1.
Thrippunithura
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Thrippunithura or Tripunithura is a suburb of the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India and a part of the Kochi metropolitan area. In local administration it is a municipality named Tripunithura Municipality, in the state administrative structure, Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala. Thrippunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin, the descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated near Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to Poorna Veda Puri - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning the land on the shores of Poorna river, the Raja nagari or the royal city is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The erstwhile rulers of Kingdom of Cochin were great patrons of art and this made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. The town is also a prominent centre of learning for arts like Carnatic music, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam besides percussion instruments like mridangam, chenda. Much of this is facilitated by the RLV College of Music, another center of learning is Kalmandalam. Tripunithura also has many dedicated centers for stage performances and promotion of art, the Bharath Cafe near the Sree Poornathrayesa temple offers excellent vegetarian choices, and is popular for its sweets. Expect basic service at all places, the Statue Junction of the town is filled with lots of refreshment centres including Restaurants and Juice bars. The main lodgings available are in Vadakkekota - Prasanth Hotel and also many others, the Abhishekam Convention Hall is one of the meeting halls available in Tripunithura. As of 2001 India census, Tripunithura had a population of 59,881, males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Thrippunithura has an literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 71. 5%, male literacy is 88%. In Tripunithura, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. religion hinduism 82. 78%, christianity 15. 28%, Thrippunithura is administered by an elected municipal council headed by the chairman. LDF is currently ruling the municipality with Chandrika devi as its chairman, tripunithura-Nadama Thekkumbhagam Thiruvankulam Tripunithura has a lot of Educational institutions which makes the place a good haven for education. Primary, High and Higher Secondary School Education is available in many schools, the landmark of the town is the RLV Music College which provides proteges with training in Classical music and has also produced many great singers most notably K. J Yeshudas. Tripunithura also has colleges like the Sanskrit College and the NSS College for Women, Thripunithura is surrounded by stretches of Vembanad Lake and Canals which sustain inland navigation. The Town is situated almost 8 meters above Mean Sea Level, the Town is extends up to the East Till Thiruvankulam
2.
Kochi
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Kochi, also known as Cochin, is a major port city on the south-west coast of India by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea and is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. It is often called Ernakulam, which refers to the specific district, occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was occupied by the Dutch and the British. Kochi ranks first in the number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. Kochi is the home to Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy, Kochi is also home for Keralas National Law School, The National University of Advanced Legal Studies. Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, the Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin, which is seen in the seal of the synagogue which is still owned by the community. The origin of the name Kochi is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi, yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci, meaning harbour. The name Cochin implies co-chin, meaning like-China and it looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti, and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, after the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name, Kochi and this change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court has later dismissed the plea. Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for centuries, and was known to the Yavanas as well as Jews, Syrians, Arabs. Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port Muziris around Kodungallur was destroyed by flooding of Periyar in 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng Hes treasure fleet. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, according to many historians, the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in early 12th century, after the fall of the Chera Kingdom. The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary, and the family ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular. Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500, from 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi was ruled by Portugal
3.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
4.
History
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History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents
5.
Government of Kerala
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The Government of Kerala headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the head of state. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram and is seated at the Kerala Government Secretariat or the Hajur Kutcheri. The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1,1956 after merging of State of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district of the Madras state as part of States Reorganisation Act,1956, the Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, the Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment, P Sathasivam is the present governor. The Governor enjoys many different types of powers, Executive powers related to administration, appointments, Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature. Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor, the legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same, all members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one nominated by the governor from the Anglo-Indian Community. The elected members one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is elected by the members. The conduct of meeting in the house is the responsibility of the Speaker, the main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be approved by the governor before it becomes applicable. The normal term of the assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the High Court of Kerala is the apex court for the state, it also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. It is a court of record and has all the powers of such a court including the authority to punish an individual for contempt of court. Like all other High Courts of India, this court also consists of a Chief Justice, at present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice H. L. Dattu and two additional judges
6.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
7.
Kingdom of Cochin
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Kingdom of Cochin was a late medieval Hindu kingdom and later princely state on the Malabar Coast, South India. Once controlling much of the territory between Ponnani and Thottappally, the Cochin kingdom shrank to its minimal extent as a result of invasions by the Zamorin of Calicut. When Portuguese armadas arrived in India, Cochin was in vassalage to Zamorin and was looking for an opportunity to break away, Cochin became a long-time Portuguese protectorate providing assistance against native overlords. After the Portuguese, the Dutch East India Company followed by the English East India Company, even today, the full official designation of the Raja of Cochin is “Perumpadappu Gangadhara Veera Kerala Thrikkovil Adhikarikal”. The Kingdom of Cochin, originally known as Perumpadappu Swarupam, was under the rule of the Later Cheras in the Middle Ages, after the fall of the Mahodayapuram Cheras in the 12th century, along with numerous other provinces Perumpadappu Swarupam became a free political entity. However, it was only after the arrival of Portuguese colonizers on the Malabar Coast did the Perumpadappu Swarupam acquire any political importance, Perumpadappu rulers had family relationships with the Nambudiri rulers of Edappally. After the transfer of Kochi and Vypin from Edappally rulers to the Perumpadappu rulers, ma Huan, the Muslim voyager and translator who accompanied Admiral Zheng He on three of his seven expeditions to the Western Oceans, describes the king of Cochin as being a Buddhist. There is no extant written evidence about the emergence of the Kingdom of Cochin or of the Cochin Royal Family, all that is recorded are folk tales and stories, and a somewhat blurred historical picture about the origins of the ruling dynasty. The surviving manuscripts, such as Keralolpathi, Keralamahatmyam, and Perumpadapu Grandavari, are collections of myths and legends that are less than reliable as conventional historical sources. There is a legend that the last Perumal who ruled the Chera dynasty divided his kingdom between his nephews and his sons, converted to Islam and traveled to Mecca on a hajj. The Keralolpathi recounts the narrative in the following fashion, The last. He left for Mecca by ship with some Muslims who arrived at Kodungallur port, before leaving for Mecca, he divided his kingdom between his nephews and sons. The Perumpadapu Grandavari contains an account of the dynastic origins. Cheraman Perumal divided the land in half,17 amsa north of Neelaeswaram and 17 amsa south, totaling 34 amsa, thirty-four kingdoms between Kanyakumari and Gokarna were given to the thampuran who was the daughter of the last niece of Cheraman Perumal. Keralolpathi recorded the division of his kingdom in 345 AD, Perumpadapu Grandavari in 385 AD, historians, including Robin Jeffry, Faucett and Samuel Mateer, are of the opinion that as with all other Kings of Malabar, the Cochin Raja was also of Nair origin. Cochin kingdom ruled over a vast area in central Kerala before the Portuguese arrival and their state stretched up to Ponnani and Pukkaitha in the north, Anamalais in the east, and Cochin and Porakkad in the south, with capital at Perumpadappu on the northern border. Later, Calicut conquered large parts of Perumpadappu Kingdom, and made them a tributary state, Cochin was the scene of the first European settlement in India. In the year 1500, the Portuguese Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral landed at Cochin after being repelled from Calicut, the king of Cochin welcomed the Portuguese and a treaty of friendship was signed
8.
