1.
A-League
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The A-League is a professional mens soccer league run by Football Federation Australia. At the top of the Australian league system, it is the primary competition for the sport. The A-League was established in 2004 as a successor to the National Soccer League, the league is currently contested by ten teams, nine based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. It is known as the Hyundai A-League through an arrangement with the Hyundai Motor Company. Seasons run from October to May and include a 27-round regular season, the winner of the regular season tournament is dubbed premier and the winner of the grand final is champion. This differs from the major football codes in Australia, where premier refers to the winner of the grand final. Successful A-League clubs gain qualification into the competition, the Asian Football Confederation Champions League also known as AFC Champions League. Since the leagues inaugural season, a total of six clubs have been crowned A-League Premiers, the current premier and champion is Adelaide United, who finished first in 2015–16 as well as winning the 2016 A-League Grand Final. A national round-robin tournament existed in various forms prior to the formation of the A-League, few clubs continued to grow with Sydney Olympic, Perth Glory, and the newly established Adelaide United the exception in a dying league. In April 2003, the Australian Federal Government initiated the Independent Soccer Review Committee to investigate the governance and management of the sport in Australia, the A-League was announced in April 2004, as a successor to the NSL. The competition start date was set for August 2005, by June 2004,20 submissions had been received and a month later 12 consortiums sent in their final bids for the eight spots. Three bids were received from Melbourne, two each from Sydney and Brisbane, one each of the remaining preferred cities and a bid from the New South Wales Central Coast city of Gosford. Each club was given a five-year exclusivity deal in its own market as part of the leagues one-city and this was intended to allow clubs to grow and develop an identity in their respective region without local competition. On 26 August 2005,16 months after the demise of the NSL, on 20 March 2007, it was announced that Wellington Phoenix would replace New Zealand Knights from the start of the 2007–08 season. Both Gold Coast United and North Queensland Fury joined the league in the 2009–10 season, on 12 June 2009, Melbourne Heart was awarded a license to join the 2010–11 season. On 1 March 2011 North Queensland Furys A-League license was revoked for financial reasons, on 29 February 2012, Gold Coast United also had its licence revoked. On 4 April 2012 it was announced that a new Western Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers, in January 2014, Melbourne Heart was acquired by the City Football Group and was renamed Melbourne City ahead of the 2014–15 season. The regular season runs mainly during the Australian summer, from early October to April of the following year, the competition consists of 27 rounds, with each team playing every other team three times
2.
South Australian National Football League
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The South Australian National Football League, or SANFL, is an Australian rules football league based in the Australian state of South Australia. It is also the body for the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia. Consisting of a single competition, the season is an 18-round home-and-away season from April to September. The top five teams play-off in a final series culminating in the final for the Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy. The league is responsible for the management of all levels of football in the state. This includes junior football, country football, amateur football and specific programs rolled out across schools, indigenous communities, the SANFL owns the 51,240 seat AAMI Stadium, formerly the largest stadium in South Australia. The stadium, which opened in 1974, was used for Australian Football League matches up until 2013. The stadium was the headquarters for the league from 1974–2013, the SANFL competition is the second highest attended Australian rules football league behind the AFL. The earliest recorded football club in South Australia was Adelaide Football Club, the early years of football were poorly organised and dogged by argument over which set of rules to adopt. In fact, after a match between Port Adelaide and Kensington in 1873, it was remarked that neither side understood the rules clearly, however, as the years progressed, there became a growing push for uniformity and structure in South Australian football. In 1877,12 of South Australias football clubs met to develop a set of rules. The inaugural 1877 season was contested by 8 clubs, South Park, Willunga, Port Adelaide, Adelaide, North Adelaide, Gawler, Bankers, Woodville, South Adelaide, Norwood joined the Association the following season in 1878, and went on to win the next six premierships. Norwood, South Adelaide and Port Adelaide together won 23 of the first 24 premierships, South Park, Willunga, North Adelaide, Prince Alfred College, Gawler, Kapunda, Bankers, Woodville, and Victorian all left the Association within the first 10 years. By 1886, the Association had been reduced from 12 to four clubs, the Association experienced a resurgence in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The addition of North Adelaide, West Adelaide and West Torrens and only the demise of Adelaide, in 1898, the Magarey Medal was awarded to the fairest and most brilliant player for the first time. Sturt joined the Association in 1901, but performed poorly initially, in 1902, Port Adelaide adopted its now famous black and white colours. In 1907, the Association changed its name to the South Australian Football League, Norwood and Port Adelaide continued their domination of the league, and were joined by West Adelaide and North Adelaide, between them, the four clubs won all premierships between 1901 and 1913. West Adelaide followed three straight wooden spoons from 1904–06 with four out of the five premierships from 1908–1912, the most successful period in West Adelaides history, Sturt won the first premiership of the post-World War I era, beating North Adelaide in the Challenge Final replay
3.
Norwood Oval
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Norwood Oval is a suburban oval in the western end of Norwood, an inner eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. Norwood, Payneham & St Peters Council own the Oval but rent it to the Norwood Football Club and it has been used for a variety of sporting and community events including baseball, soccer, rugby league and American football, but its main use is for Australian rules football. It is the ground for the Norwood Football Club in the South Australian National Football League. The oval is one of two sporting venues in Adelaide to carry the name of Coopers Stadium, the other is the soccer specific Hindmarsh Stadium which also has naming rights sponsorship from Coopers Brewery. The Oval has a capacity of 22,000 people, with seating for up to 3,900. The ground record crowd was set in 1971 when 20,280 turned up to watch an SANFL match between Norwood and their traditional SANFL rivals Port Adelaide, Norwood Ovals dimensions are 165m x 110m making it the narrowest ground in use in the SANFL. In the 1950s the Norwood Football Club received permission from the then City of Kensington & Norwood to install six light towers at the oval and this allowed Norwood to host not only night football matches but also night baseball. Regular night SANFL night series matches were played at the oval until 1984 when all games were transferred to the SANFLs own Football Park. Night football returned to Norwood Oval during the early 2000s and Friday night games at the oval have been a feature in the SANFL ever since. The light towers were upgraded at Norwood Oval in 2010, the six light towers that had been in place since the 1950s were replaced with 4 light towers of television standard positioned at the corners of the oval. Norwood Oval was also the scene of Norwoods triumph over East Perth in the 1977 National Football League grand final, Norwood has also hosted Baseball since 1951 with the South Australian Baseball team being tenants until 1988. Between 1951 and 1988 Norwood Oval hosted the Claxton Shield competition on six occasions with the winners being NSW, Victoria, the original Australian Baseball League started in 1989 with Adelaide represented by the Adelaide Giants. The ABL ran from 1989 until it folded in 1999 with the Giants playing all of their games at Norwood Oval with most being under lights. During their time in the ABL the Giants were affiliated, as were every other team in the league, unfortunately during the ABL the Giants never made the ABLs championship series. In August 2010 it was announced there would be a new Australian Baseball League and that Coopers Stadium would be the home ground of Adelaide Bite. Prior to 2009, the diamond at Norwood Oval was located closer to the Wood Street stand. The third base line ran almost parallel to the stand, with the first base line running east towards the side of the ground. The diamond was moved to its present position in 2009
4.
