage of this law when he decided to attend Trinity Christian Academy, the high school in his hometown of Jacksonville
27.
Allen D. Nease High School
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Allen D. Nease High School is a public high school in the St. Johns County School District, located in Ponte Vedra, Florida that was established in 1981. The school is a member of the International Baccalaureate program, Nease High School is named after Allen Nease, a pioneer in Floridas reforestation efforts, and donor of the land on which the school was built. Nease also served on the St. Johns County School Board for 24 years,17 of which as chairman, growth in the northeast corner of St. Johns County, primarily in the Ponte Vedra Beach/Palm Valley areas during the 1970s had warranted the construction of a new school. The school, which opened in 1984, is the public high school built in St. Johns County. The school first opened as a Junior/Senior High School, but as the growth of Northwest St. Johns County rose the school eliminated its Junior high sector, Nease was originally designed to accommodate up to 1,500 students, however, enrollment has historically been at above capacity. Bartram Trail High School opened in the Fall of 2000 to alleviate overcrowding, due to the continual growth in Northwest St. Johns County area, Ponte Vedra High School was built and opened in the Fall of 2008. Allen D. Nease Senior High School is currently zoned to serve the communities of Palencia, Ponte Vedra, Town of Nocatee, the main feeder schools are Pacetti Bay Middle School and Valley Ridge Academy, while other students come from Alice B. Landrum Middle School or Fruit Cove Middle School, Nease High School was rated the 81st best high school in 2007, 91st in 2008, 93rd in 2009, and 185th in 2010 by Newsweek. Nease High School has the International Baccalaureate Program as well as the Advanced Placement Program
28.
Alabama High School Athletic Association
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The Alabama High School Athletic Association, based in Montgomery, is the governing body for interscholastic athletics and activities programs for public schools in Alabama. The AHSAA is a member National Federation of State High School Associations since 1924, the AIAA had previously governed athletics at segregated African-American schools. While the AHSAA is the sanctioning organization for high school sports in Alabama. The Alabama Independent School Association sanctions athletics for approximately 40 private schools throughout the state, the current executive director is Steve Savarese. The AHSAA sponsors state championship events in locations across the state of Alabama. Charter member schools were, List of Alabama High School Athletic Association championships Alabama High School Athletic Association
29.
Alaska School Activities Association
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The Alaska School Activities Association is the regulating body for high school interscholastic activities in Alaska and is Alaskas member to the National Federation of State High School Associations. The Alaska High School Activities Association was founded in 1957 by the board of education. By 1973, separate regions were formed for basketball competition, by 1987, ASAA became fully independent from state government control or oversight. Currently, ASAA serves as the body for over 190 schools. The current executive director is Billy Strickland, the organization is headquartered in the U-Med District of Anchorage. ASAAs March Madness state basketball tournament is one of the largest yearly prep sports events in Alaska, mainly because of basketballs unrivaled popularity in rural and urban areas alike. The tournament showcases the eight best teams from 1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A classifications in standard, separate, two tiered brackets that accommodate 5th place, 3rd place, and championship games. The tournament, hence the name, takes place usually during the last half of the month of March, and has, at times in the past, taken place during the Anchorage School District’s spring break. During this event, thousands of people all over the state of Alaska pour into Anchorage to cheer their respective local teams on. AKST to late into the evening, sullivan Arena, primarily a hockey venue, was reconfigured to contain two full-sized basketball courts for the tournament week. Beginning in 2015, the tournament was moved into the Alaska Airlines Center, the ASAA sanctions high school football at the 3A “small school” and 4A “large school” classifications. Some other teams play independent from the 3A and 4A classifications, each year Alaska holds the first high school game in the nation, held usually around mid-August during summer vacation. Currently,15 teams play at the 4A classification in the Cook Inlet and Railbelt conferences, while 14 teams play at the 3A classification in the Northern Lights, the Whalers of Barrow High School are the northern-most high school football team in the United States. The culminating state tournament football games, sponsored by First National Bank Alaska, First week games feature a pair of 4A semifinal games and the 3A state championship game, while the second week of play consists of the 4A state championship game. Both classification champions are given a trophy to be defended the following season. This child organization includes about 150 member high schools all across Alaska, collectively, local AASG programs serve over 25,000 young people in their home schools and statewide. The statewide organization is led by a 17-seat executive board composed of students selected for one or two-year terms. List of high schools in Alaska List of school districts in Alaska Official website
