1.
S. Hata Building
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Hata Sadanosuke was a Japanese businessman who built a historic structure called the S. Hata Building in Hilo, Hawaii, in 1912. It now contains specialty shops, professional offices, and Cafe Pesto restaurant, Sadanosukes younger brother Hata Yoichi was another notable Japanese businessman who founded a major wholesale food distribution company in Hawaii. Hata Sadanosuke was born in Hiroshima, Japan in 1868 and immigrated to Honolulu, in 1893, Mr. Hata worked as an agent for Odo Shoten in Honolulu, responsible for taking orders from large sugarcane plantations on the Hāmākua Coast which employed many Japanese immigrant workers. This gave him the inspiration to start his own business at Hilo on the Big Island on January 3,1896 called S. Hata Shoten and he sold Japanese silks, kimonos, as well as eastern souvenirs and provisions. Business was slow in the first years, so he hired out his horse, after the annexation by the United States to become the Territory of Hawaii in 1898, the plantations flourished, as did his business. He moved to a building at the corner of Mamo. He branched out back to Honolulu and Hiroshima, Osaka, Japan, Kyoto, Japan, Hata Yoichi, Sadanosukes younger brother also arrived in Hilo and worked as bookkeeper at S. Hata Shoten. The business was so prosperous in 1912 that it needed more space, the previous building became a wholesale food distributing outlet run by Hata Yoichi. Sadanosuke planned a new $25,000 structure on wetlands on Front Street near the tracks to the plantations. A condition of the United States governments selling this land was that Mr. Hata builda concrete building within a years time, at the time it was built, almost all other structures in Hawaii outside of Honolulu were built of wood. The building is about 109 feet by 60 feet of reinforced concrete, such a large masonry building indicated the upward mobility of the Japanese population. The Hilo Masonic Lodge, Hilo Federal Building and Volcano Block Building are the others from that period that remain, the first floor has several store-fronts. A wooden staircase leads to a floor of office space. In 1913 he opened the Hilo Sake Brewing Company, in 1919 two wood structures were added to the back, one commercial and one residential. After the attack on Pearl Harbor the Hata family was part of the Japanese American internment, in September 1942 the Hata Building was seized and later auctioned by the U. S. government. Hatas second daughter, Kagawa Kasujiro, purchased the building at that time, because it was so solidly built, it survived the tsunami caused by the April 1,1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake that devastated much of Hilo. The train tracks of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway were destroyed in that tsunami, the path of the railroad was used for the new Hawaii Belt Road, called the Waterfront Highway at this point. The 18, 650-square-foot building originally had a basement
2.
Hilo Masonic Lodge Hall-Bishop Trust Building
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Hilo Masonic Lodge Hall also known as the Bishop Trust Building, is a historic structure in Hilo, Hawaii. Constructed between 1908 and 1910, it was designed to commercial space on the ground floor. In 1985, the Masons moved to new premises, and since then the floor has been rented to a variety of tenants. The Masonic Lodge in Hilo was founded in 1896 at the home of William W. Goodale, on October 15,1897 Kilauea Lodge #330 was officially chartered. Named for the nearby active Kīlauea volcano, it was the first Masonic lodge on Hawaiʻi Island, john Troup Moir manager of the Onomea sugarcane plantation in Papaikou, Hawaii, was master of the lodge. He was also the first chairman of the board of supervisors for the County of Hawaii, a delegation from the Grand Lodge of California officially presented Kīlauea lodge with its charter in February 1898. The lodge met in a room of a building owned by Frederick S. Lyman, son of early Hilo missionaries Sarah Joiner and David Belden Lyman. The Lyman building was on leased land, so an association was formed to purchase a lot uphill from the town, the association raised most of what they thought a building would cost by October 1900. When a federal building was being planned in Hilo around the time, the lodge proposed swapping their land for a corner of the federal lot. By January 1906 they were successful in arranging a deal with Territorial Governor George R. Carter to swap their land for a more central parcel, based on a sketch by freemason William McKay, architects were interviewed in Honolulu and the mainland. Henry F. Starbuck of Oakland, California was selected to design the building and he was a freemason and had designed several other lodges and churches. Harold Vaughan Patten was given as architect in one account, plans were ready to be finalized at the end of March 1906. Construction was scheduled to begin in July when leases expired on the land which they were purchasing from the territory, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck less than a month later, before construction could begin. Rebuilding of San Francisco after the fire caused building materials to become scarce and more expensive, causing delays. Finally ground was broken in May 1908, in June Starbuck traveled to Hilo to oversee construction with workers he had selected. After a few months Starbuck and the workers were dismissed, Fred Harrison from Honolulu became construction contractor, the cornerstone was laid February 18,1909. The dedication ceremony was held on February 24,1910, construction cost ended up being double what had been planned. It was completed about the time as the Volcano Block Building
3.
Hilo Bay
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Hilo Bay is a large bay located on the eastern coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The modern town of Hilo, Hawaii overlooks Hilo Bay, located at 19°44′10″N 155°4′37″W, north of the bay runs the Hamakua Coast on the slopes of Mauna Kea, and south of the bay is the Puna district on the slopes of Mauna Loa. The area just inland from the bay is the Hilo district, banyan Drive runs through Liliʻuokalani Gardens near downtown Hilo at the edge of the bay. History The ancient Hawaiian name for the village on the bay was Waiākea, after being surveyed in 1825 by Charles Robert Malden of the HMS Blonde, it was called Byrons Bay for captain George Byron, 7th Baron Byron. The coral reef on the side of the bay is called Blonde Reef for the ship. The first breakwater across the bay was first started in 1908 under contract to Engineer Delbert Metzger and it was extended in 1911, and completed in 1929. The small island Moku Ola was the site of an ancient temple dedicated to healing, Hilo Bay is sometimes called the tsunami capital of the United States. The bays topography steers tsunamis to Hilo from earthquakes in active areas such as Chile, the April 1,1946, tsunami from the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake killed 96 people on Hilo bay. May 20,1960, a tsunami originating from the 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile killed 61 people in Hilo, after the February 27,2010 Chile earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center caused sirens to sound and evacuations were ordered, but there were no injuries. Byron Bay, New South Wales named for John Byron, who was grandfather of the Byron who arrived in Hilo in 1825
4.