Palace
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A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name Palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which housed the Imperial residences, in many parts of Europe, the term is also applied to ambitious private mansions of the aristocracy. Many historic palaces are now put to uses such as parliaments, museums, hotels. The word is sometimes used to describe a lavishly ornate building used for public entertainment or exhibitions. The word palace comes from Old French palais, from Latin Palātium, the original palaces on the Palatine Hill were the seat of the imperial power while the capitol on the Capitoline Hill was the religious nucleus of Rome. Long after the city grew to the seven hills the Palatine remained a residential area. Emperor Caesar Augustus lived there in a purposely modest house only set apart from his neighbours by the two trees planted to flank the front door as a sign of triumph granted by the Senate. His descendants, especially Nero, with his Golden House, enlarged the house, the word Palātium came to mean the residence of the emperor rather than the neighbourhood on top of the hill. Palace meaning government can be recognized in a remark of Paul the Deacon, AD790 and describing events of the 660s, When Grimuald set out for Beneventum, he entrusted his palace to Lupus. At the same time, Charlemagne was consciously reviving the Roman expression in his palace at Aachen, in the 9th century, the palace indicated the housing of the government too, and the constantly travelling Charlemagne built fourteen. In the Holy Roman Empire the powerful independent Electors came to be housed in palaces and this has been used as evidence that power was widely distributed in the Empire, as in more centralized monarchies, only the monarchs residence would be a palace. In modern times, the term has been applied by archaeologists and historians to large structures that housed combined ruler, court, in informal usage, a palace can be extended to a grand residence of any kind. The earliest known palaces were the residences of the Egyptian Pharaohs at Thebes, featuring an outer wall enclosing labyrinthine buildings. Other ancient palaces include the Assyrian palaces at Nimrud and Nineveh, the Minoan palace at Knossos, the Brazilian new capital, Brasília, hosts modern palaces, most designed by the citys architect Oscar Niemeyer. The Alvorada Palace is the residence of the Brazils president. The Planalto Palace is the official workplace, the Jaburu Palace is the official residence of Brazils vice-president. In Canada, Government House is a given to the official residences of the Canadian monarchy. The use of the term Government House is a custom from the British Empire
9.
Cultural heritage
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Cultural heritage includes tangible culture, intangible culture, and natural heritage. Objects are a part of the study of history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past, in The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories. This unfortunately poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the required to display them. Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past, classical civilizations, and especially the Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that institutions, scientific knowledge and technological applications need to use a heritage as a resource. Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was an imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa. What one generation considers cultural heritage may be rejected by the next generation, Cultural property includes the physical, or tangible cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage, immovable heritage includes buildings, large industrial installations or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts and these include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specified culture. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society, and these include social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious. Naturally, intangible heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects. These kind of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a countrys tourist industry, Heritage can also include cultural landscapes. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites,725 cultural,183 natural, each of these sites is considered important to the international community. The underwater cultural heritage is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and this convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage. In additional, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral, international Institute for Conservation Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society
10.
Deer
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Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the elk, reindeer, the Western roe deer. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species, grow, in this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are in the same order, Artiodactyla. The musk deer of Asia and water chevrotain of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, Moschidae and Tragulidae, respectively. Deer appear in art from Palaeolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion and their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a sport since at least the Middle Ages. Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest, while often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets and prairie and savanna. The majority of deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow, however, fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa. There are also species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps. Some deer have a distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga and moose that inhabit taiga, huemul deer of South Americas Andes fill the ecological niches of the ibex and wild goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at altitudes in the subalpine meadows. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region, elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, the adjacent Great Plains grassland habitats are left to herds of elk, American bison, and pronghorn antelope
11.
Thrissur
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It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District. The City is built around a 65-acre hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple, Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. It contains the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi, the city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May, Thrissur has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship. The city has one of the most important temples of Hindu Shaivism, the district is also home of one of the most holiest Hindu Vaishnava temples, the Guruvayur temple. Christianity, Islam and Judaism entered into the Indian subcontinent through the Thrissur District, the works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings claim Thomas the Apostle to have set foot in Muziris near Thrissur 2,000 years ago. The countrys first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, opened in AD629, Thrissur has opened the gates for Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English. The city has served as an incubator for many Malayali entrepreneurs and it flexes its economic muscle in India as the headquarters of three major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank and Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd and a clutch of Chit funds. The city is also a big centre for shopping in Kerala for silks, Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala. The name Thrissur is a form of Thiru-Shiva-Per-Ur literally translates to The City or Town with the name of the Lord Shiva. The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the Vadakkumnathan Temple, Thrissur was also known as Vrishabhadripuram Kailasam of the South) in ancient days. The Ramavarmapuram monument is in granite and is of the menhir type, the monument in Ramavarmapuram is 15 feet in height and 12 feet 4 inches wide. Since 1944, it has been protected by the Department of Archaeology, the monument is locally known as Padakkallu or Pulachikkallu. These menhirs are memorials put up at sites for the departed souls. They belong to the Megalithic Age of Kerala, which is estimated between 1000 BCE and 500 CE. All such monuments have not been dated exactly, some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The Ramavarmapuram menhir is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history, another monolithic monuments like Dolmens and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad
12.
Rama Varma XIV
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Sir Rama Varma XIV KCSI was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cochin from 1864 to 1888. He was the first Maharajah of Cochin to be knighted, Rama Varma was an extremely weak monarch and was afflicted by illness throughout his reign. The administration was handled mostly by his Diwans of Prime Ministers T. Sankunni Menon till 1879, Rama Varma attended upon the Prince of Wales Albert Edward at Madras in 1876, during his visit to India. Rama Varma built the Puthen Bungalow and Mani Malika at Thrippunithura, Rama Varma died at Thrippunithura in August 1888. In honour of his loyalty to the British Crown, Rama Varma was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
13.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
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Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
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Epigraphy
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Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literary composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an epigrapher or epigraphist, for example, the Behistun inscription is an official document of the Achaemenid Empire engraved on native rock at a location in Iran. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and it is the work of historians, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practiced by the same person, an epigraph is any sort of text, from a single grapheme to a lengthy document. Epigraphy overlaps other competences such as numismatics or palaeography, when compared to books, most inscriptions are short. Typically the material is durable, but the durability might be an accident of circumstance, epigraphy is a primary tool of archaeology when dealing with literate cultures. The US Library of Congress classifies epigraphy as one of the sciences of history. Epigraphy also helps identify a forgery, epigraphic evidence formed part of the discussion concerning the James Ossuary, the study of ancient handwriting, usually in ink, is a separate field, palaeography. The character of the writing, the subject of epigraphy, is a quite separate from the nature of the text. Texts inscribed in stone are usually for public view and so they are different from the written texts of each culture. Not all inscribed texts are public, however, in Mycenaean Greece the deciphered texts of Linear B were revealed to be used for economic. Informal inscribed texts are graffiti in its original sense, the science of epigraphy has been developing steadily since the 16th century. Principles of epigraphy vary culture by culture, and the infant science in European hands concentrated on Latin inscriptions at first, individual contributions have been made by epigraphers such as Georg Fabricius, August Wilhelm Zumpt, Theodor Mommsen, Emil Hübner, Franz Cumont, Louis Robert. The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, begun by Mommsen and other scholars, has published in Berlin since 1863. It is the largest and most extensive collection of Latin inscriptions, New fascicles are still produced as the recovery of inscriptions continues. The Corpus is arranged geographically, all inscriptions from Rome are contained in volume 6 and this volume has the greatest number of inscriptions, volume 6, part 8, fascicle 3 was just recently published. Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are published, often in Latin, Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different corpora. The first is Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin and this marked a first attempt at a comprehensive publication of Greek inscriptions copied from all over the Greek-speaking world
16.
