1.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
2.
Hitachi Rail Italy
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Hitachi Rail Italy S. p. A. is a rail transport engineering company based in Italy whose main products are designing and manufacturing of railway and mass transit vehicles. A subsidiary of Finmeccanica, the company was sold to Hitachi in February 2015, after the deal was finalized, the current name was adapted in November 2015 to reflect the new ownership. Ansaldo & C. was registered in Genoa as a manufacturer of locomotives, rail rolling stock. The company was supported by the Minister of Finance, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, in 1886, Ernesto Breda founded Ing. Ernesto Breda and C. the company which became Società Italiana Ernesto Breda in 1899, in 1989 both Ansaldo and Breda participated in a consortium for the design and manufacturing of the ETR500 high speed train. AnsaldoBreda was formed in 2001 by the merger of Ansaldo Trasporti and Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie and it has production sites at four locations in Italy, Naples, Reggio Calabria, Palermo, and Pistoia. The company employs about 2,400 people, salvatore Bianconi was the Chief Executive Officer of AnsaldoBreda from 2008 to 2011, when he was succeeded by Maurizio Manfellotto. On 2 November 2015 AnsaldoBreda was sold and changed its name to Hitachi Rail Italy, Ansaldo entered the age of the steam locomotive in 1854 with its model FS113, also known as Sampierdarena. In 1908 SIEBs thousandth locomotive was built, a model FS685 with serial number 600 now preserved in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science, in 1936 Breda entered the electric locomotive era with the production of the FS Class ETR200 series electric multiple unit. In 1939 this type set the speed record for rail vehicles at 203 km/h. Although only 18 trains of type were constructed they remained in service for a long time until they were finally withdrawn from service in 1993. In 1976 the FS ETR400 entered service, fiat Ferroviaria manufactured the body and bogies, whilst Ansaldo produced the power unit. It was the first train in the world featuring active body tilting to enter service and was capable of speeds of up to 250 km/h. The TREVI Consortium, of which Ansaldo and Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie were members, during the tests, ETR500 Y2 achieved the current rail speed record in Turkey, reaching 303 km/h. The train was capable of exceeding 300 km/h and it reached 362 km/h in the Monte Bibele tunnel between Florence and Bologna in 2009, setting a speed record for trains in a tunnel. Another high speed train Frecciarossa 1000 high speed train was developed in a consortium with Bombardier Transportation, the first ETR1000 was christened Mennea in honour of the Italian athlete Pietro Mennea who had died five days earlier. Besides the construction of locomotives, AnsaldoBreda manufactures railway cars, trams, and trains for rail, high-speed rail. AnsaldoBreda has also developed a driverless multiple unit train, since acquired by Hitachi, production of some British Rail Class 802 has been shifted to Hitachi Rail Italys Pistoia plant due to Hitachi Rails Newton Aycliffe, England plant being at capacity
3.
Naples
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Naples is the capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan. In 2015, around 975,260 people lived within the administrative limits. The Metropolitan City of Naples had a population of 3,115,320, Naples is the 9th-most populous urban area in the European Union with a population of between 3 million and 3.7 million. About 4.4 million people live in the Naples metropolitan area, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Bronze Age Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, a larger colony – initially known as Parthenope, Παρθενόπη – developed on the Island of Megaride around the ninth century BC, at the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II, much of the citys 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolinis fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. The city has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city, however, Naples still suffers from political and economic corruption, and unemployment levels remain high. Naples has the fourth-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan, Rome and it is the worlds 103rd-richest city by purchasing power, with an estimated 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises Italy S. p. A, are headquartered in Naples. The city also hosts NATOs Allied Joint Force Command Naples, the SRM Institution for Economic Research, Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities. The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution ACP/UE and was named a City of Literature by UNESCOs Creative Cities Network, the Villa Rosebery, one of the three official residences of the President of Italy, is located in the citys Posillipo district. Naples historic city centre is the largest in Europe, covering 1,700 hectares and enclosing 27 centuries of history, Naples has long been a major cultural centre with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous culturally and historically significant sites, including the Palace of Caserta, culinarily, Naples is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar, according to CNN, the metro stop Toledo is the most beautiful in Europe and it won also the LEAF Award 2013 as Public building of the year. Naples is the Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, Naples sports scene is dominated by football and Serie A club S. S. C. Napoli, two-time Italian champions and winner of European trophies, who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the south-west of the city, the Phlegraean Fields around Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The earliest Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established a small commercial port called Parthenope on the island of Megaride in the ninth century BC
4.