Mauna Kea
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Mauna Kea, is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii. Standing 4,207 m above sea level, its peak is the highest point in the state of Hawaii, much of the mountain is under water, when measured from its oceanic base, Mauna Kea is over 10,000 m tall. Mauna Kea is about a years old, and has thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now considered dormant. In Hawaiian mythology, the peaks of the island of Hawaiʻi are sacred, an ancient law allowed only high-ranking aliʻi to visit its peak. Ancient Hawaiians living on the slopes of Mauna Kea relied on its extensive forests for food, when Europeans arrived in the late 18th century, settlers introduced cattle, sheep and game animals, many of which became feral and began to damage the mountains ecological balance. With its high elevation, dry environment, and stable airflow, since the creation of an access road in 1964, thirteen telescopes funded by eleven countries have been constructed at the summit. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for research across the electromagnetic spectrum from visible light to radio. Their construction on a landscape considered sacred by Native Hawaiians continues to be a topic of debate, Mauna Kea is one of five hotspot volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Of these five volcanoes, Mauna Kea is the fourth oldest and it began as a preshield volcano driven by the Hawaii hotspot around one million years ago, and became exceptionally active during its shield stage until 500,000 years ago. Mauna Kea entered its quieter post-shield stage 250,000 to 200,000 years ago, Mauna Kea does not have a visible summit caldera, but contains a number of small cinder and pumice cones near its summit. A former summit caldera may have been filled and buried by later summit eruption deposits, Mauna Kea is over 3,200 km3 in volume, so massive that it and its neighbor, Mauna Loa, depress the ocean crust beneath it by 6 km. The volcano continues to slip and flatten under its own weight at a rate of less than 0.2 mm per year, much of its mass lies east of its present summit. Mauna Kea stands 4,205 m above sea level, just 35 m higher than its neighbor Mauna Loa, measured from its base on the ocean floor, it rises over 10,000 m, significantly greater than the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level. Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Kea has been created as the Pacific tectonic plate has moved over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Earths underlying mantle. The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, the prevailing, though not completely settled, view is that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planets mantle for much, if not all of the Cenozoic Era. However, while Hawaiian volcanism is well-understood and extensively studied, there remains no definite explanation of the mechanism causes the hotspot effect. Lava flows from Mauna Kea overlapped in complex layers with those of its neighbors during its growth, most prominently, Mauna Kea is built upon older flows from Kohala to the northwest, and intersects the base of Mauna Loa to the south
5.
Rainbow Falls (Hawaii)
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Rainbow Falls is a waterfall located in Hilo, Hawaii. It is 80 ft tall and almost 100 ft in diameter, the falls are part of the Hawaii State Parks. There is no fee to see the falls, at Rainbow Falls, the Wailuku River rushes into a large pool below. The gorge is blanketed by lush, dense tropical rainforest. The falls are accessible via Wailuku River State Park, Waiānuenue Avenue, coordinates 19°43′9″N 155°6′34″W, known in the Hawaiian language as Waiānuenue, the falls flows over a natural lava cave, the mythological home to Hina, an ancient Hawaiian goddess. Rainbow Falls derives its name from the fact that, on sunny mornings around 10AM, list of Hawaii state parks Akaka Falls Umauma Falls Wailuku River state park official web site Hiking the Rainbow Falls State Park, Hawaii Hilo attractions
6.
Liliuokalani Park and Gardens
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Liliʻuokalani Park and Gardens is a 30-acre park with Japanese gardens, located on Banyan Drive in Hilo on the island of Hawaiʻi. The parks site was given by Queen Liliʻuokalani, and lies southeast of downtown Hilo, much of the park now consists of Edo-style Japanese gardens, built in the early 1900s, and said to be the largest such gardens outside Japan. The gardens contain Waihonu Pond as well as bridges, koi ponds, pagodas, statues, torii, close to this park is the small island called Moku ola, connected to the park by a footbridge. It is a place for a picnic, and some limited swimming. The name Moku ola literally means island of life in the Hawaiian language, there is a stone tower on the east side of the island which is the remnant of the old footbridge which was destroyed by a tsunami. From Coconut Island one has a view of Hilo Bayfront, Downtown Hilo. To the east, you can see the massive breakwater protecting Hilo Bay and it is located at coordinates 19°43′36″N 155°4′6″W. It is maintained by the County of Hawaii, Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden List of botanical gardens in the United States
7.
Hawaii County, Hawaii
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Hawaiʻi County is a county located in the U. S. state of Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. It is coterminous with the Island of Hawaiʻi, often called the Big Island to distinguish it from the state as a whole, as of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County, the Hilo Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Hawaiʻi County. Hawaiʻi County has a form of government. Hawaii County is the largest county in the state, in terms of geography, the current Mayor of Hawaii County is Harry Kim, who took office in 2016. Legislative authority is vested in a nine-member Hawaii County Council, Hawaii County is one of seven counties in the United States to share the same name as the state they are located in. Hawaiʻi County has an area of 5,086.70 square miles,4,028.02 square miles is land and 1,058.69 square miles is water. The countys land area comprises 62.7 percent of the land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States, there were 82,324 housing units at an average density of 8/km². Executive authority is vested in the Mayor of Hawaii County who is elected for a four-year term, since 2004, the election by the voters has been on a non-partisan basis. In 2016, Harry Kim was elected Mayor, succeeding Billy Kioni who had served a two-term limit, legislative authority is vested in a nine-member County Council. Each member represents a region of the island, which closely correlates to one of the nine tax map districts of Hawaiʻi County. Members of the County Council are elected on a basis to two-year terms. Administrative districts were based on the traditional land divisions called Moku of Ancient Hawaii. Some more heavily populated districts have since split into North and South districts to make them more comparable on a population basis. The number following each district is the Tax Map Key number and they are assigned in a counter-clockwise order beginning on the eastern side of the island. Several government functions are administered at the county level that are at the state or municipal level in other states, for example, the county has its own office of liquor control. Hawaii Department of Public Safety previously operated the Kulani Correctional Facility in Hawaii County, in 2009, the Hawaii Department of Public Safety announced that Kulani Correctional Facility would close
8.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
9.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
12.
Counties of Hawaii
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The five counties of Hawaii on the Hawaiian Islands enjoy somewhat greater status than many counties on the United States mainland. Counties in Hawaii are the legally constituted government bodies below that of the state. No formal level of government exists below that of the county in Hawaii, unlike the other 49 states, Hawaii does not delegate educational responsibility to local school boards, public education is carried out by the Hawaii State Department of Education. Hawaiian counties collect property taxes and user fees in order to support maintenance, community activities, parks, garbage collection, police, ambulance. All the counties were created in 1905 from unorganized territory, seven years after the Territory of Hawaii was created, the county of Kalawao was historically exclusively used as a leper colony, and does not have many of the elected officials the other counties do. The Federal Information Processing Standard code, which is used by the United States government to identify counties, is provided with each entry. The FIPS code for each county links to data for that county
13.
