1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
HT Media Ltd
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HT Media is an Indian mass media company based in Delhi, India. It has holdings in print, electronic and digital media and it also operates 19 printing facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1.5 million copies per hour. HT’s online business, is handled by Firefly e-ventures internet business, include the flagship web portal Hindustantimes. com, Livemint. com, Desimartini. com, HTCampus. com. The Hindustan Times newspaper was inaugurated in 1924. In 1927, it was reborn as Hindustan Times Ltd. a limited liability company, in 1936, The Hindi daily Hindustan was launched. It also publishes two magazines in Hindi, Kadambini a literary magazine established in 1960 and Nandan a childrens magazine, in 2003, the company incorporated all of its media businesses under HT Media Ltd. In 2004, HT Media Ltd was listed as a public company and it moved to Mumbai in 2005, with a new product and content mix. In 2006, Fever 104 FM was launched, in collaboration with the Virgin Group. Hindustan was relaunched re-establishing the companys prominent presence in the news space. In 2007, Mint, the paper in partnership with the Wall Street Journal was launched in Delhi. In the internet space, Hindustantimes. com was relaunched and Livemint. com was introduced, to further expand its digital presence, HTCampus. com was launched in June 2010 to provide information on colleges, courses, exams and careers for higher education in India. HT Mobile - which in turn acquired digital marketing agency Webitude, Firefly e-Ventures - which moved to the parent company and launched its job portal, Shine. com
4.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
6.
Hindustan Dainik
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Hindustan Dainik or Hindustan is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper and the fifth-largest circulated newspaper in India. It is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited, earlier it was part of HT Media Ltd group, which spun off its Hindi business into a separate company named Hindustan Media Ventures Limited in December 2009. It ranks as the second daily in the country. Hindustan has 19 editions across the Hindi belt and they are spread across Delhi, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Apart from these, the paper is available in key towns like Mathura, Saharanpur. In Delhi plus NCR, Hindustan is an undisputed No.2 and has a rapidly growing even as the market is declining, Hindustan readership has grown to 120 L readers in Q411. As per Total Readership, Hindustan is No 2 with 385 L readers, Hindustan, in addition to high-quality reportage, also aspires to become an ally to its readers in their quest for success. The ambition for the brand is to become the partner of progress for the youth in the Hindi belt, currently, the major editions of Hindustan are available online in epaper format. Hindustan dominates in Bihar with a readership of about 5 million. It commands a massive 73% share of the Hindi readership market of Bihar, Hindustan has been the No.1 newspaper of Jharkhand, ever since readership surveys have been reported for the state. On 13 May 2016, a reporter was shot to death, Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where it is the fastest growing Hindi daily. Apart from a presence in Lucknow and Varanasi, Hindustan was launched in Meerut, Agra. In 2008, Hindustan launched in the cities of Mathura, in 2009, Hindustan launched in Allahabad and Bareilly. In 2010, Hindustan launched in Gorakhpur as well, in 2011, Hindustan launched in Aligarh, and in 2012 in Moradabad. Hindustan has made an entry into Uttarakhand with a location in Dehradun. This edition covers key cities in Uttarakhand and West UP, in Jan 2009, Hindustan started its edition in Haldwani. It has the highest numbers of readers in Uttarakhand at present. Print media in India Hindustan Official Website epaper
7.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
8.
Indian independence movement
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The Indian independence movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule and the British Indian Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 190 years, the early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. The last stages of the struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhis policy of nonviolence and civil resistance. Nationalist like Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh and Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule, feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. Babasaheb Ambedkar championed the cause of the sections of Indian society within the larger self-rule movement. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India Movement led by Congress, the Indian self-rule movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various sections of society. It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution, in 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. European traders first reached Indian shores with the arrival of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 AD at the port of Calicut, in search of the lucrative spice trade. Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the subcontinent, the decline of the Mughal empire in the first half of the eighteenth century provided the British with the opportunity to establish a firm foothold in Indian politics. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan, most of South India came either under the Companys direct rule, the Company subsequently gained control of regions ruled by the Maratha Empire, after defeating them in a series of wars. The Punjab was annexed in 1849, after the defeat of the Sikh armies in the First, in 1835, English was made the medium of instruction in Indias schools and many Indians increasingly disliked British rule. With the British now dominating most of the subcontinent, many British increasingly disregarded local customs, Puli Thevan was one of the opponents of the British rule in India. He was in conflict with the Nawab of Arcot who was supported by the British and his prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam, who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s. Nelkatumseval the present Tirunelveli Dist of Tamil Nadu state of India was the headquarters of Puli Thevan, kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was one of the earliest freedom fighters in India. He was the regent of the princely state of Kottiyur or Cotiote in North Malabar, near Kannur. He fought a war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him. He was caught by the British and his fort was razed to the ground, Rani Velu Nachiyar, was a queen of Indian Sivaganga in 1760–1790. She was the first queen to fight against the British in India, Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage, martial arts like Valari, Silambam, horse riding and archery
9.
HT Media
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HT Media is an Indian mass media company based in Delhi, India. It has holdings in print, electronic and digital media and it also operates 19 printing facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1.5 million copies per hour. HT’s online business, is handled by Firefly e-ventures internet business, include the flagship web portal Hindustantimes. com, Livemint. com, Desimartini. com, HTCampus. com. The Hindustan Times newspaper was inaugurated in 1924. In 1927, it was reborn as Hindustan Times Ltd. a limited liability company, in 1936, The Hindi daily Hindustan was launched. It also publishes two magazines in Hindi, Kadambini a literary magazine established in 1960 and Nandan a childrens magazine, in 2003, the company incorporated all of its media businesses under HT Media Ltd. In 2004, HT Media Ltd was listed as a public company and it moved to Mumbai in 2005, with a new product and content mix. In 2006, Fever 104 FM was launched, in collaboration with the Virgin Group. Hindustan was relaunched re-establishing the companys prominent presence in the news space. In 2007, Mint, the paper in partnership with the Wall Street Journal was launched in Delhi. In the internet space, Hindustantimes. com was relaunched and Livemint. com was introduced, to further expand its digital presence, HTCampus. com was launched in June 2010 to provide information on colleges, courses, exams and careers for higher education in India. HT Mobile - which in turn acquired digital marketing agency Webitude, Firefly e-Ventures - which moved to the parent company and launched its job portal, Shine. com
10.
Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)
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The Audit Bureau of Circulations of India is a non-profit circulation-auditing organisation. It certifies and audits the circulations of major publications, including newspapers, ABC is a voluntary organisation initiated in 1948 that operates in different parts of the world. Publishers also found it difficult to convince advertisers of the values of their publication for the purpose of advertising. It is with this background that eminent representatives of the advertising profession, since then the benefit of ABC certificates of circulation have been availed by advertisers, advertising agencies, publishers and organisations connected with print media advertising. See List of newspapers in India by circulation, ABC was founded in 1948, India. The Publisher should be a Member of Indian Newspaper Society and the Publications should be registered with Registrar of Newspapers for India, admission of publishers to ABC membership is subject to a satisfactory admission audit. Free distribution and bulk sales are also shown on the certificates provided the relevant records are adequately maintained, such records are checked and facts and figures are scrutinised by impartial Auditors, and only then is the Certificate of Net Paid Circulation issued. Newspaper circulation Magazine circulation International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations Audit Bureau of Circulations Audit Bureau of Circulations OJD Morocco Official website
11.
