1.
Kyoto
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Kyoto is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a close to 1.5 million. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital, in Japanese, the city has been called Kyō, Miyako, or Kyō no Miyako. In the 11th century, the city was renamed Kyoto, after the Chinese word for capital city, after the city of Edo was renamed Tokyo in 1868, and the seat of the Emperor was transferred there, Kyoto was known for a short time as Saikyō. Obsolete spellings for the name include Kioto, Miaco and Meaco. Another term commonly used to refer to the city in the period was Keishi. His last choice for the site was the village of Uda, the new city, Heian-kyō, a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Changan, became the seat of Japans imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. The city suffered destruction in the Ōnin War of 1467–1477. Battles between samurai factions spilled into the streets, and came to involve the court nobility and religious factions as well, nobles mansions were transformed into fortresses, deep trenches dug throughout the city for defense and as firebreaks, and numerous buildings burned. The city has not seen such widespread destruction since, Hideyoshi also built earthwork walls called odoi encircling the city. Teramachi Street in central Kyoto is a Buddhist temple quarter where Hideyoshi gathered temples in the city, throughout the Edo period, the economy of the city flourished as one of three major cities in Japan, the others being Osaka and Edo. The Hamaguri rebellion of 1864 burnt down 28,000 houses in the city, the modern city of Kyoto was formed on April 1,1889. The construction of Lake Biwa Canal in 1890 is one taken to revive the city. The population of the city exceeded one million in 1932, stimson, Secretary of War in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, the city was removed from the list of targets and replaced by Nagasaki. The city was spared from conventional bombing as well, although small-scale air raids did result in casualties. As a result, the Imperial City of Kyoto is one of the few Japanese cities that still have an abundance of prewar buildings, however, modernization is continually breaking down the traditional Kyoto in favor of newer architecture, such as the Kyōto Station complex. Kyoto became a city designated by government ordinance on September 1,1956, in 1997, Kyoto hosted the conference that resulted in the protocol on greenhouse gas emissions that bears the citys name. Kyoto is located in a valley, part of the Yamashiro Basin, in the part of the mountainous region known as the Tamba highlands
2.
Chiptune
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Chiptune, also known as chip music or 8-bit music, is synthesized electronic music which is made for programmable sound generator sound chips used in vintage computers, consoles, and arcade machines. The term also refers to tracker format music which sounds similar to older PSG-created music and music that combines PSG sounds with modern musical styles. By the early 1980s, personal computers became less expensive and more accessible than they had previously been and this led to a proliferation of outdated personal computers and game consoles that had been abandoned by consumers as they upgraded to newer machines. They were in low demand by consumers as a whole, and not difficult to find, while it has been a mostly underground genre, chiptune has had periods of moderate popularity in the 1980s and 21st century, and has influenced the development of electronic dance music. The terms chip music and chiptune refer to music made by the sound chips found within early gaming systems, a waveform generator is a fundamental module in a sound synthesis system. A waveform generator usually produces a basic geometrical waveform with a fixed or variable timbre, common waveform generator configurations usually included two or three simple waveforms and often a single pseudo-random-noise generator. Available waveforms often included pulse wave, square wave, triangle wave, two notable examples of systems employing this technology comprise the Game Boy and the Commodore 64. The Game Boy uses two pulse channels, a channel for 4-bit PCM playback, and a pseudo-random-noise generator, the Commodore 64, however, used the MOS Technology SID chip which offered 3 channels, each switchable between pulse, saw-tooth, triangle, and noise. Unlike the Game Boy, the channels on the Commodore 64 allowed full control over wave duty cycles. The SID was a technically advanced chip, offering many other features including ring modulation. Due to limited number of voices in those primitive chips, one of the challenges is to produce rich polyphonic music with them. The usual method to emulate it is via quick arpeggios, which is one of the most relevant features of chiptune music, the earliest precursors to chip music can be found in the early history of computer music. In 1951, the computers CSIRAC and Ferranti Mark 1 were used to perform real-time synthesized digital music in public. One of the earliest commercial computer music albums came from the First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival, held August 25,1978, the First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival recordings were published by Creative Computing in 1979. The Global TV program Science International credited a PDP-11/10 for the music, Chiptune music began to appear with the video game music produced during the golden age of video arcade games. An early example was the tune in Tomohiro Nishikados arcade game Gun Fight. The first video game to feature continuous background music was Rally-X. It was also one of the earliest games to use a converter to produce sampled sounds
3.
Dub music
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Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s, and is commonly considered a subgenre, though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae. Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, Dub was pioneered by Osbourne King Tubby Ruddock, Lee Scratch Perry, Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s. Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre, similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy. These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon the mixing console as an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. Dub has influenced many genres of music, including rock, pop, hip hop, disco, and later house, techno, ambient, electronic dance music, the verb dub is defined as making a copy of one recording to another. The term dub had multiple meanings in Jamaica around the time of the musics origin, in concert, the order dub this one. Meant put an emphasis on bass and drums, drummer Sly Dunbar points to a similar interpretation, relating the term dubwise to using only drums and bass. Another possible source was the term dub plate, as suggested by Augustus Pablo, the word duppy also relates to dub through Jamaicas history of intra-racial terror, violence, and murder that is often overlooked in favor of Jamaican ideologies of racial solidarity. The ghosts of these victims, or duppies, are thought to be captured best within the dub instrumentals, a version is a record with the vocals removed, the alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to toast over. These versions were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements, the instrumental tracks are typically drenched in sound effects such as echo, reverberation, with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. Another hallmark of the dub sound is the prominent use of bass guitar, the music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be augmented by live DJs. There is usually an organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created. Often these tracks are used for toasters rapping heavily rhymed and alliterative lyrics, in forms of sound system based reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the DJ or deejay, and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the selector. A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic, a producer could use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment, Dub music and toasting introduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other, in 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator Rudolph Ruddy Redwood went to Duke Reids Treasure Isle studio to cut a one-off dub plate of The Paragons hit On The Beach. Engineer Byron Smith left the track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result
4.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
5.
Creatures (company)
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Creatures Inc. is a Japanese video game development company affiliated with The Pokémon Company. It was founded by Tsunekazu Ishihara in November 1995, with the assistance of Nintendos Satoru Iwata and it is well known for producing Pokémon trading cards and toys, as well as developing many video games. Its current president is Hirokazu Tanaka, who was known for producing and composing various other Nintendo games. The company has its headquarters on the floor of the Gobancho KU Building in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Ape Inc. was founded in March 1989 and Shigesato Itoi became its executive officer. Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi had wanted to support new talent in game design, liking Itois work, he proposed the idea of the company to Itoi and invested in it. Apes staff included Tsunekazu Ishihara, who became the Pokémon Companys CEO, and Ashura Benimaru Itoh. They began work on Mother, which released in July and its music was composed by Hip Tanaka, who later became the second CEO of Creatures. The team continued work on Mother 2. When the project began to falter, Satoru Iwata of HAL Laboratories was brought in to help the project, the game was released in August 1994 and the Ape team dismantled. Creatures, Inc. was established on November 8,1995 under CEO Tsunekazu Ishihara, previously Creatures had its headquarters on the 7th floor of the Nintendo Kanda Building in Sudachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo. At a later point it was headquartered in the fifth floor annex of the kawasakiteitoku Building in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Creatures are also well known for making Pokémon card games and toys for the Pokémon Franchise. The official Japanese website Creatures Inc
6.
Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
7.
Nintendo
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Nintendo Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo is one of the worlds largest video game companies by market capitalization, founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small businesses, such as cab services. The word Nintendo can be translated from Japanese to English as leave luck to heaven. From 1992 until 2016, Nintendo was also the majority shareholder of Major League Baseballs Seattle Mariners, as of 31 March 2014, Nintendo has cumulative sales of over 670.43 million hardware units and 4.23 billion software units. The company has created and released some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, Nintendo was founded as a card company in late 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the produced and marketed a playing card game called Hanafuda. The handmade cards soon became popular, and Yamauchi hired assistants to mass-produce cards to satisfy demand, in 1949, the company adopted the name Nintendo Karuta Co. Ltd. doing business as The Nintendo Playing Card Co. outside Japan. Nintendo continues to manufacture playing cards in Japan and organizes its own contract bridge tournament called the Nintendo Cup. In 1956, Hiroshi Yamauchi, grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi, visited the U. S. to talk with the United States Playing Card Company and he found that the biggest playing card company in the world was using only a small office. Yamauchis realization that the card business had limited potential was a turning point. He then acquired the license to use Disney characters on playing cards to drive sales, in 1963, Yamauchi renamed Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. to Nintendo Co. Ltd. The company then began to experiment in other areas of business using newly injected capital during the period of time between 1963 and 1968, Nintendo set up a taxi company called Daiya. However, Nintendo was forced to sell it because problems with the unions were making it too expensive to run the service. It also set up a hotel chain, a TV network. All of these ventures failed, and after the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, playing card sales dropped. In 1966, Nintendo moved into the Japanese toy industry with the Ultra Hand, Yokoi was moved from maintenance to the new Nintendo Games department as a product developer. Nintendo continued to produce toys, including the Ultra Machine, Love Tester
8.