Hindmarsh, South Australia
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Hindmarsh is an inner suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of Charles Sturt, the suburb is named after South Australias first Governor, Sir John Hindmarsh. Hindmarsh was the first private town laid out in the colony of South Australia, the Village of Hindmarsh was established on land owned by Governor Hindmarsh which, in 1838, he appears to have sold to relatives. It seems the Governor acquired a reputation by prohibiting squatting in the Parklands. The suburb is located between South Road to the west and North Adelaide, the River Torrens forms its southern boundary and the Grange and Outer Harbour railway line forms the northeast. The 2006 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 127 persons in Hindmarsh on census night, of these,58. 3% were male and 41. 7% were female. The majority of residents are of Australian birth, with other common census responses being Italy, India, China, Greece, the age distribution of Hindmarsh residents is similar to that of the greater Australian population. 70. 8% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66. 5%, Hindmarsh is part of Beverley Ward in the City of Charles Sturt local government area, being represented in that council by Edgar Agius and Mick Harley. Hindmarsh lies in the electoral district of Croydon and the federal electoral division of Adelaide. The suburb is represented in the South Australian House of Assembly by Michael Atkinson, the local newspaper is the Weekly Times Messenger. Other regional and national newspapers such as The Advertiser and The Australian are also available, within Hindmarsh is the 16, 500-seat Hindmarsh Stadium, home to the Adelaide United football club, the Adelaide Entertainment Centre and the Seven Networks Adelaide studio. There are several cafes and restaurants along Port Road and elsewhere in the suburb, Hindmarsh is serviced by Port Road, connecting suburb to Adelaide city centre, and South Road, which forms its western boundary. Hindmarsh is serviced by public transport run by the Adelaide Metro, the Grange and Outer Harbour railway line passes beside the suburb. Adelaide Metro operates a service to the Entertainment Centre. The suburb is serviced by bus routes managed by the Adelaide Metro, list of Adelaide suburbs City of Charles Sturt
5.
South Australia
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South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Government of South Australia
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The Government of South Australia, also referred to as the South Australian Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of South Australia. The Government of South Australia, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1856 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, South Australia has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, South Australia ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. South Australia is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, executive power rests formally with the executive council, which consists of the governor and senior ministers. Each portfolio is led by a government minister who is a member of the Parliament
8.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
9.
Italy national under-21 football team
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The Italy national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Italy and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation. The team competes in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship, held two years. Italy is the most successful nation in the history of the competition, Italy has also been twice runner-up of the competition, in 1986 and 2013. From 1990 to 2004 the team established near-total dominance of European Under-21 football, Italys Under-21s played the first match at the new Wembley Stadium, on 24 March 2007, against England Under-21s. The game resulted in a 3-3 draw, with Giampaolo Pazzini scoring all 3 goals for the Azzurrini, prior to the 2008 Olympic games, Italy U-21s went on to win the 2008 Toulon Tournament by beating Chile in the final. It was the first time they had won this tournament, previously their best had been runner-up on two occasions, in the 2015 U-21 Championship Italy was eliminated in the group stage. Since the under-21 competition rules insist that players must be 21 or under at the start of a two-year competition, for this reason, Italys record in the preceding U-23 competitions is also shown. Finished 2nd of 3 in qualification group, finished 2nd of 3 in qualification group. 2007, Group stage, Winner of the Olympic qualification play-off,2017, Qualified 2019, Qualified Since 1992 Olympics football changed to U-23 event, and the European U-21 teams, technically is a U-23 teams. The winner, runner-up and third place of UEFA U-21 Championship qualify for Olympics, before 1992, See Italy national football team 1992, Losing quarter-finalists. Mediterranean Games Football tournament was U-23 event in 1993 and 1997, Players born in 1994 or later are eligible for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. The following eligible players have called up in the squad. Note, Players in italics have already called up to the senior team for official matches. The following players have called up for the friendly matches against Poland on 23 March 2017. Caps and goals updated as of 27 March 2017, after the match against Spain
10.
West Adelaide SC
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West Adelaide Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club from Adelaide, Australia currently playing in the National Premier Leagues South Australia. It participated in the National Soccer League from the 1977 season until the end of the 1998/99 season, except for the periods 1987–89 and it was also known as West Adelaide Hellas and Adelaide Sharks. They played in blue and white strips, and played most of their NSL home games at Hindmarsh Stadium. The senior arm of the club re-formed in 2008 and is the FFSA National Premier League 2015 Premiers and 2015 Champions, coached by one of the former NSL players of the club, Paul Pezos. The club was formed in 1962 as an amalgamation between West Adelaide Soccer Club and Hellenic Athletic & Soccer Club which had been banned by the association due to spectator violence. Hellas was supported by the local Greek Australian community, the almalgamated club played under the name West Adelaide Hellas, and quickly became one of the dominant clubs in the South Australian 1st Division, winning six titles from 1966 to 1976. A three-season spell in the South Australian 1st Division followed, which saw two titles and a second-place finish. Re-instated to the NSL for the 1989/90 season, the club performed poorly, finishing 13th, and was bumped back to the league for another two-year spell. West Adelaide were once again re-instated into the NSL for season 1991/92, and despite another 13th-place finish, during this time the club also changed its name to the Adelaide Sharks in an attempt to broaden its appeal outside its Greek migrant base. But gradually declining performances on the field, and a financial situation off it. The West Adelaide Juniors continued at Park B27 for the seven years. Thirty-five years to the day that West Adelaide claimed the National Soccer League title, the senior side secured promotion back to the top tier of South Australian football, having completed an undefeated championship season and to claim back-to-back state league titles. The West Adelaide Soccer Club are currently in the NPL South Australia, on Friday 21 February 2014 A proud day for the club, launching the opening of the season with a crowd of 2900 against rivals Adelaide City in a match which finished in a 1–1 draw. This was one of the largest attendances in South Australian league football in recent times, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Official website West Adelaide official fan site OzFootball West Adelaide divisional history youtube clip of West Adelaide clinching the 1978 NSL title
11.
Adelaide City FC
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Adelaide City Football Club is an Australian football club based in Adelaide, South Australia. They are also known as The Zebras and the Black and Whites, the club, which competed in the National Soccer League for 27 seasons and is one of Australias most decorated sides, has won three national championships and 17 South Australian championships. Since it withdrew from the NSL just before the final season began in 2003. The club was founded at Bailetti sports store on Hindley Street, Adelaide, the club was originally called Juventus after the Italian club from 1946 until being renamed Adelaide Juventus in 1966. It was only a seven year wait for the club to enjoy its first real success when the first of many league championships arrived in 1953. This was followed by another five titles before the end of the 1950s including an unprecedented four in-a-row between 1956 and 1959, between 1953 and 1959, the club won 106 of 127 games and six of seven championships it contested. An additional three South Australian championships were won in the 1960s and three titles were won in the 1970s up until 1976. The clubs original home was Kensington Oval, Adelaide, then known as Olympic Sports Field, in 1977, the club renamed itself Adelaide City and became a founding club of the inaugural NSL competition. They were captained by Frank Lister, who went on to win the Golden Boot award for year and was later inducted into the South Australian Soccer Hall of Fame in 2004. The clubs inaugural NSL coach was Edmund Kreft, City finished fourth in the first ever NSL season, six points behind eventual champion Sydney City. The club, one of the proponents of the NSL concept. One of the other highlights from the first NSL season was a 10-3 win over Victorian club Mooroolbark. The game remains the only time an Australian club side has scored 10 goals in a league match. The second NSL season was successful for City. They finished 10th in a 14-team competition and drew a game at the end of the season that allowed their biggest rivals West Adelaide to claim the title. That final round match, played at Hindmarsh Stadium, attracted a crowd of 16,251, the club reached the final of the NSL Cup in 1978 but lost to the Lions in Brisbane. The following year, City won its first national level silverware, City remained a mid-table side for the following few seasons. In 1984, the NSL was expanded and split into Northern and Southern conferences, City played in the Southern Conference, alongside clubs from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland
12.