Harry Kim (politician)
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Harry Kim is the Mayor of Hawaii County. He previously served as Mayor from 2000-2008, prior to his election, he was the countys civil defense director. Kim was born to Korean-American immigrants, the youngest of eight children and he was raised in ‘Ola‘a in what was then the Territory of Hawaii. They resided in a house with no electricity or running water. He and his siblings would often work for the family business and he attended ʻOlaa School and Hilo High School. He then attended the University of Hawaii at Hilo and graduated from Southern Oregon State University and he served in the United States Army as a medic and was a teacher and coach. Kim served for 16 years as County Director of Civil Defense, as Director, Harry Kim would go on the radio and would update the residents of Hawaii. Kim announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for mayor in 2000, after defeating Democrat turned Republican State Representative Harvey Tajiri in the primary Kim won the general election, receiving 50% of the vote. His opponents, Democratic candidate Fred Holschuh and Green Party candidate Keiko Bonk received 30 and 20 percent, in 2004, Kim ran for a second term, easily winning re-election. While Kim first ran for mayor as a Republican, he himself to be nonpartisan. Prior to running for mayor, his only political activity had been backing Democratic mayor Lorraine Inouye. In 2006, prominent Democrats including former Governor Ben Cayetano, then-U. S, representatives Neil Abercrombie and party chairman Mike McCartney encouraged Kim to run against Linda Lingle. On July 22,2006, shortly before the filing deadline, during his time in office, Kim advocated, among other initiatives, recycling projects and the creation of a new County office complex in the place of the defunct Kaikoʻo Mall. In 2012, Kim ran for Mayor once more against his successor, Kim lost by a margin of 1,438 votes earning 49% to Kenois 51%. Kim said on Thursday, March 3,2016, that he had decided to run again and he was elected mayor once again in primary voting on August 13,2016, when he received more than 50% of the votes cast in a field of 13 candidates. In keeping with a commitment he had made in every campaign, to no more than a $10 donation from any individual, Kim spent a total of $21,931 in 2016. His nearest competitor spent $220,289, with a per vote cost of $22.11
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
16.
Hawaii (island)
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Hawaiʻi is the largest island located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 4,028 square miles, it is larger than all of the other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. However, it only has 13% of Hawaiis people, the island of Hawaii is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand. The island is referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi. Administratively, the island is encompassed by Hawaiʻi County. As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079, the county seat and largest city is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi is said to have been named after Hawaiʻiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. The name is cognate with Savaii, the name of the largest island of Samoa, cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779, in a mêlée which followed the theft of a ships boat. Hawaiʻi was the island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after years of war, and gave the kingdom. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 5,086 square miles. The countys land area comprises 62.7 percent of the land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States, in greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles across and has a land area of 4,028 square miles comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the worlds tallest mountain, taller than Mount Everest is, the Island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. Geologists now consider these outcrops to be part of the building of Mauna Loa. Another volcano which has disappeared below the surface of the ocean is Māhukona. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing, between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960, in 1987 lava filled in Queens Bath, a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area
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County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
18.
Shield volcano
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A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are named for their low profile, resembling a warriors shield lying on the ground and this is caused by the highly fluid lava they erupt, which travels farther than lava erupted from stratovolcanoes. This results in the accumulation of broad sheets of lava. The shape of shield volcanoes is due to the low viscosity of their mafic lava, Shield volcanoes are built by effusive eruptions, which flow out in all directions to create a shield like that of a warrior. Shield volcano itself is taken from the German term Schildvulkan, examples of pyroclastic shields include Billy Mitchell volcano in Papua New Guinea and the Purico Complex in Chile, an example of a felsic shield is the Big Obsidian Flow in Oregon. Active shield volcanoes experience near-continuous eruptive activity over long periods of time. Mount Everest, by comparison, is 8,848 m in height, the research has not yet been confirmed. Shield volcanoes feature a slope that gradually steepens with elevation before eventually flattening near the summit. In height they are typically about one twentieth their width, although the general form of a typical shield volcano varies little worldwide regional differences exist in their size and morphological characteristics. 4° and an average volume of 1.7 km3. Rift zones are a prevalent feature on shield volcanoes that is rare on other volcanic types, the large, decentralized shape of Hawaiian volcanoes as compared to their smaller, symmetrical Icelandic cousins can be attributed to rift eruptions. Fissure venting is common in Hawaiʻi, most Hawaiian eruptions begin with a wall of fire along a major fissure line before centralizing to a small number of points. These eruptions, the calmest of volcanic events, are characterized by the emission of highly fluid basaltic lavas with low gaseous content. These lavas travel a far greater distance than those of other types before solidifying, forming extremely wide. Low volumes of such lavas layered over long periods of time are what slowly constructs the characteristically low, central-vent eruptions, meanwhile, often take the form of large lava fountains, which can reach heights of hundreds of meters or more. If eruptive rates are enough, they may even form splatter-fed lava flows. Hawaiian eruptions are often extremely long lived, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cone of Kilauea, has been erupting continuously since 1983. These lava flows can be anywhere between 2 and 20 m thick, pāhoehoe flows, in contrast, move in more conventional sheets, or by the advancement of lava toes in snaking lava columns. Increasing viscosity on the part of the lava or shear stress on the part of local topography can morph a pāhoehoe flow into an aa one, although most shield volcanoes are by volume almost entirely Hawaiian and basaltic in origin, they are rarely exclusively so
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Mauna Loa
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Mauna Loa is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U. S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean. The largest subaerial volcano in both mass and volume, Mauna Loa has historically considered the largest volcano on Earth. Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, Mauna Loa has probably been erupting for at least 700,000 years, and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago. The oldest-known dated rocks are not older than 200,000 years, the volcanos magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot, which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years. The slow drift of the Pacific Plate will eventually carry Mauna Loa away from the hotspot within 500,000 to one years from now. Mauna Loas most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15,1984, no recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912, observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountains summit. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the flank of the volcano, and also incorporates Kīlauea. Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Loa was created as the Pacific tectonic plate moved over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Earths underlying mantle. The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, the prevailing view states that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planets mantle for much, if not all of the Cenozoic Era. However, while the Hawaiian mantle plume is well-understood and extensively studied, Mauna Loa is one of five subaerial volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaiʻi, created by the Hawaii hotspot. The oldest volcano on the island, Kohala, is more than a years old, and Kīlauea. Lōʻihi Seamount on the flank is even younger, but has yet to breach the surface. Since then, the volcano has remained active, with a history of effusive and explosive eruptions, although Mauna Loas activity has been overshadowed in recent years by that of its neighbor Kīlauea, it remains active. Mauna Loa is the largest subaerial and second largest overall volcano in the world, covering an area of 5,271 km2. Consisting of approximately 65,000 to 80,000 km3 of solid rock, the shield-stage lavas that built the enormous main mass of the mountain are tholeiitic basalts, like those of Mauna Kea, created through the mixing of primary magma and subducted oceanic crust. Mokuʻāweoweos caldera floor lies between 170 and 50 m beneath its rim and it is only the latest of several calderas that have formed and reformed over the volcanos life, additionally, two smaller pit craters lie southwest of the caldera, named Lua Hou and Lua Hohonu