The Times of India
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The Times of India is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. It is the fourth-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the according to Audit Bureau of Circulations. It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India still in circulation, in 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the worlds six best newspapers. It is owned and published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In 2014 however, The Times of India was ranked 174th among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, the Times of India issued its first edition 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. In 1850, it began to publish daily editions, in 1860, editor Robert Knight bought the Indian shareholders interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started Indias first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service, in 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. In the 19th century, this company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India. In 1946, Bennett Coleman & Co, Ltd was sold to sugar magnate Ramkrishna Dalmia of the then-famous industrial family, the Dalmiyas, for Rs 20 million, as India was becoming independent and the British owners were leaving. In the court case followed, Ramkrishna Dalmia was sentenced to two years in Tihar Jail after having been convicted of embezzlement and fraud. But for most of the term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in-law, Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, in the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned on charges of selling newsprint on the black market. Based on the pleading, Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors, curiously, the court appointed D K Kunte as Chairman of the Board. Kunte had no business experience and was also an Opposition member of the Lok Sabha. In 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Government transferred ownership of the back to Ashok Kumar Jain. The move was a critique of Prime Minister Indira Gandhis 21-month state of emergency, in late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited. VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran, and an English daily, Vijay Times, Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then. The paper launched a Chennai edition,12 April 2008 and it launched a Kolhapur edition, February 2013
12.
North India
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North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, other states sometimes included are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and West Bengal. North India has been the centre of the Mughal, Delhi Sultanate. The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri/Koshur, Dogri, different authorities and sources define North India differently. The Northern Zonal Council is one of the councils, created in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act to foster inter-state cooperation. It differs from the North Cultural Zone in its inclusion of Delhi, in contrast, the Geological Survey of India included Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in its Northern Region, but excluded Rajasthan and Chandigarh, with a regional headquarters in Lucknow. North Indian states which are entirely above the Tropic of Cancer are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The term North Indian is sometimes used to people from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term bhaiya in a derogatory sense. In Punjab, people from the region are often referred to as Purabias. Some publications of the Government of Bihar place that state in the part of India as well. Within Uttar Pradesh itself, the divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners. One demarcation between northern and southern nations has been the Vindhya mountain range, in centuries past this sometimes formed a border during periods of imperial expansion, such as the one ruled by the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. The Vindhyas also find mention in the narrative of Rishi Agastya as a dividing feature between North and South India, the Manusmṛti also describes the southern limit of Aryavarta as being defined by the Vindhya range. North India lies mainly on continental India, north of peninsular India, towards its north are the Himalayas which define the boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. To its west is the Thar desert, shared between North India and Pakistan and the Aravalli Range, beyond lies the state of Gujarat. The Vindhya mountains are, in some interpretations, taken to be the boundary of North India. The state of Madhya Pradesh has large areas under forest cover, as do Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North India lies mainly in the north temperate zone of the Earth. Though cool or cold winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons are the general pattern, North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth
13.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
14.
Kolkata
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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
15.
Lucknow
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Lucknow is the capital of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is also the administrative headquarters of the eponymous District and Division. It is the largest city in Uttar Pradesh, the eleventh most populous city, in North India, it is the third largest city after Delhi and Jaipur. Lucknow has always known as a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub. It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, culture, tourism, music, the city stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres above sea level. Lucknow district covers an area of 2,528 square kilometres, bounded on the east by Barabanki, on the west by Unnao, on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi, Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River. Hindi is the language of the city and Urdu is also widely spoken. Lucknow is the centre of Shia Islam in India with the highest Shia Muslim population in India, historically, the capital of Awadh was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate which then came under Mughal rule. It was later transferred to the Nawabs of Awadh, in 1856, the British East India Company abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with the rest of Awadh and, in 1857, transferred it to the British Raj. Along with the rest of India, Lucknow became independent from Britain on 15 August 1947 and it has been listed the 17th fastest growing city in India and 74th in world. Lucknow, along with Agra and Varanasi, is in the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, Lucknow is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation lakhnau. According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, the legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called Lakshmanapuri. However the Dalit movement believes that Lakhan Pasi, a ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur by the 11th century, a similar theory states that the city was known as Lakshmanavati after Lakshmana. The name changed to Lakhanavati, then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau, yet another theory states that the citys name is connected with Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally. From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, the British East India Company and the British Raj. Lucknow was one of the centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in Indias independence movement. Until 1719, the subah of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a Governor appointed by the Emperor, persian adventurer Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed nizam of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad, near Lucknow
16.
Patna
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Patna /ˈpætnə, ˈpʌt-/, is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. Patna is the second-largest city in eastern India after Kolkata and it had an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, making it the 19th largest city in India. With over 2 million people, its agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Patna also serves as the seat of Patna High Court, one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha, ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala empires. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts, Patliputra was home to many astrologists and scholars including Aryabhata, Panini, Vātsyāyana, Chanakya and Kālidāsa. Its population during the Maurya period was about 400,000, Patna served as the seat of power, political and cultural centre of Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires. With the fall of Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory and it was revived again in the 17th century by the British as a centre of international trade. Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar, the modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of river Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun, the city is approximately 35 kilometres in length and 16 to 18 kilometres wide. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India for ease of starting a business, as of 2015, Patnas per capita gross domestic product is ₹1,06,000. Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world, Patna registered an average annual growth of 3. 72% during 2006–2010. Patna also has lowest slum population of any city in India, the name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna, It is etymologically derived from Patan. Patan Devi Mandir is still situated in old Patna near Gulzarbagh mandi along with another Patan Devi Mandir near Takht Sri Patna Sahib in Patna city, many believe Patna derived its name from Patli, a tree variety that was found in abundance in the historic city. The place is mentioned in Chinese traveller Fa Hiens records as Pa-lin-fou, the city has been known by various names through more than 2,000 years of existence – Pataligrama, Pataliputra, Kusumapura, Kusumdhwaja Pushpapuram, Padmavathi, Azimabad and the present-day Patna. Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to the mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally trumpet flower and it is said that in honour of the queens first-born, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son, legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna by Nagasena in 43 BCE
17.
Jaipur
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Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It was founded on 18 November 1726 by Maharaja Jai Singh II, as of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India, Jaipur is located 260 km from the Indian capital New Delhi. Jaipur forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Agra, Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur, Jaisalmer Udaipur. and Mount Abu. The city of Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II and he planned to shift his capital from Amer,11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, the city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates, during the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance, in the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its industries were the working of metals and marble. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college and a school opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C, during the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10–15 °C and with little or no humidity. The city was planned according to Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727, there are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol, the gate is called Chand pol. The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, the urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, the Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, according to provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350
18.