Third generation of video game consoles
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In the history of computer and video games, the third generation began on July 15,1983, with the Japanese release of both the Family Computer and SG-1000. The best-selling console of this generation was the NES/Famicom, followed by the Master System, although the previous generation of consoles had also used 8-bit processors, it was at the end of this generation that home consoles were first labeled by their bits. This also came into fashion as 16-bit systems like the Mega Drive/Genesis were marketed to differentiate between the generations of consoles, in Japan and North America, this generation of gaming was primarily dominated by the Famicom/NES, while the Master System dominated the European and Brazilian markets. The end of the 3rd generation of video games comes as 8-bit consoles become obsolete in graphics, some features that distinguished third generation consoles from most second generation consoles include, D-pad game controllers. Screen modes with resolutions up to 256×240 or 320×200, 25–32 colors on screen, from a palette of 53–256 colors. Tile-based playfields with smooth multi-directional hardware scrolling, advanced hardware scrolling, including multi-directional scrolling, diagonal scrolling, and line-scrolling. 64–100 sprites on screen, each with 4–16 colors and 8×8 to 16×16 pixel sizes, up to five channel mono PSG audio. The Family Computer became very popular in Japan during this era, the Famicoms Western counterpart, the Nintendo Entertainment System, dominated the gaming market in North America, thanks in part to its restrictive licensing agreements with developers. The company had an estimated 65% of 1987 hardware sales in the market, Atari Corporation had 24%, Sega had 8%. Nintendo sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years, as Computer Gaming World reported in 1992, No matter how fast your 486 is, you still cant play Super Mario XVII on it. The kids who dont have access to videogames are as culturally isolated as the kids in our own generation whose parents refused to buy a TV, Nintendos market domination, while overwhelming in sheer number of units sold, was not global. Although the NES dominated the market in Japan and North America, Segas Master System made large inroads in Europe, Oceania and Brazil, the Atari 7800 also had a fairly successful life in the United States. Sega was Nintendos main competitor during the era in terms of market share for console units sold, in the following generation, Nintendo would also introduce the Game Boy, which almost single-handedly solidified and then proceeded to dominate the previously scattered handheld market for 15 years. Since the Game Boys release, Nintendo had dominated the handheld market, additionally two popular 8-bit computers, the Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC, were repackaged as the Commodore 64 Games System and Amstrad GX4000 respectively, for entry into the console market. This era contributed many influential aspects to the history of the development of video games, the third generation saw the release of many of the first console role-playing video games. Editing and censorship of video games was used in localizing Japanese games to North America. During this era, many of the most famous video game franchises of all time were founded that outlived the third generation, some examples are Super Mario Bros. Final Fantasy, The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Quest, Metroid, Mega Man, Metal Gear, Castlevania, Phantasy Star, Megami Tensei, Ninja Gaiden, the third generation also saw the dawn of the childrens educational console market
9.
Fourth generation of video game consoles
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In the history of computer and video games, the fourth generation of games consoles began on October 30,1987 with the Japanese release of NEC Home Electronics PC Engine. This generation saw strong console wars, Nintendo was able to capitalize on its previous success in the third generation and managed to win the largest worldwide market share in the fourth generation as well. Sega was extremely successful in this generation and began a new franchise, Sonic the Hedgehog, several other companies released consoles in this generation, but none of them were widely successful. Nevertheless, several companies started to take notice of the maturing video game industry. This generation ended with the discontinuation of the Neo Geo in 2004 and it launched in North America during August 1989, under the name TurboGrafx-16. Initially, the PC Engine was quite successful in Japan, partly due to titles available on the then-new CD-ROM format, NEC released a CD add-on in 1990 and by 1992 had released a combination TurboGrafx and CD-ROM system known as the TurboDuo. In the United States, NEC used Bonk, a caveman, as their mascot. The TurboGrafx-16 failed to maintain its sales momentum or to make an impact in North America. The TurboGrafx-16 and its CD combination system, the Turbo Duo, ceased manufacturing in North America by 1994, though a small amount of software continued to trickle out for the platform. In Japan, a number of adult titles were also available for the PC Engine, such as a variety of strip mahjong games. The Mega Drive was released in Japan on October 29,1988, the console was released in New York City and Los Angeles on August 14,1989 under the name Sega Genesis, and in the rest of North America later that year. It was launched in Europe and Australia on November 30,1990 under its original name and their advertising was often directly adversarial, leading to commercials such as Genesis does what Nintendont and the SEGA. scream. Segas version of Mortal Kombat received generally favorable reviews in the gaming press. With the new ESRB rating system in place, Nintendo reconsidered its position for the release of Mortal Kombat II, the Toy Retail Sales Tracking Service reported that during the key shopping month of November 1994, 63% of all 16-bit video game consoles sold were Sega systems. The console was never popular in Japan, but still managed to sell 40 million units worldwide, by late 1995, Sega was supporting five different consoles and two add-ons, and Sega Enterprises chose to discontinue the Mega Drive in Japan to concentrate on the new Sega Saturn. Nintendos fourth-generation console, the Super Famicom, was released in Japan on November 21,1990, the machine reached North America as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System on August 23,1991, and Europe and Australia in April 1992. Later titles such as Star Fox and Donkey Kong Country would keep the Super Famicom/SNES relevant well into the fifth generation era of 32-, the CD-i format was announced in the late 80s, with the first machines compatible with the format being released in 1991. The Phillips CD-i main selling point was that it was more than a game machine, due to an agreement between Nintendo in Philips about an abortive CD add-on for the SNES, Philips also had rights to use some of Nintendo franchises
10.
Nintendo Entertainment System
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The Nintendo Entertainment System is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The best-selling gaming console of its time, the NES helped revitalize the US video game following the video game crash of 1983. With the NES, Nintendo introduced a business model of licensing third-party developers, authorizing them to produce. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer on July 15,1983, and was released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics and it was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In 2009, the Nintendo Entertainment System was named the single greatest video game console in history by IGN and it was judged the second greatest console behind the Sega Dreamcast in PC Magazines Top 10 Video Game Consoles of All Time. Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a console called the Famicom. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Perhaps we could say it is a family computer, meanwhile, Hiroshi Yamauchi decided that the console should use a red and white theme after seeing a billboard for DX Antenna which used those colors. Original plans called for the Famicoms cartridges to be the size of a cassette tape, careful design attention was paid to the cartridge connectors since loose and faulty connections often plagued arcade machines. As it necessitated taking 60 connection lines for the memory and expansion, the controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons. There were concerns regarding the durability of the design and that children might step on joysticks left on the floor. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use, ultimately though, they installed a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an optional arcade-style joystick could be used. Uemura added an eject lever to the slot which was not really necessary. He also added a microphone to the controller with the idea that it could be used to make players voices sound through the TV speaker. The console was released on July 15,1983 as the Family Computer for ¥14,800 alongside three ports of Nintendos successful arcade games Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr. and Popeye. The Famicom was slow to gather momentum, a bad chip set caused the release of the system to crash. Following a product recall and a reissue with a new motherboard, the deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983
11.
Game Boy
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It is the first handheld console in the Game Boy line and was created by Satoru Okada and Nintendo Research & Development 1. This same team, led by Gunpei Yokoi at the time, is credited with designing the Game & Watch series as well as popular games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Redesigned versions were released in 1996 and 1998 in the form of Game Boy Pocket and Game Boy Light, the Game Boy is Nintendos second handheld system following the Game & Watch series introduced in 1980 and it combined features from both the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game & Watch. It was either bought as a unit or bundled with the puzzle game Tetris. During its early lifetime, the Game Boy mainly competed with Segas Game Gear, Ataris Lynx, the Game Boy beat its rivals and became a tremendous success. The Game Boy and its successor, the Game Boy Color, have sold over 118 million units worldwide, upon the Game Boys release in the United States, it sold its entire shipment of one million units within a few weeks. The Game Boy and Game Boy Color were discontinued in the early 2000s in favor of the subsequent Game Boy Advance, the Game Boy has four operation buttons labeled A, B, SELECT, and START, as well as a directional pad. There is a control dial on the right side of the device. At the top of the Game Boy, a sliding on-off switch, the on-off switch includes a physical lockout to prevent users from either inserting or removing a cartridge while the unit is switched on. Nintendo recommends users leave a cartridge in the slot to prevent dust, the Game Boy also contains optional input and/or output connectors. On the left side of the system is an external 3. 5mm x 1. 35mm DC power supply jack that allows users to use a rechargeable battery pack or AC adapter instead of four AA batteries. The Game Boy requires 6 V DC of at least 150 mA, a 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack is located on the bottom side of the unit which allows users to listen to the audio with the bundled headphones or external speakers. The right-side of the device offers a port which allows a user to connect to another Game Boy system via a link cable, the port can also be used to connect a Game Boy Printer. The link cable was designed for players to play head-to-head two-player games such as in Tetris. However, game developer Satoshi Tajiri would later use the cable technology as a method of communication. CPU Custom 8-bit Sharp LR35902 at 4.19 MHz and this processor is similar to an Intel 8080 in that none of the registers introduced in the Z80 are present. However, some of the Z80s instruction set enhancements over the 8080, still other instructions are unique to this particular flavor of 8080/Z80 CPU. The IC also contains integrated sound generation, the unit only has one speaker, but headphones provide stereo sound Display, Reflective STN LCD160 ×144 pixels Frame Rate, Approx
12.
NES Zapper
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The NES Zapper, also known as The Gun or Beam Gun in Japan, is an electronic light gun accessory for the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Japanese Famicom. It was released in Japan for the Famicom on February 18,1984, the Zapper allows players to aim at the television set display and shoot various objects that appear on the screen such as ducks, clay pigeons, targets, cowboys, criminals or other objectives. The Zapper is used on supported NES games, such as Duck Hunt, the Zapper could also be used on the title screens of games to move the cursor—done by pointing the device away from the screen and pulling the trigger—or starting the game. It was released in Japan for the Famicom on February 18,1984, the Famicom version of the NES Zapper resembled a revolver-style handgun. The Zapper was first released in North America in October 1985 as a title with the NES. The North American version of the NES Zapper resembled a futuristic science fiction ray gun with a color matching the NES. In North America, it was included in the Nintendo Action Set, a bundle that contained the NES console, the NES Zapper, the Zapper was also available for purchase separately. There are three light gun accessories that were licensed by Nintendo. In North America, Bondwell released the Deluxe Sighting Scope, an accessory for the NES Zapper, under the brand name QuickShot, the scope snapped onto the top of the NES Zapper to give players a more precise view of where they would be firing. In 1990, Konami released the LaserScope, a variation of the NES Zapper. It is voice-activated, firing a shot whenever the wearer says fire, the headset also functions as headphones for the NES. The headset also includes an eyepiece with a crosshair that sits in front of the right eye. It was designed for the game Laser Invasion, but works with any game compatible with the NES Zapper, in the United States, Laser Invasion came with a coupon for a $5 discount for the LaserScope. Nexoft released The Dominator ProBeam, a version of the NES Zapper. It has a scope with crosshairs, uses infrared and is heavier than the NES Zapper. When the trigger on the Zapper is pressed, the causes the entire screen to become black for one frame. Then, on the frame, all valid targets that are on screen are drawn all white as the rest of the screen remains black. The Zapper detects this change from low light to bright light, if a target is hit, the game determines which one was hit based on the duration of the flash, as each target flashes for a different duration
13.