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Volcano
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earths volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of plate hypothesis volcanism, Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the boundary,3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines, the word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology, at the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, black smokers are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the temperature of the overlying mantle wedge. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high content, so it often does not reach the surface. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed, typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume and this theory is currently under criticism, however. The most common perception of a volcano is of a mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit, however. The features of volcanoes are more complicated and their structure. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have features such as massive plateaus
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Mauna Kea Observatories
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The facilities are located in a 525-acre special land use zone known as the Astronomy Precinct, which is located within the 11, 228-acre Mauna Kea Science Reserve. The Astronomy Precinct was established in 1967 and is located on land protected by the Historical Preservation Act for its significance to Hawaiian culture. After studying photos for NASAs Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground based telescope, while he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Mauis Haleakalā were promising, but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer, on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, Mauna Kea is considered the highest island mountain in the world. While the summit is covered with snow, the air is extremely dry. Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea, after testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded Hawaiʻi Governor John A. Burns to bulldoze a road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puʻu Poliʻahu. The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, next, Kuiper tried enlisting NASA to fund a larger facility with a large telescope, housing and other needed structures. NASA, in turn decided to make the open to competition. Professor of physics, John Jefferies of the University of Hawaii placed a bid on behalf of the university, Jefferies had gained his reputation through observations at Sacramento Peak Observatory. The proposal was for a telescope to serve both the needs of NASA and the university. Kuiper would abandon his site over the competition and begin work in Arizona on a different NASA project, after considerable testing by Jefferies team, the best locations were determined to be near the summit at the top of the cinder cones. Testing also determined Mauna Kea to be superb for nighttime viewing due to many factors, including the air, constant trade winds. Jefferies would build a 2.24 meter telescope with the State of Hawaiʻi agreeing to build a reliable, building began in 1967 and first light was seen in 1970. Other groups began requesting subleases on the newly accessible mountaintop, by 1970, two 24 in telescopes had been constructed by the United States Air Force and Lowell Observatory. In 1973, Canada and France agreed to build the 3.6 m CFHT on Mauna Kea, however, local organizations started to raise concerns about the environmental impact of the observatory. This led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to prepare a management plan, drafted in 1977. In January 1982, the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents approved a plan to support the development of scientific facilities at the site
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University of Hawaii at Hilo
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The University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo or UH Hilo is a public co-educational university in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, United States. It is one of ten branches of the University of Hawaiʻi system and it was founded as Hawaiʻi Vocational College in 1941. In 1970 it was reorganized by an act of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature, the university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges since 1976. It offers thirty-three undergraduate and three degree programs, and has about 3000 students, most are residents of Hawaiʻi. The university specializes in biology, volcanology, astronomy. The Masters of Arts program in Hawaiian Language and Literature was the first in the United States to focus on an indigenous language, students can also choose minors in some programs. Until 1994 UH Hilo belonged to the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics or NAIA, since 2004 it has been a member of the NCAA Division II, Pacific West Conference. It fields teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, the team name for the school is the Vulcans. Shared with UH West Oʻahu 1976–1997, there are also concerns that this movement will hurt relationships between the Hilo campus and the rest of the University of Hawaiʻi system. The bill was approved by the House Higher Education Committee but no hearing on the bill was planned by the House Finance Committee, effectively killing it
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Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii
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‘Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawai‘i is an astronomy and culture education center located in Hilo, Hawaii. It features exhibits and shows dealing with Hawaiian culture and history, astronomy, ‘Imiloa includes a 120-seat planetarium, which features a fulldome video projection system. Planetarium presentations include ‘Imiloas exclusive signature show, Maunakea, Between Earth, visitors to ‘Imiloa will leave with a new understanding of the early Polynesians, who used the stars to find these isolated islands in the middle of the vast Pacific Ocean. Hawaiians refer to these long-distance canoe explorers as our first astronomers, another planetarium show, Dawn of the Space Age 3D, recounts the early days of space exploration, the so-called space race between the USSR and the United States. This is the only 3D planetarium show in the world, additional small theaters show a Kumulipo story, and an astronomy birth of the universe 3D presentation, underwritten by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. ‘Imiloa opened to the public in February,2006 and its unique architectural design includes three large titanium-clad cones, representing the volcanoes Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualālai. The extensive gardens feature native, endemic and canoe plants brought by the Polynesians, exhibit halls, planetarium, gift shop, and Sky Garden café are open to the public Tuesday through Sunday. An evening Maunakea Skies star talk is held in the planetarium on the last Saturday of each month, in the Hawaiian language, ‘Imiloa means exploring new knowledge. It is located at 600 ‘Imiloa Place in Hilo, just north of Hawaii Route 2000, since September 2012 the Sagan Planet Walk has been extended with a statue representing Alpha Centauri at the Imiloa Astronomy Center
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Merrie Monarch Festival