Paliath Achan
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The Paliath Achans were hereditary prime ministers to the Rajah of Kingdom of Cochin from 1632 to 1809 and second only to the Rajah in power and wealth in the central Cochin area during that period. A common saying in Cochin is kochiyil pathi paliyam meant that half of Cochin belonged to the Paliam family, Paliath Achan was also a considerable land owner, one of the largest in the state. Historical records show that the Paliath Achans became major players in Kerala history with the arrival of the Portuguese, in recognition of the Paliath Achans services, the Kochi Rajah granted him Vypin Island. At about the period, the land of Villarvattom came into his possession as well, in 1681, the Kochi Raja conferred upon him, the title of Sarvadhyakshan, and in 1731, the Paliath Komi Achan was appointed to the post of Prime Minister of the Kochi Raja. The family home Palace is located in the village of Chendamangalam, after the passing of the Land Reform Ordinance, the family lost a lot of land that it owned. The ordinance set a ceiling on how much land an individual or family could own, as a result, the family wealth and property was partitioned in 1952. The number of members at the time of partition was 213, as of 1999, there were 443 members. The family follows the marumakkathayam, or matrilineal system, female members of the family are wed primarily to Namboothiri Brahmins Palakkad royal family head was also known by the title Achan. The origins of the Paliam family are not very clear, one view is that the Paliam family is descended from the Villarvattom Royal family in Chendamangalam. The family traces its lineage to Kunjikaavu and Kochukutty, two sisters from the town of Elamkunnapuzha who were married into Villarvattom, all members of the Paliam family fall into one of two lineages. The other view is that the Paliam family is linked to the Cochin royal family or Perumpadappu Swarupam and it is thought that when the last Perumal departed, the Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram split with one segment leaving for Vanneri near Chowghat. It is thought that the powerful feudal chieftain, Paliath Achan also left with this segment, until recently, a Paliam Parambu was found there. Quite possibly, Paliath Achan moved with the Perumpadappu Swarupam to Thiruvanchikulam due to the Zamorins invasion, the flood of 1341 brought the Perumpaddappu Swaroopam to Kochi, and Paliath Achan may have moved with them as well. The main family tharavadu is approximately 450 years old, the Kovilakam houses a large number of artefacts including ancient documents, religious sacraments, swords, rifles, and gifts brought by foreign dignitaries. Several other buildings, like the Paliath Achans Kovilakam exist adjacent to the tharavadu, the buildings in the area date anywhere from 60 to 300 years. The Zamorin invaded Cochin in 1757, due to the diplomatic efforts of the Paliath Achan, the Kingdom of Cochin was saved. During Hyder Alis conquest of the south of India in 1776, in 1808, the British were trying to create divisions between the Raja of Kochis men. They had succeeded in getting the support of Nadavarambu Kunhikrishna Menon, Paliath Govindan Achan was provoked by this
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Archaeology
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Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America, archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropology, archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology as a field is distinct from the discipline of palaeontology, Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for whom there may be no written records to study. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the advent of literacy in societies across the world, Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time. The discipline involves surveying, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past, in broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research. Archaeology developed out of antiquarianism in Europe during the 19th century, Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with pseudoarchaeology, the looting of artifacts, a lack of public interest, the science of archaeology grew out of the older multi-disciplinary study known as antiquarianism. Antiquarians studied history with attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts. Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment era in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, in Europe, philosophical interest in the remains of Greco-Roman civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late Middle Age. Antiquarians, including John Leland and William Camden, conducted surveys of the English countryside, one of the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation was Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments in England. John Aubrey was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous megalithic and other monuments in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings and he attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes. Excavations were also carried out in the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and these excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, however, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard, the importance of concepts such as stratification and context were overlooked. The father of archaeological excavation was William Cunnington and he undertook excavations in Wiltshire from around 1798, funded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of neolithic and Bronze Age barrows, one of the major achievements of 19th century archaeology was the development of stratigraphy. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new geological and paleontological work of scholars like William Smith, James Hutton, the application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of prehistorical and Bronze Age sites
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Manichitrathazhu
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Manichitrathazhu is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language psychological thriller film directed by Fazil, written by Madhu Muttam, and produced by Swargachitra Appachan. The story is based on a tragedy happened in the Alummoottil Tharavad. The film dealt with a theme which was not common in Indian cinema at the time but it proceeded to become the highest grosser at the box-office. Directors such as Siddique-Lal, Priyadarshan, and Sibi Malayil served as second-unit directors, the cinematography was by Venu and it was edited by T. R. Shekar. The film has an ensemble cast featuring Mohanlal, Shobhana, Suresh Gopi, Nedumudi Venu, Innocent, Vinaya Prasad, Lalitha, Ganesh Kumar, Sudheesh, and Thilakan in the main roles. The original songs featured in the movie were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, Manichitrathazhu was remade after nearly 10 years in various languages, including Kannada, Tamil and Telugu, Bengali, and Hindi, all being commercially successful. Geethaanjali, a directed by Priyadarshan and Mohanlal reprising the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph, was released on 14 November 2013. A young couple, Ganga and Nakulan, arrives at the Nakulans ancestral home tharavadu called Madampalli, hailing from a family that follows tradition and superstitions, Nakulans uncle Thampi objects to the couples idea of moving into the allegedly haunted mansion, which Nakulan ignores. The couple moves in, following which seemingly supernatural events begin to happen, the mansion was occupied in ancient times by Sankaran Thampi, a feudal lord of the province who was also the karanavar of the tharavadu. In his heyday, he had brought in a dancer, Nagavalli, but she was already in love with a man named Ramanathan, a dancer who came along with her secretly and settled in a house near to the mansion. Learning of their affair and their plan to elope, Sanakaran Thampi murders Nagavalli in her room at the mansion, with the aid of some sorcerers, Thampi somehow escaped from the wrath of Nagavalli. Her spirit was locked up in a section at the mansion by putting the talisman over the lock. Later Sankaran Thampi committed suicide and his spirit is locked up in the same Thekkini, Ganga manages to unlock the Thekkini, only to find ancient valuables such as jewellery, musical instruments etc. However, various unclear sightings of a woman are witnessed around the mansion, along with attempted attacks on people at the mansion, including Nakulans cousin Alli. Hearing of this, Thampi and the fear that Sreedevi might be possessed by Nagavallis spirit. Sreedevis tragic history, along with her perceived gloominess, and her being the person present during an attack on Ganga. Dr. Sunny Joseph, a brilliant yet frolicsome Psychiatrist and Nakulans close friend is called from the USA to investigate, soon enough Dr. Sunny finds out that Nakulans conclusions are not as obvious and he uncovers a plan to commit a murder during the upcoming Durgashtami Festival. Sunnys trained psychiatric mind begins to suspect that Ganga could well be the patient of Madampilly
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Public holidays in India
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India, being a culturally diverse and fervent society, celebrates various holidays and festivals. There are three national holidays in India, Independence Day on 15 August, Mahatma Gandhis birthday on 2 October, states have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. National holidays are observed in all states and union territories and they are, Hindus celebrate a number of festivals all through the year. Hindu festivals have one or more of religious, mythological and seasonal significance, the observance of the festival, the symbolisms used and attached, and the style and intensity of celebration varies from region to region within the country. A list of the popular festivals is given below, - For dates see, A number of Sikh holidays are Gurpurbs, anniversaries of a gurus birth or death. Note, The Parsis in India use a Shahenshahi calendar, unlike the Iranians who use a Kadmi calendar, the North American and European Parsis have adapted their own version of the Fasli calendar. This is however looked down upon by a lot of the Parsis in North America and these differences cause changes in the dates of the holidays. For example, the Zoroastrian New Year falls in the spring for the Iranians, in addition to the official holidays, many religious, ethnic, and other traditional holidays populate the calendar, as well as observances proclaimed by officials and lighter celebrations. Pay Commissions have recommended the abolition of all Central Govt, Holidays on religious festivals, and instead, substitute with three national Holidays, i. e. Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanti. It was also recommended to increase the amount of existing Restricted Holidays depending on ones religious persuasion from existing two to eight, the rationale being,8 holidays can more than cater for the festivals of any particular religion. So there is no point in having more than these many number of holidays, with the proposed system, however, it was left to the individual to choose which 8 Holidays to celebrate, irrespective of his religious belief. However, this recommendation has not been accepted by the Govt. of India, fearing a loss of popularity, continues with an unusually large number of religious holidays as compared to most other countries. Central & State governments in India annually issue list of holidays to be observed in respective government offices during the respective year. The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions on behalf of Government of India issues a list of holidays to be observed in central government offices during the respective year, the list is divided in two parts i. e. Annexure I & Annexure II. Annexure I also known as Gazetted holidays, consists of list of holidays which are mandatory once decided and this list consists of two parts, Para 2 Para 3.1 It consists of holidays which have to be observed compulsorily across India. The final list is applicable uniformly to all Central Government offices within the concerned State shall and they are notified after seeking prior approval of this Ministry and no change can be carried out thereafter. No change is permissible in regard to festivals and dates, each employee is allowed to avail any two holidays to be chosen out of the list of Restricted Holidays.1, are to be included in the list of restricted holidays. Central Government Organisations which include industrial, commercial and trading establishments observe up to 16 holidays in a year including three national holidays viz, Republic Day, Independence Day and Mahatma Gandhis birthday, as compulsory holidays