Adelaide Rams
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The Adelaide Rams were an Australian professional rugby league football club based in Adelaide, South Australia. The team was formed in 1995 for the planned rebel Super League competition, the Rams lasted two seasons, the first in the Super League competition in 1997 and the second in the first season of the National Rugby League in 1998. The Rams were not a club, winning only 13 out of 42 games. However crowd numbers in the first season were the fifth highest of any club that year. The Adelaide club was shut down at the end of the 1998 season as a result of poor performances, dwindling crowd numbers, financial losses. They remain the team from the state of South Australia to have participated in top-level rugby league in Australia. The Australian rules football code, with origins as far back as 1843, had long dominated sport in the state and they were also competing against the popular Adelaide 36ers who played in the National Basketball League which at the time ran a winter season. The South Australian Rugby League also had a First Grade Premiership competition in place since 1976, the New South Wales Rugby League premiership begun in 1908, as a rugby league competition mostly for clubs in the Sydney region of Australia, a situation that lasted until 1982. In 1992 the NSWRL decided to extend the further, by admitting four new teams for the 1995 competition, one from Western Australia, one from New Zealand. Around 20,000 attended the two matches in 1992 and 1993, and around 10,000 in 1994 and 1995, in 1994, the media company News Limited began developing a rival competition to the long-established NSWRL premiership, the Super League premiership. In response to this move the Australian Rugby League, the body of rugby league in Australia. Another leading factor in the SARLs decision to sign with SL was the promise of financial assistance than they were receiving from the ARL. The team was owned and supported by News Limited, former Australian representatives Tim Pickup and Rod Reddy were named inaugural CEO and head coach respectively. On 13 December 1995, the SARL officially launched the Adelaide Rams, in mid-1996, News Limited successfully appealed this ruling, which enabled the competition to proceed. The first, and only Super League season, was held in 1997, most of the junior players were drawn from the SARLs lower grade competitions in the region. The club played its first premiership match against the North Queensland Cowboys and, after leading 16–4 at half time, eventually lost 24–16. Their first home match, against the Hunter Mariners, was also the Rams first win, goal kicking utility back Kurt Wrigley was the Rams top point scorer for the season with 81 points from 5 tries,30 goals and 1 field goal. Wrigley and fullback Rod Maybon were the top try scorers with 5 each
13.
National Rugby League
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The National Rugby League is the top league of professional rugby league clubs in Australasia. It is regarded as the worlds elite rugby league championship and, the National Rugby League is Australias top-level domestic rugby-league club competition. It contains clubs from the original Sydney club Rugby League competition and this partnership was dissolved in February 2012, with control of the NRL going to the independently formed Australian Rugby League Commission. NRL matches are played in Australia and New Zealand from March to October, in addition, the NRL premiers also play in the World Club Challenge, a pre-season match against the champions of the European Super League competition. The reigning premiers are the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks winning their maiden premiership after 50 years, the New South Wales Rugby League ran the major rugby league competition of New South Wales from its inception in 1908 until 1994. Following the 1983 season, Sydney foundation club Newtown Jets were ultimately forced to withdraw from the competition because of financial difficulties, the Brisbane and Newcastle sides proved to be successful and popular and paved the way towards a push for a truly national competition. This was attempted in 1995 with control of the passing from the NSWRFL to the Australian Rugby League. The ARL undertook moves to invite the traditional clubs that had moved to the Super League competition back into a re-unified competition. Following a period of negotiation with News Corporation, on 23 September 1997 the ARL announced that it was forming a new company to conduct the competition in 1998, on 7 October News Manaaki Ranginui announced that he was confident that there would be a single competition in 1998. As a result, in the months the National Rugby League, jointly owned by the ARL. Clubs on both sides of the war were shut down, One condition of the peace agreement between the ARL and News Limited was that there would be a 14 team competition in 2000. The 20 clubs that played in 1998 would be assessed on various items such as sponsorship, crowds, on-field success and it was also announced that clubs that merged would receive a large sum of money, as well as a guaranteed position in the 2000 NRL Competition. The St. George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers were the first clubs to take up the offer, the 1999 NRL Grand Final brought about a new official world record attendance for a game of rugby league. 107,999 spectators saw the Melbourne Storm defeat the newly created St. George Illawarra Dragons in the decider at Stadium Australia. Balmain and Western Suburbs formed the club, the Wests Tigers at the end of 1999, while North Sydney. As part of another image makeover, a number of teams also released new club logos, the most notable of these was the Sydney Roosters, dropping the City section of their name for the 2000 season and beyond. Souths were controversially axed from the competition at the end of 1999 for failing to meet the criteria and this move was highly controversial and on 12 November 2000 about 80,000 marched in protest at their continued exclusion. South Sydney challenged the decision in the Federal Court claiming that the NRL agreement was exclusionary, intended to unfairly exclude South Sydney, justice Paul Finn ruled that the agreement did not specifically exclude any club and dismissed the Rabbitohs claims for re-instatement into the national competition
14.
Adelaide United FC
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Adelaide United Football Club is a professional soccer club based in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The club participates in the A-League under licence from Football Federation Australia, Adelaide Uniteds home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium. Adelaide United were premiers in the inaugural 2005–06 A-League season, finishing 7 points clear of the rest of the competition and they were Premiers again in 2015/16 finishing just one point ahead of second place Western Sydney. The Reds made the Grand Finals of the 2006–07, 2008–09 and 2015–16 seasons, however, Adelaide are the current A-League champions, having won their first Grand Final on 1 May 2016 against Western Sydney. Adelaide United holds the record for the largest win in an A-League game, Adelaide defeated North Queensland Fury 8–1 at Hindmarsh Stadium on 21 January 2011. It was also the first time – and, to date, in 2014, Adelaide United were the winners of the first FFA Cup, beating Perth Glory 1–0 in the final. In 2016 Adelaide United won their first ever A-League Grand Final, beating the Western Sydney 3-1 with goals from Bruce Kamau, Isaías and Pablo Sanchez. In August 2003, Adelaide City withdrew from the National Soccer League, west Adelaide had previously withdrawn from the NSL in 1999. On 17 October 2003, Adelaide United won its first NSL match, after an impressive home-and-away season, including a seven-match unbeaten streak during November and December 2003, Adelaide United reached the NSL preliminary final, losing to Perth Glory. United began preparation earlier than most of the clubs and had announced two thirds of the 20 man squad before February 2005. The club focused on bringing several Adelaide born players back to South Australia, such as Angelo Costanzo, Travis Dodd and Lucas Pantelis, shengqing Qu was signed from Chinese club Shanghai Shenhua as the clubs marquee signing in March 2005. Aurelio Vidmar announced his retirement before the A-League had even started and he was replaced before the fifth round by striker Fernando from Brazil, a former player of the year in the old NSL. By moving to Adelaide, he was reunited with former coach John Kosmina who introduced him to Australian audiences at the Brisbane Strikers. Adelaide United established links with American club Miami FC, setting up a sister relationship, with whom they played a number of friendlies. The team also signed Brazilian legend Romário for a 5-game guest stint in November/December 2006, continuing their good form from the final season of the NSL, Adelaide United finished as Premiers in the inaugural season of the Hyundai A-League. The Reds were bundled out of the race in straight sets losing to Sydney FC in the two leg semi final and then Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in the preliminary final at Hindmarsh. Adelaide United started the well by winning the A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup. In the premiership season, The Reds finished runners up to Melbourne Victory, after a successful finals campaign, The Reds advanced to the 2006–07 Grand Final after winning 4–3 on penalties against the Newcastle Jets
15.