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The Merrie Monarch Festival is a week-long cultural festival that takes place annually in Hilo, Hawaii. It honors King David Kalākaua, who was called the Merrie Monarch for his patronage of the arts and is credited with restoring many Hawaiian cultural traditions during his reign, including the hula. Many hālau hula, including some from the U. S. mainland and some international performers, the festival has received worldwide attention and is considered the most prestigious of all hula contests. The festival is dedicated to the memory of King David Kalākaua, the last king of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who reigned from 1874 until his death in 1891. Kalākaua was “a patron of the arts, especially music and dance, ” and is credited with reviving many endangered native Hawaiian traditions such as mythology, medicine and he was also a strong supporter of the hula, a traditional form of dance. Many of these practices had been suppressed for many years under missionary teachings. The festival is named after Kalākauas nickname “Merrie Monarch” because he was known to always be happy, fun, the structure of the festival takes after Kalākaua’s Silver Jubilee. This was a celebration of Hawaiian culture on his 50th birthday at ʻIolani Palace on the island of Oʻahu. The Merrie Monarch Festival began in 1963 when Helene Hale, then Executive Officer of Hawaii, the island had suffered from economic problems after the collapse of the sugar industry, and it was hoped that a festival would boost the depressed economy. Along with George Naʻope and Gene Wilhelm, Hale organized the first Merrie Monarch Festival in 1964. This festival “consisted of a King Kalākaua beard look–alike contest, a barbershop quartet contest, a race, a re–creation of King Kalākauas coronation. He studied hula from his great grandmother since he was three years old and established his own school, the George Naʻope Hula School, shortly after graduating high school. He taught hula in Japan, Guam, Australia, Germany, England and his purpose in life was to preserve the Hawaiian culture, and he thought the festival was a perfect way of allowing the culture live on. By 1968, the festival had waned in popularity, dottie Thompson took over the festival as Executive Director, and transformed it into a private community organization. Thompson “wanted to move the festival more toward a Hawaiian theme, in 1971 Thompson and Na’ope introduced a hula competition. Nine wahine hālau entered the competition in its first year, today, the Merrie Monarch Festival is an annual week–long event culminating in three days of prestigious hula competition. It is now a non–profit organization registered with the State of Hawaii Department of Commerce, proceeds from the festival support educational scholarships, workshops, seminars, symposiums and the continuation of the event itself. For the festival, a Royal Court is created to represent the King and Queen, the Royal Court is coordinated by Uʻilani Peralto and Luana Kawelu
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Easter
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It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
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Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation
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Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation is the worlds largest processor of macadamia seeds. The American company was a subsidiary of The Hershey Company from 2004 to 2015, the company takes its name from the volcano Mauna Loa. Their headquarters and main processing plant are near the mountain, south of Hilo in the Puna District of the island of Hawaiʻi, the first Mauna Loa macadamia plantation was planted in 1946, and the first commercial crop was harvested in 1956. It is located at the address One Macadamia Road, near the town of Keaʻau at 19°39′24″N 155°0′33″W, at the main production facility, the company owns its own steam generator, which uses plant waste to generate electricity used in the harvesting and packaging of its macadamia seeds. Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation official web site
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Macadamia
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Macadamia is a genus of four species of trees indigenous to Australia and constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They are native to north eastern New South Wales and central, the tree is commercially important for its fruit, the macadamia nuts /ˌmækəˈdeɪmiə/. Other names include Queensland nut, bush nut, maroochi nut, bauple nut, in Australian Aboriginal languages, the fruit is known by names such as bauple, gyndl, jindilli, and boombera. Previously, more species with disjunct distributions were named as members of this genus Macadamia, genetics and morphological studies more recently published in 2008 show they have separated from the genus Macadamia, correlating less closely than thought from earlier morphological studies. Hildebrandii and the 1995 name M. erecta Macadamia is a species that grows 2–12 m tall. The leaves are arranged in whorls of three to six, lanceolate to obovate or elliptic in shape, 6–30 cm long and 3–13 cm broad, with an entire or spiny-serrated margin. The flowers are produced in a long, slender, simple raceme 5–30 cm long, the fruit is a very hard, woody, globose follicle with a pointed apex, containing one or two seeds. The German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller gave the genus the name Macadamia in 1857 in honor of the Scottish-Australian chemist, medical teacher,1828 Allan Cunningham was the first European to discover the macadamia plant. 1858 Walter Hill, Superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, observed a boy eating the kernel without ill effect, becoming the first non-indigenous person recorded to eat macadamia nuts. 1866 Tom Petrie plants macadamias at Yebri Creek from nuts obtained from Aboriginals at Buderim 1881 William H. Purvis introduced macadamia nuts to Hawaii as a windbreak for sugar cane. 1882 The first commercial orchard of macadamia was planted at Rous Mill,12 km from Lismore,1889 Joseph Maiden, Australian botanist, wrote, It is well worth extensive cultivation, for the nuts are always eagerly bought. 1910 The Hawaiian Agricultural Experiment Station encouraged planting of macadamias on Hawaiis Kona District,1916 Tom Petrie begins trial macadamia plantations in Maryborough district, combining with pecans to shelter the trees 1922 Ernst Van Tassel formed the Hawaiian Macadamia Nut Co in Hawai‘i. 1925 Tassel leased 75 acres on Round Top in Honolulu and begins a macadamia nut orchard,1931 Ernest Van Tassel established a macadamia processing factory on Puhukaina Street in Kakaako, nuts were sold as Vans macadamia nuts. 1937 W. W. Jones and J. H. Beaumont reported, in Science, 1940s Steve Angus, Murwillumbah, Australia, formed Macadamia Nuts Pty Ltd, doing small-scale nut processing. 1946 A large plantation was established in Hawaii, 2012-15 South Africa surpassed Australia as the largest producer of macadamias. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche Macadamia jansenii C. L. Gross & P. H. Weston Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1, 000–2,000 mm, the roots are shallow and trees can be blown down in storms, they are also susceptible to Phytophthora root disease. A Macadamia integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid commercial variety is planted in Australia and New Zealand
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Hilo International Airport
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Hilo International Airport, formerly General Lyman Field, is owned and operated by the Hawaiʻi state Department of Transportation. Located in Hilo, Hawaiʻi County, the airport encompasses 1,391 acres and is one of two airports on Hawaiʻi Island and one of five major airports in the state. Hilo International Airport serves most of East Hawaiʻi, including the districts of Hilo and Puna, as well as portions of the districts of Hāmākua, most flights to the airport are from Honolulu International Airport. These flights are operated by Hawaiian Airlines and Aloha Air Cargo. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in 1927 the Territory of Hawaii legislature passed Act 257, authorizing the expenditure of $25,000 for the construction of a landing strip in Hilo. The site was known as Keaukaha, on land belonging to the Hawaiian Homes Commission, inmates from a nearby prison camp cleared the area of brush and rocks. The new facility was dedicated on February 11,1928, by Major Clarence M. Young, sixteen months after the dedication, scheduled inter-island service began on November 11,1929 by Inter-Island Airways, the forerunner of Hawaiian Airlines. For $32, travelers could climb aboard an eight-passenger Sikorsky S-38 on thrice weekly flights between Hilo and Honolulu, five years later, in 1934, the company was awarded the right to carry air mail for the U. S. Postal Service. Improvements to Hilos airfield were minimal during its first decade, between 1927 and 1937, just over $34,000 was spent in developing the site. Over the next five years, however, the Works Progress Administration spent $261,613 to upgrade the airport, an additional $314,000 was provided by the Civil Aeronautics Administration in 1941. During martial law in the following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Army Engineers continued to expand the airport, in addition to military facilities to support an Air Corp fighter squadron at Hilo, the Army expanded and improved runways, taxiways and aprons. On April 19,1943, the Territorial Legislature renamed Hilo Airport General Lyman Field, for General Albert Kualiʻi Brickwood Lyman and he was one of three sons of Rufus Anderson Lyman to attend the United States Military Academy. The end of the war did not immediately bring about a return to control of General Lyman Field. Meanwhile, Trans-Pacific Airlines, later renamed Aloha Airlines, commenced flights on July 26,1946. On April 8,1952, the territory assumed full control, a groundbreaking ceremony for a new terminal building was held on July 17,1952. At the same time, new high intensity lights were installed on Runway 8–26, plans included a new freight terminal, aprons, parking areas and roads. The airports new terminal was completed and dedicated on December 5,1953
29.