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Malayalam cinema
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Malayalam cinema is the Indian film industry based in the southern state of Kerala, dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. Malayalam films are released in India, and a handful of them have been released in the United States, Australia, Germany, the UK, works such as Marana Simhasanam and Vanaprastham were screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Marana Simhasanam garnered the coveted Caméra dOr for that year, in 1982, Elippathayam won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival, and Most Original Imaginative Film of 1982 by the British Film Institute. Rajiv Anchals Guru and Salim Ahameds Adaminte Makan Abu were Malayalam films sent by India as its official entries for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Academy Awards. Adoor Gopalakrishnan has won the International Film Critics Prize for his works such as Mukhamukham, Anantaram, Mathilukal, Vidheyan, Kathapurushan, and Nizhalkkuthu. Piravi won at least 31 international honors, including the Caméra dOr — Mention Spéciale at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, swaham won the Bronze Rosa Camuna at the Bergamo Film Meeting in Italy. The first 3D film produced in India, My Dear Kuttichathan, was made in Malayalam, the first CinemaScope film produced in Malayalam was Thacholi Ambu. During the early 1920s the Malayalam film industry was based in Trivandrum, although the industry started to develop. Later the industry shifted to Chennai, which then was the capital of the South Indian film industry, several media sources describe Kochi as the hub of the film industry, while Kerala government publications state that Trivandrum is the center. Active Malayalam film production did not take place until the half of the 20th century. With support from the Kerala state government production climbed from around 6 a year in the 1950s, to 30 a year in the 1960s,40 a year in the 1970s, to 127 films in 1980. The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907, in 1913, the first permanent theatre in Kerala was established in Ollur, Thrissur city by Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope. The first film made in Malayalam was Vigathakumaran, production started in 1928, and it was released in Trivandrum Capitol Theatre on 23 October 1930. It was produced and directed by J. C, Daniel, a businessman with no prior film experience, who is credited as the father of Malayalam cinema. Daniel founded the first film studio, The Travancore National Pictures Limited, a second film, Marthanda Varma, based on a novel by C. V. Raman Pillai, was produced by R. Sundar Raj in 1933. However, after only being shown for four days, the prints were confiscated due to a legal battle over copyright. The first talkie in Malayalam was Balan, released in 1938 and it was directed by S. Nottani with a screenplay and songs written by Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai. It was produced at Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu
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Moonnam Mura
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Moonnam Mura is a 1988 Indian Malayalam action thriller film directed by K. Madhu and written by S. N. Swamy. Starring Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Lalu Alex, Revathi, the plot deals with a terrorist group kidnapping a group of political individuals who were vacationing, and the followed up rescue operation of the police led by Ali Imran. The film was one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year and it also did good business in the neighboring states Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, running for over 150 and 100 days respectively. Moonnam Mura was remade in Telugu titled Magadu, starring Rajasekhar, a group of high-ranking political officials are on a trip when their bus is hijacked by a group of terrorists headed by Charles. They demand the release of their old colleagues languishing in prison in exchange for release of the politicians. DIG Menon is handling the negotiations, soon things start getting out of control and couple of hostages are killed. Thats when Menon decides to enlist the help of Ali Imran in rescuing the hostages, Ali is an ex cop who quit the police force out of disgust due to the unfair treatment meted out to him while he was in the force. This decision is met with opposition from the Chief of police and his son in law as their politics. Though unwilling at first but after persuaded by DIG Menon, Ali decides to go ahead with the rescue mission. After careful surveillance Ali along with a couple of his friends is able to sneak into the palace where the hostages are bundled up and manages to rescue them, moonnam Mura was one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year. The film had a large pre-release hype, that resulted in a crowd on the opening day. On the release day at Jose theatre, Thrissur,15 people were injured, moonnam Mura at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Pingami
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Pingami is a 1994 Indian Malayalam suspense thriller film directed by Sathyan Anthikkad and written by Reghunath Paleri. Produced by Mohanlal for Pranavam Arts, it stars himself, with Thilakan, Kanaka, captain Vijay is an army captain who is on his annual leave and has come to stay with his maternal uncle who raised him and his sister after the untimely death of their parents. In a turn of events Vijay sees Kumaran injured from an accident and he takes Kumaran to a hospital but could not save his life. There develops a bond between Kumaran and Vijay which pulls him into finding out the accident was a preplanned murder. With the help of his friend Kutti Hassan he starts on a trail to find out the mystery behind the murder, as the film proceeds it is revealed that Kumaran was murdered by the same people who killed Vijays father. Vijay finally takes revenge upon his enemies in his own method, meanwhile, he falls in love with Kumarans daughter. He gets his sister who was in a charity home, P. Madhavan as newspaper editor V. K. Pingami at the Internet Movie Database
23.
Kaliyoonjal
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Kaliyoonjalu is a 1997 Malayalam drama film starring Mammootty and Dileep. After the death of their parents, Nandagopal raises his sister Ammu and she is a pampered child. Nandan agrees to marry Gouri on a condition that her brother Venu marries Ammu. This disturbs a self-respecting Venu a lot and arguments came one after the other in their lives, a party is set on the day of Ammus birthday both by Nandan and by Venu. Ammu refuses to wear the saree bought by her husband and wore the saree bought by Nandan. He leaves the place in a fury and this infuriates even Ammu, let alone Venus sister Gouri. Ammu, with her child, goes missing, later, they find her at Rameshwaram where she is performing her husbands last rituals. Leaving the child with Nandan and Gouri, Ammu commits suicide, radha Lakshmi Maria Oduvil Unnikrishnan Baby Manjima. Younger Ammu The films soundtrack contains 10 songs, all composed by Ilayaraja, kaliyoonjal at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Dreamz
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Dreamz is a Malayalam film released in the year 2000. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Meena, Abbas, Rahman, the movie is directed by Shajoon Kariyal and produced by Kerala Pictures. Dreams movie revolves around Nirmala Mathan who seeks vengeance on the person who she feels is responsible for the death of her lover Shiva. When Abbas dies in mysterious circumstances, Meena assumes that Dr. Roy, to seek revenge, she starts wooing him so as to trap him in her own fabricated murder. How the mystery of Shivas murder unfolds and Dr. Roys innocence is proven forms the rest of the movie, however, Karyal believes that the film is technically well-made and it did not click because he was forced to make some compromises in the climax. Music, Vidyasagar, Lyrics, Gireesh Puthenchery Dreams at the Malayalam Movie Database Dreams at the Internet Movie Database OneIndia article
25.
Chotta Mumbai
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Chotta Mumbai is a 2007 Malayalam comedy film directed by Anwar Rasheed, written by Benny P Nayarambalam, and produced by Maniyanpilla Raju. The film stars Mohanlal, Siddique, Saikumar, Bhavana, Jagathy Sreekumar, Indrajith, Manikuttan, Bijukuttan, Kalabhavan Mani, Rahul Raj composed the score and soundtrack of the movie. The film opened to reviews from critics and went on to become a blockbuster. The film was the third highest grosser of year behind Mayavi. The film starts in a street in Fort Kochi where Vasco da Gama, Vasco goes by the nickname Thala since he is the gang leader. Though Michael rebukes his son time and again for his lifestyle choices, Vasco likes Latha, but she pleads with him to tell her father that he does not like her, because she plans to elope with her boyfriend. Overjoyed at having discovered a fellow drinker in Vasco, Chakochan doesnt even let him voice his opinion, Vasco decides to help Latha out, but her plan to elope fails when she discovers that her boyfriend Suni is involved in human trafficking. Later when Vasco, Michael, Chandrappan and Latha travel in her auto-rickshaw, Vasco and his father were witnesses to the murder which was committed by Satheesan who is the younger brother of a corrupt circle inspector called Natesan. This leads to complications in the plot which end up with Vasco changing his lifestyle and stepping up to sort out the mess that his family, Mohanlal as Vasco da Gama aka Thala Kalabhavan Mani as C. I. Unni R. Nair, in his review for Nowrunning. com said, An out and out entertainer, its a film that you would like to just sit back and enjoy, pushing all logical thinking to the background. Chotta Mumbai is a film that cashes in on Mohanlals superstar image and its aim is merely to entertain and enthrall. Paresh C Palicha of Rediff. com gave the film a rating and positively reviewed the script, Mohanlals lead performance. Sify. com also published a positive review and said. Clearly he is at home playing this type of character- for him it is the equivalent of an old pair of Hawai slippers, if laughter is the best medicine then Anwar Rasheed has earned his stripes yet again. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and ran for 100 days, composer Rahul Raj made his feature film debut through this film. The songs Thalaa and Chotta Mumbai became chartbusters, Chotta Mumbai at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
27.