Coopers Brewery
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Coopers Brewery Limited, the largest Australian-owned brewery, is based in the Adelaide suburb of Regency Park. Coopers is known for making a variety of beers, the most famous of which are its Pale Ale, the brewery sold 69.7 million litres of beer in the 2013 financial year. It is also the worlds largest producer of homebrewing equipment and its shares are primarily owned by the extended Cooper family, and the companys constitution and classes of shares makes it difficult to sell shares outside the family. The brewery was established by Thomas Cooper in 1862 at his home in the Adelaide suburb of Norwood and he brewed his first recorded batch on 13 May 1862. In 1881 the brewery relocated to larger, commercial facilities at Leabrook, each time one of the partners retired or died, a new partnership agreement needed to be drawn up. This became unwieldy, so in 1923, the decided to incorporate with limited liability. An agreement was drawn up where the capital of the company was declared as £39,000,15,953 of the shares were designated as class A, and 15,953 as class B. Directors were to be appointed equally by holders of A and B shares, by the 1960s, the brewery was still producing much the same products as in the 1880s, but the brewing environment, and consumer demand, had changed. As both were attractive takeover targets, in 1962, the two decided to do a mutually beneficial share swap in order to reduce the risk of takeover. The traditional South Australian market leader had been the South Australian Brewing Company, the share swap gave SA Brewing a 25% interest in Coopers, and Coopers received 291,404 SA Brewing shares. The Coopers board of directors was increased from four to five, after consulting the SA Brewing board and receiving their support, Coopers sold their SA Brewing shares in 1984. SA Brewing continued to hold their 25% interest in Coopers, in the early 1960s, demand for Coopers Ales was flat, had been for years in the past, and looked like it would be for years into the future. The company strongly considered adding a Lager to their range, the older members of the board were highly resistant to such change, and, as this would be in competition with SA Brewing, the new board member was also resistant. It was not until 1967 that the board voted to go ahead with the new plant, after 105 years of only brewing ale and stout, Gold Crown, Coopers first Lager, was available for sale in 1968. In 1970, the price of a bottle of Coopers ale was 41 cents,11.82 cents was brewery costs 19.55 cents was excise. To celebrate the 125th anniversary, the board commissioned Adelaide historian Alison Painter, to write Jolly Good Ale and Old, SA Brewing Holdings subsequently diversified into manufacturing and wine, and then refocused to form Southcorp, Southcorp Wines, and SA Brewing. SA Brewing was acquired by trans-Tasman Lion Nathan in 1993, after two years of negotiations, in 1995 family members purchased all of the D class shares, and some of the C class shares, and Coopers Brewery Ltd purchased the remainder of the C class shares. Thus, SA Brewing had a seat on the Coopers board of Directors from 1962 to 1995, in 2001, the brewery relocated to much larger premises at Regency Park
16.
Multi-purpose stadium
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Multi-purpose stadiums are a type of stadium designed to be easily used by multiple types of events. While any stadium could potentially host more than one type of sport or event and it is used most commonly in Canada and the United States, where the two most popular outdoor team sports – football and baseball – require radically different facilities. Football uses a field, while baseball is played on a diamond. This requires a design to accommodate both, usually an oval. While building stadiums in this way means that sports teams and governments can share costs, some stadiums were renovated to allow multipurpose configurations during the 1980s. This type of stadium is associated with an era of suburbanization, in many sports teams followed their fans out of large cities into areas with cheaper. They were usually built near highways and had large parking lots, as multipurpose stadiums were rarely ideal for both sports usually housed in them, they had fallen out of favor by the 1990s. With the completion of the Truman Sports Complex in Kansas City in 1973, since Oriole Park at Camden Yards opened in 1992, most major league sports stadiums have been built specifically for one sport. In other countries, such as England, teams rarely share facilities, in Australia, many sports grounds are suited to both Australian rules football and cricket, as Australian rules was originally conceived for play on cricket fields. As of 2016, the Oakland Coliseum is the last multipurpose stadium to serve as a home to both an MLB team and an NFL team. Several stadiums hosted multiple sports teams prior to the advent of multipurpose stadiums, the original configuration of Yankee Stadium was specifically designed to accommodate football, as well as track and field, in addition to its primary use for baseball. Wrigley Field, while originally built for baseball, also hosted the Chicago Bears, just as Comiskey Park hosted the Chicago Cardinals, later venues such as Cleveland Stadium and Baltimore Memorial Stadium were built to accommodate both baseball and football. In the 1960s, multipurpose stadiums began replacing their baseball-only and football-only predecessors, subsets of the multipurpose stadiums were the so-called cookie-cutter stadiums or concrete donuts which were all very similar in design. They featured a circular or nearly circular design, and accommodated both baseball and football by rotating sections of the box seat areas to fit the respective playing fields. The first of these stadiums was Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, as of 2016, seven of these 11 stadiums have been demolished. The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome was unusual in that it was one of the few air-supported dome stadiums that was multipurpose in practice, being convertible between football and baseball. Home of the Minnesota Vikings through the 2013 season, it was home to the Minnesota Twins until 2009. The Carrier Dome was another such air-supported, multipurpose stadium, although it was built to accommodate sports such as football
17.
Adelaide
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Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
18.
2008 AFC Champions League
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The 2008 AFC Champions League was the 27th AFC Champions League, the top-level Asian club football tournament, and the 6th under the current AFC Champions League title. It was the last AFC Champions League before the competition expanded to 32 teams, along with the defending champion, Urawa Red Diamonds,28 other clubs from fourteen countries qualified based on performance in domestic league and cup competitions. Urawa Red Diamonds entered the competition at the quarter-finals, the draw for group stage took place on 12 December 2007. † In the 2008 edition, Indonesia were allocated two slots just like the older editions, group stage A total of 28 clubs were divided into seven groups of four, based on region, i. e. East Asian and Southeast Asian clubs were drawn in groups E to G, each club played double round-robin against the other three teams in their group, a total of 6 matches each. Clubs received three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss, knockout stage All eight clubs were randomly paired together, with the restriction that clubs from the same country could not face each other in the quarter-finals. The games were played two legs, home and away, the team with the higher aggregate score was declared the match winner. If the aggregate score could not produce a winner, away goals rule was used, if the two teams were still tied, extra time was played, at the end of which the away goals rule was again applied if the scores were tied. If still tied, the game would go to penalties, notes Note 3, Chonburi played their home matches at Supachalasai Stadium, Bangkok as their own Chonburi Municipality Stadium did not meet AFC criteria. The first leg matches were played on 17 September, and the second leg matches were played on 24 September 2008, the first leg matches were played on 8 October, and the second leg matches were played on 22 October 2008. The first and second legs of the final were played on 5 and 12 November 2008, respectively
19.