Mint (newspaper)
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Mint is an Indian daily business newspaper published by HT Media Ltd, a Delhi-based media group which also publishes Hindustan Times. It mostly targets readers who are business executives and policy makers and it is Indias first newspaper to be published in the Berliner format. Mint exclusively carries WSJ branded editorial content in its pages by virtue of the content sharing partnership between HT Media and Newscorp, which owns the Journal, the current Editor of the newspaper is Sukumar Ranganathan. Mint was launched in collaboration with The Wall Street Journal on 1 February 2007, with the Journals former deputy managing editor, around eight months before the first edition was published, Narisetti went about hiring and assembling staffers for Mint. Several trial runs of the newspaper, with varying formats and names on its masthead were reportedly tried out before settling with the current ones. Informed observers saw it as a calculated attack on the near monopoly of The Economic Times, published by The Times Group. Within two years of its launch, Mint was second only to The Economic Times and established itself as Indias fastest growing business daily, Mint has a circulation of roughly about 100,000 copies predominantly in the cities of Delhi and Mumbai currently. Mint and Mint’s digital platform Livemint. com will complement each other, in effect, this isn’t just a cosmetic change in design and size but a fundamental rethink of a print product – and in terms of content too. Mint is the daily from the stable of HT Media, which seeks to compete with The Economic Times, Business Standard, Business Line. Although it is a newspaper, Mint doesnt think of itself as a newspaper of record, focusing instead on the bigger stories of the day, along with analysis. Some media critics have called Mint a daily magazine because of this choice of presentation, mints design presents business and financial information in a compact format, often using infographics to tell stories and present data. The newspaper was designed by Mario Garcia, who has also been associated with the re-design of the Wall Street Journal. On Saturdays the paper published the weekend edition Mint Lounge, instead of the weekday issues, Lounge is a magazine-style supplement that focuses on the arts, food, culture, fashion, sport, music, and the like. It contains columns by Rohit Brijnath, Samar Halarnkar, Shoba Narayan, Mayank Austen Soofi, Aakar Patel, mints editorial or Views page emphasizes free people, free economies and free societies. Its editorial pages broadly support economic liberalization and an unfettered economy and it has taken an especially strong position on national security and terrorism issues, opining in favour of strategic national interest over more liberal alternatives. However, the paper, like most English-language papers and magazines targeted at affluent Indians, Mint carries a short editorial piece on the front page titled Quick Edit. The longer opinion pieces titled Our View and guest opinion pieces titled My view or Their Views are carried in views pages towards the end of paper, the editorial staff are organised into various teams based on subject matter. Topic editors usually decide on the composition of stories for the days edition in a news conference held before the paper goes into the final stages of production
19.
Fever 104 FM
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For the Brisbane Austereo Station 4MMM, that used to be called FM104, see 4MMM. For FM104, broadcasting from Dublin, Ireland, see FM104, Fever 104 FM is an FM radio station in India with one of the leading FM channels in the country today. With the best quality and most quantity of music on-air, constantly playing only the top hits, Fever 104 FM is synonymous with less talk. Fever is known for pioneering the concept of radio dramas in the Industry and has repackaged great epics like Ramayana, Gandhi, Bose and Bal Gopal for today’s youth. The station has also offered industry’s 1st situational comedy series, ‘Friends in a Metro, horror series, ‘Kya Who Sach Tha’. Bollywood, sports, music and reality on radio are the key pillars for the brand, Fever 104 FM is accredited many ‘firsts’ in the industry, be it in the music or non-music genres. From 40 minutes of non -stop music, contests and radio dramas to client integrations, Fever 104 FM is the choice of today’s times and aims to provide best on air entertainment with quality music. Strong listener focus with a degree of innovation and creativity has always been Fever 104 FM’s commitment to its listeners. Fever 104 FM today is recognized as a vibrant, youthful, creative, Fever, on the 11th of November changed its name from Fever 104 FM to Sachin Fever 104 FM to pay tribute to Indias cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar. Fever 104 Official Site Social Networking DesiMartini. com
20.
Christian Louboutin
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Christian Louboutin is a French fashion designer whose footwear has incorporated shiny, red-lacquered soles that have become his signature. Louboutin was born and raised in Pariss 12th arrondissement and he was the only son of Roger, a cabinet-maker, and Irene, a homemaker, both French, from Brittany. Louboutin said in a 2012 interview that he was much darker-skinned than everyone else in his family and you know, I felt I wasnt French. My family was very French and so I decided they had probably adopted me. But instead of feeling it was terrible and that I was an outsider who had to go and find my family, I invented my own history. He incidentally discovered, following a revelation by one of his sisters in 2014 that his father was in fact an Egyptian. Louboutin was expelled from three times and then decided to run away from home at the age of 12, at which point his mother allowed him to move out to live at a friends house. He faced much opposition when he decided to drop out from school, and I thought, Well, at least if I regret it Im going to be like the sister of Sophia Loren. Landscape architect Louis Benech has been his partner since 1997, the Luxor domicile is a former craftsmans workshop, made of earthen bricks, to which he has added an additional floor and a rooftop belvedere. Additionally, he shares a 13th-century castle in the Vendée with his business partner Bruno Chamberlain, Louboutin began sketching shoes in his early teens, ignoring his academic studies. Going through a phase, he was in a few films, including 1979 cult classic Race dep and The Homosexual Century. His first job was at the Folies Bergères, the cabaret where he assisted the entertainers backstage and he was also a fixture on the citys party scene, clubbing his nights away alongside Mick Jagger and Andy Warhol. His little formal training included drawing and the arts at the Académie dArt Roederer. Louboutin claims his fascination with shoes began in 1976, when he visited the Musée national des Arts dAfrique et dOcéanie on the avenue Daumesnil. It was there that he saw a sign from Africa forbidding women wearing sharp stilettos from entering a building for fear of damage to the wood flooring. This image stayed in his mind, and he used this idea in his designs. I wanted to defy that, Louboutin said, I wanted to create something that broke rules and made women feel confident and empowered. Fascinated by world cultures, he ran away in his teens to Egypt, Louboutin returned to Paris in 1981, where he assembled a portfolio of drawings of elaborate high heels
21.