Pistoia
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It is a typical Italian medieval city, and it attracts many tourists, especially in the summer. From the 5th century the city was a bishopric, and during the Lombardic kingdom it was a city and had several privileges. In 1254 the taking of Ghibelline Pistoia by Guelph Florence, was among the origins of the division of the Florentine Guelphs into Black and White factions. Pistoia remained a Florentine holding except for a period in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city, dante mentioned in his Divina Commedia the free town of Pistoia as the home town of Vanni Fucci, who is encountered in Inferno tangled up in a knot of snakes while cursing God. In 1786 a famous Jansenist episcopal synod was convened in Pistoia, according to one theory, Pistoia lent its name to the pistol, which started to be manufactured in Pistoia during the 16th century. But today, it is notable for the extensive plant nurseries spreading around it. Consequently, Pistoia is also famous for its markets, as is the nearby Pescia. Although not visited as much as cities in Tuscany, mostly due to the citys industrial environs, Pistoia presents a well-preserved. The original Cathedral of San Zeno burned down in 1108, but was rebuilt during the 12th century, the façade has a prominent Romanesque style, while the interior received heavy Baroque additions which were removed during the 1960s. Its outstanding feature is the Altar of St James, an exemplar of the silversmiths craft begun in 1287 and its various sections contain 628 figures, the total weighing nearly a ton. The Romanesque belfry, standing at some 67 metres, was erected over an ancient Lombard tower, in the square is also the 14th-century Baptistry, in Gothic style, with white and green striped marble revetment characteristic of the Tuscan Gothic. The Palazzo dei Vescovi, is characterized by a Gothic loggiato on the first floor and it is known from 1091, initially as a fortified noble residence. In the 12th century it received a more decorated appearance, with mullioned windows and frescoes, in the 14th century, the Chapel of St. Nicholas was decorated with stories of the namesake saint and other martyrs. The Tower of Catilina is from the High Middle Ages, basilica of Our Lady of Humility, finished by Giorgio Vasari with a 59-metre high cupola. The original project was by Giuliano da Sangallo, but works were begun in 1495 by Ventura Vitoni, the dome was commissioned by Cosimo I de Medici to Vasari, the lantern completed in 1568 and the church consecrated in 1582. In the apse is a painting by Bernardino del Signoraccio, santissima Annunziata, baroque church famous for its Chiostro dei Morti. Damaged during World War II bombardments, it is now used as an exhibition center, San Giovanni Battista al Tempio, owned for a while by the Knights Templar and then by the Hospitaller Knights
5.
Reggio Calabria
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Reggio di Calabria, commonly known as Reggio Calabria listen or simply Reggio in Southern Italy, is the biggest city and the most populated comune of Calabria, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, Reggio is located on the toe of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, about 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city. The region has been subject to earthquakes and it is a major economic center for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania. The city center, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a development along the coast with parallel streets. The city was an Italian candidate to become the European Capital of Culture. in 2019, during its 3, 500-year history Reggio has often been renamed. Each name corresponds with the major historical phases, Recion. Erythrà, the pre-Greek settlement populated by the Italic people, Rhégion, the Greek city from the archaic age to the Magna Grecia age, from the 8th to the 3rd centuries BC. Febèa, a period under Dionysius II of Syracuse, in the 4th century BC. Regium, its first Latin name, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, rhègium Julium, as a noble Roman city during the Imperial age. Rivàh, Arabic name under the domination by Emirate of Sicily. Rìsa, under the Normans, between the 11th and 12th centuries, regols, Aragonese name under the Crown of Aragon, in the late 13th century. Reggio or Regio, usual Italian name in the Middle and Modern age, règgio di Calàbria, post Italian Unification. The toponym of the city is derived from Chaldean word Rec or maybe from the Greek one régnȳmi referring to the Straits between Calabria and Sicily as a break in the land. The sculptor Léarchos was at Reggio at the end of the 15th century BC, the land around Reggio was first known as Saturnia, or Neptunia, and later Italia, which in Roman times became the name of the whole Italian peninsula. After Cumae, Reggio is one of the oldest Greek colonies in southern Italy, the colony was settled by the inhabitants of Chalcis in 730 or 743 BC on the site of the older settlement, Erythrà, meaning the Red one. This dated back to the 3rd millennium BC and was established by the Ausones
6.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
7.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
8.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
9.