Game Boy Camera
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It is compatible with all of the Game Boy platforms. The camera can take 256×224, black & white digital images using the 4-color palette of the Game Boy system and it interfaced with the Game Boy Printer, which utilized thermal paper to print any saved images, making a hardcopy. N64 Magazine dedicated a section to the device. The Game Boy Camera comes in five different standard colors, blue, green, red, yellow, the devices software has numerous references to other Nintendo products. Also, there are a few differences between the North American and Japanese versions, including the unlockable B album pictures and the stamps that can be placed on pictures. The Game Boy Camera was featured in the 1999 edition of Guinness World Records for being the worlds smallest digital camera, Nintendo has had built-in cameras with the DSi and 3DS. There are three options available on the main menu screen, Shoot, View, and Play. Hot-Spot allows users to link together by clicking on certain spots of the picture. This can be used in a number of creative ways, for example, it could be used for creating a game where a player can go from one photo of a room in a house to another by pressing certain spots on the photos. The location of the hot-spots are customizable by accessing the Special menu via the Select options, in this mode, up to five one-eyed blobs can be placed on each picture, which become invisible hot-spots during Hot-Spot mode. Each blob can be programmed to send the player to a different photo and include a visual transition, the Japanese version of the device is optionally integrated into the Mario Artist suite of multimedia games for the 64DD peripheral. Users can create drawn and 3D-animated avatars of themselves based on photographs taken with the camera, Play is a built-in Space Fever II minigame, which is the sequel to the Space Fever arcade game created by Nintendo. At the beginning of the game, two spaceships appear, one marked with a B and one with a D, shooting the B ship will send players to the Ball minigame. Shooting the D ship will send players to DJ mode, a music video game. By avoiding both of the ships, the player will begin playing Space Fever II, after scoring 2,000 points in Space Fever II, a new minigame called Run. Once unlocked, a new ship marked with a. will appear alongside the B and D ships at the beginning of new game of Space Fever II. Ball is a game, in which the player moves his or her hand around to catch. It is very similar to the Game & Watch game of the same name, interestingly, the background music to this game is Mayim Mayim, an Israeli folk song
14.
Game Boy Printer
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The Game Boy Printer, known in Japan as the Pocket Printer, is a thermal printer accessory released by Nintendo in 1998, which ceased manufacture in early 2003. The Game Boy Printer is compatible all the Game Boy systems except the Game Boy Micro. It also prints images from compatible late-generation Game Boy and Game Boy Color games and it runs on six AA batteries and uses a special 3.8 cm wide thermal paper with adhesive backing, sold in white, red, yellow and blue colors. In Japan, a bright yellow Pokémon version of the Game Boy Printer was released, mad Catz sells a kit that enables users to connect a Game Boy to a PC and print images using the PCs printer. Hobbyists outside the UK can also make their own cable for uploading images to their computer, a Game Boy Printer emulator is needed for the Game Boy to interface with the PC once linked via cable. The Game Boy Printer Paper has also discontinued, and rolls of the genuine article that still produce a reliable image are becoming more difficult to find. Regular thermal paper, such as the used for POS terminals, can be cut to the proper width. The system will print a test message reading Hello if it is turned on while the button is held. According to the manual, this is used to test if the printer is functioning properly, to get around using six AA batteries for the printer, a single 9V battery can be used if wired properly, because the printer requires 9V DC. A roll of the American Game Boy Printer paper came in red, blue, yellow and white and it had a width of 38mm and a diameter of 30mm, with a 12mm cardboard spindle in the centre. A typical roll had 390–400 cm of length, when a picture printed from the Game Boy Camera, it would print with a.5 cm margin above and below the picture and print the picture at a 2.3 cm height. This would give the total of 3.3 cm height per picture, the Game Boy Printer paper refills boasted up to 180 pictures per roll. With the math the typical roll could only take 118 pictures, the paper is now hard to find, it could be substituted with a 1. 5-inch-wide thermal paper without repercussions on the printer
15.
Metroid (video game)
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Metroid is an action-adventure video game, and the first entry in the Metroid series. The game was re-released for the Game Boy Advance in October 2004, and for the Wii Virtual Console in Europe in July 2007, in North America in August 2007, and in Japan in March 2008. Metroid was produced by Gunpei Yokoi, directed by Satoru Okada and Yoshio Sakamoto, the games style, focusing on exploration and the search for power-ups that are used to reach previously inaccessible areas, influenced other video games. Its varied endings for fast completion times made it a game for speedrunning. Nintendo Power ranked Metroid 11th on their list of the best video games made on a Nintendo video game console, on Top 100 Games lists, Metroid was ranked 7th by Game Informer and 69th by Electronic Gaming Monthly. Metroid is a game in which the player controls Samus Aran in sprite-rendered two-dimensional landscapes. The game takes place on the planet Zebes, a large, the player controls Samus Aran as she travels through the planets caverns and hunts Space Pirates. She begins with a power beam as her only weapon. The player explores more areas and collects power-ups that grant Samus special abilities and enhance her armor and weaponry, in addition to common enemies, Samus encounters two bosses, Kraid and Ridley, whom she must defeat in order to progress. Ordinary enemies typically yield additional energy or ammunition when destroyed, once Kraid and Ridley have both been defeated, the player can open the path to the final area and confront the Mother Brain. Chronologically, Metroid takes place first in the fictional Metroid universe, Space Pirates attack a Galactic Federation-owned space research vessel and seize samples of Metroid creatures. Dangerous floating organisms, Metroids can latch on to any organism, the Space Pirates plan to replicate Metroids by exposing them to beta rays and then using them as biological weapons to destroy all living beings that oppose them. While searching for the stolen Metroids, the Galactic Federation locates the Space Pirates base of operations on the planet Zebes, the Federation assaults the planet, but the Pirates resist, forcing the Federation to retreat. Considered the greatest of all bounty hunters, Samus Aran is chosen for the mission, Samus lands on the surface of Zebes and explores the planet, travelling through the planets caverns. She eventually comes across Kraid, an ally of the Space Pirates, and Ridley, the Space Pirates commander, eventually, Samus finds and destroys Mother Brain. She then places a bomb to destroy the lair and must escape before it explodes. The game was dubbed Metroid, which is a portmanteau of the words metro and it was co-developed by Nintendos Research and Development 1 division and Intelligent Systems, and produced by Gunpei Yokoi. Metroid was directed by Satoru Okada and Yoshio Sakamoto, and featured music written by Hirokazu Tanaka, makoto Kano was tasked to create the scenario, and Hiroji Kiyotake, Hirofumi Matsuoka and Yoshio Sakamoto designed the games characters
16.
Kid Icarus
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Kid Icarus is an action platform video game for the Family Computer Disk System in Japan and the Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and North America. The first entry in Nintendos Kid Icarus series, it was published in Japan in December 1986 and it was later re-released for the Game Boy Advance in Japan during 2004, and for the Wiis Virtual Console online service in 2007. A sequel to this game was released for the Game Boy in 1991, the plot of Kid Icarus revolves around protagonist Pits quest for three sacred treasures, which he must equip to rescue the Grecian fantasy world Angel Land and its ruler, the goddess Palutena. The player controls Pit through platform areas while fighting monsters and collecting items and their objective is to reach the end of the levels, and to find and defeat boss monsters that guard the three treasures. The game was developed by Nintendos Research and Development 1 division, and co-developed with TOSE and it was designed by Toru Osawa and Yoshio Sakamoto, directed by Satoru Okada, and produced by Gunpei Yokoi. Despite its mixed reception, Kid Icarus is a cult classic. Reviewers praised the game for its music and its mixture of elements from different genres. It was included in lists of the best games compiled by IGN. After the release of the Game Boy sequel Kid Icarus, Of Myths and Monsters in 1991 and it was eventually revived with a 3D shooter for the Nintendo 3DS, titled Kid Icarus, Uprising, after Pits inclusion as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Kid Icarus is a platformer with role-playing elements. The player controls the protagonist Pit through two-dimensional levels, which contain monsters, obstacles and these upgrades will work only if Pits health is high enough. The game keeps track of the score, and increases Pits health bar at the end of a level if enough points were collected. Throughout the stages, the player may enter doors to seven different types of chambers. Stores and black markets offer items in exchange for hearts, which are left behind by defeated monsters, treasure chambers contain items, enemy nests give the player an opportunity to earn extra hearts, and hot springs restore Pits health. In the gods chamber, the strength of Pits bow and arrow may be increased depending on several factors, such as the number of enemies defeated, in the training chamber, Pit will be awarded with one of the three power items if he passes a test of endurance. The game world is divided into three stages – the underworld, the world and the sky world. Each stage encompasses three unidirectional area levels and a fortress, the areas of the underworld and sky world stages have Pit climb to the top, while those of the surface world are side-scrolling levels. The fortresses at the end of the stages are labyrinths with non-scrolling rooms, in which the player must find, within a fortress, Pit may buy a check sheet, pencil and torch to guide him through the labyrinth
17.
Super Mario Land
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Super Mario Land is a 1989 side-scrolling platform video game developed and published by Nintendo as a launch title for their Game Boy handheld game console. It is the first Mario platform game ever to be released for a handheld console, unlike other Mario games, Super Mario Land is set in Sarasaland, a new environment depicted in line art, and Mario pursues Princess Daisy. The game introduces two Gradius-style shooter levels, at Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchis request, Game Boy creator Gunpei Yokois Nintendo R&D1 developed a Mario game to sell the new console. It was the first portable version of Mario and the first to be made without Mario creator, accordingly, the development team shrunk Mario gameplay elements for the device and used some elements inconsistently from the series. Super Mario Land was expected to showcase the console until Nintendo of America bundled Tetris with new Game Boys, the game launched alongside the Game Boy first in Japan and later worldwide. Super Mario Land was later rereleased for the Nintendo 3DS via Virtual Console in 2011 again as a launch title, reviews for the game were laudatory. Reviewers were satisfied with the smaller Super Mario Bros. but noted its short length and they considered it among the best of the Game Boy launch titles. The handheld console became a success and Super Mario Land ultimately sold over 18 million copies. Both contemporaneous and retrospective reviewers praised the games soundtrack, the game begot a series of sequels, including the 1992 Super Mario Land 2,6 Golden Coins and 1994 Wario Land, Super Mario Land 3, whom the later would spun-off into its own sub-series. The game was included in several top Game Boy game lists, in Super Mario Land, Mario travels to Sarasaland to save Princess Daisy from Tatanga, an evil spaceman. Two of the twelve levels are forced-scrolling Gradius-style shooters where Mario helms a submarine or airplane. Levels end with a challenge to reach an alternative exit located above the regular exit. The former leads to a bonus minigame that awards extra lives or a Fire Flower power-up, unlike other Mario games, which take place in the Mushroom Kingdom, Super Mario Land is set in Sarasaland and drawn in line art. Mario pursues Princess Daisy, in her debut, rather than the series damsel in distress, Princess Peach. Some elements recur from previous Mario games, such as suspended in midair, pipes that lead to other areas. Super Mario Land was developed by Nintendo R&D1 and published by Nintendo in 1989 as a title for their Game Boy handheld console. The job fell to Nintendo R&D1, a development team led by Game Boy inventor Gunpei Yokoi, Yokoi had previously created the Game & Watch series and worked with his protégé, Shigeru Miyamoto, on the game that invented Mario, Donkey Kong. Super Mario Land was the fourth Super Mario title, the first portable Mario game, absent Miyamotos direction, the development team used elements new and inconsistent with the series as Super Mario Land shrunk elements of the series to fit the portable devices small screen
18.
