History of the Jews in Ukraine
The history of the Jews in Ukraine dates back over a thousand years; Jewish communities have existed in the modern territory of Ukraine from the time of the Kievan Rus'. Important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from Hasidism to Zionism, arose there. According to the World Jewish Congress, the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes Europe's third-largest and the world's fifth-largest.
Cossack Mamay and the Haidamaka hang a Jew by his heels. Ukrainian folk art, 19th century
The victims of a 1905 pogrom in Yekaterinoslav
1917. 100 karbovanets of the Ukrainian National Republic. Revers. 3 languages: Ukrainian, Polish and Yiddish.
The victims of a pogrom in Khodorkiv [uk] (Ходорків), committed by the Directorate of Ukraine in 1919. From The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, National Library of Israel
Pogroms during the Russian Civil War
The pogroms during the Russian Civil War were a wave of mass murders of Jews, primarily in Ukraine, during the Russian Civil War. In the years 1918–1920, there were 1,500 pogroms in over 1,300 localities, in which up to 250,000 were murdered. All armed forces operating in Ukraine were involved in the killings, in particular the anti-Communist Ukrainian People's Army and Armed Forces of South Russia. It is estimated that more than a million people were affected by material losses, 50,000 to 300,000 children were orphaned, and half a million were driven out from or fled their homes. The Whitaker Report of the United Nations cited the massacre of 100,000 to 250,000 Jews in more than 2,000 pogroms which occurred during the White Terror in Russia as an act of genocide.
Photo of the "White Flower" sanatorium, which sheltered Jews from antisemitic Red Army soldiers.
Monument to victims of Proskuriv pogrom in Khmelnytskyi.
Nykyfor Hryhoriv, the otaman who oversaw antisemitic pogroms in Kherson.
Victims of a pogrom perpetrated by Ukrainian forces in Khodorkiv, 1919