Gucci
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Gucci is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by the French holding company Kering. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921, Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand. Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009, in the year 2013, the brand was valued at US$12.1 billion, with sales of US$4.7 billion. In the Forbes Worlds Most Valuable Brands list, Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand, as of January 2015, the creative director is Alessandro Michele. With beginnings at the end of the 19th century, the Gucci company became one of the world’s most successful manufacturers of leather goods, clothing. As an immigrant hotel worker in Paris and later London, young Guccio Gucci was impressed with the luggage he saw urbane guests bring with them. Before leaving, he visited the manufacturer, H. J. Cave & Sons, upon returning to his birthplace of Florence, a city distinguished for high-quality materials and skilled artisans, he established a shop in 1920 that sold fine leather goods with classic styling. Although Gucci organized his workrooms for industrial methods of production, he maintained traditional aspects of fabrication, initially, Gucci employed skilled workers in basic Florentine leather crafts, attentive to finishing. With expansion, machine stitching was a method that supported construction. Together with three of his sons, Aldo Gucci, Vasco Gucci, and Rodolfo Gucci, Gucci expanded the company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence. Guccis stores featured such finely crafted leather accessories as handbags, shoes, the company made handbags of cotton canvas rather than leather during World War II as a result of material shortages. The canvas, however, was distinguished by a signature double-G symbol combined with prominent red, after the war, the Gucci crest, which showed a shield and armored knight surrounded by a ribbon inscribed with the family name, became synonymous with the city of Florence. Aldo and Rodolfo Gucci further expanded the horizons in 1953 by establishing offices in New York City. Film stars and jet-set travelers to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s brought their glamour to Florence, movie stars posed in Guccis clothing, accessories, and footwear for lifestyle magazines around the world, contributing to the company’s growing reputation. Guccis distinctive lines made its products among the most frequently copied in the world in the early 2000s, pigskin, calf, and imported exotic animal skins were subjected to various methods of fabrication. Waterproof canvas and satin were used for evening bags, bamboo was first used to make handbag handles by a process of heating and molding in 1947, and purses made with a shoulder strap and snaffle-bit decoration were introduced in 1960. In 1964 Gucci’s lush butterfly pattern was custom-created for silk foulards, the original Gucci loafer was updated by a distinctive snaffle-bit ornament in 1966, while the Rolls-Royce luggage set was introduced in 1970. Watches, jewelry, ties, and eyewear were then added to the product lines
22.
Cartier (jeweler)
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Société Cartier is a French luxury goods conglomerate company. The company designs, manufactures, distributes and sells jewellery and watches, founded in Paris, France in 1847 by Louis-François Cartier, the company remained under family control until 1964. The company maintains its headquarters in Paris and is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Compagnie Financière Richemont SA. Cartier is well known for its jewellery and wrist watches, including the Bestiary, the diamond necklace created for Bhupinder Singh the Maharaja of Patiala and the Santos wristwatch of 1904. Cartier has a history of sales to royalty and celebrities. For example, Kate Middleton. King Edward VII of England referred to Cartier as the jeweller of kings, for his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904. Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Monaco, Louis-François Cartier founded Cartier in Paris in 1847 when he took over the workshop of his master. In 1874, Louis-François son Alfred Cartier took over the company, but it was Alfreds sons Louis, Pierre and Jacques, in 1904, the Brazilian pioneer aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier of the unreliability and impracticality of using pocket watches while flying. Cartier designed a flat wristwatch with a square bezel. This watch was liked by not only Santos-Dumont but also many other customers and this was Cartiers first mens wristwatch. Louis retained responsibility for the Paris branch, moving to the Rue de la Paix in 1899, in 1907, Cartier signed a contract with Edmond Jaeger, who agreed to exclusively supply the movements for Cartier watches. By this time, Cartier had branches in London, New York, the Baignoire and Tortue models were introduced in 1912, followed by the Tank model in 1917. This, designed by Louis Cartier, was inspired from the newly introduced tanks on the Western Front and this line too has survived, with over thirty varieties made since. In the early 1920s, Cartier formed a joint company with Edward Jaeger to produce movements solely for Cartier, thus was the European watch and clock company born, although Cartier continued to use movements from other makers. Cartier watches can be found with movements from Vacheron Constantin, Audemars Piguet, Movado, Pierre Cartier established the New York City branch in 1909, moving in 1917 to 653 Fifth Avenue, the Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant and designed by architect C. P. H. Cartier acquired the mansion from the Plants in exchange for $100 in cash, among the Cartier team was Charles Jacqueau, who joined Louis Cartier in 1909 for the rest of his life, and Jeanne Toussaint, who was Director of Fine Jewellery from 1933. After the death of Pierre in 1964, Jean-Jacques Cartier, Claude Cartier, in 1972, a group of investors led by Joseph Kanoui bought Cartier Paris. President Robert Hocq, who created the phrase Les Must de Cartier with Alain Dominique Perrin, General Director, in 1974 and 1976 respectively, the group repurchased Cartier London and Cartier New York
23.
Akali movement
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The Akali movement /əˈkɑːli/ or the Gurdwara Reform Movement was a campaign to bring reform in the gurdwaras in India during the early 1920s. The movement led to the introduction of the Sikh Gurdwara Bill in 1925, the Akalis also participated in the Indian independence movement against the British Government, and supported the non-cooperation movement against them. The term Akali derives from the word Akal used in the Sikh scriptures, by the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the Udasi mahants or managers appointed by the Governors. The main aim of the Akali movement was to have the Sikh gurdwaras released from the control of the traditional clergy, the Akali movement was started in 1920 by the Singh Sabhas political wing. The jathas led by Kartar Singh Jhabbar played a role in the movement. The first shrine chosen for reform was the Babe di Ber gurdwara in Sialkot and it was under the control of the widow of the mahant Harnam Singh. She initially resisted the takeover of the gurdwara by the Akalis, as it was her source of income. The control of the gurdwara was transferred to an elected committee headed by Baba Kharak Singh. The next major target of the Akalis was the Harmandir Sahib, the priest of the Golden Temple had refused to allow low-caste Hindu converts to offer prayers in the shrine. Kartar Singh Jhabbar walked to the Akal Takht in the premises, urging the Sikhs to give up the caste-based restrictions. On 28 June 1920, the Golden Temple came under the control of a committee called Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. Next, the Akalis headed to Hasan Abdal, where Gurdwara Panja Sahib was under the control of Mahant Mitha Singh, Singh allowed sale of cigarettes inside the gurdwara, and was disliked by the Sikhs. The Akalis led by Karatar Singh Jhabbar took control of the gurdwara on 20 November 1920, however, the local Hindus, who also frequented the gurdwara for worship, opposed this takeover. Around 5-6 thousand of them surrounded the gurdwara on the night of the Akali takeover, the next day, around 200-300 Hindu women squatted at the Gurdwara. Nevertheless, the gurdwara was later brought under the authority of the SGPC. The Akalis then took control of the Gurdwara Sacha Sauda at Chuhar Kana and they then turned their attention to the Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib, whose clergymen were accused of allowing dancing girls, smoking and drinking inside the shrines premises. The clergymen were accused of spreading the teachings of Arya Samaj. The Akalis, led by Kartar Singh, arrived at the gurdwara, performed ardas, the clergymen attacked the Akalis with crude bombs and bricks while the latter were sleeping
24.