Polynesia
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Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including the language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they were experienced sailors who used stars to navigate at night, the term Polynesia was first used in 1756 by French writer Charles de Brosses, and originally applied to all the islands of the Pacific. In 1831, Jules Dumont dUrville proposed a restriction on its use during a lecture to the Geographical Society of Paris, historically, these islands have also been referred to as the South Sea Islands. Polynesia is characterized by an amount of land spread over a very large portion of the mid. Most Polynesian islands and archipelagos, including the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, are composed of volcanic islands built by hotspots, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Ouvéa, the Polynesian outlier near New Caledonia, are the unsubmerged portions of the largely sunken continent of Zealandia. At first, the Pacific plate was subducted under the Australian plate, the Alpine Fault that traverses the South Island is currently a transform fault while the convergent plate boundary from the North Island northwards is called the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone. The volcanism associated with subduction zone is the origin of the Kermadec. Out of approximately 300,000 or 310,000 square kilometres of land, over 270,000 km2 are within New Zealand, the Zealandia continent has approximately 3,600,000 km2 of continental shelf. The oldest rocks in the region are found in New Zealand and are believed to be about 510 million years old, the oldest Polynesian rocks outside of Zealandia are to be found in the Hawaiian Emperor Seamount Chain, and are 80 million years old. Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the Polynesian Triangle, geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, there are also small Polynesian settlements in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Caroline Islands, and in Vanuatu. An island group with strong Polynesian cultural traits outside of this triangle is Rotuma. The people of Rotuma have many common Polynesian traits but speak a non-Polynesian language, some of the Lau Islands to the southeast of Fiji have strong historic and cultural links with Tonga. However, in essence, Polynesia is a term referring to one of the three parts of Oceania. Some islands of Polynesian origin are outside the triangle that geographically defines the region. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands, most of which are part of Kiribati, are geographically Polynesian islands, tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Island Southeast Asia, there are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia
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Oral history
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These interviews are conducted with people who participated in or observed past events and whose memories and perceptions of these are to be preserved as an aural record for future generations. Oral history strives to obtain information from different perspectives and most of these cannot be found in written sources, Oral history also refers to information gathered in this manner and to a written work based on such data, often preserved in archives and large libraries. Knowledge presented by Oral History is unique in that it shares the tacit perspective, thoughts, opinions, however, as the Columbia Encyclopedia explains, Primitive societies have long relied on oral tradition to preserve a record of the past in the absence of written histories. In Western society, the use of oral material goes back to the early Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides, the modern concept of oral history was developed in the 1940s by Allan Nevins and his associates at Oral history has become an international movement in historical research. Oral historians in different countries have approached the collection, analysis, however, it should also be noted that there are many ways of creating oral histories and carrying out the study of oral history even within individual national contexts. Authors such as Studs Terkel, Alex Haley, and Oscar Lewis have employed oral history in their books, in another important example of the genre, a massive archive covering the oral history of American music has been compiled at the Yale School of Music. By the end of the 20th cent, Oral history had become a respected discipline in many colleges and universities. At that time the Italian historian Alessandro Portelli and his associates began to study the role that memory itself, whether accurate or faulty, plays in the themes and structures of oral history. Their published work has become standard material in the field. Since the early 1970s, oral history in Britain has grown from being a method in folklore studies to becoming a key component in community histories, Oral history continues to be an important means by which non-academics can actively participate in the compilation and study of history. However, practitioners across a range of academic disciplines have also developed the method into a way of recording, understanding. Influences have included womens history and labour history, in Britain, the Oral History Society has played a key role in facilitating and developing the use of oral history. A more complete account of the history of history in Britain. The Bureau of Military History conducted over 1700 interviews with veterans of the First World War, the documentation was released for research in 2003. During 1998 and 1999,40 BBC local radio stations recorded personal oral histories from a broad cross-section of the population for The Century Speaks series. The result was 640 half-hour radio documentaries, broadcast in the weeks of the millennium, and one of the largest single oral history collections in Europe. The interview based recordings are held by the British Library Sound Archive in the history collection. In one of the largest memory project anywhere, The BBC in 2003-6 invited its audiences to send in recollections of the homefront in the Second World War and it put 47,000 of the recollections online, along with 15,000 photographs
31.
Wailuku River
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The Wailuku River is a 28. 0-mile-long water course on the Island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the longest river in Hawaii and its course lies mostly along the divide between the flows of Mauna Kea and those of Mauna Loa to the south. It arises at about the 10,800 feet elevation along the slope of Mauna Kea. It flows generally eastward, descending steeply from the mountain and entering the Pacific Ocean at Hilo, Wailuku River State Park is located along the lower reach of the river. One section of the park includes Rainbow Falls, and another section Peʻepeʻe falls, the upper and middle reaches of the river are known for hunting of introduced game animals. The lower river is a destination for swimming and tubing. However the Wailuku River accounts for 25% of the drowning deaths in the state. The lower reach of the river is used for the generation of hydroelectricity, the flow at Hilo averages 275 cubic feet per second with peak flows 40 times as great. The stream carries an average of 10 tons of suspended sediment into Hilo Bay each day, in the Hawaiian language, wai means fresh water and luku means destruction, so it means essentially River of Destruction. The river can rise into the trees and drop back down very fast. The high flood marks can be dated in concrete. USGS flow data NPS, Rivers and Trails of Hawaii USGS, Wailuku River Wailuku River Hydroelectric Power Company
32.