Tetris (Game Boy)
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Tetris is a puzzle video game for the Game Boy released in 1989. It is a version of Alexey Pajitnovs original Tetris and it was bundled in the North American and European releases of the Game Boy itself. It was the first game compatible with the Game Link Cable, a colorized remake of the game was released on the Game Boy Color entitled Tetris DX. A Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console version of Tetris was released in December 2011 and it was delisted from the Nintendo eShop after December 31,2014. The Game Boy version of Tetris plays identically to versions of Tetris released on other platforms, a pseudorandom sequence of tetrominoes – shapes composed of four square blocks each – fall down the playing field. The object of the game is to manipulate these tetrads, by moving each one sideways and rotating it by 90-degree units, when one or more such lines are created, they disappear, and the blocks above move down by the number of lines cleared. As in most standard versions of Tetris, blocks do not automatically fall into open gaps when lines are cleared, as the game progresses, the tetrominoes fall faster. The game ends when at least part of a tetromino extends beyond the top of the playfield when setting in place. The player can see which block will appear next in a window off to the side of the playing field. Points are awarded based on the current level and number of lines cleared, the level increases each time the player clears ten lines, as does the speed of falling tetrominoes. The player may adjust the difficulty before beginning a game by selecting a starting level and/or choosing to pre-fill the play area with a number of lines of randomly placed blocks. This version of Tetris includes a mode, in which each players objective is to remain in play for longer than his or her opponent. Each player plays on their own Game Boy, with the two connected via the Game Link Cable. During gameplay, when a player scores a Double, Triple or Tetris, one or more rows of blocks are added to the bottom of their opponents stack. In 1988, computer game publisher Henk Rogers noticed the game at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show in a Spectrum HoloByte booth. Rogers was told to pursue the rights, and secured them from both Spectrum HoloByte and Atari-spinoff company Tengen, who had secured a license at the time. He additionally approached Robert Stein, who had secured permission for both companies to distribute Tetris through company Mirrorsoft, to seek rights for it to be distributed with the Game Boy. However, after several months passed Stein had not produced the rights for the Game Boy, requesting more time from Arakawa, he traveled to Moscow to speak with the USSRs Ministry of Software and Hardware Export and Pajitnov
19.
Mother (video game)
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Mother, later released outside Japan as EarthBound Beginnings, is a role-playing video game developed by Ape and published by Nintendo for the Famicom. The game is modeled on the gameplay of the Dragon Quest series, Mother follows the young Ninten as he uses his great-grandfathers studies on psychic powers to fight hostile, formerly inanimate objects and other enemies. The game uses random encounters to enter a menu-based, first-person perspective battle system and it is the first game in the Mother series and was followed by two sequels, EarthBound in 1994 and Mother 3 in 2006. The games writer and director, Shigesato Itoi, pitched the concept to Shigeru Miyamoto while visiting Nintendos headquarters for other business. Though Miyamoto denied the proposal at first, he eventually gave Itoi a development team, the game was released in Japan on July 27,1989. A North American version was localized into English, but was abandoned as commercially nonviable, a copy of this prototype was later found and circulated on the Internet under the unofficial, fan-created title EarthBound Zero. The game was released worldwide under the name EarthBound Beginnings for the Wii U Virtual Console on June 14,2015. Reviewers noted the similarities with the Dragon Quest series and its simultaneous parody of the genres tropes. They considered the sequel, EarthBound, very similar and a better overall implementation of Mothers gameplay ideas. Critics also noted the high level of difficulty and issues of balance. Mother sold 150,000 copies and received a Silver Hall of Fame score from Japanese reviewer Weekly Famitsu, jeremy Parish of 1UP. com wrote that Mother importantly generated interest in video game emulation and the historical preservation of unreleased games. The game was rereleased in Japan on the single-cartridge compilation Mother 1+2 for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. Mother is a single-player, role-playing video game set in a slightly offbeat, the game eschews traits of its Japanese role-playing game contemporaries, it is not set within the fantasy genre and only enters science fiction for its final sequence. The player fights in warehouses and laboratories instead of in standard dungeons, instead of swords, assault weapons, and magic, the player uses baseball bats, toy guns, and psychic abilities. The games protagonist, Ninten, is about 12 years old, like the Dragon Quest series, Mother uses a random encounter combat system. The player explores the overworld from a perspective and occasionally enters a first-person perspective battle sequence where the player chooses attack options from a series of menus. On their turn, the player selects between options to fight, guard, check enemy attributes, run away, use items, or use offensive, defensive, the player can also set the battle on autopilot with the auto option. Critical hits register with the series signature SMAAAASH text and sound, the player can press a button to have Ninten check or talk with nearby people, animals, and objects
20.
Dr. Mario
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Dr. Mario is a 1990 Mario arcade-style action puzzle video game produced by Gunpei Yokoi and designed by Takahiro Harada. Nintendo developed and published the game for the Nintendo Entertainment System, the games soundtrack was composed by Hirokazu Tanaka. The game focuses on the player character Mario, who assumes the role of a doctor and is tasked with eradicating deadly viruses. In this falling block puzzle game, the objective is to destroy the viruses populating the on-screen playing field by using colored capsules that are dropped into the field. The player manipulates the capsules as they fall so that they are aligned with viruses of matching colors, the player progresses through the game by eliminating all the viruses on the screen in each level. Dr. Mario received positive reception, appearing on several Best Nintendo Games of All Time lists, modified versions of Dr. Mario exist as minigames in WarioWare, Inc. Brain Age 2, More Training in Minutes a Day. and Brain Age, Dr. Mario is a falling block tile-matching video game, in which Mario assumes the role of a doctor, dropping two-colored medical capsules into a medicine bottle representing the playing field. This area is populated by viruses of three colors, red, yellow, and blue, the main objective is to complete levels, which is accomplished by eliminating all viruses from the playing field. A game over occurs if capsules fill up the field in a way that obstructs the bottles narrow neck. Players can select the degree of starting difficulty any time a new game is started, the initial level chosen is a value between zero and twenty that determines the number of viruses to clear, and the three-game speed options change how fast the capsules fall in the bottle. The players score is based solely on the elimination of viruses, if players complete the highest difficulty level, they can continue playing to accumulate a higher score, but the number of viruses to clear remains the same. The game speed is also a factor in how the game calculates scoring, Dr. Mario offers a multiplayer gaming mode in which two players compete against each other in separate playing fields. In this mode, the goal is to clear their own playing field of viruses before the other player does. Eliminating multiple viruses or initiating chain reactions can cause additional capsules to fall onto the playing field. A player wins a game upon eliminating all the viruses or if the other playing field fills up. The first player to win three games wins overall, Dr. Mario was produced by Gunpei Yokoi, creator of the Game Boy and Game & Watch handheld systems, and designed by Takahiro Harada, who also acted as producer of the Metroid series. The games music, later re-used and arranged in such as Super Smash Bros. Melee, was composed by Hirokazu Tanaka, who became president of Creatures Inc. an affiliate of Nintendo that owns one-third of the copyright regarding the Pokémon franchise
21.
EarthBound
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As Ness and his party of four, the player travels the world to collect melodies en route to defeating the evil alien force Giygas. EarthBound released in Japan in August 1994, and in North America the next June, the game had a lengthy development period that spanned five years. Its making involved a number of Japanese luminaries, including writer Shigesato Itoi, musician/songwriter Keiichi Suzuki, sound designer Hirokazu Tanaka, Itoi, who directed the game, wanted it to reach non-gamers with its intentionally goofy tone. It was heavily marketed upon release via a campaign which sardonically proclaimed this game stinks. Initial reviewers had little praise for EarthBound in the United States, critics attribute this to a combination of the games simple graphics, the satirical marketing campaign, and a lack of market interest in the genre. In the ensuing years, a fan community spawned which advocated for the series. Starting in 1999, Ness became a character in each of the Super Smash Bros. series of video games which furthered public knowledge of EarthBound. Eventually, the game received critical acclaim, and was deemed by many to be a timeless classic. A Japan-only sequel, Mother 3, was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2006, in 2013, EarthBound was reissued and given a worldwide release for the Wii U Virtual Console following many years of fan lobbying, marking its debut in many territories including Europe. Along the way, the player battles against enemies and the party receives experience points for victories. If enough experience points are acquired, a level will increase. This pseudo-randomly increases the attributes, such as offense, defense. Rather than using a map screen like most console RPGs of its era. Another non-traditional element is the used for the world. The game uses oblique projection, while most 2D RPGs use a top view on a grid or an isometric perspective. Unlike its predecessor, EarthBound does not use random encounters, when physical contact occurs between a character and an enemy, the screen dissolves into battle mode. In combat, characters and enemies possess an amount of HP. Blows to an enemy reduce the amount of HP, once an enemys HP reach zero, that enemy is defeated
22.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
23.
Osaka
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Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan. Historically a merchant city, Osaka has also known as the nations kitchen. Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins comprise shell mounds, sea oysters. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a land with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular, by the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, in 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka, making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, although the capital was moved to Asuka in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato, Korea, and China. Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, in 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583, Osaka was long considered Japans primary economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class. Over the course of the Edo period, Osaka grew into one of Japans major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and its popular culture was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780 Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki, in 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the citys unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century, jippenisha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, Edo writers by contrast saw zeeroku as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. The modern municipality was established in 1889 by government ordinance, with an area of 15 square kilometres, overlapping todays Chūō. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres, Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the Manchester of the Orient, the rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves
24.