The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern India, the newspaper and other publications in The Hindu Group are owned by a family-held company, Kasturi and Sons Ltd. In 2010, The newspaper employs over 1,600 workers, most of the revenue comes from advertising and subscription. The Hindu became, in 1995, the first Indian newspaper to offer an online edition, started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. About 80 copies of the issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown on one rupee. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper, the paper initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved on Scottish Press, then, The Hindu Press, Mylapore, and finally to the National Press on Mount Road. Started as a newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas, the offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named The National Press, the Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road, in between, there were more views than news. The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898, Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, Kasturi Ranga Iyengars ancestors had served the courts of Vijayanagar and Mahratta Tanjore. Since then the newspaper has been owned entirely by the members of the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family, in the late 1980s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the familys younger members, a change in political leaning was observed. Worldpress. org lists The Hindu as an independent newspaper. Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial, but it also depends on reader beliefs. On 3 and 23 September 2003, the letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, the investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai
28.
Marine Drive, Kochi
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Marine Drive is a picturesque promenade in Kochi, Kerala, India. It is built facing the backwaters, and is a popular hangout for the local populace. Ironic to its name, no vehicles are allowed on the walkway, Marine Drive is also an economically thriving part of the city of Kochi. With several shopping malls it is as an important centre of shopping activity in Kochi. Major fast food joints, including Marrybrown, DiMark, Coffee Bar are present along the walkway, the view of the setting and rising sun over the sea mouth, and the gentle breeze from the Vembanad Lake has made Marine Drive an important tourist destination in Kochi. Hundreds of people throng the walkway during the evenings, the walkway starts from the High Court Junction and continues until the Rajendra Maidan. There are also several boat jetties along the walkway, the walkway has three contemporary constructed bridges, the Rainbow bridge, the Chinese Fishing Net Bridge and the House Boat Bridge. Until the 1980s, the Shanmugham Road was the marine drive with the Kochi Lake. In the 1980s, GCDA started the Kochi Marine Drive project, the then plan of GCDA was to eventually construct a road on the western border of this land, which would thus become a literal marine drive. But due to the enforcement of the Coastal Protection Laws in India in the 1990s, thats what led the GCDA toward settling down with a marine walkway instead of an actual marine drive. But the name Marine Drive, since the initiation of the project in the 1980s, identifies the whole region, the Marine Drive stretches from the Jankar Jetty in the north to the Ernakulam Boat Jetty in the south. These buildings and grounds are in between the marine drive walkway and the Shanmugham Road and it was here that the meeting to announce AK Antonys comeback to the Indian National Congress was held in 1982. The GCDA Shopping Complex is a shopping arcade in Ernakulam city. The important landmarks are, The Marine Walkway stretching from Subash Chandra Bose Park in the south, the Rainbow Bridge over Market Canal near GCDA shopping complex. The House boat Bridge part of the Marine Walkway near Goshree bridge end, the China Net Bridge over Mullassery canal near Childrens park, a part of the Marine Walkway. GCDA Shopping Complex in Marine Drive, the Asoka-Tharangini Apartments Marine Drive Scheme Phase 2 is an extension of the Phase 1 proposed in the land to be reclaimed of about 400 hect. Extending from GIDA land to Varappuzha
29.
Mattancherry Palace
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The Palace was built and gifted by the Portuguese as a present to the king of Cochin around 1555. The Dutch carried out extensions and renovations in the palace in 1663. The rajas also made improvements to it. Today, it is a gallery of the Cochin Rajas and notable for some of the best mythological murals in India. The palace was built to appease the king after they plundered a temple nearby, the landing of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer at Kappad in 1498 was welcomed by the Kochi rulers. They were given right to construct factories. The Portuguese repulsed the attacks of the Zamorians and the Cochin Rajas practically became vassals of the Portuguese. The influence of the Portuguese were supplanted by the Dutch and they took over Mattancherry in 1663, in the courtyard there stands a small temple dedicated to Pazhayannur Bhagavati, the protective goddess of the Kochi royal family. There are two temples on either side of the Palace, one dedicated to Lord Krishna and the other to Lord Siva. Certain elements of architecture, as for example the nature of its arches, the Dining Hall has carved wooden ornate ceiling decorated with a series of brass cups. The glory of the palace rests on the number of murals, executed in the best traditions of Hindu temple art. The murals have been painted in warm colours in tempera technique. These illustrate the Ramayana, from the beginning of the sacrifice of Dasaratha to Sitas return from captivity in Lanka, the paintings in this section are the earliest in the palace, dating back to the 16th century. The last five scenes are from the Krishna Lila where in a cheerful God Krishna using his six hands, the paintings are attributed to the artistic bent of mind of Veera Kerala Verma. The upper staircase rooms, notably that of the hall that was extended under Dutch patronage. On the opposite side of the hall is the staircase room or Kovinithalam, with a descent to the lower storey, there are four paintings of Shiva, Vishnu and Devi. IV depict scenes from Kumarasambhava and other works of the great Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa, the latter set of paintings belong to the eighteenth century. Portraits of the Rajas of Cochin, from 1864 onwards, are displayed in what was once the Coronation Hall and these were painted by local artists in western style
30.
Durbar Hall Ground
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The Durbar Hall Ground is a popular location for various cultural activities in the coastal city of Kochi, Kerala, India. The compound of the ground also has the Durbar Hall, which now mostly as an art gallery. The ground itself is used for various programmes of interest to the general public. Most of the details of this section have obtained from The Durbar Hall Ground has been witness to great moments in the history of Kochi. This 2-acre property, once owned by the Maharajah of Cochin, was the venue for some glittering events and it was here that the Maharajah held his durbar. In fact, the durbar was held at the present day building, during those early days this ground was used for exhibitions, football games, regular military parades and for the processions taken out in connection with the Shiva Temple festival. This ground and the leading from it to the temple nearby, was out of bounds to those of the lower rungs of the society. A change in this law came about only after the Temple Entry Declaration and it was at the Kulapuramalika that stands at one end of this ground, that Appan Thampuran and Kunjukuttan Thampuran launched Rasikaranjini, the famous literary magazine. And it was here during World War II, that the war committee organised a spectacular war exhibition that was considered one of the finest spectacles of the time. The ground also lost its aestheticism due to renovation by demolishing old band house, old timers still remember some of the football matches played at this venue like the ones between the local Town Club and the British army men. For a long time this was the venue for cricket matches too. The small band shed at the North East end of the served as a pavilion. Widening of the road near the Rama Varma Club reduced the size of the ground considerably and this ground was home to the Swantons Cricket Club for long till the recent renovation of the place forced them to seek a new home. For a long while this ground remained neglected and served as a yard of sorts. The ground, now owned by the Revenue Department, was spruced up giving it a lush green look, new sparkling walkways, with an investment of Rs.49.94 lakhs, the District Tourist Promotion Council undertook the restoration and beautification work. An open-air auditorium, the stand, light towers to ensure proper lighting, pay. The Durbar Hall Ground is located on the Durbar Hall Road, which is perpendicular to and it has two entrances, one opposite the TDM Hall, and another on the northern side opposite the Rama Varma Club. Most of the details of this section have taken from, and Until 2002
31.
Ernakulam
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Ernakulam refers to the eastern, mainland portion of the city of Kochi in central Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district, Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala. The Kerala High Court, the Office of the Corporation of Cochin, the Ernakulam Junction or South station, Ernakulam Town or North Station and Ernakulam Terminus railway stations of the Indian Railways lies in Ernakulam. Initially, Ernakulam was the headquarters of the Ernakulam District but was shifted to Kakkanad. Ernakulam was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin and it is located 220 kilometres towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. The city has served as an incubator for many Malayali entrepreneurs and is a financial and commercial hub of Kerala. Starting from the Stone Age, Ernakulam has been the site of human settlement, monolithic monuments like Dolmens and rock-cut caves can be seen in many parts of Ernakulam. The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the world in the ancient and medieval period. The early political history of Ernakulam is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, after the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin. Ernakulam was the capital of the erstwhile Cochin State, in the first state census of 1911, the population of Ernakulam was 21,901,11,197 Hindus,9,357 Christians,935 Muslims, and 412 Jews. The City of Ernakulam is situated in Ernakulam District of Central Kerala in India, Ernakulam is located at 9. 98°N76. 28°E /9.98,76.28. It has an elevation of 4 m. Under the Köppen climate classification, City of Ernakulam features a Tropical monsoon climate, since the region lies in the south western coastal state of Kerala, the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September, october and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, the City is drained in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is 3000 mm, the South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year, the maximum average temperature of the City in the summer season is 33 degree Celsius while the minimum temperature recorded is 22.5 degrees Celsius. The winter season records an average of 29 degree Celsius
32.