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Arizona Interscholastic Association
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The Arizona Interscholastic Association is one of two regulatory bodies for high school athletics and activities in the state of Arizona. It comprises all of the public district high schools, various charter and private schools, plus a full member in Winterhaven, California. The AIA has 264 members, including 262 full members and 2 associate members and its associate members are BASIS Chandler and Colegio Gante. The AIA is not the high school sports regulatory body in Arizona
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Arkansas Activities Association
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The Arkansas Activities Association is the primary sanctioning body for high school sports in state of Arkansas. AAA is an association of the National Federation of State High School Associations. The Arkansas Activities Association, or AAA, was founded in 1904 by seven high schools, in 1912, the high schools separated from the colleges and became the Arkansas Athletics Association. Membership increased rapidly, and eventually the name of the organization was changed to the Arkansas Activities Association. Other activities, including music, forensics, and spirit groups, are governed by their own associations affiliated with yet not part of the AAA, the AAA maintains affiliations with several non-sporting activities associations. These associations generally use AAA guidelines regarding a students eligibility to participate, ACTAA is affiliated with the Arkansas District of the National Forensics League. Arkansas Association of Student Councils — an organization that support student government and Student Council activities, Arkansas Junior Science & Humanities Symposium — annual event that is designed to challenge and engage students in science, technology, engineering or mathematics. Individual students compete for scholarships and recognition by presenting the results of their research efforts before a panel of judges. Arkansas School Band and Orchestra Association — supports students and educators with competitions in a variety of marching band, jazz band, Arkansas FFA — chartered in 1928 and serves as state organization within the National FFA Organization. The AAA organizes its schools by 3-year average daily membership in grades 10-12 every two years. Each classification is organized by rank, as opposed to a minimum threshold, since 2006, the schools have been organized as follows. Class 7A Class 6A Class 5A Class 4A Class 3A Class 2A Class 1A The means of placing private schools within these classifications have become a key issue in Arkansas. Prior to 2002, only single-gender schools would have its enrollment altered, in 2002, the enrollments reported by private schools was multiplied by 1.35. In 2006, that multiplier was increased to 1.75, starting in 2008, the multiplier wil be dropped altogether, and each private school will be placed one classification above where the enrollment would otherwise place the school. In 2012, enrollment for private schools that were segregated were combined, within each classification, the schools are further grouped into conferences, each with 6-8 schools apiece. In Classes 7A-5A, the conferences are named according to directional region, in the smaller classes, the conferences are named according to the activity district number which the conference is centrally located. In smaller classes, there can be more than one conference within an activity district and these are further named according to directional area. Classes 3A and 2A group conferences for football and basketball separately, finally, sports with limited sponsorship, such as soccer and swimming, have their own conferences between the participants
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California Interscholastic Federation
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The California Interscholastic Federation is the governing body for high school sports in the state of California. CIF membership includes both public and private high schools, unlike most other state organizations, it does not have a single, statewide championships for all sports, instead, for some sports, the CIFs 10 Sections each have their own championships. Six schools near the border are members of adjacent states associations. San Pasqual Valley High School is part of the Arizona Interscholastic Association, coleville High School, Needles High School, North Tahoe High School, South Tahoe High School and Truckee High School are part of the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association. As early as 1891, schools around the San Francisco Bay Area began competing against each other in football organized by the Amateur Academic Athletic Association, other boys sports were added starting 1894, organized by the Academic Athletic League. While teams represented the schools by name, there was no affiliation with the school administration, the CIF was founded in Los Angeles in 1914 by a group of area school principals. Other school principals voluntarily entered into the program, and by 1917, in 2005, CIF began requiring that all student athletes sign a pledge not to take any steroids or face suspension or expulsion. This action was the first of its kind from a high school athletics association in the United States. There are also Northern California championships in tennis and girls wrestling, and Southern California championships in volleyball, girls wrestling. Starting in 2018, a Northern California championship will be added for boys and these sections are, Each section except for San Francisco is further subdivided into leagues. The Northern Section is divided into three conferences which in turn are divided into leagues, the Southern Section is the largest by both membership and geography, covering just under one-third of the states total area and almost half of the population base. The three City Sections are operated by and limited to the public school systems. The organizations supreme governing body is the Federated Council, Each representative is elected to a term of two years. The Council meets three times per year, positive Coaching Alliance Center for Sports Parenting CIF State Official website San Gabriel Valley Football Officials Association