West Torrens Football Club
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West Torrens Football Club was an Australian rules football club that competed in the South Australian National Football League from 1897 to 1990. In 1991, the merged with neighbouring Woodville Football Club to form the Woodville-West Torrens Eagles. Based in the suburbs of Adelaide, the club derived its name from its location around the western reaches of the River Torrens. There are references to a West Torrens team dating back to the 1870s, in its 93-year history, West Torrens won only four premierships and spent much of its existence at the foot of the premiership table. The club reached the finals for the last time in 1980, in 1990, with the imminent entry of the South Australian-based Adelaide Crows into the national Australian Football League, it was decided that West Torrens and Woodville would amalgamate. In an apt moment, Woodville and West Torrens were drawn to each other in their respective final games. The two sides merged after the completion of the 1990 season and have participated in the SANFL as the Woodville-West Torrens Eagles. Premierships 4 West Torrens won a premiership in 1918 while the SANFL was officially disbanded for the duration of World War I. During World War II, West Torrens merged with Port Adelaide Football Club, the Eagles defeated South Adelaide in the last SANFL Night Grand Final to be played at a suburban ground. SANFL Leading Goalkickers John Willis,85 goals Geoff Kingston,78 goals Blue, jubilee Oval Hindmarsh Oval Thebarton Oval Football Park Bob Hank, The dual Magarey Medallist captained West Torrens for nine seasons and was Club Best & Fairest a record nine times. He was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1999 and he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996. Bruce Lindsay, Captained West Torrens for seven seasons, at 29 was a member of the inaugural Adelaide Crows squad for the 1991 AFL season. Michael Long, Won West Torrens Best & Fairest in 1988, Won Norm Smith Medal as best on ground playing for Essendon in their 1993 AFL Grand Final win over Carlton. Of Aboriginal descent, Long has become a spokesman for Indigenous Australians and was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2007, Bob Shearman, Went on to captain the Sturt Football Club and play in several of their premiership sides. Challenge trophy between Sturt and Woodville-West Torrens Eagles is named after him, Steven Stretch, One of many SANFL players who were recruited into the VFL in the 1980s, playing for Melbourne and Fitzroy. Matthew Rendell, A200 cm /102 kg ruckman who played 79 games for West Torrens before playing 164 games for the Fitzroy Football Club in the VFL and he played a further 13 games for Brisbane Lions after the merger between the Brisbane Bears and Fitzroy. Matthews two brothers Tim and Steven also played for West Torrens, peter Kelly, A former captain who played over 150 games for the Eagles during the 1970s
20.
Port Adelaide Football Club
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The Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton, Port Adelaide, South Australia. The clubs senior team plays in the Australian Football League whilst its reserves, Port Adelaide is the oldest professional football club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL. Since the clubs first game on 24 May 1870, it has won 36 South Australian league premierships, the club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions. In 1997, the joined the Australian Football League as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club—and subsequently added the 2004 AFL Premiership to its achievements. By the late 1860s Port Adelaides river traffic was growing significantly causing John Rann, Mr. Leicester, the Port Adelaide Football Club was established on 12 May 1870 as part of a joint Australian football and cricket club with the first training session taking place two days later. It played its first match against a team called the Young Australians on 24 May 1870 at inaugural club president John Harts family property in Glanville. Football in South Australia at this stage was yet to be organised by a single body, in 1877 Port Adelaide joined seven other clubs to form the South Australian Football Association, the first league of its type in Australia. It competed its first few seasons wearing magenta guernseys and white shorts, in 1878 the club hosted its first game against the recently established Norwood Football Club with the visitors winning 1-0. A rivalry between these clubs would soon develop into one of the fiercest in Australian sport, in 1880 the club moved to Alberton Oval. In 1881 the club played a team for the first time against Carlton at Adelaide Oval. Later that year the club travelled to Victoria and played its first game outside South Australia against Sale, during the 1882 season Port Adelaide overcame Norwood for the first time after nine previous attempts winning by 1 goal at Adelaide Oval. In 1884 Port Adelaide won its first SAFA premiership, ending Norwoods run of six premierships, on 25 May 1885, Port Adelaide played its first game at the MCG against South Melbourne, drawing with the eventual VFA premiers in front of 10,000 spectators. In 1887 immense interest led into the Round 8 meeting against Norwood as the two matches between the clubs resulted in draws. Norwood won in front of a then-record 11,000 spectators at Adelaide Oval, during 1889 the club played against the Richmond at Punt Road, with Port prevailing by a goal. The 1889 SAFA season ended with Port Adelaide and Norwood equal top, Norwood went on to defeat Port Adelaide by two goals. In 1890 Port Adelaide won its second SAFA premiership and would go on to be crowned Champions of Australia for the first time after defeating VFA premiers South Melbourne. During the 1890s Australia was affected by a depression and many players were forced to move interstate to find work translating into poor on field results. By 1896, the club was in crisis and finished last causing the clubs committee to meet with the aim of revitalising the club
21.
Football Federation South Australia
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The Football Federation South Australia is the governing body of football in South Australia. The FFSA are affiliated to the Football Federation Australia, the FFSA run the South Australian Professional Mens Leagues, the Womens and Juniors Leagues, and the South Australian Junior Premier League, where teams from under 8s to under 17s play Sundays. The FFSA acts as the organisation for affiliated associations including Junior Associations, Masters League. The FFSA Mens Competition was sponsored by Devine Limited from 2008-2012
22.
Brompton, South Australia
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Brompton is an inner-northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Charles Sturt. Brompton was established in June 1849 and quickly grew, by October of that year, two thirds of the formerly bare common ground covered with substantial and genteel cottages, thriving shops and wells of excellent water. Ovingham Post Office opened on 1 November 1879, was renamed Bowden in 1970, the suburb lies between Torrens Road and the Grange/Outer Harbor railway line. The 2006 census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 2,487 persons in Brompton on census night, of these,48. 8% were male and 51. 2% were female. The majority of residents are of Australian birth, with other common census responses being Greece, England, the age distribution of Brompton residents is skewed towards an older population compared to the greater Australian population. 76. 3% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66. 5%, Brompton is part of Hindmarsh Ward in the City of Charles Sturt local government area, being represented in that council by Paul Alexandrides and Craig Auricht. Brompton lies in the electoral district of Croydon and the federal electoral division of Adelaide. The suburb is represented in the South Australian House of Assembly by Michael Atkinson, the local newspaper is the Weekly Times Messenger. Other regional and national newspapers such as The Advertiser and The Australian are also available, the Bowden Brompton Community Centre is based at 19 Green Street, Brompton. Bowden Brompton Community School is located on Torrens Road and Immaculate Heart of Mary School is located on East Street, the Hawker Street shopping and dining precinct, and the Brompton Hotel and the Excelsior Hotel are in the suburb. There are several parks in Brompton, the largest of which is Josiah Mitton Reserve, the reserve includes the Hindmarsh Incinerator, designed by Walter Burley Griffin in 1935. From 1949 until 1979, Brompton was the home to the world famous Rowley Park Speedway located on the corner of Torrens Road and Coglin Street. Rowley Park was a 358 metres dirt track built in the old Brompton Brick Pits. The speedway hosted numerous Australian and South Australian speedway championships through its history, from 1954 until 1973, the speedway was promoted by leading Adelaide identity Kym Bonython who made Rowley Park the place to be in Adelaide on a Friday night during summer. Rowley Park closed on 4 April 1979 and is now the site of the Kym Bonython housing estate, in 1965, Rowley Park was the site of Australias first Demolition derby. Brompton is primarily serviced by Torrens Road, which connects the suburb to Adelaide city centre, Hawker Street cuts through the centre of the suburb. Many of the streets were established in the 19th century. Consequently, roadways tend to be narrow and, with a volume of traffic
23.