Maintenance, repair and operations
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Maintenance, repair, and operations involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing, or electrical device should it become out of order or broken. In the former case it may be an operation within a larger organization or smaller operation. The former of these represents a closed loop supply chain and usually has the scope of maintenance, repair, the latter of the categorisations is an open loop supply chain and is typified by refurbishment and remanufacture. The main characteristic of the loop system is that the demand for a product is matched with the supply of a used product. Neglecting asset write-offs and exceptional activities the total population of the product between the customer and the service provider remains constant, for material – all action taken to retain material in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding, for material – all supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission. For material – the routine recurring work required to keep a facility in such condition that it may be used, at its original or designed capacity. Manufacturers and industrial-supply companies often refer to MRO as opposed to original equipment manufacturer, OEM includes any activity related to the direct manufacture of goods, where MRO refers to any maintenance, repair or overhaul activity to keep a manufacturing plant or facility running. Maintenance is strictly connected to the stage of ideation, in which the concept of maintainability must be included, overhaul extends to the concept of improving performance over and above original design specification. Corrective maintenance where equipment is repaired or replaced after wear, malfunction or break down, preventive maintenance is maintenance performed with the intent of avoiding failures, safety violations, unnecessary production costs and losses, and to conserve original materials of fabrication. The effectiveness of a maintenance schedule depends on the RCM analysis which it was based on
10.
Leonardo S.p.A.
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Leonardo S. p. A. formerly Leonardo-Finmeccanica and Finmeccanica, is an Italian multinational aerospace, defence and security company headquartered in Rome in Italy and with operations worldwide. It is the ninth-largest defence contractor in the based on applicable 2014 revenues. The company is owned by the Italian government through the Ministry of Economy and Finance. On 1 January 2016, Leonardo-Finmeccanica became an industrial company by integrating the activities of its subsidiaries AgustaWestland, Alenia Aermacchi, Selex ES, Oto Melara. Leonardo-Finmeccanica is listed on the Borsa Italiana and is a constituent of the FTSE MIB, the company changed its name to Leonardo S. p. A. on 1 January 2017, after the Italian inventor Leonardo Da Vinci. The company was established in 1948 as a subholding for mechanical industry of state owned IRI, Finmeccanica has held for years some historic Italian enterprises, such as Alfa Romeo, Aeritalia and Ansaldo. In 1989 an internal IRI reorganization process brought STET electronic enterprises to Finmeccanica, Finmeccanica, which was previously fully state owned by IRI, went under a privatization process in 1993, when it was listed in Milan Borsa Italiana. In 1992 Finmeccanicas Agusta became a 32% partner in NHIndustries, the contractor for NH90 helicopter. In July 2000 Finmeccanica and the British GKN agreed to merge their respective helicopter subsidiaries to form AgustaWestland, in July 2003 Finmeccanica and BAE Systems announced their intention to set up three joint venture companies, to be collectively known as Eurosystems. These companies would have pooled the avionics, C4ISTAR and communications businesses of the two companies, in March 2007 BAE Systems sold its 25% share to Finmeccanica for €400 million. In January 2013 the company merged with Finmeccanicas other defence electronics companies, SELEX Elsag and SELEX Sistemi Integrati, in May 2008 Finmeccanica announced its intention to purchase the U. S. defense contractor DRS Technologies for nearly $5.2 billion. On 22 October 2008 the sale of DRS Technologies was finalized, during 2011–2013, Finmeccanica emails were published by WikiLeaks and Finmeccanica was subject to judicial inquiries on several fronts and management changes. On 12 February 2013, the executive, Giuseppe Orsi, was arrested on corruption charges. Prosecutors alleged that he paid bribes to ensure the sale of 12 helicopters to the Indian government, in July 2013, the Letta government appointed former police chief Giovanni De Gennaro as Chairman of Finmeccanica. In December 2013 Finmeccanica sold 39. 55% of its capital in Ansaldo Energia to Fondo Strategico Italiano. The remaining 15% of Finmeccanicas share will be sold by December 31,2017, the goal was to create a more cohesive and efficient group in which all processes are centralized and integrated and can interact more effectively. This encompasses the 100% owned companies of the aerospace and defence business being transformed into seven new Finmeccanica divisions. At the end of 2014, Finmeccanica transferred its stake in BredaMenarinibus to the newco Industria Italiana Autobus, thereby taking a further step in the Groups portfolio rationalization process
11.