Sly and Robbie
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Sly and Robbie are a prolific Jamaican rhythm section and production duo, associated primarily with the reggae and dub genres. Drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare teamed up in the mid-1970s after establishing themselves separately in Jamaica as professional musicians, speaking on his influences, Sly explains “My mentor was the drummer for The Skatalites, Lloyd Knibb. And I used to listen a lot to the drummer for Booker T. & the M. G. s, Al Jackson Jr. and a lot of Philadelphia. And there are other drummers in Jamaica, like Santa and Carly from The Wailers Band, Winston Bennett, Paul Douglas, I respect all these drummers and have learnt a lot from them. From them, I listened and created my own style and they played some things I copied, other things I recreated. ”Sly and Robbie first worked together with The Revolutionaries for the newly created Channel One studio and label, operated by the Hoo Kim brothers. According to The Independent, their album was The Mighty Diamonds 1976 release Right Time. Then when it go to number 1 and stay there, everybody started trying for that style, Sly and Robbie were important in developing the trend towards computer-assisted music and programming in the mid-1980s. It also produced a number 12 hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1987 with Boops which Robbie Williams later sampled for his single Rudebox. In the early 1990s, Sly and Robbie introduced a sound with the hits Bam Bam. Chaka Demus rough DJ vocals were matched with Pliers sweet, melodic, soul-influenced singing and this formula has since been used with great success by the likes of Shaggy, Shabba Ranks, Maxi Priest and others. This predates the trend in some rap music where a hook or chorus is sung by a guest. In the Bam Bam style, Dunbar introduced Indian tabla sounds in his drum beats, Sly & Robbie continued to innovate during the late 1990s and early 2000s, fusing dancehall and Latin music sounds or dancehall and hip hop/R&B. They had a second UK top 40 hit in 1997, with the collaboration with Simply Red on a cover of Gregory Isaacs Night Nurse, in 1999, their Strip to the Bone album paired them with Scottish electro producer Howie B, and together they explored new dub territories. Their 1999 single Superthruster from this became a mainstream hit. The animated video depicted Sly and Robbie in battlesuits chasing a harlequin through a technological complex, as the video progresses, the harlequin turns out to be a marionette directed by the real villain. The early scene involving the Harlequin marionette bears at least a passing resemblance to Sven Väths 1994 animated cult-video Harlequin. Superthruster was released on vinyl and as a DVD single, its February 1999 release date making it one of or even the first DVD single ever to go on sale and they won a Grammy Award in 1999 for the album Friends. In 2003 they compiled and mixed a DJ mix album, Late Night Tales, Sly & Robbie, fresh, Carlos Santana, Sinéad OConnor, and others
25.
Electronic engineering
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The discipline typically also designs passive electrical components, usually based on printed circuit boards. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is one of the most important, Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject. An academic degree with a major in engineering can be acquired from some universities. The term electrical engineer is used in the academic world to include electronic engineers. The term power engineering is used as a descriptor in that industry, Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from technological improvements in the telegraph industry in the late 19th century and the radio and the telephone industries in the early 20th century. People were attracted to radio by the fascination it inspired, first in receiving. Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only amateurs in the period before World War I, in the interwar years, the subject was known as radio engineering and it was only in the late 1950s that the term electronic engineering started to emerge. The tuner circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out all, in designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first construct circuit schematics that specify the electrical components and describe the interconnections between them. When completed, VLSI engineers convert the schematics into actual layouts, the conversion from schematics to layouts can be done by software but very often requires human fine-tuning to decrease space and power consumption. Once the layout is complete, it can be sent to a plant for manufacturing. Today, printed circuit boards are found in most electronic devices including televisions, computers, signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking, telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a channel such as a co-axial cable, optical fiber or free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a wave in order to shift the information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, the choice of modulation affects the cost and performance of a system and these two factors must be balanced carefully by the engineer. Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems and these two are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver. A key consideration in the design of transmitters is their consumption as this is closely related to their signal strength. If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signals information will be corrupted by noise, control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern cars
26.
Space Firebird
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For the Osamu Tezuka anime, see Phoenix 2772. Space Firebird is a 1980 arcade game developed by Nintendo R&D1, players guide a ship through deep space, while encountering spherical objects that appears to look like a bunch of comets or shooting stars. They suddenly change into creatures called Firebirds as you get closer to them. As a Space Ship Commander, players must seek out and destroy three kinds of Firebirds in three missions, the names of the Firebirds are Gulls, Eagles and the Mighty Emperor. The Emperor is destroyed by four hits, the Eagle with two hits and the Gull with one hit, the Eagles drop bombs that are aimed at sabotaging the ship controlled by players. When hit, the bomb scatters deadly shrapnel, to avoid this from happening, players must destroy the bomb from directly beneath it before it crashes. Besides shooting missiles, the ship also uses the warp mode that can only be used once in every level to escape impending danger and/or to strike out at a flock of birds. When activated, the ship thrusts into space with a shield that deflects enemy fire. Players also use this for close range combat, a year later, a remake of Space Firebird titled Space Demon was released by Nintendo and was licensed to Fortek. In this arcade game, a larger than the one in Space Firebird becomes lost and falls victim to the horrifying Space Demon. Players have to battle their way through the Demons forces by shooting all of the satanic enemies including the Space Demon as they appear on the screen. Like Space Firebird, Space Demon also allows players to make the main ship dodge from left to right and use the Warp Shield once every mission to zoom ahead, Space Firebird at MAWS Space Firebird at arcade-history. com Space Firebird at NinDB Space Demon at MAWS
27.
Donkey Kong (video game)
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Donkey Kong is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981. It is an example of the platform game genre, as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles. In the game, Mario must rescue a damsel in distress named Pauline, the hero and ape later became two of Nintendos most popular and recognizable characters. Donkey Kong is one of the most important titles from the Golden Age of Video Arcade Games, the game was the latest in a series of efforts by Nintendo to break into the North American market. Hiroshi Yamauchi, Nintendos president at the time, assigned the project to a video game designer named Shigeru Miyamoto. The two men broke new ground by using graphics as a means of characterization, including cutscenes to advance the games plot, regardless of initial doubts by Nintendos American staff, Donkey Kong succeeded commercially and critically in North America and Japan. Nintendo licensed the game to Coleco, who developed home console versions for numerous platforms, other companies cloned Nintendos hit and avoided royalties altogether. Miyamotos characters appeared on boxes, television cartoons, and dozens of other places. A lawsuit brought on by Universal City Studios, alleging Donkey Kong violated their trademark of King Kong, the success of Donkey Kong and Nintendos victory in the courtroom helped to position the company for video game market dominance from its release in 1981 until the late 1990s. Winning the game requires patience and the ability to accurately time Marios ascent, in addition to presenting the goal of saving Pauline, the game also gives the player a score. The player typically receives three lives with an awarded for the first 7,000 points, although this can be modified via the games built in DIP switches. One life is lost whenever Mario touches Donkey Kong or any object, falls too far through a gap or off the end of a platform. The game is divided into four different single-screen stages, each represents 25 meters of the structure Donkey Kong has climbed, one stage being 25 meters higher than the previous. The final stage occurs at 100 meters, stage one involves Mario scaling a construction site made of crooked girders and ladders while jumping over or hammering barrels and oil drums tossed by Donkey Kong. Stage two involves climbing a five-story structure of conveyor belts, each of which transport cement pans, the third stage involves the player riding elevators while avoiding bouncing springs. The final stage involves Mario removing eight rivets which support Donkey Kong, removing the final rivet causes Donkey Kong to fall and the hero to be reunited with Pauline. These four stages combine to form a level, upon completion of the fourth stage, the level then increments, and the game repeats the stages with progressive difficulty. For example, Donkey Kong begins to hurl barrels faster and sometimes diagonally, the victory music alternates between levels 1 and 2
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Mario
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Mario is a fictional character in the Mario video game franchise, owned by Nintendo and created by video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Serving as the mascot and the eponymous protagonist of the series. Depicted as a short, pudgy, Italian plumber who resides in the Mushroom Kingdom and his younger brother and sidekick is Luigi. The Mario franchise is the video game franchise of all time. Over 210 million units of the overall Mario series of games have been sold, Marios Time Machine and Mario Teaches Typing. The franchise has branched into several mediums, including television shows, film, comics, since 1995, Mario has been voiced by Charles Martinet. Originally, Miyamoto wanted to create a game that used the characters Popeye, Bluto. At the time, however, Miyamoto was unable to acquire a license to use the characters, so he ended up making a player character, Donkey Kong. In the early stages of Donkey Kong, Mario was unable to jump, however, Miyamoto enabled Mario to jump, saying If you had a barrel rolling towards you, what would you do. While the protagonist was unnamed in the Japanese release, he would be named Jumpman in the games English instructions, Miyamoto originally named the character Mr. Video, and he was to be used in every video game Miyamoto developed. Following a heated argument in which the Nintendo employees eventually convinced Segale he would be paid, Miyamoto commented that if he had named Mario Mr. Video, Mario likely would have disappeared off the face of the Earth. By Miyamotos own account, Marios profession was chosen to fit with the game design, since Donkey Kong was set on a construction site, Mario was made into a carpenter. When he appeared again in Mario Bros. it was decided he should be a plumber, other sources have Marios profession chosen to be carpenter in an effort to depict the character as an ordinary hard worker, and make it easier for players to identify with him. Due to the limitations of arcade hardware at the time, Miyamoto clothed the character in red overalls and a blue shirt to contrast against each other. A red cap was added to let Miyamoto avoid drawing the characters hairstyle, forehead, to this end, he originally called the character Mr. Video, comparing his intent to have Mario appear in later games to the cameos done by Alfred Hitchcock within Hitchcocks films. Over time, Marios appearance has become more defined, blue eyes, white gloves, brown shoes, the colors of his shirt and overalls were also reversed from a blue shirt with red overalls to a red shirt with blue overalls. Miyamoto attributed this process to the different development teams and artists for each game as well as advances in technology as time has gone on, Nintendo did not initially reveal Marios full name. In a 1989 interview it was stated not to be Mario Mario despite the implication of the Mario Bros. series title, the first notable use of Mario Mario was in the 1993 live-action film adaptation
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Speech synthesis
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Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer. A text-to-speech system converts normal language text into speech, other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech, synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units, a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, for specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the vocal tract, the quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with visual impairments or reading disabilities to listen to words on a home computer. Many computer operating systems have included speech synthesizers since the early 1990s, a text-to-speech system is composed of two parts, a front-end and a back-end. The front-end has two major tasks, first, it converts raw text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of written-out words. This process is called text normalization, pre-processing, or tokenization. The front-end then assigns phonetic transcriptions to each word, and divides and marks the text into prosodic units, like phrases, clauses, the process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called text-to-phoneme or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and prosody information together make up the symbolic representation that is output by the front-end. The back-end—often referred to as the converts the symbolic linguistic representation into sound. In certain systems, this includes the computation of the target prosody. Long before the invention of electronic signal processing, some tried to build machines to emulate human speech. Some early legends of the existence of Brazen Heads involved Pope Silvester II, Albertus Magnus, there followed the bellows-operated acoustic-mechanical speech machine of Wolfgang von Kempelen of Pressburg, Hungary, described in a 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well as vowels, in 1837, Charles Wheatstone produced a speaking machine based on von Kempelens design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the Euphonia. In 1923 Paget resurrected Wheatstones design, in the 1930s Bell Labs developed the vocoder, which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on the vocoder, Homer Dudley developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer called The Voder, dr. Franklin S. Cooper and his colleagues at Haskins Laboratories built the Pattern playback in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950
30.