City of Adelaide
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The City of Adelaide is a local government area in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia. It covers the original Adelaide city centre settlement, North Adelaide, and the Adelaide Park Lands which surround North Adelaide, established in 1840, the organisation now known as the Adelaide City Council is the oldest municipal authority in Australia. At its time of establishment, Adelaides first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected, from 1919 onwards, the municipality has had a Lord Mayor, the current being Martin Haese who replaced Stephen Yarwood in 2014. Initially the new colony was managed by the colonial government, the first municipality was established in 1840 as the Adelaide Corporation. However, due to a combination of the hostility of the incoming Governor Grey and falling revenues due to the onset of the colonys first economic crisis, the corporation became moribud in 1843. From 1843 to 1849, control and management reverted to the colonial government, with the positive economic effects of the Victorian gold-rush, a formal municipality was re-established in 1852, and has operated continuously ever since. However, The citys relationship with the state and federal government has described as being a continually abrasive relationship. The Council started in 1840 with nineteen members, who chose four of their number to be Aldermen, in 1852 the municipality was divided into four wards. Three Councillors and one Alderman were chosen, who in turn selected the Mayor, in 1861 the Mayor was chosen by all the electors and the position of Alderman was temporarily abolished. In 1873 the municipality was divided into six Wards, each represented by two Councillors, in 1880 the office of Alderman was recreated, they were chosen by electors of all Wards. The office of Mayor was raised to the stature of Lord Mayor by Royal Letters Patent in 1919, the Lord Mayor received the right to be styled ‘The Right Honourable’ in 1927. The Arms of the City of Adelaide were granted by the Heralds College in 1929, in 1982 the Council approved the design of the Armorial Flag. In 2015, the Council became the first government of any kind in Australia to offer an incentive for installing battery systems. At the end of the 20th century, the city had more than thirty per cent of the population it had in 1915. According to the Annual Reports since then, the population has increased rapidly, notes The population figures have been extracted from Adelaide City Council Annual reports. The data is summarised on pages 149-150 of A Thematic History, additional data not in that summary can be found in the reports on the councils Annual Reports page. 1840 The initial Annual Report noted a population of 8,480,1844 The second available figure is also the minimum recorded in council reports. 1880s There are no figures available for the period between 1881 and 1912, South Australia suffered a severe depression in the 1880s when the State population, declined
24.
Water table
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The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water, the water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure. It may be visualized as the surface of the materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer, in areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths water fills in more of the spaces in the soils. Below the water table, in the zone, layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table should not be confused with the water level in a deeper well. The elevation of the water in this well is dependent upon the pressure in the deeper aquifer and is referred to as the potentiometric surface. The water table may vary due to changes such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. Springs, rivers, lakes and oases occur when the table reaches the surface. Springs commonly form on hillsides, where the Earths slanting surface may intersect with the water table, Groundwater entering rivers and lakes accounts for the base-flow water levels in water bodies. Within an aquifer, the table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in soils, sediments. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of pressure to points of lower pressure. The slope of the table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer. This occurs when there is a layer of rock or sediment or relatively impermeable layer above the main water table/aquifer. If a perched aquifers flow intersects the Earths dry surface, at a wall for example. On low-lying oceanic islands with porous soil, freshwater tends to collect in lenticular pools on top of the denser seawater intruding from the sides of the islands, such an islands freshwater lens, and thus the water table, rises and falls with the tides. In some regions, for example, Great Britain or California, winter precipitation is higher than summer precipitation
25.
Dirt track racing
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Dirt track racing is a type of auto racing performed on clay or dirt surfaced oval tracks. It began in the United States before World War I and became widespread during the 1920s and 1930s, two different types of race cars dominated—open wheel racers in the Northeast and West and stock cars in the South. While open wheel cars are purpose-built racing vehicles, stock cars can be either purpose-built race cars or street vehicles that have been modified to varying degrees. Dirt track racing is the single most common form of racing in the United States. There are hundreds of local and regional racetracks throughout the nation, the sport is also popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The track surface may be composed of any soil, but most racers prefer a track with a clay base, the curation of a racetrack is a long and complex job and require hours of work. Typically the machines for track curation include a grader, cultivator, typically the track is graded and dug up after the racing is finished and then it is watered with a water truck. It may be broken down with a cultivator or rolled. These steps are repeated many times necessary and do vary according to climate, location. Nearly all tracks are oval and less than 1-mile in length with most being ½ mile or less, the most common increments in the U. S. are ½ mile, ⅜ mile, ⅓ mile, ¼ mile, and ⅛ mile. With the longer tracks, the cars achieve higher speeds up to 160mph. This decreases the chance of crashes but increases the damage and chance of injury when cars do crash, the track surface may be composed of any soil, but most racers prefer a track with a clay base. In Great Britain the oval tracks are normally on grass with lengths of 400 meters to 800 meters, the race consists of several four lap qualifying heats that eliminate slower drivers. Then there is a race featuring the fastest competitors. Grass track racing is much a family sport, suitable for all ages and abilities. Boys and girls as young as six can compete on automatic machines, in mainland Europe, long tracks can be grass, sand or cinder, and can be up to 1-kilometer long. Dirt track racing in Australia has a history dating back to the 1920s and 1930s, most oval track speedways are similar to those in the USA for cars racing such as Sprintcars, Speedcars and sedans, with most tracks generally around ¼ mile to ⅓ mile in length. Most tracks have a surface, though some use dolomite, dolomite and clay mix or even sand
26.
Kym Bonython
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He was named Hugh Reskymer Bonython after an ancestor who had served as High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1619. Both his father, John Lavington Bonython, and his grandfather and his father had also served as a councillor, alderman, Mayor and Lord Mayor of the City of Adelaide. Kym was the youngest of six children, he had one half-brother and he attended St Peters College, Adelaide, and upon completion entered into accountancy on the recommendation of his older half-brother John. The Second World War interrupted this, in 1940 he began training as a pilot for the Royal Australian Air Force, Bonython served in the Netherlands East Indies and New Guinea, experiencing several death defying near misses. He was in hospital in Darwin during the 1942 bombing - he had just evacuated, during his time with the RAAF, Bonython filled the roles of aircraft captain in 1941, and chief flying instructor with the rank of squadron leader in 1943. Initially he took up farming on his fathers Mount Pleasant property. In the 1950s his career changed to music, the arts. As a child Kym Bonython developed a passion for jazz, at the age of 17, in 1937, he entered the media with an ABC radio jazz show. The show continued for 38 years, finishing in 1975, along with music, Kym Bonython had a passion for art, and he began his collection in 1945. In 1961 he opened his first gallery, the Bonython Art Gallery in North Adelaide and his first major exhibition was British Art of the 1960s, where he exhibited the first painting of Francis Bacon shown in Australia. He subsequently moved to Sydney to open the Hungry Horse Gallery in Paddington in 1966 and his time with his Sydney gallery ended in 1976, and he returned to Adelaide to buy back his original gallery, operating it until 1983. From 1988 Bonython managed a Sydney gallery once more, managing the BMG Fine Art for a short time, along with the art galleries and his personal collection, Bonython authored and published a number of art books. Kym Bonython gained a reputation as a daredevil partially through another of his interests and he raced Speedcars at the Rowley Park Speedway in the Adelaide suburb of Bowden, which he also owned the lease on and successfully promoted from 1954 to 1973. Bonython had some major crashes in Speedcars but also some success and he competed at venues such as the Sydney Showground Speedway, Claremont Speedway in Perth and the Brisbane Exhibition Ground. At one stage he was also the national hydroplane champion, amongst his achievements in motor sports was his work to bring Formula 1 to Adelaide in 1985, in which he has been described as a catalyst for the event. His time in motor sports earned him the title of the man with 99 lives and, from Max Harris regarding Rowley Park, in 2007, he was one of 10 inaugural inductees into the Australian Speedway Hall of Fame. Bonython was also known around Adelaide for travelling to various meetings or appointments on his yellow MV Agusta motorcycle. Bonython was also active in public life and he served on the Adelaide City Council, as had both his father and grandfather before him, and he was the chairman of the South Australian Jubilee 150 Board
27.