Hitachi
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Hitachi, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group and forms part of the DKB Group of companies, Hitachi is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices. It is ranked 38th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 and 129th in the 2012 Forbes Global 2000, Hitachi was founded in 1910 by electrical engineer Namihei Odaira in Ibaraki Prefecture. The companys first product was Japans first 5-horsepower induction motor, initially developed for use in copper mining, odairas company soon became the domestic leader in electric motors and electric power industry infrastructure. The company began as a venture of Fusanosuke Kuharas mining company in Hitachi. Odaira moved headquarters to Tokyo in 1918, long before that, he coined the company’s toponymic name by superimposing two kanji characters, hi meaning “sun” and tachi meaning “rise”. The young companys national aspirations were conveyed by its original brand mark, world War II and its aftermath devastated the company. Many of its factories were destroyed by Allied bombing raids, and after the war, founder Odaira was removed from the company. Nevertheless, as a result of three years of negotiations, Hitachi was permitted to all but 19 of its manufacturing plants. The cost of such a production shutdown, though, compounded by a labor strike in 1950. Only the Korean War saved the company from complete collapse, Hitachi and many other struggling Japanese industrial firms benefited from defense contracts offered by the American military. Meanwhile, Hitachi went public in 1949, Hitachi America, Ltd. was established in 1959. Hitachi Europe, Ltd. was established in 1982, in March 2011, Hitachi agreed to sell its hard disk drive subsidiary, HGST, to Western Digital for a combination of cash and shares worth US$4.3 billion. Due to concerns of a duopoly of WD and Seagate Technology by the EU Commission, the transaction was completed in March 2012. The talks subsequently broke down and were suspended, the joint venture began operations in February 2014. It is a high density information storage medium utilizing laser etched/readable Fused quartz, Hitachi is taking for 2016 an estimated ¥65 billion write-off in value of a SILEX technology laser uranium enrichment joint venture with General Electric. Hitachi Consulting is a management and technology consulting firm with headquarters in Dallas, Texas. Hitachi Data Systems is an owned subsidiary of Hitachi which provides hardware, software
12.