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Connecticut Association of Schools
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The CIAC was founded in 1921 by several of the states high school principals. Prior to the organization, secondary school athletics were largely unregulated, the goal of the new organization was to protect student-athletes and enforce rules for athletic competition between the states secondary schools. In 1953, the Connecticut Association of Secondary Schools and the CIAC merged to form the CAS-CIAC, the CIAC has enjoyed tremendous growth since its founding in 1921. Today,179 secondary schools are members, in addition to 143 members in the school level. The government of the CIAC consists the Board of Control, which contains 5 officers,2 representatives from each of the 3 classes,3 members of the eligibility committee, any public or private school with Connecticut Board of Education approval may become a member. Member schools may play regular season contests with other member schools, sports under CIAC oversight are organized into three seasons, fall, winter, and spring. At the conclusion of season, the CAS hosts a wide array of tournaments for each sport. Every qualified school is divided into classes, based on size of school, some sports however, like cross country, track and golf, have only one tournament day for each class size. Golf, for example, has four classes and one womens class that each play at a separate location around the state. The host courses for the tournament are Blue Fox Run, Fairview Farms, Timberlin, Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference Handbook 2005-2006. Connecticut Association of Schools - Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference
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Delaware Interscholastic Athletic Association
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The Delaware Interscholastic Athletic Association is an organization that oversees and regulates interscholastic athletics in the US State of Delaware. The DIAA is headquartered at the John W. Collette Education Resource Center in Dover, between 1947 and 1965, interscholastic athletics in Delaware was governed by the Delaware Association of Secondary Administrators, which also had other responsibilities beyond athletics. By the mid-1960s, the growth of interscholastic athletics had created the need for a governing body. In July 2002, the DSSAA was dissolved and the Delaware Interscholastic Athletic Association was created to fill the void and its goals, objectives and responsibilities were the same as those of its predecessor. The DIAA is led by the Executive Director, Kevin Charles, the Executive Director also sits on the Board of Directors but does not vote. Tri-athlete certificates are provided for high school students who earn varsity letters in three different sports during the school year. The DIAA sponsors the annual Senior Scholar-Athlete Awards, member schools select one male candidate and one female candidate who then apply for the awards. A selection committee reviews the applications and chooses a male and a winner who receive a plaque. The selection committee chooses a male and a female runner-up who receive a plaque. The DIAA also sponsors the annual Sportsmanship Award, an award for which any member school can qualify by submitting an application. The award recognizes good sportsmanship among the member schools, past recipients include St. Andrews School, William Penn High School, and Newark High School. The DIAA also sponsors the attendance of 16 student delegates and four delegates to the NFHS Student Leadership Conference in Indianapolis in July of each year
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Florida High School Athletic Association
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The Florida High School Athletic Association is an organization whose purpose is to organize sports competition for high schools in Florida. It is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations, Florida uses NFHS contest rules in its sports. The Florida High School Athletic Association was founded on April 9,1920 by a group of 29 high school principals which met on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, the organization was founded as the Florida High School Athletic Association. The name was changed to Florida High School Activities Association in 1951, the name was changed back to Florida High School Athletic Association in 2002. Petersburg, Leon, Hillsborough, Hardee, West Palm Beach, the first Constitution limited membership to public schools. However, in 1930, it was amended to open membership to private, the Association was incorporated in 1962. In 1996 the FHSAA adopted regulations permitting students enrolled in education programs to participate in interscholastic activities. The regulations would allow future Heisman Trophy quarterback Tim Tebow to participate in high-school football. The name was changed back to Florida High School Athletic Association in 2002, as of August 2007, the FHSAA has a membership