Wailoa River State Recreation Area
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The Wailoa River State Recreation Area is a park in Hilo, on Hawaiʻi Island in the US state of Hawaii. The name wai loa literally means water in the Hawaiian language. It is located at 19°43′7″N 155°4′30″W, between downtown Hilo, Hawaii and Hilo Bay, the Hawaii Belt Road forms the northern boundary of the park, but the beach is a public park of Hawaiʻi County. On the east side of the Wailoa River bridge another county park is Liliʻuokalani Gardens, the Wailoa river itself flows just a short distance from Waiākea Pond within the park to the Pacific Ocean. The 131. 9-acre park is administered by the Hawaii Department of Land and it includes a boat ramp and visitor center with cultural displays. The Wailoa Arts & Cultural Center, founded in 1967, has free admission, on display is a Kamehameha Statue honoring King Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The statue was commissioned by the Princeville resort on the island of Kauaʻi. However, it was put into storage when the local population pointed out that Kauaʻi was the one major island never conquered by Kamehameha in war, an alumni group from Kamehameha Schools raised funds to transport the statue, and put on display in 1997. The Royal Order of Kamehameha I objected to the first placement of the statue, in fact, the area of the park was a residential community within Waiākea before the tsunami caused by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. The state condemned the land and took possession in 1969
33.
Ancient Hawaii
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Ancient Hawaiʻi is the period of Hawaiian human history preceding the unification in 1810 of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi by Kamehameha the Great. Researchers had based their estimates of first settlement by Polynesian long-distance navigators sometime between 300 and 800, in 2010, a study was published based on radiocarbon dating of more reliable samples and it suggests that the islands were settled much later, within a short timeframe, in c. The islands in Eastern Polynesia have been characterized by the continuities among their cultures, diversified agroforestry and aquaculture provided sustenance for Native Hawaiian cuisine. Tropical materials were adopted for housing, elaborate temples were constructed from the lava rocks available. The rich natural resources supported a dense population, organized by a ruling class. Captain James Cook made the first known European contact with ancient Hawaiians in 1778 and he was followed by many other Europeans and Americans. There have been changing views about initial Polynesian discovery and settlement of Hawaii, radiocarbon Dating in Hawaii initially indicated a possible settlement as early as 124. Patrick Vinton Kirchs books on Hawaiian archeology, standard textbooks, date the first Polynesian settlements to about 300 with more recent suggestions by Kirch as late as 600, Other theories suggest dating as late as 700 to 800. In 2010 researchers announced new findings using revised, high-precision radiocarbon dating based on more reliable samples than were used in many dating studies. According to this research, settlement of the Hawaiian Islands took place ∼1219–1266CE and this rapid colonization is believed to account for the remarkable uniformity of East Polynesia culture, biology and language. Some writers believe that there were settlers in Hawaiʻi, peoples who were forced back into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about menehune, little people who built heiau and fishponds, the colonists brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew kalo, maiʻa, niu, ulu, and raised puaʻa, moa, and ʻīlio, although these meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Popular condiments included paakai, ground nut, limu. In addition to the foods they brought, the settlers also acquired ʻuala, a few researchers have argued that the presence of the sweet potato in the ancient Hawaiian diet is evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact with the Americas. The Pacific rat accompanied humans on their journey to Hawaiʻi, estuaries and streams were adapted into fishponds by early Polynesian settlers. Packed earth and cut stone were used to create habitat, making Hawaiians some of the earliest, if not the first, over the course of the last millennium, Hawaiians undertook large-scale canal-fed pond field irrigation projects for kalo cultivation. As soon as arrived, the new settlers built hale
34.
William Ellis (missionary)
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William Ellis was an English missionary and author. He traveled through the Society Islands, Hawaiian Islands and Madagascar and he was born in London of working class parents on 24 August 1794. His father and a older brother were also named William. Not much is known of his mother, except the name of Bedborough, birthplace of Reading, England. He developed a love of plants in his youth and became a gardener, first in the East of England, then at a north of London. Being of a nature, he applied to train as Christian missionary for the London Missionary Society and was accepted to the school. After attending Homerton College, then in Hampstead, he was ordained in 1815 and he was posted to the South Sea Islands with his wife, leaving England on 23 January 1816. They arrived at Eimeo, one of the Windward Islands, via Sydney, during their stay there several chiefs of nearby Pacific islands who had assisted Pomare in regaining sovereignty of Tahiti, visited Eimeo and welcomed the LMS missionaries to their own islands. All three missionary families went to Huahine, arriving in June 1818, drawing crowds from neighbouring islands, Ellis and a small group travelled from Tahiti on the schooner Mermaid to the Hawaiian Islands, known then as the Sandwich Islands. On the same voyage, another small schooner called Prince Regent with six cannons was presented to King Kamehameha II and they arrived in Honolulu on 16 April 1822, and although the plan had been to visit the Marquesas Islands, they returned to Tahiti on 27 August 1822. He was invited to stay, and brought his family to Hawaii, in June 1823 Ellis joined American Missionaries Asa Thurston, Artemas Bishop and Joseph Goodrich on a tour of the island of Hawaiʻi, to investigate suitable sites for mission stations. On the way he stopped at Maui and met Queen Keōpūolani and their first stop was Kailua-Kona, where they met the Governor of the island Kuakini, known as John Adams. They visited Kealakekua Bay, and toured the historic sites nearby and they traveled south past the Mauna Loa volcano. They were some of the first Europeans to visit the caldera of the Kīlauea volcano, on the eastern side they visited Hilo and Waipiʻo Valley, and some of the party continued up snow-covered Mauna Kea. Some of the important missions set up as a result of this trip include Mokuaikaua Church, Imiola Church, Kealakekua Church, returning to Honolulu, he learned the Hawaiian language, transcribed the language into a roman alphabet and helped set up a printing press. In August 1824 he had to return to England since Mrs. Ellis was in poor health, back in London, he published his narrative of travels in Hawaii. Ellis became Assistant Foreign Secretary of the London Missionary Society, Mary Ellis died on 11 January 1835, after having four children. He published a biography of Mary Mercy Ellis in 1836, Ellis remarried two years later, to Sarah Stickney
35.
Waiakea, Hawaii
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Waiākea is an ancient subdivision in the Hilo District of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi and an early settlement on Hilo Bay. The name comes from wai ākea in the Hawaiian Language meaning broad waters, Waiākea is home to many and has its own schools. It stretches for miles and ends at Waiākea-Uka, Waiākea-Uka houses many expensive houses, including a Swiss chateau. There are also some farms in Waiākea-Uka, and a state forest reserve. There are four schools located in the Waiākea complex, Waiakeawaena Elementary School, Waiakea Elementary School, Waiakea Intermediate School, Waiākea Stream flows from the slopes of Mauna Loa at 19°37′57″N 155°10′41″W into Waiākea Pond at an elevation of only 10 feet at 19°42′53″N 155°4′35″W. When William Ellis visited in 1823, Waiākea was the settlement on Hilo Bay. The Waiākea Mission was the first church in eastern Hawaiʻi island, several eruptions of Mauna Loa have threatened the area. Tsunamis devastated Waiākea-Kai, with the largest in 1946 and 1960, a clock found in the rubble set to the exact time when it stopped in 1960 serves as a memorial
36.