Hiroshi Yamauchi
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Hiroshi Yamauchi was a Japanese businessman. He was the president of Nintendo, joining the company in 1949 until stepping down on May 31,2002. As of April 2013, Forbes estimated Yamauchi’s net worth at $2.1 billion, he was the 13th richest person in Japan, in 2008, Yamauchi was Japan’s wealthiest person with a fortune at that time estimated at $7.8 billion. At the time of his death, Yamauchi was the largest shareholder at Nintendo, Yamauchi was born in Kyoto, where he was sent to a preparatory school at age twelve. He planned to study law or engineering, but World War II disrupted his studies, since he was too young to fight, he was put to work in a military factory. Once the war ended in 1945, Yamauchi went to Waseda University to study law, with the absence of Yamauchi’s father, who had abandoned his son and wife, Kimi, his grandparents met to arrange the marriage. In 1947, Yamauchis grandfather, the incumbent president of Nintendo, as he had no other immediate successor, he asked Yamauchi to come immediately to Nintendo to assume the position of president. He had to leave Waseda University to do so, Yamauchi would only accept the position if he were the only family member working at Nintendo. Reluctantly, Yamauchis grandfather agreed, and died shortly thereafter, under the agreement, his older cousin had to be fired. Due to his age and total lack of management experience, most employees did not take Yamauchi seriously. Soon after taking over, he had to deal with a strike by employees who expected him to cave in easily. Instead, he asserted his authority by firing many employees who questioned his authority. He had the name changed to Nintendo Karuta and established its new headquarters in Kyoto. Yamauchi led Nintendo in a notoriously imperialistic style and he was the sole judge of potential new products, and only a product that appealed to him and his instincts went on the market. He was the first to introduce the plastic Western playing card into the Japanese market, Western playing cards were still a novelty in Japan and the public associated them with Western-styled gambling games such as poker and bridge. Most gambling activities were technically illegal by default only a few legally sanctioned exceptions. Therefore, the market for anything which was associated with gambling, including Hanafuda, was limited, Yamauchi’s first hit came when he made a licensing agreement with Walt Disney in 1959 for his plastic playing cards. Nintendo targeted its playing cards as a tool for party games that the family could enjoy
31.
Shigeru Miyamoto
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Shigeru Miyamoto is a Japanese video game designer and producer, currently serving as the co-Representative Director of Nintendo. Miyamoto originally joined Nintendo in 1977, when the company was beginning its foray into video games and his games have been seen on every Nintendo video game console, with his earliest work appearing on arcade machines in the late 1970s. Prior to the promotion, he formerly managed Nintendos Entertainment Analysis & Development software division, Miyamoto was born in the Japanese town of Sonobe, a rural town northwest of Kyoto, on November 16,1952. His parents were of modest means, and his father taught the English language, from an early age, Miyamoto began to explore the natural areas around his home. On one of expeditions, Miyamoto came upon a cave. Miyamotos expeditions into the Kyoto countryside inspired his work, particularly The Legend of Zelda. Miyamoto graduated from Kanazawa Municipal College of Industrial Arts with a degree in industrial design and he also had a love for manga and initially hoped to become a professional manga artist before considering a career in video games. He was influenced by mangas classical kishōtenketsu narrative structure, as well as Western genre television shows, the title that inspired him to enter the video game industry was the 1978 arcade hit Space Invaders. Nintendo, a relatively small Japanese company, had traditionally sold playing cards and other novelties, although it had started to branch out into toys, through a mutual friend, Miyamotos father arranged an interview with Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi. After showing some of his toy creations, Miyamoto was hired in 1977 as an apprentice in the planning department, Miyamoto went on to become the companys first artist. He helped create the art for the companys first original coin-operated arcade video game and he first helped the company develop a game with the 1980 release Radar Scope. In an effort to keep the company afloat, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi decided to convert unsold Radar Scope units into a new arcade game and he tasked Miyamoto with the conversion, about which Miyamoto has said self-deprecatingly said that no one else was available to do the work. Nintendos head engineer, Gunpei Yokoi, supervised the project, Miyamoto imagined many characters and plot concepts, but eventually settled on a love triangle between a gorilla, a carpenter, and a girl. He meant to mirror the rivalry between comic characters Bluto and Popeye for the woman Olive Oyl, although Nintendo could not gain the rights to a Popeye adaptation, Bluto evolved into an ape, a form Miyamoto claimed was nothing too evil or repulsive. This ape would be the pet of the character, a funny. Miyamoto also named Beauty and the Beast and the 1933 film King Kong as influences, Donkey Kong marked the first time that the formulation of a video games storyline preceded the actual programming, rather than simply being appended as an afterthought. Miyamoto had high hopes for his new project, but lacked the skills to program it himself, instead, he conceived the games concepts. He wanted to make the different sizes, move in different manners
32.
Donkey Kong 3
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Donkey Kong 3 is the third video game in the original Donkey Kong series by Nintendo. It was released simultaneously for the arcades and Family Computer. The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in North America on July 14,2008, although it is a sequel, this title is a departure in gameplay from previous titles. Donkey Kong has taken refuge in his greenhouse and it is now up to Stanley to stop the ape from stirring up any insects that will soon destroy his flowers. Stanley saves the flowers by spraying bug spray on Donkey Kong, the game is a shooter which incorporates ideas from Space Firebird, an earlier Nintendo arcade game, and adapts them into a new setting. Donkey Kong hangs from vines at the center of the screen, Stanley can fire bug spray at both Donkey Kong and insects flying around the levels. A level is completed by continually using bug spray on Donkey Kong, forcing him to the top of the screen, a super spray can on the vines falls down when Donkey Kong is sprayed past it. The super spray only lasts for a number of shots. It only appears at the start of each life, the insects are buzzbees, beespies, queen bees, creepy caterpillars, butterflies, beetles, moths, beebombs and vine eaters. Some of the flying insects attempt to pick up the flowers at the bottom of the screen and this decreases the bonus at the end of the round. There are three levels which repeat in a fixed sequence, Computer and Video Games said that the games fast action and superior sound effects made Donkey Kong 3 a sure hit in arcades. IGN gave the Virtual Console version a 6.0 out of 10, describing it as a departure from the previous Donkey Kong games. Stanley the Bugman made an appearance in an episode of the Donkey Kong segment of Saturday Supercade titled Greenhouse Gorilla, melee and a sticker in Super Smash Bros. In 1984, Hudson Soft adapted Donkey Kong 3 to the Japanese-only NEC PC-8801, NEC PC-6601 and this game is significantly different from the arcade original or its NES port. While the object to shoot Donkey Kong up in the air remains, this version features 20 new outdoor backgrounds such as a bridge, Planet Saturn, a desert, after the player has completed the 20th stage, the game loops back at stage 21. Stanley can only move left to right and is no longer able to jump. A VS. series Game & Watch version of the game has different gameplay. Players can only hold up to three amounts of spraying liquid in their spray cans, on one player mode, the higher player one as Stanley scores, the faster the spraying liquid on the side of computer player as Donkey Kong drops
33.
Wrecking Crew (video game)
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Wrecking Crew is a 1985 action game developed and published by Nintendo. It was designed by Yoshio Sakamoto and released as a title for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The player controls Mario and attempts to destroy all of a set of objects with a large hammer on each of 100 levels. Mario cannot jump because of the hammers weight, the player can select any level to start on from the title screen. Each level takes place on a divided into an invisible grid. Objects include destructible walls, pillars, and ladders, indestructible barrels and ladders, bombs that destroy all connected destructible objects, doors may also exist, which can be opened to cause enemies to move harmlessly into the background. The player starts the game with five lives and loses a life whenever Mario comes in contact with an enemy or fireball, the game is over when all lives are lost. The game can also be aborted at any time, and must be aborted if Mario becomes trapped in a barrel, destroying multiple objects in a row scores extra bonus points, and occasionally bonus items may appear that Mario can collect. Wrecking Crew also features a level editor, which allows the player to design up to four levels, when the game was released for Virtual Console in North America, the save and load features were re-enabled using system storage but the 3DS Virtual Console version cant use these features. Wrecking Crew was designed by Yoshio Sakamoto, hirokazu Tanaka composed the games music. A piece of music was remixed for use in the Nintendo GameCube video game Dance Dance Revolution, the Golden Hammer music from Wrecking Crew was later used in the Wii video game Super Smash Bros. Brawl and plays every time a fighter grabs a Golden Hammer, there are also two pieces of music used in Super Smash Bros. For Wii U, one that is a medley of the soundtrack. On December 31,1985, Nintendo released a version of this game, titled Vs. Wrecking Crew. Wrecking Crew was re-released in 1989 on the Family Computer Disk System, Wrecking Crew was also released on the Virtual Console for the Wii U system on June 19,2013 in Japan and on June 20,2013 in North America and Europe. All Virtual Console versions support saving levels designs, which was not possible in the NES version of the game, Wrecking Crew 98 is an action puzzle game released exclusively in Japan in 1998 for the Super Famicoms Nintendo Power download game service and later for the Super Famicom itself. The game is a sequel to the original, which is included as a bonus in the game, each player must try to demolish as many panels as they can on their side, until the opponents side is completely piled up, to win. The games story mode features Mario returning to the Mushroom Kingdom from a trip, the construction is depriving the flora of sunlight and thus, Mario decides to demolish the new construction sites with his hammer
34.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
35.