Shiromani Akali Dal
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The Shiromani Akali Dal, Punjabi, ਸ਼੍ਰੋਮਣੀ ਅਕਾਲੀ ਦਲ translation, Supreme Akali Party) is a Sikhism-centric political party in India. There are a number of parties with the name Shiromani Akali Dal. The party recognised as Shiromani Akali Dal by the Election Commission of India is the one led by Sukhbir Singh Badal and it controls Sikh religious bodies Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee and is the largest and most influential Sikh political party worldwide. The basic philosophy of Akali Dal is to give voice to Sikh issues and it believes that religion. Akali Dal was formed on 14 Dec 1920 as a force of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee. The Akali Dal considers itself the representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, the party launched the Punjabi Suba movement, demanding a state with majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided East Punjab under the leadership of Sant Fateh Singh. In 1966, the present Punjab was formed, Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab, but early governments didnt live long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, party strengthened and party governments completed full term, the current Punjab government is formed by Akali Dal in partnership with its regional and national ally Bharatiya Janata Party. It has 59 members in Punjab Legislative Assembly and combined with 12 of BJP, Akali Dal has absolute majority since 2015. Party patron and ex-president Parkash Singh Badal is the Chief Minister of Punjab, the party has 4 members in the Lok Sabha. Partys main political opponent is Indian National Congress, in the recent Delhi Assembly elections it did not retain the one seat it held in 2013 elections. Following is the list of presidents of the party as given on party website
25.
Punjab Province (British India)
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Punjab, also spelled Panjab, was a province of British India. Most of the Punjab region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 and it comprised five administrative divisions — Delhi, Jullunder, Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi — and a number of princely states. The partition of India led to the province being divided into East Punjab and West Punjab, belonging to the newly created Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan respectively. The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words Panj and āb and was introduced to the region by the Turko-Persian conquerors of India, Punjab literally means Five Waters referring to the rivers, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest, moreover, the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries. Along the northern border, Himalayan ranges divided it from Kashmir, on the west it was separated from the North-West Frontier Province by the Indus, until it reached the border of Dera Ghazi Khan District, which was divided from Baluchistan by the Sulaiman Range. To the south lay Sindh and Rajputana, while on the east the rivers Jumna, following the victory, the East India Company annexed Punjab on 2 April 1849 and it was made part of the British Raj, at that time administered by the EIC. Lord Dalhousie constituted the Board of Administration by inducting into it the most experienced and seasoned British officers, the members include Sir Henry Lawrence, who had previously worked as British Resident at the Lahore Durbar. Henceforth the Punjab would provide Sikh and Punjabi sepoy regiments to the EICs armies in India and these soldiers would later help the British to put down the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Delhi was transferred from the North-Western Provinces to Punjab in 1859, the British colonial government took this action partly to punish the city for the important role that the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, and the city as a whole played in the 1857 Rebellion. Sir John Lawrence, then Chief Commissioner, was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor on 1 January 1859, the territory under the Lieutenant consisted of 29 Districts, grouped under 5 Divisions, and 43 Princely States. Each District was under a Deputy-Commissioner, who reported to the Commissioner of the Division, each District was subdivided into between three and seven tehsils, each under a tahsildar, assisted by a naib tahsildar. In 1866, the Judicial Commissioner was replaced by a Chief Court, the direct administrative functions of the Government were carried out through the Lieutinent-Governor through the Secretariat, comprising a Chief Secretary, a Secretary and two Under-Secretaries. They were usually members of the Indian Civil Service, by the late 19th century, however, the Indian nationalist movement took hold in the province. One of the most significant events associated with the movement was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, British colonel Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a group of some 10,000 unarmed Indians who had convened to protest new anti-subversion regulations. In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province, the first Punjab Legislative Council under the 1919 Act was constituted in 1921, comprising 93 members, seventy per cent to be elected and rest to be nominated. Some of the Indian ministers under the scheme were Sir Sheikh Abdul Qadir, Khan Bahadur Chaudhry Sir Shahab-ud-Din. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy and it provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly
26.
Madan Mohan Malaviya
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Madan Mohan Malaviya ( pronunciation was an Indian educationist and politician notable for his role in the Indian independence movement and as the two time president of Indian National Congress. He was respectfully addressed as Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and also addressed as Mahamana, Malaviya is most remembered as the founder of Banaras Hindu University at Varanasi in 1916, which was created under the B. H. U. Malaviya was Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1919–1938, Malaviya was the founder of Ganga Mahasabha at Haridwar in 1905, Malaviya was the President of the Indian National Congress on two occasions. He was a member of the Hindu Mahasabha and he was a president of the special session of Hindu Mahasabha in Gaya in 1922 and in Kashi in 1923. Malaviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India and he also founded a highly influential, English-newspaper, The Leader published from Allahabad in 1909. He was also the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946 and his efforts resulted in the launch of its Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936. Malaviya was posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian award, on 24 December 2014, Malaviya was born in Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, India on 25 December 1861, to Pandit Brij Nath and Moona Devi. His ancestors, known for their Sanskrit scholarship, originally hailed from Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and his father was also a learned man in Sanskrit scriptures, and used to recite the Srimad Bhagavat. Malaviya was traditionally educated at two Sanskrit Pathshalas and later continued education at an English school, Malaviya started his schooling at Hardevas Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, where he completed his primary education and later another school run by Vidha Vardini Sabha. He then joined Allahabad Zila School, where he started writing poems under the pen name Makarand which were published in journals, Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from the Muir Central College, now known as Allahabad University. Harrison Colleges Principal provided a scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing financial hardships. Although he wanted to pursue an M. A, in December 1886, Malaviya attended the 2nd Indian National Congress session in Calcutta under chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on the issue of representation in Councils. Thus in July 1887, he left his job and joined as the editor of the nationalist weekly. It was here that he was offered co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, after finishing his law degree, he started practising law at Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad High Court by December 1893. Malaviya became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1909 and 1918 and he was a moderate leader and opposed the separate electorates for Muslims under the Lucknow Pact of 1916. The Mahamana title was conferred to him by Rabindranath Tagore, to redeem his resolve to serve the cause of education and social-service he renounced his well established practice of law in 1911, for ever. In order to follow the tradition of Sannyasa throughout his life, but when 177 freedom fighters were convicted to be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case he appeared before the court, despite his vow and got acquitted 156 freedom fighters. He remained a member of the Imperial Legislative Council from 1912, Malaviya was an important figure in the Non-cooperation movement
27.