Sydney Olympic Football Club
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Sydney Olympic Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club, based in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales, that plays in the National Premier Leagues NSW. The Club was founded as Pan-Hellenic Soccer Club in 1957 by Greek immigrants, Sydney Olympic have won many trophies in Australian football, including two NSL Championships, two NSL Cups, the NSL Minor Premiership and two NSW Premier League Championships. The club has won the Johnny Warren Cup, the Brett Emerton Cup, the National Youth League Championship, the National Youth League Minor Premiership. Sydney Olympic has traditionally one of the most well supported football teams in Australia. The greatest crowd attendance for a Grand Final was recorded during the 2001/02 season when 42,735 people were present at Subiaco Oval to see Sydney Olympic defeat Perth Glory. In the late 40s and 50s there were several small Greek teams for the purposes of socialising and giving a sense of home for the newly arrived migrants and these teams included, Taxiarchis, Atlas, Astro, Panhellenic, Pansamiakos as well as several others. Many people wondered about uniting all of smaller teams to establish 1 strong Greek team in order to participate in the NSW Soccer Federation. The founding date of the Club is set as the 28th of November,1957, the club quickly became competitive in the NSW Second Division, with the club dominating the Division in its first 3 seasons. In 1961 it earned promotion to the New South Wales First Division attracting and producing large crowds, in its first season in the top division, the club finished in the top 4, a fantastic achievement. The club would make the top 4 in 1963 and 1967. The club also reached two State Cup Finals, in 1965 and 1969, after some lean seasons, in 1975 the club again made the top 4, finishing 3rd. In the Finals Series Pan-Hellenic made it through to the Preliminary Final, only to lose 1–0 after extra-time to APIA Leichhardt, in 1977 the club became a founding member of the National Soccer League, and also changed its name to Sydney Olympic. But two years later it was back in the NSW First Division, the league had decided to cut back on teams from NSW and having finished second last on the ladder beating only South Melbourne, Sydney Olympic was controversially relegated. The spell back in the NSW First Division competition did not last long and that victory secured Sydney Olympic a return to top-flight Australian football in 1981 where it remained until the NSL folded in 2004. The 1980s for Sydney Olympic were characterized with great football, large and passionate support, fantastic players, the early 1980s saw a period of stabilisation for the club, as it settled back into the Australian top flight. During this period many players and future legends of the club would be given their opportunity to make their mark for the club. This period also saw three heartbreaking NSL Grand Final losses, against South Melbourne FC in 1984, Adelaide City in 1986, during the years between 1982–92, Olympic finished in the top half on the league ladder every season. The 1990s began on the foot for the club and a year after Sydney Olympics 1989 NSL Grand Final loss against Marconi
28.
Mark Viduka
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Mark Anthony Viduka, also known as Marko Viduka, is an Australian retired footballer who played as a centre forward. He captained the Australia national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup to the last 16 and holds the record of most goals scored by an Australian in the UEFA Champions League, with four. In 1993, Viduka started his football career in Australia for Croatian-based club Melbourne Knights. In his two seasons with the Knights, he was top scorer in the National Soccer League and was twice awarded the Johnny Warren Medal for NSL Best Player of the Year in 1993–94. Vidukas time at Melbourne Knights included one NSL title in the 1994–95 season, the grandstand at Knights Stadium, home of the Knights, was renamed the Mark Viduka Stand in his honour and paid for with his transfer money. In 1995, Viduka moved to Croatia to play with Croatia Zagreb and he spent three-and-a-half seasons with the club, helping it to win three doubles in Croatia between 1996 and 1998. He was also part of the Croatia Zagreb team that reached the round of the UEFA Cup in 1997. Celtic bought Viduka in December 1998 for £3.5 million, in the same month as his signing, Celtic announced that Viduka had quit the club without kicking a ball for them, citing stress as his reason. A week later, Croatia Zagreb complained that it had not received the agreed fee for the player. After making his first team debut against Dundee United on 27 February 1999 and he was voted Scottish Player of the Year for 1999–2000 after scoring 27 goals in his first full season at Celtic Park. He was regarded as a player, with fellow Australian-Croatian Josip Šimunić noting his ability to hold the ball up well. Leeds United manager David OLeary signed Viduka just before the 2000–01 season for £6 million, in his first season, Viduka scored 22 goals, including all four in a memorable 4–3 win over Liverpool at Elland Road. He signed a deal in the summer of 2001 and would star in both domestic competitions and Europe, with Leeds finishing in the countrys top four in 2000–01. His hat-trick in the Charlton game is the most recent hat-trick to date by a Leeds United player in the Premier League, however, the clubs financial crisis continued, and resulted in the sale of key players including Harry Kewell and Robbie Keane. He was sold to Middlesbrough in the summer of 2004 as Uniteds financial difficulties deepened, Vidukas debut season at Middlesbrough was initially impressive, albeit frustrated by injuries. In the 2005–06 season, however, Viduka was in form in all competitions for Middlesbrough. He also played an important part in spearheading Middlesbroughs campaign in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup where the club twice had to score four goals in a game to proceed, Middlesbrough eventually lost in the final to Sevilla on 10 May 2006. With his contract due to expire at the end of the 2006–07 season, in August 2006, he was awarded the number 9 shirt at Middlesbrough, his preferred number at all his previous clubs
29.
Melbourne Knights FC
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Melbourne Knights FC is an Australian semi-professional football club based in the suburb of Sunshine North, Melbourne, Victoria. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria and it is one of the most successful football clubs in Australia, being a two-time championship and four-time premiership winner in the now defunct National Soccer League. The club is based in the suburbs of Melbourne and draws much of its support from the Croatian Australian community. The clubs identification with its Croatian roots remains strong and it is a regular participant in the Australian-Croatian Soccer Tournament. Melbourne Knights plays matches at Knights Stadium, a 15,000 capacity venue in which the club has owned and operated since 1989, as well as fielding a senior mens side, the Knights field a womens team as well as junior teams of all year levels. Melbourne Knights FC was founded in 1953 as SC Croatia by a group of Croatian immigrants in Melbournes western suburbs. The club played its first match on 10 April 1953, the club quickly moved up the state divisions and by the mid-1960s had become one of the strongest clubs in Victoria, winning the State League title in 1968,1978 and 1979. In 1984 after a number of years of lobbying the Knights finally joined Australias elite football competition, by the 1990s the club had become the premier soccer club in Australia as it made the NSL Grand Final 5 out of 6 seasons, winning it twice in 1994/95 and 1995/96. Following the disbanding of the NSL in 2004 the Knights dropped to the Victorian Premier League, Knights won the Dockerty Cup in 2014, when Tomislav Uskok scored a 121st minute goal to defeat South Springvale SC at Lakeside Stadium, the clubs first piece of silverware in 18 years. The Melbourne Knights has a large and loyal following, it is one of the best supported clubs in Australia outside the A-League and this supporter base is made up of both Croatian and Australian-born Croats. The unofficial supporter group of the Melbourne Knights is the MCF and they are the most active and vocal group in the VPL, always having a presence at matches be it at home or away. Also prominent are the supporters on Quarry Hill, in the NSL years the supporter group was the Knights Army, they were one of the leading supporter groups in the competition. They disbanded once the Melbourne Knights left the NSL, the clubs current home ground is the Knights Stadium in the suburb of North Sunshine, which has been the clubs home since 1989. It has a capacity of 15,000, more information on the Knights Stadium page. Prior to 1989 the club had a number of venues it used as its home ground, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. The club has played and continues to play an important social role for the Croatian community, in the wake of this migration many football clubs were formed by these new arrivals based around their respective ethnic communities. The Melbourne Knights became a point for the Croatian community in the state of Victoria. It provided Croatians with a place to gather where they could feel comfortable and safe in their new home, the club allowed for the preservation and celebration of Croatian identity, tradition, culture and language, as well as promoting it to non Croatians
30.