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)
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Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band is a song written by Paul McCartney, and first recorded and released in 1967, on the album of the same name by the Beatles. The song appears twice on the album, as the opening track, Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, the penultimate track. As the title song, the lyrics introduce the band that performs on the album. Since its original release, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band has also released on various Beatles singles. This then led to the Sgt, Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band concept, as well as the song. The groups road manager, Neil Aspinall, suggested the idea of Sgt, pepper being the compère, as well as the reprise at the end of the album. According to his diaries, Evans may have contributed to the song. John Lennon attributed the idea for Sgt, pepper to McCartney, although the song is officially credited to Lennon–McCartney. The Beatles recorded the track in Abbey Roads studio 2, with George Martin producing, work on the song started on 1 February 1967, and after three further sessions the recording was completed on 6 March 1967. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album, the song opens to the sound of an audience, and an orchestra tuning up. The crowd sounds edited into the song were recorded in the early 1960s by Martin, the songs structure is, Introduction Verse Bridge Refrain Bridge Verse Instrumental bridge and transition into With a Little Help from My Friends. The song is in G major, with a 4/4 meter, a horn quartet was used to fill out the instrumental sections. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band is a repeat of the opening song at a faster tempo with heavier instrumentation. The track opens with McCartneys count-in, between 2 and 3, Lennon jokingly interjects Bye, in addition, McCartney overdubbed a Hammond organ part onto the track. While the first version of the song had stayed largely in the key of G major, the idea for a reprise was Aspinalls, who thought that as there was a welcome song, there should also be a goodbye song. The song contains broadly the same melody as the opening version, at 1,18, it is one of the Beatles shorter songs. The reprise was recorded on 1 April 1967, two months after the version that opens the album, at the end of the track, Martins pre-recorded applause sample segues into the final track of the album, A Day in the Life
36.
Birdy (film)
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Birdy is a 1984 American drama film and adaptation of William Whartons 1978 novel of the same name. Directed by Alan Parker, the film stars Matthew Modine and Nicolas Cage, the film focuses on the friendship between Birdy and Al Columbato, two teenage boys living in a working-class neighborhood in 1960s Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The story is told in flashbacks, with a story depicting their traumatic experiences upon serving in the Vietnam War. Following the novels publication, Parker initially turned down an opportunity to helm an adaptation, the project resurfaced in 1982 when A&M Films, a newly established film division of A&M Records, acquired the film rights and commissioned Sandy Kroopf and Jack Behr to write the script. Upon reading the script, Parker returned as the director. The films principal photography began in May 1984 and concluded in August of that year, filming took place on locations in Philadelphia and Santa Clara, California. Birdy is notable for being the first film to be shot with the Skycam. The films score was composed by Peter Gabriel, Tri-Star Pictures intended to give Birdy a platform release which involved opening the film in select cities before expanding distribution in the following weeks. Although it received positive reviews, the films failure to garner any award nominations resulted in Tri-Star cancelling a wide release scheduled for late January 1985. Birdy was a box office bomb, grossing only $1.4 million against a budget of $12 million, following its release, the film won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury prize at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. The two begin pursuing Birdys hobby of catching pigeons and caging them in a large, wooden aviary that he has built outside his parents home, one night, they climb atop a refinery building, where Birdy hangs on the ledge to catch the pigeons roosting on it. Birdy loses his grip and falls several stories, but lands on a pile of sand, slightly dazed, he tells Al that during the fall, he flew. After Birdy is hospitalized for injuries, his parents dismantle the aviary. Birdy concedes to Als wishes of pursuing another venture, after they purchase a 1953 Ford and restore it, Als father, Mr. Columbato, registers the vehicle. Al drives Birdy to an Atlantic City boardwalk, but are arrested the day after Mr. Columbato reports the car stolen. After bailing the boys out of jail, Mr. Columbato sells the vehicle, Birdy later confronts him, claiming that the car was not his to sell, and refuses a sum of money offered to him on principle. Birdy builds a new aviary in his bedroom and purchases two canaries and he names the female Perta and the male Alfonso after his friend. Upon returning to school, Birdy encounters a classmate, Doris Robinson, at the prom, Birdy dances unenthusiastically with Doris, leaving her confused and humiliated
37.
Music school
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A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department, Music instruction can be provided within the compulsory general education system, or within specialized childrens music schools such as the Purcell School. Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools, in Venezuela El Sistema of youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools called núcleos. In other parts of Europe, the equivalents of higher school of music or university of music may be used, although music and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history is speculative. Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with music, but the Torah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. ”This has led some scholars to believe that the prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men. The schola cantorum in Rome may be the first recorded school in history. The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys, wells Cathedral School, England founded as a Cathedral School in 909 a. d. to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists. However the school appears to have been refounded at least once, Saint Martial school, 10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at the Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges. It is known for the composition of tropes, sequences, in this respect, it was an important precursor to the Notre Dame School. It was the Notre Dame school which was the earliest repertory of polyphonic music to gain international prestige, the school was a group of composers and singers working under the patronage of the great Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. First records on Escolania de Montserrat, boys choir linked to a school, back to 1307. The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, the term conservatory has its origin in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, where orphanages were attached to hospitals. The orphans were given an education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools. These hospitals-conservatories were among the first secular institutions equipped for training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a role in the training of artists. In the city of Naples, a conservatorio was strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. The second half of the 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro, Boston, Baltimore and Chicago, Havana, and Buenos Aires
38.
Metric modulation
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In music, metric modulation is a change in pulse rate and/or pulse grouping which is derived from a note value or grouping heard before the change. The term modulation invokes the analogous and more familiar term in analyses of tonal harmony, in both terms, the pivoting value functions differently before and after the change, but sounds the same, and acts as an audible common element between them. Metric modulation was first described by Richard Franko Goldman while reviewing the Cello Sonata of Elliott Carter, another synonymous term is proportional tempi. A technique in which a pattern is superposed on another, heterometrically. Usually, such time signatures are mutually prime, e. g.44 and 38, thus the change of the basic meter decisively alters the numerical content of the beat, but the minimal denominator remains constant in duration. A tempo modulation causes a change in the relationship between the perceived beat subdivision and all potential subdivisions belonging to the new tempo. Benadon has explored some compositional uses of tempo modulations, such as tempo networks, metric modulations are generally notated as note value = note value. For example, This notation is normally followed by the new tempo in parentheses. The phrase listesso tempo was used for what may now be notated with metric modulation markings, for example,24 to 68, will be marked listesso tempo, indicating the beat is the same speed. Towards a Theory of Tempo Modulation, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition, August 3rd–7th,2004, Evanston, Illinois, edited by S. D. Lipscomb, 563–66. Evanston, IL, Northwestern University, School of Music, Sydney, Australia, perspectives of New Music 45, no. In A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes, second edition, edited by Richard Kostelanetz, senior editor, Douglas Puchowski, assistant editor, paperback reprint, New York and London, Routledge,2001. Temporal Process, Repetition, and Voice in Björks Medúlla, performing Twentieth-Century Music, A Handbook for Conductors and Instrumentalists. In Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, edited by Gary Wittlich, 208–69, metric Mutation and Modulation, The Nineteenth-Century Speculations of F. -J. Journal of Music Theory 44, no, the Evolution of Elliott Carters Rhythmic Practice. Perspectives of New Music 26, no, an Unwritten Metrical Modulation in Brahmss Intermezzo in E minor, op. Cunningham, Michael G. Technique for Composers, any Time at All, The Beatles Free Phrase Rhythms. In The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles, edited by Kenneth Womack, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press
39.
The Carpenters
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The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter. Producing a distinctively soft musical style, they one of the best-selling music artists of all time. During their 14-year career, The Carpenters recorded 11 albums,31 singles, five television specials, and their career ended in 1983 by Karens death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia. Extensive news coverage surrounding the circumstances of her death increased public awareness of eating disorders, the Carpenters had three No.1 singles and five No.2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No.1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart. In addition, they had twelve top 10 singles, to date, The Carpenters album and single sales total more than 100 million units. Richard Carpenter was the force behind the Carpenters sound. An accomplished keyboard player, composer and arranger, Richard Carpenter was called by music critic Daniel Levitin one of the most gifted arrangers to emerge in popular music. In a period when music was dominated by heavy rock. Most of Richards arrangements were classical in style, with frequent use of strings and occasional brass, by use of multi-tracked recordings, Richard was able to use Karen and himself for the harmonies to back Karens lead. The overdubbed background harmonies were distinctive to the Carpenters, but it was the soulful, Karen did not possess a powerful singing voice, but close miking brought out many nuances in her performances. Richard Coles, a musician and broadcaster, commented, No singer is so closely miked up so unforgivingly as Karen Carpenter and that is frightening for singers because the closer the microphone the more unforgiving it is in exposing the weaknesses in a singers voice. Karens lower register was warm and distinctive, Richard arranged their music to take advantage of the qualities of said lower register, even if Karens full vocal range spanned over three octaves. Many of the Carpenters songs are in the keys of D, E flat, E, F and he also played the grand piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer and even the harpsichord with the band. In the recording studio, he often would overdub his acoustic piano parts with a Wurlitzer electric piano to thicken the sound, from the mid-1970s, Richard also used Fender Rhodes pianos. While touring, he often would have a piano as well as both a Rhodes and a Wurlitzer electric piano on stage for different songs. Karen was a drummer and initially only played drums. Before 1974, Karen played the drums for a number of their songs, according to Richard, she considered herself a drummer who sang. Although unwilling, she agreed to sing the ballads standing up front
40.
Linval Thompson
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Linval Thompson is a Jamaican reggae and dub musician and record producer. Returning to Jamaica in the mid 1970s he recorded with Phil Pratt, Thompson began to produce his own material, the first fruits being the Trojan album, I Love Marijuana, and its dub counterpart Negrea Love Dub. Thompsons productions were used as the basis of some of Scientists best-known dub albums and he has also produced albums for Eek-A-Mouse, Freddie McGregor, and The Viceroys. Dub music List of reggae musicians List of roots reggae artists SNWMF bio of Linval Thompson Linval Thompson at AllMusic
41.