Tara Singh (activist)
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Master Tara Singh was a prominent Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century. He was instrumental in organising the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee and guiding the Sikhs during the Partition of India and he later led their demand for a Sikh-majority state in Punjab, India. The Indian journalist and politician Rajinder Kaur was his daughter, Tara Singh was born on 24 June 1885 to a Hindu family in Rawalpindi, which was then a part of Punjab Province in British India. He converted to Sikhism while a student and became a school teacher upon his graduation from Khalsa College in Amritsar in 1907. Singhs career in education was within the Sikh school system and the use of Master as a prefix to his name reflects this period, Singh was ardent in his desire to promote and protect the cause of Sikhism. This often put him at odds with authorities and he was jailed on 14 occasions for civil disobedience beteween 1930-1966. Early examples of his support for civil disobedience came through his involvement with the movement led by Mohandas K. Gandhi. During the Partition of India, over one million Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims were killed, during this period, many alleged that Tara Singh was endorsing the killing of Punjabis. On 3 March 1947, at Lahore, Singh along with about 500 Sikhs declared from a dais Death to Pakistan, Singhs most significant cause was that favouring the creation of a distinct Punjabi-speaking state. He believed that this would best protect the integrity of Sikh religious, Nehru argued that India was a secular country and that this meant the creation of a state based on religious distinction was inappropriate. Nonetheless, Nehru did promise to consider the issue and thus Singh abandoned his fast after 48 days, Singhs fellow Sikhs turned against him, believing that he had capitulated, and they put him on trial in a court adjudged by pijaras. He pleaded guilty to the charges laid against him and found his reputation in tatters and he was thought to have abandoned his ideals and was replaced as leader of the SAD. Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY, Sikh University Press, Belgium, harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Master Tara Singhs Contribution to Punjabi Literature. Manohar Singh Batra, Master Tara Singh, Delhi,1972, jaswant Singh, Jeewan Master Tara Singh, Amritsar,1972. Master Tara Singh, Meri Yaad, Amritsar,1945 Master Tara Singh materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive
28.
Devdas Gandhi
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Devdas Gandhi was the fourth and youngest son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was born in South Africa and returned to India with his parents as a young man and he became active in his fathers movement, spending many terms in jail. He also became a prominent journalist, serving as editor of Hindustan Times, Devdas fell in love with Lakshmi, the daughter of C. Rajagopalachari, Devdass fathers associate in the Indian independence struggle, due to Lakshmis age at that time – she was only fifteen, whereas Devdas was twenty eight years – both Devdass father and Rajaji asked the couple to wait for five years without seeing each other. After five years had passed, they were married with their fathers permissions in 1933, Devdas and Lakshmi had four children, Rajmohan Gandhi, Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Ramchandra Gandhi and Tara Gandhi Bhattacharjee
29.
Mahatma Gandhi
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration
30.
Delhi
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Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi or NCT, is a city and a union territory of India. It is bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east, the NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres. According to 2011 census, Delhis city population was about 11 million, Delhis urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundary to include an estimated population of over 26 million people making it the worlds second largest urban area. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the top or second most productive metro area of India. Delhi is the second wealthiest city after Mumbai in India, with a wealth of $450 billion. Delhi has been inhabited since the 6th century BC. Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and it has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and modern Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. New Delhi is jointly administered by the government of India and the local government of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is a unique interstate regional planning area created by the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985, Delhi ranks among the cities with the worst air pollution in the world. There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi, one of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after himself. The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal, according to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali, another theory suggests that the citys original name was Dhillika. The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas, the city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring, aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty. The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before the second millennium BC, the city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata. According to Mahabharata, this land was initially a huge mass of forests called Khandavaprastha which was burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha, the earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period, in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight cities have been discovered in Delhi
31.
C. F. Andrews
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Charles Freer Andrews was a Church of England priest. A Christian missionary, educator and social reformer in India, he became a friend of Mahatma Gandhi. He was instrumental in convincing Gandhi to return to India from South Africa, C. F. Andrews was affectionately dubbed Christs Faithful Apostle by Gandhi, based on his initials, C. F. A. For his contributions to the Indian Independence Movement Gandhi and his students at St. Stephens College, Delhi, named him Deenabandhu, or Friend of the Poor. Charles Freer Andrews was born on 12 February 1871 at 14 Brunel Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, United Kingdom, the family had suffered financial misfortune because of the duplicity of a friend, and had to work hard to make ends meet. Andrews was a pupil at King Edwards School, Birmingham, during this period he moved away from his familys church and was accepted for ordination in the Church of England. In 1896 Andrews became a deacon, and took over the Pembroke College Mission in south London, a year later he was made priest, and became Vice-Principal of Westcott House Theological College in Cambridge. In 1904 he joined the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and arrived there to teach philosophy at St. Stephens College, Andrews soon became involved in the activities of the Indian National Congress, and he helped to resolve the 1913 cotton workers strike in Madras. He helped Gandhi to organise an Ashram in Natal and publish his famous magazine, following the advice of several Indian Congress leaders and of Principal Susil Kumar Rudra, of St. Stephens College, Andrews was instrumental in persuading Gandhi to return to India with him in 1915. In 1918 Andrews disagreed with Gandhis attempts to recruit combatants for World War I, Andrews was elected President of the All India Trade Union in 1925 and 1927. Andrews developed a dialogue between Christians and Hindus and he spent a lot of time at Santiniketan in conversation with the poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore. He also supported the movement to ban the ‘untouchability of outcasts’, in 1925 he joined the famous Vaikom Satyagraha, and in 1933 assisted B. R. Ambedkar in formulating the demands of the Dalits, Andrews, along with Rabindranath Tagore, visited Sree Narayana Guru, a spiritual leader from Kerala, South India. Then he wrote to Romain Rolland, that I have seen our Christ walking on the shore of arabian sea in the attire of a hindu sanyasin and he and Agatha Harrison arranged for Gandhis visit to the UK. He accompanied Gandhi to the second Round Table Conference in London, helping him to negotiate with the British government on matters of Indian autonomy, the two visited numerous plantations and interviewed indentured labourers, overseers and Government officials and on their return to India also interviewed returned labourers. In their Report on Indentured Labour in Fiji Andrews and Pearson highlighted the ills of the indenture system, in 1917 Andrews made a second visit to Fiji, and although he reported some improvements, was still appalled at the moral degradation of indentured labourers. He called for an end to indenture, and the system of Indian indentured labour was formally abolished in 1920. In 1936, while on a visit to Australia and New Zealand, Andrews was invited to and visited Fiji again
32.
Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy
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Sir Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy, also popularly known as Sir C. R. Reddy, was an educationist and political thinker, essayist and economist, poet and literary critic. He wrote his works in Telugu and English, these reveal his love for Indian classics and his learning in these texts. Reddy was the educationalist who played a role in shaping the educational policy in India. He was also the recipient of a British Knighthood in honour of his service to the country and he was the founder of Andhra University and also served as its Vice-Chancellor from 1926 to 1931 and in a further second term from 1936 to 1949. Reddy was born in Cattamanchi, a suburb of Chittoor and he was the second son of Subramania Reddy who had built up a lucrative legal practice as a pleader in Chittoor and was known for his high sense of principles and right conduct. Reddy completed his school education in PCR High School in Chittoor with distinction in 1896. Rev Dr Miller was the principal of the college in which Dr Skinner was the professor of Philosophy, all of them were greatly impressed by Reddys performance as a student and noted the qualities of his sharp and incisive mind. Even while in college, he was noted for his Telugu scholarship and he got a prize for writing a story in Telugu verse, called Musalamma Maranamu. It had some features and was viewed as an avant-garde effort in the field of Telugu poetry. In 1901, he graduated with distinction in philosophy and history securing several University prizes, soon thereafter, he won a Government of India scholarship to study at the University of Cambridge in England. He joined St. Johns College at Cambridge in 1902, the college where the great English poet William Wordsworth had studied and his career at St Johns College, Cambridge, was no less distinguished than it had been at Madras Christian College. Apart from being a brilliant student, he made his mark as a speaker and debater. He was elected Secretary of the Liberal Club and later Vice-President of the Union Society and he was the first Indian student to be chosen for that office in the Union Society. When he was the Vice-President of the Union Society, John Maynard Keynes was the Secretary of the Union Society, on 31 October 1905, Reddy invited Gopal Krishna Gokhale to address the Union Society. Even as a student in Cambridge, Reddy campaigned on behalf of the Liberal Party in the Parliamentary Elections held in 1906 which swept the Liberal Party into power that year, many British politicians admired Reddys gifts of intellect and eloquence and predicted a great future for him. On his return to India in 1907, he joined Baroda college at Baroda as Vice-Principal in the vacated by Sri Aurobindo Gosh. He was a brilliant teacher and some of his students have left records about his wit. His next appointment was at Maharajas College, Mysore as professor of History in 1913 and he was then promoted as principal of the same college in 1916 and simultaneously appointed as Inspector General of Education in Mysore State
33.
Allahabad High Court
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The Allahabad High Court or the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is a high court based in Allahabad that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1869, making it one of the first high courts to be established in India, Allahabad became the seat of Government of North-Western Provinces and a High Court was established in 1834 but was shifted to Agra within a year. In 1868 it shifted back to Allahabad, the former High Court was located at the Accountant Generals office at the University of Allahabad complex. It was founded as the High Court of Judicature for the North-Western Provinces at Agra on 17 March 1866 by the Indian High Courts Act 1861 replacing the old Sadr Diwani Adalat. Sir Walter Morgan, Barrister-at-Law and Mr. Simpson were appointed the first Chief Justice, on 25 February 1948, the Chief Court of Oudh was amalgamated with the High Court of Allahabad. When the state of Uttaranchal, now known as Uttarakhand, was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000, Allahabad High court was built by Khan saheb Nizamuddin of Loha Mundi, Agra, India. He also donated the fountain to the High court. The seat of the court is at Allahabad, Allahabad High Court maintains a permanent circuit bench at Lucknow, the administrative capital of the state. The maximum number of serving judges is 160, the highest in India, Justice Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale is the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court. Private journals that report Allahabad High Court Judgements include Allahabad Criminal Cases, Allahabad Law Journal, jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts Judge strength in High Courts increased Official website History of Allahabad High Court
34.
Khushwant Singh
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Khushwant Singh was an Indian novelist, lawyer, journalist and politician. Born and raised in Hadali, Punjab, he studied law at St. Stephens College, Delhi, after working as a lawyer in Lahore Court for eight years, he joined the Indian Foreign Service upon the Independence of India from British Empire in 1947. He was appointed journalist in the All India Radio in 1951 and these last two careers encouraged him to pursue a literary career. As a writer, he was best known for his trenchant secularism, humour, sarcasm and his comparisons of social and behavioural characteristics of Westerners and Indians are laced with acid wit. He served as the editor of literary and news magazines. Between 1980-1986 he served as Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha, Khushwant Singh was decorated with the Padma Bhushan in 1974. But he returned the award in 1984 in protest against Operation Blue Star in which the Indian Army raided Amritsar, in 2007 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian award in India. Khushwant Singh was born in Hadali, Khushab District, Punjab and his father, Sir Sobha Singh, was a prominent builder in Lutyens Delhi. His uncle Sardar Ujjal Singh was previously Governor of Punjab and Tamil Nadu and he was educated at Modern School, New Delhi, Government College, Lahore, St. Stephens College in Delhi and Kings College London, before reading for the Bar at the Inner Temple. His birth name, given by his grandmother, was Khushal Singh and he was called by a pet name Shalee. At school his name earned him ridicule as other boys would mock at him with an expression, Shalee Shoolie, Khushwant Singh started his professional career as a practising lawyer in 1938. He worked at Lahore Court for eight years, in 1947 he entered Indian Foreign Service for the newly independent India. He started as Information Officer of the Government of India in Toronto and he was Press Attaché and Public Officer for the Indian High Commission for four years in London and Ottawa. In 1951 he joined the All India Radio as a journalist, between 1954 and 1956 he worked in Department of Mass Communication of the UNESCO at Paris. From 1956 he turned to editorial services and he founded and edited Yojana, an Indian government journal in 1951 -1953, The Illustrated Weekly of India, a newsweekly, and two major Indian newspapers, The National Herald and the Hindustan Times. During his tenure, The Illustrated Weekly became Indias pre-eminent newsweekly, after working for nine years in the weekly, on 25 July 1978, a week before he was to retire, the management asked Singh to leave with immediate effect. A new editor was installed the same day, after Singhs departure, the weekly suffered a huge drop in readership. In 2016 Khushwant Singh enters Limca Book of Records as a tribute, from 1980 to 1986, Singh was a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian parliament
35.
Rajya Sabha
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The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, however, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, in the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the houses members, the Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament, must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation. Must have their name present on the voters list, cannot be an insolvent, i. e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India. Should not be of unsound mind, must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament. In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in areas like arts. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution, the Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison. Money bills, as defined in the Constitution of India Act 110, when Lok Sabha passes a money bill, and transmits it to Rajya Sabha, Rajya Sabha has only fourteen days to return the bill to Lok Sabha. If Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill in fourteen days, also, if Lok Sabha rejects any of the amendments proposed by Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form Lok Sabha finally passes it. Hence, Rajya Sabha cannot stall, or amend, a bill without Lok Sabhas concurrence on the same. Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases, considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha, in Indian federal structure, Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature
36.