Ansaldo STS
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The company was founded in 2006 through the merger of several major international railway companies. The company’s namesake comes from the Italian company Gio, Ansaldo & C. founded in 1853 in Genoa, Italy by Giovanni Ansaldo. Ansaldo & C. began as a steam locomotive producer, which diversified into shipbuilding and electrical, the latter was founded by the American engineer and inventor William Robinson, the father of track circuit systems. In 1988 US&S merged with Ansaldo STS, in Europe, Ansaldo STS expanded acquiring the French company Compagnie des Signaux pour Chemins de fer in 1996. Founded in 1902 by Mr. Fernand Cumont with the support of the financial group Empain, CSE built the first lines of the Paris metro, in 1993 the parent company Ansaldo SpA was merged into the Finmeccanica holding, a state-owned entity privatized during the same year. In 2001, Ansaldo SpA’s transportation business was separated and divided into three companies, AnsaldoBreda, Ansaldo Segnalamento Ferroviario, Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari, Ansaldo Segnalamento Ferroviario became the parent company of Ansaldo Signal, the owner of Union Switch & Signal and CSEE. In 2006 Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari and Ansaldo Signal merged and it began trading on the Milan Stock exchange, with 60% of its shares publicly held and 40% owned by Finmeccanica S. p. A. Both companies had their roots in the Ansaldo engineering conglomerate which was absorbed by Finmeccanica. Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari was created in 2000, acquiring certain units of Ansaldo Trasporti the following year, the creation of Ansaldo STS was followed by a partial IPO in March 2006. On February 24,2015 Hitachi completed an agreement to acquire Finmeccanica’s share of Ansaldo STS, in occasion of the Ordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting on November 2, Hitachi Rail Italy Investment completed the acquisition of the 40% of the share capital of Ansaldo STS. On March 2015, after the Public Tender Offer launch on the society and after the purchase of shares at 10.5 euros each. On May 24, the new Board appointed Andrew Barr as new Chief Executive Officer, Andrew Barr was also granted the operational powers necessary for the management of the Company and the Group. The companys operations are split into two divisions, Freight Rail and Passenger Railway / Mass Transit. The company also managed projects for signalling, train control and/or maintenance for the Metro systems of Paris, Los Angeles, Rome, Milan, Hong Kong, Naples, Shenyang, India, and Thessaloniki. Ansaldo STS commissioned the first high-speed rail signaling system for the first LGV line in France, in 1981, connecting Paris, in 2005, Ansaldo STS set another landmark with the first high speed line running on ERTMS Level 2 between Rome and Naples, Italy. As of 2013 over half of all high speed lines worldwide are equipped with Ansaldo STS signaling solutions, in Europe, the company played a key role in the development and upgrade of ERTMS, leading to the interoperability of different countries rail networks. In the United States Ansaldo STS has supported the rail industry. Ansaldo STS has products and systems with every Class I railroad in North America, the communication between adjacent zones, interlockings and carborne controllers supports safe optimized headways and maximizes system capacity
13.
Gio. Ansaldo & C.
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Ansaldo was one of Italys oldest and most important engineering companies, existing for 140 years from 1853 to 1993. The company was founded in 1853 as Gio, S. A. S. by renowned players in the Genoese business world, such as Giovanni Ansaldo, Raffaele Rubattino, Giacomo Filippo Penco and Carlo Bombrini. In 1904, Ansaldo was bought by Ferdinando Maria Perrone who, along with his sons Mario and Pio, over the next twenty years, he aimed at making Ansaldo fully independent both in the ironworks and weapon-making areas, thanks to strong vertical integration. The onset of World War I was of potential benefit to the company. Ansaldo advocated for Italian entry into the war, both directly and by funding political groups supported the war, such as Benito Mussolinis proto-Fascist movement. The efforts paid off when Italy entered the war, in 1914 the company was worth 30 million lire, but its market value grew to 500 million in 1918. When the company issued shares in the summer of 1918 worth 400 million lire Ansaldo employed 80,000 workers, had dozens of factories and controlled companies such as A. Cerpelli & C. Banca industriale Italiana, Cantieri Officine Savoia, Dynamit Nobel, Gio. Fossati & C. Lloyd Italico, Nazionale di Navigazione, Pomilio, Società Idroelettrica Negri, and Transatlantica Italiana. War contracts indeed led to a significant growth, Ansaldo had 22,000 employees in 1939, after the end of World War II, conversion to peacetime production again caused problems for the company. From that year, Finmeccanica further engaged Ansaldo within its activities, in 1993, Ansaldo ceased to exist as an independent entity, having been completely absorbed by Finmeccanica. Some companies controlled by Finmeccanica still bear the Ansaldo family name, Ansaldo Energia, involved in building power plants. Ansaldo Caldaie, involved in building fired Steam Generators, Ansaldo Fuel Cells, founded in 1993 as a spin-off of the former, devoted to fuel cells. A train-building company born from the merger of Ansaldo Trasporti and Breda Ferroviaria, former Finmeccanica Company, sold to the Japanese Nidec Group, in 2012 Nidec acquired Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali SpA. and becomes Nidec ASI S. p. A. Nidec ASI is a manufacturer of motors, their products are found in electrical engineering, electric motors and generators, control systems. Nidec ASI is headquartered in Milan and has different subsidiaries in Italy in Genoa, Montebello Vicentino, Monfalcone and abroad in China, France, Germany, Romania, Russia, Japan, three-seat versions were also built for reconnaissance use
14.