Delay (audio effect)
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Delay is an audio effect and an effects unit which records an input signal to an audio storage medium, and then plays it back after a period of time. The delayed signal may either be played multiple times, or played back into the recording again. Delay effects range from an echo effect to a pronounced blending of previous sounds with new sounds. The first delay effects were achieved using tape loops improvised on reel-to-reel magnetic recording systems, by shortening or lengthening the loop of tape and adjusting the read and write heads, the nature of the delayed echo could be controlled. Audio engineers working in music quickly adapted similar techniques, to augment their use of plate reverb. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, several sound engineers began making devices for use in recording studios, guitarist and instrument designer Les Paul was an early pioneer in delay devices. A landmark device was the EchoSonic made by American Ray Butts and it is a portable guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, which became used widely in country music and especially in rock and roll. Tape echoes became commercially available in the 1950s, an echo machine is the early name for a sound processing device used with electronic instruments to repeat the sound and produce a simulated echo. The device was popular with guitarists and was used by Brian May, Jimmy Page, One example is the Echoplex which used a tape loop. The length of delay was adjusted by changing the distance between the record and playback heads. Another example is the Roland Space Echo with a record and multiple tape heads. The time between echo repeats was adjusted by varying the tape speed, the length or intensity of the echo effect was adjusted by changing the amount of echo signal was fed back into the pre-echo signal. Different effects could be created by combining the different playback heads, some models also included a spring reverb. Before the invention of audio technology, music employing a delayed echo had to be recorded in a naturally reverberant space, often an inconvenience for musicians. The presence of multiple taps made it possible to have delays at varying rhythmic intervals, many delay processors based on analog tape recording, such as Ray Butts EchoSonic, Mike Battles Echoplex, or the Roland Space Echo, used magnetic tape as their recording and playback medium. Electric motors guided a tape loop through a device with a variety of mechanisms allowing modification of the effects parameters, in the Space Echo, all of the heads are fixed, but the speed of the tape could be adjusted, changing the delay time. Thin magnetic tape was not entirely suited for operation, however. Several designs were made, the 1959 Ecco-Fonic had a spinning head, many were temperamental, such as the Vox Echomatic
42.
Brian Wilson
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Brian Douglas Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known for being the multi-tasking leader and co-founder of the rock band the Beach Boys. After signing with Capitol Records in 1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the group, in the mid-1960s, Wilson composed, arranged and produced Pet Sounds, considered one of the greatest albums ever made. The intended follow-up to Pet Sounds, Smile, was canceled for various reasons, as he suffered repeated nervous breakdowns, Wilsons contributions to the Beach Boys diminished, and his erratic behavior led to tensions with the band. He remains a member of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Incorporated, Wilsons work with the Beach Boys helped raise pop music to the level of high art. Wilson effectively set a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and his songs became inextricably tied with the zeitgeist of the early 1960s, and he helped develop the sound of the wistful Flower Power era that proceeded. In later years, Wilson was regarded as a godfather to an era of musicians who were inspired by his melodic sensibilities, chamber pop orchestrations. His honors include being inducted into the 1988 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and winning Grammy Awards for Brian Wilson Presents Smile and The Smile Sessions. In lists published by Rolling Stone, Wilson ranked 52 for the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time in 2008 and 12 for the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. In 2012, music publication NME ranked Wilson number 8 in its 50 Greatest Producers Ever list and he is an occasional actor and voice actor, having appeared in television shows, films, and other artists music videos. His life was portrayed in the 2014 biopic Love & Mercy, Brian Douglas Wilson was born on June 20,1942, at Centinela Hospital in Inglewood, California, the son of Audree Neva and Murry Wilson. He was the eldest of three boys, his brothers were Dennis and Carl. He has English, Swedish, Dutch, German, and Irish ancestry, when Brian was two, the family moved from Inglewood to 3701 West 119th Street in nearby Hawthorne, California. Murry Wilson said, He was very clever and quick, I just fell in love with him. At about age two, Brian heard George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, which had an emotional impact on him. A few years later, he was discovered to have diminished hearing in his right ear. The exact cause of hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from him simply being born partially deaf to a blow to the head from his father, or a neighborhood bully. While Brians father Murry was ostensibly a reasonable provider, he was often abusive, a minor musician and songwriter, he also encouraged his children in this field in numerous ways. At an early age, Brian was given six weeks of lessons on a toy accordion and, at seven and eight, at Hawthorne High School, Brian was on the football team as a quarterback, played baseball and was a cross-country runner in his senior year
43.
Randy Newman
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Randall Stuart Randy Newman is an American singer-songwriter, arranger, composer, and pianist who is known for his distinctive voice, mordant pop songs, and for film scores. Since the 1980s, Newman has worked mostly as a film composer and his film scores include Ragtime, Awakenings, The Natural, Leatherheads, Cats Dont Dance, Meet the Parents, Cold Turkey, and Seabiscuit. He has scored seven Disney-Pixar animated films, Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, cars, Toy Story 3, and Monsters University, as well as Disneys The Princess and the Frog and James and the Giant Peach. Newman has received twenty Academy Award nominations in the Best Original Score and he has also won three Emmys, six Grammy Awards, and the Governors Award from the Recording Academy. Newman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 for classics such as Short People, Newman was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2013. Newman was born in Los Angeles, the son of Adele Dixie, a secretary, and Irving George Newman and he lived in New Orleans as a small child and spent summers there until he was 11 years old, his family having by then returned to Los Angeles. Newman also shares the same birthday as his father, the paternal side of his family includes grandparents Luba and Michael Newman, and three uncles who were noted Hollywood film-score composers, Alfred Newman, Lionel Newman and Emil Newman. Newmans cousins Thomas, Maria, David, and Joey are also composers for motion pictures and he graduated from University High School in Los Angeles. Newman studied music at the University of California, Los Angeles and his parents were both from Jewish families, but Newmans household was not observant, he has since become an atheist. Newman has been a songwriter since he was 17. He cites Ray Charles as his greatest influence growing up, stating and his first single as a performer was 1962s Golden Gridiron Boy, released when he was 18. The single flopped and Newman chose to concentrate on songwriting and arranging for the several years. The Fleetwoods – Buried Treasure LP and cassette, released in 1982, included Newmans Whos Gonna Teach You About Love and his early songs were recorded by Gene Pitney, Jerry Butler, Petula Clark, Dusty Springfield, Jackie DeShannon, the OJays and Irma Thomas, among others. Price, who was enjoying success in England at the time championed Newman by featuring seven Randy Newman songs on his 1967 A Price on His Head album. In the mid-1960s, Newman was briefly a member of the band the Tikis, Newman kept a close musical relationship with Harpers Bizarre, offering them some of his own compositions, including Simon Smith and Happyland. The band recorded six Newman compositions during their initial career. In this period, Newman began a professional association with childhood friend Lenny Waronker. In 2011 Newman endorsed jazz singer Roseanna Vitros album, The Randy Newman Project, Newmans song compositions are represented by Downtown Music Publishing
44.
Stackridge
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Stackridge were a British rock group who were at the height of their success during the early 1970s. Stackridge Lemon was formed from the remains of Grytpype Thynne by Andy Davis, after initial experimentation, the word Lemon was dropped from the bands name. The band played its first London gig at The Temple in Wardour Street on 6 February 1970, Stackridge were the opening and closing act at the first Glastonbury Festival between 19 September and 20 September 1970. During 1971 Stackridge began serious gigging, although Crun left to take up bricklaying, the group embarked on a UK tour supporting Wishbone Ash. Later in the year they signed to MCA Records and recorded their first album Stackridge, at De Lane Lea Studios and they toured the UK as headliners with Renaissance supporting and played their first John Peel session for the BBC, which included a version of The Beatles Norwegian Wood. The group continued on a year of touring, again with Wishbone Ash, the second album Friendliness was quickly recorded in August 1972 and released in November with some songs that had started life in pre-Stackridge days. By this time Crun had rejoined the band consisted of Davis, Warren, Slater, Evans, Walter. In February 1973 the band made their first television appearance on BBC2s The Old Grey Whistle Test and they then toured during February and March with Camel in support. The third album The Man in the Bowler Hat was recorded during 1973 at AIR Studios, the album was released in February 1974 to excellent reviews, but failed to sell in large quantities. This was their highest charting album in the UK, reaching no.23, a different version of the album was released in the U. S. under the title Pinafore Days and became their only U. S. chart entry, peaking at no. 191, although a US tour never materialised, the group that went on tour to support the album sounded quite different from the one on the record. The fourth album Extravaganza on Elton Johns record label The Rocket Record Company was recorded at AIR Studios with Tony Ashton producing, the band now consisted of Davis, Bowkett, Gemmell, Karas and Morgan, along with the returning Slater, Evans, and Walter. Non-Stackridge written songs and cover versions became more prevalent, with more touring and an appearance at Wembley Stadium concert with Elton John and The Beach Boys,1975 saw the recording of the bands fifth outing in the studio, the concept album Mr. Mick. The Rocket Record Company, the record label, performed considerable editing on Mr. Mick. The album received good press, but some shows were abandoned on the grounds that the stages were too small. They performed a show in April 1976, and shortly afterwards the band disintegrated. MCA Records released the compilation Do the Stanley late in 1976 and it contained songs from the first three albums along with singles and a previously unreleased song Let There Be Lids, taken from their live performances. Stackridge officially announced in 1977 that they had disbanded, James Warren and Andy Cresswell-Davis formed The Korgis a few years later, BBC Radio 1 Live In Concert, released by Windsong in July 1992, raised renewed interest in the band
45.
Yabby You
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Vivian Jackson, better known as Yabby You, was a reggae vocalist and producer, who came to prominence in the early 1970s through his uncompromising, self-produced work. Jackson was born in the Waterhouse district of Kingston, Jamaica in 1946, one of seven children, Jackson left home at the age of twelve to find work at a furnace in Waterhouse. At seventeen, the effects of malnutrition had left him hospitalized and his physical condition meant that he was unable to return to his previous work, and he was forced into hustling a living on the streets of Kingston. Another spell in hospital meant that money for recording was difficult, but eventually the Conquering Lion single was released late in 1972, credited to Vivian Jackson. Cut for King Tubby, the popularity of the song and its distinctive introduction earned Jackson the nickname Yabby You, the next few months saw the recording of several more singles, released under different names on various record labels, culminating in the release of the Conquering Lion album. A King Tubby mixed dub set, King Tubbys Prophesy of Dub, was issued, albeit on a limited run of 500 copies. Jackson continued to record, produce and perform until the mid-1980s and he re-emerged in the early 1990s, issuing both new and old material, and his recordings have been the subject of several high quality reissues in recent years. In 2000 he released a remix project with Glen Brown. The album included remixes of Conquering Lion by Smith and Mighty, shanachie Records will release a 3-CD box set in 2014. He died on 12 January 2010, aged 63, after suffering a brain aneurysm. com Yabby You at Roots Archives
46.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