Ghanshyam Das Birla
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Ghanshyam Das G. D. Birla was an Indian businessman and member of the Birla Family. Ghanshyam Das Birla was born on 10 April 1894 at Pilani village, in the Indian state then known as Rajputana and his grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla, had diversified from the traditional Marwari business of moneylending against pawned items. He had left Pilani for Calcutta, using his modest capital to establish a dealership in cotton, the venture was successful and he came back to Pilani to build a mansion, which still stands by the name Birla Haveli. G. D. Birlas father, Baldeodas Birla, was adopted from the Navalgarh Birla family. He was involved in the so-called Rodda-Catridge affair and went underground for three months in 1916. In 1905, Ghanshyam was married to Durga Devi, daughter of Mahadev Somani, the Somani family hailed from Chirawa, a village not far from Ghanshyams native Pilani, and belonged to the same community Maheshwari as the Birlas. Just like the Birla brothers, Mahadev Somani had moved to Calcutta in pursuit of business, indeed, in future years, it was he who would teach the nuances of the Brokerage system to the young Ghanshyam. In 1909, Durga Devi gave birth to a son who was named Lakshmi Nivas Birla and she had contracted tuberculosis by this time, and she died in 1910. In 1912, Ghanshyam was married to Maheshwari Devi, daughter of Premsukhdas Karwa, the Karwa family hailed from the village of Gedha Ramshe in Marwad. Two sons and three daughters were born to Mahadevi, however, she also contracted the same disease as Durga Devi. By this time, Ghanshyam had educated himself on the causes and he moved Mahadevi and all the children to Solan, a hill-station in the Himalayas, in the care of a dedicated personal doctor. However, the worst could be delayed but not prevented, Mahadevi died in Solan on January 6,1926, leaving six children, including three children who were less than five years old. Although he was hardly into his 30s, Ghanshyam did not marry again, mahadevis death caused the children to be separated from their father also, as he could not raise six children single-handedly. Indeed, the children were split into two groups, the four children were sent to be raised in the household of Brij Mohan Birla. Birla inherited the business and moved to further diversify them into other areas. Of these, at least three contemporary family business groups existing in India today can trace their ancestry to him, of these businesses, he wanted to turn the moneylending business into manufacturing. So he left for Calcutta in Bengal Presidency, the worlds largest jute producing region, there, he began ndependently as a jute broker. He had to scale a number of obstacles as the British and Scottish merchants tried to shut his business by unethical and monopolistic methods, when World War I resulted in supply problems throughout the British Empire, Birlas business skyrocketed. With an investment of ₹5 million in 1919, the Birla Brothers Limited was formed, a mill was set up in Gwalior in the same year
37.
Amit Shah
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Amitbhai Anilchandra Amit Shah is an Indian politician from Gujarat and the current President of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Shah was elected as an MLA from Sarkhej in four elections,1997,1998,2002 and 2007. He is an associate of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. He is the MLA from Naranpura, elected in the 2012 elections, Shah was the BJPs in-charge for Indias largest and most politically crucial state, Uttar Pradesh, during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. The BJP and its allies swept the state, registering their best ever performance. As a result, Shah rose to prominence and was appointed as the partys national president in July 2014. Under his leadership, BJP achieved success in Legislative Assembly elections in Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand and Assam in 2014, but lost the elections in Delhi and Bihar in 2015. In 2017, he led the party towards landslide victory in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and marked the strong debut in Manipur. BJP also won 13 seats in Goa and now runs a coalition government with Manohar Parrikar as the CM for the 4th time. Amit Shah was born in Mumbai, in a well-to-do Jain Gujarati-baniya family and his father Anilchandra Shah, a businessman from Mansa, owned a successful PVC pipe business. He did his schooling in Mehsana and moved to Ahmedabad to study biochemistry at CU Shah Science College and he graduated with a B. Sc. degree in biochemistry, and then worked for his fathers business. He also worked as a stockbroker and in banks in Ahmedabad. Shah was involved with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since childhood, participating in the neighbourhood shakhas as a boy and he formally became an RSS swayamsevak during his college days in Ahmedabad. He first met Narendra Modi in 1982 through Ahmedabad RSS circles, at that time, Modi was an RSS pracharak, working as in-charge of youth activities in city. Amit Shah started his career as a leader of the student wing of the RSS. He joined BJP in 1986, one year before Modi joined the party and he became an activist of BJPs youth wing Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha in 1987. He then gradually rose in the BJYM hierarchy, holding various posts including that of secretary, taluka secretary, state secretary, vice-president. He campaigned for Lal Krishna Advani in Gandhinagar during the 1991 Lok Sabha elections, in 1995, BJP formed its first government in Gujarat, with Keshubhai Patel as the Chief Minister
38.
Arvind Kejriwal
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Arvind Kejriwal is an Indian politician who is the Chief Minister of Delhi since February 2015. He previously served as Chief Minister from December 2013 to February 2014 and he is the national convener of the Aam Aadmi Party. His party won the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections with a majority, Kejriwal is a graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and worked in the Indian Revenue Service as a Joint Commissioner of the Income Tax Department in New Delhi. The same year, after resigning from the IRS, he donated his Magsaysay award money as a fund to found the Public Cause Research Foundation. In 2012, he launched the Aam Aadmi Party, and the party won in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, following the election, he took office as the Chief Minister of Delhi on 28 December 2013. On 14 February 2015, he was sworn in as Chief Minister for a term after his partys victory in the Delhi Assembly election. Kejriwal was born in an upper middle-class educated family in Siwani, Bhiwani district, Haryana on 16 August 1968 and his father was an electrical engineer who graduated from the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, and whose work led to many changes in the familys residence. Kejriwal spent most of his childhood in north Indian towns such as Sonepat, Ghaziabad and he was educated at Campus School in Hisar and at a Christian missionary Holy Child School at Sonipat. In 1985 he took IIT-JEE exam and scored All India Rank of 563 and he graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, majoring in mechanical engineering. He joined Tata Steel in 1989 and was posted in Jamshedpur, Kejriwal resigned in 1992, having taken leave of absence to study for the Civil Services Examination. He spent some time in Kolkata, where he met Mother Teresa, Kejriwal joined the IRS as an Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax in 1995 after qualifying through the Civil Services Examination. In November 2000, he was granted two years leave to pursue higher education on condition that upon resuming his work he would not resign from the Service for at least three years. Failure to abide by that condition would require him to repay the salary given during the leave period. According to Kejriwal, he was not given any posting for almost a year, for the next 18 months, Kejriwal was on sanctioned unpaid leave. In February 2006, he resigned from his position as Joint Commissioner of Income Tax in New Delhi, the Government of India claimed that Kejriwal had violated his original agreement by not working for three years. The dispute ran for years until, in 2011, it was resolved when he paid his way out of the Service with the help of loans from friends. Kejriwal paid ₹927,787 as dues, but stated that this should not be considered as an admission of fault, after joining politics, Kejriwal claimed in 2013 that he had chosen public service over earning crores as an Income Tax Commissioner. This led to a controversy, with the IRS association pointing out that he has never promoted to the rank of Commissioner of Income Tax
39.
Narendra Modi
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Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child and he was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left home after graduating school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi traveled around India for two years, and visited a number of religious centres and he returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, the RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary. Modi was appointed minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patels failing health. Modi was elected to the assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots, or otherwise criticised for its handling of it and his policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise, and several industrial projects were begun during his tenure. His administration has been criticised for failing to improve health, poverty. Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission and he has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district and he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben Modi. Modis family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli community, which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government, as a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus. Modi completed his secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student. Modi had a gift for rhetoric in debates, and this was noted by his teachers. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image, when eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and began attending its local shakhas