Genoa
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Genoa is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015,594,733 people lived within the administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera. Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba due to its glorious past, part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. The citys rich history in notably its art, music. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of north-west Italy, is one of the countrys major economic centres. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the citys prosperity since the middle of the 15th century. Today a number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, the Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. In ancient times this area was frequented and inhabited by Ligures, Phoenicians, Phocaeans, Greeks, and Etruscans. The city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbour probably saw use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. In the 5th century BC was founded the first oppidum at the foot of the today called the Castle Hill which now is inside the medieval old town. The ancient Ligurian city was known as Stalia, so referred to by Artemidorus Ephesius and Pomponius Mela, Ligurian Stalia was overshadowed by the powerful Marseille and Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. Stalia had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum in the course of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC. it received municipal rights, the original castrum thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trades included skins, wood, and honey, goods were shipped to the mainland, up to major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. Among the archeological remains from the Roman period, an amphitheatre was also found, another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means New City and still another from the Latin word ianua, related to the name of the God Janus, meaning door or passage. The latter is in reference to its position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch. The Latin name, oppidum Genua, is recorded by Pliny the Elder as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa
15.
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
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Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri, generally known as Count Cavour was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his region of Piedmont in his earlier years. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852, English historian Denis Mack Smith says Cavour was the most successful parliamentarian in Italian history but he was not especially liberal. Cavour was often dictatorial, ignored his ministerial colleagues and parliament and he also practiced transformism and other undesirable policies which were carried over into post-Risorgimento Italy. Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained an amount of land during the French occupation. His godparents were Napoleons sister Pauline, and her husband, Prince Camille Borghese, Camillo and his older brother Gustavo were initially educated at home. He was sent to the Turin Military Academy when he was ten years old. In July 1824 he was named a page to Charles Albert, Cavour frequently ran afoul of the authorities in the academy, as he was too headstrong to deal with the rigid military discipline. He was once forced to live three days on bread and water because he had been caught with books that the academy had banned and he was found to be apt at the mathematical disciplines, and was therefore enlisted in the Engineer Corps in the Piedmontese-Sardinian army in 1827. While in the army, he studied the English language as well as the works of Jeremy Bentham and Benjamin Constant, developing liberal tendencies which made him suspect to police forces at the time. He resigned his commission in the army in November 1831, both because of boredom with life and because of his dislike of the reactionary policies of King Charles Albert. He administered the estate at Grinzane, some forty kilometers outside the capital. Cavour then lived time in Switzerland, with his Protestant relatives in Geneva and he grew acquainted with Calvinist teachings, and for a short while he converted from a form of unorthodox Catholicism, only to go back later. A Reformed pastor, Alexandre Vinet, impressed upon Cavour the need for the separation of church and state and he then traveled to Paris where he was impressed by parliamentary debates, especially those of François Guizot and Adolphe Thiers, confirming his devotion to a political career. He next went to London, where he was much more disappointed by British politics, and toured the country, visiting Oxford, Liverpool, Birmingham, Chester, Nottingham, a quick tour through the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland eventually landed him back in Turin. Cavour believed that progress had to precede political change. He was a supporter of transportation by steam engine, sponsoring the building of many railroads. Between 1838 and 1842 Cavour began several initiatives in attempts to solve problems in his area
16.