of 748 schools. The FHSAA oversees the sports, As in most areas. One, because of logistical and geographical constraints, is necessarily local, another level of classification is made based on school population and is statewide. Eventually, schools with the best records in this type of classification will meet each other for seasonal playoffs to determine the state champion. That classification is calculated every two years for sport and provides schools the opportunity to appeal their classification based on certain factors. There are as many as eight classes, from 1A to 8A, based on population, fHSAAs All-Century Team was selected in December 2007, to celebrate 100 years of high school football in Florida. It was selected by a panel of Florida high school experts, the Florida High School Athletic Association lists the 34 greatest high school football players in state history. In conjunction with selecting the All-Century team, the FHSAA named an All-Century Coaching Staff
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Georgia High School Association
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The Georgia High School Association is an organization that governs athletics and activities for member high schools in Georgia, USA. GHSA is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations, the association has 455 public and private high schools as members. Membership to the GHSA is voluntary and open to high school in the state of Georgia. Many private schools that do not enter the GHSA compete in the organization of the Georgia Independent School Association. Member schools of the GHSA make most decisions by appointing region representatives who vote on proposals in the GHSA Executive Committee, individual decisions by regions are made by the schools in the region on such issues as region tiebreakers and hosting of region tournaments. Members are divided into five classes by size and then divided into regions based on geographic locations. The GHSA currently has seven classes, AAAAAAA, AAAAAA, AAAAA, AAAA, AAA, AA, each class has eight regions, numbered 1 through 8, based on the geographic location of the schools involved. Region 1 of each class is usually the southernmost region, with the numbers generally increasing as one moves north. Regions generally have ten schools, but can range from 4 to 16 teams, Class 6A was created for the 2012–2014 school year and Class 7A for the 2016 -17 school year to accommodate growth in local schools. Boys athletics governed by the GHSA are, baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, riflery, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and wrestling. Literary activities administered by the GHSA are dramatic interpretation, essay, GHSA Debate, extemporaneous speaking, one act plays, quartet, spelling, trio and vocal solo
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Illinois High School Association
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It is a charter member of the National Federation of State High School Associations. The IHSA regulates 14 sports for boys,15 sports for girls, more than 760 public and private high schools in the state of Illinois are members of the IHSA. The Associations offices are in Bloomington, Illinois, in its over 100 years of existence, the IHSA has been at the center of many controversies. Some of these controversies have had national resonance, or paralleled the struggles seen in states across the country. Other controversies are more of a local focus, the IHSA is governed according to the rules of its constitution. This constitution covers the broadest policies of the Association, such as membership, governance, officers and their duties, the IHSA is led by an eleven-member Board of Directors. All eleven members are high school principals from member schools, seven of the ten are elected to three-year terms from seven geographic regions within the state of Illinois. Three other board members are elected at-large, a treasurer, who does not vote, is appointed by the Board. The Board of Directors determines IHSA policies and employs an executive director, the commission reviews amendment proposals to the IHSA Constitution and By-laws, and determines which are passed on to a vote of the member schools. Each school receives one vote on any amendments, with voting taking place annually in December, changes are passed by simple majority of member schools. The day-to-day running of the Association is charged to a staff of nine, one of whom acts in the position of Executive Director. This group is responsible for setting up and running the individual state playoff series in each sport. They also supervise annual meetings with advisory committees from each sport and they also coordinate committees on issues from sportsmanship and sports medicine to media relations and corporate sponsorship. Subordinate to the Constitution and By-Laws are a number of policies and these policies are generally of greater interest to the public, as they more specifically deal with issues that affect the day-to-day operation of sports and activities. Examples of policies include individual athlete eligibility, rules governing the addition of new sports and activities, the classification of schools, the key policy that has been a cornerstone to the IHSA is its policy on grouping and seeding tournaments,1. The State Series is designed to determine a State Champion, the State Series is not intended to necessarily advance the best teams in the state to the State Final. The IHSA is built upon the concept of representation in its state playoff series. The IHSA was founded on December 27,1900, at a session of the Illinois Principals Association
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