Fort Kochi
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Fort Kochi is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. This is part of a handful of water-bound regions toward the south-west of the mainland Kochi, in 1967, these three municipalities, along with a few adjoining areas, were amalgamated to form the Corporation of Cochin. Suhas Shivanna IAS is the subcollector and SDM of Fort Kochi, in the BC period, the region that is today known as Kerala was covered by mangrove woods. Turf and sand banks were created with the rise in sea-level which formed the shape of the area as we see it today. The name Cochin implies co-chin, meaning like-China and it looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Mattancherry is the town of old historic Cochin. In old Malayalam it is maadan-cherry, cherry meaning town, maad or cow was the stamp of Old Royal Fort of Rajah of Cochin, who built his palace after the fall of Kodungallur or Mussaris port due to a gigantic tsunami in 1341 AD. The Perumpadappu Swaroopam or the Forte of Rajah had its palace on the banks of the Calvathy River, due to frequent wars between King Zamorin of Kozhikode and the western colonial forces, the Rajah left the place for Tripunithura. The king had his vaishnav leanings and cow or maadu was their symbol, Kochi was a fishing village in the Kingdom of Kochi in the pre-colonial Kerala. The Rajah also gave permission to build Fort Emmanuel near the waterfront to protect their commercial interests. The first part of the name Fort Kochi comes from this fort, the Portuguese built their settlement behind the fort, including a wooden church, which was rebuilt in 1516 as a permanent structure, today known as the St Francis Church. Fort Kochi remained in Portuguese possession for 160 years, in 1683 the Dutch captured the territory from the Portuguese, destroyed many Portuguese institutions, particularly Catholic including convents. The Dutch held Fort Kochi in their possession for 112 years until 1795, foreign control of Fort Kochi ended in 1947 with the Indian independence. A mix of old houses built by the Portuguese, Dutch, St Francis Church was built in 1503 by the Portuguese as a Catholic church. Vasco da Gama was once buried in this church which now falls under the Church of South India and is one of the national monuments. Santa Cruz Basilica, also built by the Portuguese in the 16th century, was destroyed by the British. Since the beginning of Common Era, Arabian and Chinese traders sourced spices, especially pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, cultivation and trade of these valuable goods shaped the history of the region. Even today, Kochi is an important centre of spice export, the Arabian traders were the first to know about these spices, and they carried the highly wanted merchandise to Europe
33.
Mattancherry
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Mattancherry is a locality in the city of Kochi, India. It is said that the full of mutton butchers gradually became muttoncheri which is spelled now as mattancherry. Also, it is said that the name Mattancherry comes from Ancherry Mattom and it is about 9 km from Ernakulam town. There are frequent bus and boat services to Mattancherry from Ernakulam town, the boats start from Main Boat Jetty near Subash Park at Ernakulam. The word cheri in malayalam can be translated ghetto or slum, the sea level height of city of kochi is very low and almost wetland. Mattancherry assembly constituency is part of Ernakulam, Dharmanath Jains Temple, dedicated to Shri Dharmanath, the 15th Jain Tirthankar, is another religious institution of Mattancherry. Built in 1960, the complex is sprawled over a large area with various blocks constructed for prayers. The architecture of the temple is inspired by the Jain temples of Gujarat, as the temple completed 100 years, it was recently officially granted the ‘teerth’ status, and as part of the celebrations, renovation and restoration work of the temple was carried out. Temple is made of marbles, and there are beautiful carved structures in the temple and it is open to all the communities. Mattancherry Palace Paradesi Synagogue Mattancherry is a part of Ernakulam District in Kerala and it is surrounded by the backwaters of Arabian Sea. Mattancherry was the first trade hub of the present district, Mattancherry is populated by people from various walks of life and various parts of India and abroad. There are people who have come and settled in Mattancherry from Goa, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, earlier, Mattancherry was the trade link to Ernakulam. Main trade was on such as pepper and turmeric. Mattancherry deteriorated mainly since the porters working at various firms had some unaccounted trouble with the merchants, slowly, the traders moved to Ernakulam as Mattancherry proved to be costly. Mattancherry Palace Museum hosts different weapons such as swords, spears, the museum also hosts various paintings and murals. Near the museum, a bus depot is also present. Close to the Bus Depot there is a Boat Jetty, where we get boats to Ernakulam, Fort Cochin, there is also Bazaar where we get to buy different spices and articles used interior decorations. Mattancherry is famous for having Jew Town in its heart and this is a historical part of India, where the ancient Jews started their trading
34.
Kaloor
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Kaloor is a downtown region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Kaloor Junction is also the name of an intersection in this region of the city. The nearest major intersections are Palarivattom to the east and Lissie Junction to the west, Kaloor is especially notable for being home for the largest stadium in the state, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. Kaloor is also home for the Regional Centre of the Indira Gandhi National Open University and it is the birthplace of noted Malayalam poet Vylopillil Sreedhara Menon. It is well connected to all suburbs in Kochi and outlying areas and has its own bus terminus, the nearest railway station for Kaloor is Ernakulam North Station. Kochi International Airport is situated 25 km from Kaloor, Kochi International Seaport and Cochin shipyard are around 14 km from Kaloor. Antonys Shrine, Kaloor St. Francis Xaviers Church, Kathrikadavu-Kaloor Little Flower Church, Pottakuzhy-Kaloor St. Judes Church, Thamannam - Kathrikadavu Road St. George Church, Perandoor St
35.
Gandhi Nagar, Kochi
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Gandhi Nagar is one of the two earliest planned housing colonies in Kadavanthra region of Kochi City in the state of Kerala, India. It was developed by the end of the 1970s by Greater Cochin Development Authority, what is now Gandhi Nagar was, in the 1970s, abandandoned paddy fields, and wet lands. The land was developed by filling with earth from the hills of Kakkanad, Gandhi Nagar, being a planned housing colony has a handful of amenities which are generally uncommon for housing colonies in the state or even in Kochi. The amenities include, Regional Sports Centre and the Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ernakulam, a central school owned by the Government of India. It may be now perceived a quite unaesthetic, or unpolitical and they were named, EWS, LIG, MIG, and HIG. Although the expansions of these abbreviations are now forgotten, these still bear these abbreviations in their house numbers. The same scheme was followed in Panampilly Nagar and Changampuzha Nagar as well, even though the same format of housing was replication in later projects of GDCA like the South Commercial, and in Kakkanad, the income group based naming was not followed. Gandhinagar 2nd Street, a 1986 Malayalam film directed by Sathyan Anthikad had name of this colony as its title, the film was shot in both these colonies
36.