Italian unification
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The process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to both Italian politics and Italian historiography, for short period is one of the most contested. Italian nationalism was based among intellectuals and political activists, often operating from exile, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Roman province of Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and later disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine Empire. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor. However, the emperor was a foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state, as a result. This situation persisted through the Renaissance but began to deteriorate with the rise of modern nation-states in the modern period. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of proxy wars between the powers, notably the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and France. Harbingers of national unity appeared in the treaty of the Italic League, in 1454, leading Renaissance Italian writers Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini expressed opposition to foreign domination. Petrarch stated that the ancient valour in Italian hearts is not yet dead in Italia Mia, Niccolò Machiavelli later quoted four verses from Italia Mia in The Prince, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy to free her from the barbarians. I am an Italian, he explained, the French Republic spread republican principles, and the institutions of republican governments promoted citizenship over the rule of the Bourbons and Habsburgs and other dynasties. The reaction against any outside control challenged Napoleons choice of rulers, as Napoleons reign began to fail, the rulers he had installed tried to keep their thrones further feeding nationalistic sentiments. After Napoleon fell, the Congress of Vienna restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under leadership of the Pope in his 1842 book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians. Pope Pius IX at first appeared interested but he turned reactionary, Giuseppe Mazzini and Carlo Cattaneo wanted the unification of Italy under a federal republic. That proved too extreme for most nationalists, the middle position was proposed by Cesare Balbo as a confederation of separate Italian states led by Piedmont. One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the Carbonari, a political discussion group formed in Southern Italy early in the 19th century. After 1815, Freemasonry in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections, a void was left that the Carbonari filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to Italian nationalism and no association with Napoleon and his government. The response came from middle class professionals and business men and some intellectuals, the Carbonari disowned Napoleon but nevertheless were inspired by the principles of the French Revolution regarding liberty, equality and fraternity. They developed their own rituals, and were strongly anticlerical, the Carbonari movement spread across Italy
17.
Caprotti valve gear
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The Caprotti valve gear is a type of steam engine valve gear invented in the early 1920s by Italian architect and engineer Arturo Caprotti. It uses camshafts and poppet valves rather than the valves used in other valve gear. While basing his design on automotive valves, Caprotti made several significant departures from this design to adapt the valves for steam, having agreed a joint-venture with Worcester-based engineering company Heenan & Froude from 1938, Heenan & Froude fully acquired Caprotti post-World War II in 1947. Given their need for complex and expensive maintenance, most of these locomotives were generally withdrawn from service before those with Walschaerts valve gear. In August 1926, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway equipped four-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotive no.5908 of the Claughton Class with Caprotti valve gear, later that year, no.5908 was also given a larger boiler. No more Claughtons were fitted with Caprotti valve gear, and the ten locomotives were withdrawn in 1935–36, on the London and North Eastern Railway, two 4-6-0 locomotives of LNER Class B3 were rebuilt with Caprotti valve gear in 1929, followed by a further two in 1938–39. These locomotives also had four cylinders, and the valves were mounted vertically. One of the first pair of locomotives was rebuilt again with Walschaerts valve gear in 1943, results were mixed, with the performance of the Duke of Gloucester being particularly disappointing. That was later found to be due to errors elsewhere in the design, although more expensive to manufacture than its rivals, the improved Caprotti valve gear is considerably more efficient than any other. The restored Duke of Gloucester, with its flaws eliminated, has proved the concept, british Caprotti Valve Gear on the Duke of Gloucester BR Standard Class 5, No 73129 with Caprotti gear, Midland Railway - Butterley
18.
FS Class ETR 200
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The ETR200 is an Italian electric multiple unit introduced in 1936. The project was started in 1934, using new technologies for steel, the innovative nose of the train was developed after studies in the wind tunnel at the Politecnico di Torino engineering university. The train had been designed for speeds up to 175 km/h, the ETR200 entered service in 1937 on the Bologna-Rome-Naples line. They were considered the most comfortable and fast trains in Europe, on December 6,1937 the ETR201 reached a top speed of 201 kilometres per hour on the Rome-Naples line. A popular myth held that Benito Mussolini himself was at the controls, the production of the ETR200 was halted by World War II, and many were damaged by Allied bombings. In the early 1960s the remaining sixteen units were converted to ETR 220/230/240 by adding a fourth car and they remained in service until the early 1980s, and were later used for charter trains up until the 1990s. The ETR232, former 212, has preserved as a historical train and is in full working order. Another non-working unit was first stored in Ancona until its recent demolition, una leggenda che corre, breve storia dellelettrotreno e dei suoi primati, ETR.200 - ETR.220 - ETR240
19.