Haili Church
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The Waiākea Mission Station was the first Christian mission on the eastern side of the Island of Hawaiʻi. Also known as the Hilo Station, the latest structure is now called Haili Church, the American missionaries Asa Thurston, Artemis Bishop, Joseph Goodrich and English missionary William Ellis toured the island in 1823 and planned to establish a network of several posts. The first two were Mokuaikaua Church in the Kona District, and this one on the east side. On May 19,1824, a grass hut was dedicated as the first church of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions with Joseph Goodrich as preacher. The Hawaiian village at the time was called Waiākea, in the district called Hilo, the name of the village came from wai ākea in the Hawaiian language meaning broad waters, and was located in what is now the southeast part of the city of Hilo. In December 1824, Goodrich met Chiefess Kapiʻolani at the Kīlauea volcano, in June 1825 the HMS Blonde arrived, and Goodrich guided a party to the summit of Mauna Kea. In 1825 a larger structure was built on present-day Kalakaua Park. Goodrich brought some coffee trees here some time after 1825, david Belden Lyman and his wife, Sarah Joiner Lyman arrived in 1832 to established and teach at a new boarding school. In 1835, Rev. Titus Coan and his wife Fidelia arrived and he learned the Hawaiian language, so he could travel through the districts of Puna and Kaʻū to the south, gathering converts. His writings describe avoiding the perils of the tropical rainforests. By 1840 the congregation had grown, and a building was built on a stone foundation. The wood had to be dragged by hand down from the slopes of Mauna Loa since no horses or oxen were available, labor was provided by hundreds of Hawaiians, with the blessing of Royal Governor John Adams Kuakini. All these previous buildings had suffered damage from the tropical rains in this area. The present structure was started in 1854 near the Lyman house, the name of this church comes from the forest where the ʻōhiʻa wood was gathered for its construction. The main interior space has a ceiling 20 feet high spanning 50 feet, the architectural style is simplified Greek Revival, as was popular in New England meetinghouses at the time of its design. Coan served as pastor, but was often proselytizing on circuits through the countryside or showing visitors to the volcano, the flexible wooden building survived an 1868 earthquake that damaged many stone buildings and plaster walls. Pews made from koa wood were installed in 1900, in 1902 Harry K. Naope Sr. founded the Haili Church Choir, which sang a cappella in the Hawaiian language. In 1908, two stained glass windows from Tiffany Galleries in New York City were installed, a pipe organ was installed in 1929, and the tower and roof were rebuilt
37.
Sugar plantations in Hawaii
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The sugar grown and processed in Hawaii was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Industrial sugar production started slowly in Hawaii, the first sugar mill was created on the island of Lanaʻi in 1802 by an unidentified Chinese man who returned to China in 1803. The first sugarcane plantation, known as the Old Sugar Mill of Koloa, was established in 1835 by Ladd & Co. and in 1836 the first 8,000 pounds of sugar, by the 1840s, sugarcane plantations gained a foothold in Hawaiian agriculture. Steamships provided rapid and reliable transportation to the islands, and demand increased during the California Gold Rush, the land division law of 1848 displaced Hawaiian people from their land, forming the basis for the sugarcane plantation economy. In 1850, the law was amended to allow residents to buy. In 1850, when California became a state, profits declined, market demand increased even further during the onset of the American Civil War which prevented Southern sugar from being shipped northward. The price of sugar rose 525% from 4 cents per pound in 1861 to 25 cents in 1864, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 allowed Hawaii to sell sugar to the United States without paying duties or taxes, greatly increasing plantation profits. This treaty also guaranteed all of the resources including land, water, human labor power, capital. The 1890 McKinley Tariff Act, an effort by the United States government to decrease the competitive pricing of Hawaiian sugar, after significant lobbying efforts, this act was repealed in 1894. By 1890, 75% of all privately held land was owned by foreign businessmen, the plantation owners wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so that Hawaiian sugar would never again be subject to tariffs. They also wanted the United States to annex Hawaii so there could be a U. S military base on the island, the industry was tightly controlled by descendants of missionary families and other Caucasian businessmen, concentrated in corporations known in Hawaii as The Big Five. These included Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C and this control of commodity distribution kept Hawaiians burdened under high prices and toiling under a diminished quality of life. These businessmen had perfected the double-edged sword of a labor force dependent upon plantation goods. Close ties as missionaries to the Hawaiian monarchy along with capital investments, cheap land, cheap labor, Alexander & Baldwin acquired additional sugar lands and also operated a sailing fleet between Hawaii and the mainland, the shipping concern became American-Hawaiian Line, and later Matson. Later the sons and grandsons of the missionaries played central roles in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. In 1898, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii, when Hawaiian plantations began to produce on a large scale, it became obvious that a labor force needed to be imported. The Hawaiian population was 1/6 its pre-1778 size due to ravaging disease brought by foreigners, additionally, Hawaiian people saw little use for working on the plantations when they could easily subsist by farming and fishing. Plantation owners quickly began importing workers which dramatically changed Hawaii’s demographics and is an example of globalization
38.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
39.
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
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The 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake occurred near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska on April 1. The shock had a moment magnitude of 8.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI and it resulted in 165–173 casualties and over $26 million in damage. The seafloor along the fault was elevated, triggering a Pacific-wide tsunami with multiple waves at heights ranging from 45–130 ft. The tsunami obliterated the Scotch Cap Lighthouse on Unimak Island, Alaska among others, despite the destruction to the Aleutian Island Unimak, the tsunami had almost an imperceptible effect on the Alaskan mainland. The wave reached Kauai, Hawaii 4.5 hours after the quake and these Hawaiian natives were caught completely off-guard by the onset of the tsunami due to the inability to transmit any warnings from the destroyed posts at Scotch Cap. The effects of the tsunami reached the West Coast of the United States. The tsunami was unusually powerful for the size of the earthquake, the event was classified as a tsunami earthquake due to the discrepancy between the size of the tsunami and the relatively low surface wave magnitude. The large-scale destruction prompted the creation of the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System, which later became the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in 1949
United States
Hawaii
Hawaii