Edappally
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Edappally is one of Kochis well developed areas and emerging as an important junction of the state of Kerala, India. The business in Cochin City has extended and is shifting to Edapally. Edapally in English literally translates as Eda, short for edaykku, the name is connected with Edappally Palace and Edappally rajas It is also some times said connected with St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally founded in the fifth century. Edappally is the form for Edaykkulla Pally meaning Church in the center. Edappally palace and the Edappally church are still the most popular affix used along with place, plot and family names in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Edapally is said to be one of the fastest growing areas in the city of Kochi. Edappally was the seat of the Edapally Rajas, the rulers of the area, Edappally was a Panchayath before getting included in Cochin Corporation. The Cochin corportion limits start from the signal towards Ernakulam. The Cochin bypass connects Edappally with Aroor which is a town on south end of the city of Cochin. Bypass Junction in Edappally is the end of the Cochin bypass which extends up to Aroor. This entire route is evolving into a business hub with big-time stores. Outlets of Mercedes Benz, Jaguar Land Rover, Porsche, Hyundai, Maruti Suzuki, the world-famous museum of Kerala History and sculpture is also located in Edappally. Thrikkakkara temple is only 2 kilometers away from Edappally Toll junction, two national highways NH47 and NH66 join the Kochi Bypass junction at Edappally. At Edappally, The National Highway 66 passes and continues up to Panvel, Maharashtra, Edapally is also connected by rail, and there is a railway station at Edappally. Edappally Railway Over Bridge is ready for inauguration, and Inauguration will be in January 2012 and it makes more convenient journey between Ernakulam Guruvayoor Route. that means in NH66 (Panavel to Edappally. _ Edappally Railway Overbrige was inaugurated on 4 February 2012. Edappally North is the main junction after Edapally junction, on way to Guruvayur from Ernakulam. Edappally Kunnumpuram Junction is the junction to turn to Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Science, Manjummel. Oberon Mall – Oberon Mall is the first full format mall in Kerala, located on the NH bypass road, Oberon Mall is built over 350,000 square feet and the building stands on about 2 acres of land. Oberon Mall also has the first multiplex theatre facility in Kerala, Lulu Cochin Mall – Lulu Shopping Mall is the largest shopping mall in India, located in the Edapally neighbourhood of Kochi in Kerala
37.
Kakkanad
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Kakkanad is a borough of the city of Kochi, in Kerala, India. It is also the headquarters of the District of Ernakulam. In the democratic government, Kakkanad is part of Thrikkakara Municipality. Kakkanad is situated in the east part of the city, in the District of Ernakulam, the district Panchayat office is located in Kakkanad. Kakkanad is located near Thrikkakara, the capital of the mythical King Mahabali, karka Nadu is believed to be a reference to Kakkanad. It is home for the Cochin Special Economic Zone, carborundum Universal Ltd has a unit near the technopolis. Industrial projects like Fashion City are proposed in Kakkanad and this has led to several builders setting up projects here. Kakkanad is also home for a Software Export Promotion Zone, the international submarine cable systems landing in Kochi has their nodes installed in Kakkanad. The CSEZ houses the Muthoot Technopolis which is occupied by The Cognizant Technology Solutions, Williamslea, the Kerala Books and Publications Society has its press at Kakkanad. The press is the biggest multicolor offset printing unit in Kerala Government Sector, Kakkanad is also the broadcasting hub of Kochi. It is home for the relay station of the national television broadcaster. Prasar Bharati, the controlling the public broadcast, has a marketing division at Kakkanad. Kakkanad also hosts the state-owned Kochi FM Radio, Red FM Regional office is also at Kakkanad on Seaport - Airport Road, near Infopark express way. Sunrise Hospital Thrikkakara Municipal Co-operative Hospital Milestones Clinic Red Cross Bhavan Geriatric Medical centre Wonderla, EMS Co-operative Library, housing over 70,000 titles is located at Kakkanad. Kendriya Shram Sadan, office of the Regional Labour Commissioner is located at Olimughal, Regional Chemical Examiner’s Laboratory, Ernakulam - one of the three laboratories belonging to Chemical Examiners Laboratory Department under Government of Kerala is situated at Kakkanad. It has jurisdiction over four districts namely Ernakulam, Idukki, Thrissur
38.
Kadavanthra
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Kadavanthra is a downtown region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, South India. Kadavanthra Junction is also the name of an intersection, which is one of the busiest and most important in the city of Kochi. The said junction is an intersection of the Sahodaran Ayyappan Road with the Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road, Kadavanthra is especially notable as home for the headquarters of the Greater Cochin Development Authority, the statutory body overseeing the development of the city of Kochi. The main churches are StJosephs Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and St Sebastians Latin Catholic Church, kendriya Vidyalaya, Bhavans Vidya Mandir and St Josephs Upper Primary School are also located in this area. Affluent housing colonies like Panampilly Nagar, Giri Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, Jawahar Nagar etc are also located here, prominent banks like Central Bank of India in Kallelil building, HDFC bank at MKS towers, South Indian Bank, SBI, Axis Bank branches are available. It is an area and is close to the South Railway Station, with easy access to Kaloor, Vyttila. Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road links northern and southern parts of Kochi, Kadavanthra has become a major hub after the completion of Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road. The oldest and the landmark of the place is the Greater Cochin Development Authority building beside the Sahodaran Ayyapan Road. Indian Overseas Bank ATM is in Kallelil Building Kadavanthra, olive Downtown Hotel Radisson Blu Kochi DD Milestone DD Vyapar Bhavan
39.
Vyttila
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Vyttila is an intersection as well as the name of a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is one of the largest as well as the busiest intersections in Kerala, the name Vyttila is said to be evolved from the word Vayal Thala meaning the main part of the paddy field. Once the area including Elamkulam, were paddy fields and paddy cultivation was the source of income. The paddy field existed from Ernakulam, Girinagar, Panampilly Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, Jawahar Nagar, Kumarananshan Nagar and extended to Kaniyampuzha, some also say that because there existed a bunch of dacoits, who murdered and looted the travelers the name evolved from VAZHITHALA. Once the Puthenpalam bridge that connected Chilavennoor Lake and Chettichira was the link from Vayalthala with Ernakulam. Vyttila hosts the Kochi Mobility Hub, which converges different ways of transport to the city onto a single node. Vyttila is also the name of the region in the city of Kochi, until 1967, Vyttila was a panchayat. The November 1967 order of the Kerala Legislative Assembly amalgamated Vyttila to the newly formed Kochi Corporation. Chalikavattom Placed in near by vytila around 1 KM Vyttila is home for the Vyttila Mobility Hub, Phase-1 of the project consists of a Bus Terminal with 13 bus bays, each of which can park 5 buses. Thus, when Phase-1 is completed, the terminal can handle as many as 65 buses at a time, part of the proposed Phase-1 was commissioned on 26 February 2011. Well before completion of the phase, owing to a decision to inaugurate the terminal before declaration of the State Election which is anticipated on 1 March 2011. What was so far was commissioned consists of 4 of the proposed 13 bus bays,3 more bus bays are presently under construction. The mobility hub is located north-east of the Vyttila Intersection, in the area between Kaniyampuzha Road and Poonithura Village Office, Vyttila is the node of the city that connects it to the neighbouring districts viz, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kottayam and Idukki. The Vytilla Junction on the bypass is the biggest and busiest road intersection in the state and it connects the district headquarters of Kottayam, Alleppey etc. to the Kochi city centre. Vyttila is home to hospitals like the Welcare Hospital and the Mother & Child Hospital. The State Bank of India, State Bank of Travancore, Punjab National Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Bank of Baroda, Federal Bank, South Indian Bank all have branches in this area. Toc H Public School, St. Ritas H. S Ponnurunni, there are several supermarkets in this area in addition to several mom & pop stores and pharmacies. Eateries like K. R Bakes, Aryaas, Best Bakers, delight Bakers, Vyttila hosts the following schools Toc H Public School C. K. C Girls High School, Ponnurunni St. K. S. E. B Off
40.