Australia national soccer team
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The Australian national soccer team represents Australia in international mens soccer. The team has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup tournament on four occasions, the team has also represented Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup three times. The first Australia national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand, during the tour, Australia suffered two defeats and scraped a draw. For the next 36 years, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became regular opponents in tour matches, during that period, Australia also competed against Canada and India during their tours of Australia in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Australia recorded their worst ever defeat on 30 June 1951 as they lost 17–0 in a match to a touring England side, Australia had a rare opportunity to compete on the worlds stage during the teams very first major international tournament as hosts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. However, an inexperienced squad proved to be reason for the disappointing performance. With the advent of air travel, Australia began to diversify its range of opponents. However, its isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 30 years. It would prove to be the appearance for the Australian team until the World Cup tournament returned to Germany more than three decades later in 2006. The teams previously poor record in World Cup competition was not reflected in their performances against strong European. In 1988, Australia defeated reigning world champions Argentina 4–1 in the Australian Bicentennial Gold Cup, in 1997, Australia drew with reigning world champions Brazil 0–0 in the group stage and then defeated Uruguay 1–0 in the semi-finals to reach the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final. Many commentators and fans, most notably soccer broadcaster and former Australian captain Johnny Warren, on 13 March, the AFC executive committee made a unanimous decision to invite Australia to join the AFC. After the OFC executive committee unanimously endorsed Australias proposed move, FIFA approved the move on 30 June 2005. Australia joined Asia, with the taking effect on 1 January 2006, though until then. After a successful campaign, the team took the first steps towards qualification for the 2006 World Cup, after coach Frank Farina stood down from the position after Australias dismal performance at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Guus Hiddink was announced as the new national coach. Australia, ranked 49th, would then have to play the 18th ranked Uruguay in a rematch of the 2001 qualification play-off for a spot in the 2006 World Cup. The second leg of the qualifying play-off was played in front of a crowd of 82,698 at Stadium Australia, Australia led Uruguay 1–0 after 90 minutes following a goal by Mark Bresciano in the first half. The aggregate was tied, and extra time was played, neither team scored after two periods of extra time, bringing the game to a penalty shootout
31.
Alex Tobin
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Alexander Hugh Alex Tobin is a former Australian footballer. Tobin is the fourth-most capped player for the Australia national football team with 87 A appearances and he made his international debut on 9 March 1988 in an Olympic qualifying match against Taiwan in Adelaide. Tobin spent his club career playing in Australia. He played most of his career as a defender with Adelaide City in the National Soccer League. Alex left Adelaide City in 2000, after sixteen years with the club and he finished his career with Northern Spirit. Tobin played a total of 522 senior club games in Australia, Tobin currently works for the Central Coast Mariners as assistant first team coach. Currently playing Over 35s with Castle Hill United in the Granville District, in 2008, the PFA Alex Tobin OAM Medal was inaugurated by the Professional Footballers Australia. The first two medals were conferred on Joe Marston and, posthumously, Johnny Warren
32.
Aurelio Vidmar
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Aurelio Vidmar is an Australian football coach and former player. He is a captain of the Australian national team and former coach of the Olyroos. Aurelio started his career with local Adelaide team Adelaide City before moving to Europe in the mid-1990s to Belgium. He also played in Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands and in Japan before returning to Australia in 1999 to rejoin City, Vidmar signed with Adelaide United when they took Adelaide Citys spot in the National Soccer League and was awarded the captaincy by then coach John Kosmina. Despite plans to play in the inaugural A-League season he retired in 2005 bringing an end to a 20-year playing career in which time he played 517 games scoring 127 goals and he is the older brother of Tony Vidmar. Vidmar was a member of the Socceroos team for 12 years and was a member of three unsuccessful FIFA World Cup qualification campaigns and he also played in the match between Australia and American Samoa in 2001 and scored twice. Aurelio sometimes captained the team between 1995 and 2001 when he retired for international competition accumulating 44 caps and scoring 17 goals. After his retirement in 2005 he took up a role of assistant coach working under Kosmina, the 2007-2008 A-League season was not very successful for Aurelio Vidmar, his side finishing 6th out of 8 teams on the ladder the first time Adelaide failed to make the finals. He created history by leading Adelaide to the 2008 Asian Champions League final and this led Adelaide United CEO Sam Ciccarello to re-sign Vidmar and his assistant Phil Stubbins for another 3 years in November 2008. Vidmar was inducted into the Football Federation Australia Football Hall of Fame in the same month and he is also in the Football Federation of South Australia Hall of Champions. He made a controversial diatribe after the semi-final against Melbourne Victory, in which Adelaide lost 4-0, post-match, he claimed that Adelaide was a piss-ant town, and that politics within the club was to blame for the loss. He later apologised for his remarks, however, with the start of the new season, Vidmar was unable to retain the form from the previous season with a slow start by taking only 5 of the 15 available points. He has been criticised for his use of playing a lone striker, Adelaide finished last in the 2009-10 season. The club also issued Vidmar a $10,000 fine, after leaving Adelaide United, Vidmar became the coach of the Young Socceroos. Vidmar has now become the coach of the Socceroos team. As of 3 April 20171 A win or loss by the penalty shoot-out is counted as the draw in time
33.
Rugby union
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Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
34.
Rugby league
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Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
35.
New Zealand national rugby union team
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The New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly called the All Blacks, represent New Zealand in mens rugby union, which is regarded as the countrys national sport. The side has won the last two Rugby World Cups, in 2011 and 2015, as well as the tournament in 1987. They have a 77% winning record in test match rugby, and are the international side with a winning record against every opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, they have lost to only six of the 19 nations they have played in test matches, since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined. The All Blacks are statistically the best side to have played the game, New Zealand competes with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship. The All Blacks have won the fourteen times in the competitions twenty-one-year history. As of the end of 2016 competition, they hold the Bledisloe Cup, which is contested annually with Australia, New Zealand have achieved a Grand Slam four times –1978,2005,2008 and 2010. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, All Black coaches have won World Rugby Coach of the Year nine times since the awards 2001 launch. The teams first match was in 1884, and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney, the following year they hosted their first ever home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. This was followed by a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905, New Zealands early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers. By the 1905 tour, they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, the team perform a haka – a Māori challenge or posture dance – before each match. The haka performed has traditionally been Te Rauparahas Ka Mate, although since 2005 Kapa o Pango is often performed, the first recorded game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College. The first provincial union, the Canterbury Rugby Football Union, was formed in 1879, NSW did not face a New Zealand representative team but played seven provincial sides – the tourists won four games and lost three. Two years later the first New Zealand team to travel overseas toured New South Wales, a privately organised British team, which later became the British and Irish Lions, toured New Zealand in 1888. No test matches were played, and the only played provincial sides. The British players were mainly from Northern England, but there were representatives from Wales. The first officially sanctioned New Zealand side toured New South Wales in 1893, the following year New Zealand played its first home international game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The teams first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, a representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905
Nigeria
Honduras
South Korea
Spain
Italy
Morocco
Chile
United States
Japan
Adelaide Rams def. 
Balmain Tigers 52–0
Auckland Warriors 22–20
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles def. 
North Sydney Bears def. 
Melbourne Storm def. 
Penrith Panthers 40–18
North Queensland Cowboys def. 
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 34–10
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