Willingdon Island
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Willingdon Islands is the largest artificial man-made island in India, which forms part of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Much of the present Willingdon Island was claimed from the Lake of Kochi, filling in dredged soil around a previously existing, the Island was created during construction of modern Kochi Port in 1936 with the soil dredged out while deepening the Vembanad Lake to accommodate the new Kochi Port. It was named after The 1st Earl of Willingdon, the Viceroy of India at the time, Robert Bristow, the chief protagonist and engineer for the project, owned the first building on the island. Today the entire land belongs to Cochin Port Trust and Indian Navy, location, Cochin Highlights, Willingdons Island links Kochi with other seaports of the world and hosts some of the states best hotels, commercial and industrial offices. How to Reach, Willingdon Island is connected to Kochis mainland by road, Willingdon Island contains the modern port, serving South India. The island is an artificial island created from the sand dug out while deepening Kochi port. It has been named after Lord Willingdon, the former Madras governor, the main engineer spearheading this project, however, was Robert Bristow. A port hostel was built to accommodate passengers who wished to halt for a short while, as per the projects draft, a basic port structure was completed by 1939, just prior the Second World War. A deep wharf, a bridge and a road bridge connecting to the mainland were made to provide valuable infrastructure for the local war effort. A naval works was built on the adjacent Venduruthy Island. When the war ended, those working on island projects were employed to construct landing craft for the invasion of Japan. In 1940, a jetty and customs house were constructed adjoining the hotel. The other buildings constructed include a passenger platform and rail siding. A huge expanse of territory was soon procured by the Royal Air Force. This man-made isle near Cochin City, thus, became a military base. The Malabar Hotel served to provide quarters to all wartime staff, a new post office, a swanky open-air swimming pool and an adjoining bank completed the facilities. When the British withdrew from India after independence, in 1947, they left behind an indispensable, during its short colonial tenure, the Willingdon Island in Cochin handled almost one million tons of freight. By the year 1960, the traffic had almost doubled and it is an all-weather natural harbour and a landmark in the Kochi city of Kerala
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History of Kochi
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Kochi is a city located in the Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala. Old Kochi loosely refers to a group of islands including Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, in Mundamveli there is a historically significant Portuguese church named St. Louis and the largest celebration of this church is related to the feast of St. Jacob (Santhyapunnyalan. Today Kochi includes Ernakulam, old parts of Kochi, Kumbalangi, for many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous princely state. Kochi traces its history back many centuries, when it was the centre of Indian spice trade for hundreds of years, Kochi earned a significant position on the world trading map after the port at Kodungallur was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in the written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, today, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala, and one of the fastest growing second-tier metropolises in India. Not much is known about the prehistory of Kochi, there has been no clear evidence of Stone Age habitation. Quite ironically, Kochi forms the part of the Megalithic belt of Kerala. The only trace of life in the region is the menhir found in Tripunithura. The history of Kochi prior to the Portuguese is not well documented, though places north and south of Kochi are mentioned in quite detail in accounts by ancient travellers, even a mention of Kochi is absent prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. Kochis prominence as a port grew after the collapse of the port at Kodungallur in 1341 AD. Kochi was the scene of the first European settlement in India, in the year 1500, the Portuguese Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, landed at Cochin after being repelled from Calicut. The king of the rival of Kochi welcomed his guests and a treaty of friendship was signed, promising his support in the conquest of Calicut, the admiral coaxed the king into allowing them to build a factory at Cochin. Assured by the support, the king called war with the Zamorins of Calicut, however, the admiral retreated in panic on seeing the powers of the Zamorin. The Zamorins, on the hand, eager to win the favor of the Portuguese. Another captain, João da Nova, was sent in place of Cabral, however, he too faltered at the sight of the Zamorin. The consecutive retreats made the King of Portugal indignant, the king sent Vasco Da Gama, who bombed Calicut and destroyed the Arab trading posts. This invited the anger of the Zamorin, who declared a war against the Kochi Raja, the war between Calicut and Cochin began on 1 March 1503 and the second invasion lasted from March 16,1504, to July 3,1504
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History of Kerala
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The history of Kerala, India, dates back many millennia. From as early as 3000 BC, Kerala had established itself as a spice trade centre. Keralam had direct contact across the Arabian Sea with all the major Mediterranean, the spice trade between Kerala and much of the world was one of the main drivers of the world economy. For much of history, ports in Kerala were the busiest among all trade, the word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BC rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka. The Land of Keralaputra was one of the five independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashokas time, the Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighboring Chola Empire and Rashtrakuta Empire. In the 8th century, Adi Shankara was born in central Kerala and he travelled extensively across the Indian subcontinent establishing institutions of Advaita Vedanta philosophy. Contact with Europeans after the arrival of Vasco Da Gama in 1498 gave rise to struggles between colonial and native interests, by 1795, the area was under British dominion. After independence, the state of Keralam was created in 1956 from the state of Travancore-Cochin, the Malabar district of Madras State. Many of the stories in Kerala are common with the rest of India coming from the same Vedic Storytelling History. At the same time Kerala has always had a mix of Sanskrit, perhaps the most famous festival of Kerala, Onam, is deeply rooted in Kerala traditions. Onam is associated with the legendary Asura king Mahabali, who according to the Hindu Puranas, ruled the Earth and his entire kingdom was then a land of immense prosperity and happiness. However, he was granted rule over one of the netherworld planets called Sutala, by Vamana, Onam is celebrated in Kerala with respect to Maveli Thampuran of Mavelikkara and Thrikkakkarayappan. The oldest of all the Puranas, the Matsya Purana, sets the story of the Matsya Avatar of Lord Vishnu, in the Malaya Mountains of Dravida, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata There are myths dealing with the origins of Kerala geographically and culturally, one such myth is the retrieval of Kerala from the sea, by Parasurama, a warrior sage. It proclaims that Parasurama, an Avatar of Mahavishnu, threw his axe into the sea. As a result, the land of Kerala arose, and thus was reclaimed from the waters and he was the sixth of the ten avatars of Vishnu. The word Parasu means axe in Sanskrit and therefore the name Parasurama means Ram with Axe, in Treta yuga, Parasurama retrieved the land submerged under the ocean from Varuna - the God of the Oceans and Bhumidevi - Goddess of Earth. From Gokarnam he reached Kanyakumari and threw his axe northward across the ocean, the place where the axe landed was Kerala
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Travancore-Cochin
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Travancore-Cochin or Thiru-Kochi was a short-lived state of India. It was renamed State of Travancore-Cochin in January 1950, parur T. K. Narayana Pillai, the Congress Prime Minister of Travancore, became the Chief Minister of Travancore-Cochin. First elections were held in 1951 and A. J. John, Anaparambil from Congress party was elected as the Chief Minister, the ruler of Travancore was appointed as the governor of Travancore-Cochin. The Maharajah of Cochin was offered to be addressed as Uparaja Pramukh, the Maharaja politely said that the eldest member of Cochin Royal Family should be called Valiya Thampuran and gave up royal powers unconditionally for the good of the people
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Transport in Kochi
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Kochi is a major port city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city is known as the commercial or economic capital of the state of Kerala. The road infrastructure in Kochi has not been able to meet the traffic demand. A comprehensive transport development plan has included in the Kochi Masterplan hoping to improve the transport infrastructure. A rapid transit system called the Kochi Metro is under construction and is expected to be completed by 2017, a Suburban Railway system, intended to considerably ease congestion, is also to be built in the near future. Most roads in Kochi are under the control of the city corporation, State PWD, many roads in the city follow a North-South direction with two East-West corridors. Kochi is part of the North-South Corridor of Indias National Highway System via the NH47, NH66, the seventh longest highway in India, connects Kochi with Mumbai, via Kozhikode and Mangalore on the western coast of India. The NH47 originating from Salem connects Kochi with cities like Coimbatore via Thrissur and Palakkad and also connects with state capital Thiruvananthapuram, NH49 is another highway, connecting Kochi with Dhanushkodi in Tamil Nadu via Munnar and Madurai. Two smaller national highways, NH 47A connecting to Willingdon Island and NH 47C, NH47 has a 17-kilometre-long bypass road connecting Aroor to Edappally junction. The city is connected with several state highways like SH15, SH16, SH41, SH63. The state government has constructed an expressway called Seaport-Airport Road running parallel to NH47 bypass road at Maradu junction to Kalamasserry junction, phase II, proposed an alternative road to directly to Airport. The ever increasing traffic congestion has necessitated the construction of flyovers at many key junctions on the highways in Kochi. The 8. 2-kilometre-long Chittoor Road is the oldest arterial road that connects the city to suburbs like Chittoor, Panchalam. Another major arterial road is the 1. 5-kilometre-long Marine Drive Road which extends southward as Park Avenue and Foreshore Roads, the youngest arterial road is the 3. The city has only 2 east–west corridors, creating one of the most congested traffic at the stretch, the 17 km stretch of Edapally - Aroor bypass road has turned out to be an important arterial road in Kochi. A third east–west corridor is planned connecting MG Road with NH47 known as Pullepady-Thammanam road, the main railway line cut Ernakulam city into 2 halves which are interconnected with three rail-over bridges, which are one of the major bottlenecks due to being narrow bridges. Fort Kochi has the number of roads, mostly narrow in nature, due to presence of several heritage properties. Indira Gandhi Road is the arterial road in Willingdon island that runs parallel to western coastal side of the island connecting Ernakulam Wharf with NH 47A
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