Electric multiple unit
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An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages, using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as traction motors are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages. An EMU is usually formed of two or more semi-permanently coupled carriages, but electrically powered single-unit railcars are also classed as EMUs. EMUs are popular on commuter and suburban rail networks around the world due to their fast acceleration, being quieter than DMUs and locomotive-drawn trains, EMUs can operate later at night and more frequently without disturbing residents living near the railway lines. The first EMUs were used on the elevated Liverpool Overhead Railway in 1893, the southern terminal of the railway was underground, giving the LOR the distinction of also being the first to use EMUs underground. Each carriage had a traction motor and was specifically designed and constructed to be light in weight while running on elevated steel sections. The first EMUs were two-carriage trains later graduating to three carriages, with the front and rear carriages powered, Liverpool Museum retains an example of the Liverpool Overhead Railway EMU carriage. An early proponent of EMUs was the American engineer Frank J. Sprague, the cars that form a complete EMU set can usually be separated by function into four types, power car, motor car, driving car, and trailer car. Each car can have more than one function, such as a car or power-driving car. A power car carries the equipment to draw power from the electrified infrastructure, such as pickup shoes for third rail systems and pantographs for overhead systems. Motor cars carry the traction motors to move the train, and are combined with the power car to avoid high-voltage inter-car connections. Driving cars are similar to a cab car, containing a drivers cab for controlling the train, an EMU will usually have two driving cars at its outer ends. Trailer cars are any cars that carry little or no traction or power related equipment, on third rail systems the outer vehicles usually carry the pick up shoes, with the motor vehicles receiving the current via intra-unit connections. Many modern 2-car EMU sets are set up as married pair units, while both units in a married pair are typically driving motors, the ancillary equipment are shared between the two cars in the set. Since neither car can operate without its partner, such sets are permanently coupled, advantages of married pair units include weight and cost savings over single-unit cars while allowing all cars to be powered, unlike a motor-trailer combination. Disadvantages include a loss of flexibility, as trains must be multiples of two cars, and a failure on a single car could force removing both it and its partner from service. The retired New York–Washington Metroliner service, first operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad and later by Amtrak, also featured high-speed electric multiple-unit cars, diesel multiple unit Battery electric multiple unit British electric multiple units Media related to Electric multiple unit at Wikimedia Commons
20.
Land speed record for rail vehicles
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Determination of the fastest rail vehicle in the world varies depending on the definition of rail. The world record for manned passenger trains is held by the L0 Series, the world record for conventional wheeled manned passenger trains is held by Frances specially tuned TGV. Reduced to three cars with higher voltage, larger wheels and higher-tension pantograph wires, it broke the record in April 2007. The fastest manned rail vehicle was a rocket sled, which carried USAF Colonel John Stapp at 1,017 km/h. Unmanned rocket sleds that ride on rails have reached over 10,400 km/h, legend, Arr, Disposition and number of elements forming the train. Power, DC, DC 3rd rail, AC, Single phase, Triphase, gas, Steam, Diesel-hydraulic, Propeller, Rocket, Jet. The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles with electric traction motors, the following is a list of speed records for steam locomotives. The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles that use air propulsion to move rail vehicles while the wheels are rolling along the track. Using an air cushion and a Monorail, the Aérotrain set on 5 March 1974 a mean speed of 417.6 km/h, the following are the lists of world record average operating speeds between two stations. The average speeds are measured by the time and the distance between the two stations
21.
Fiat Ferroviaria
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Fiat Ferroviaria was the rail division of FIAT of Italy. Fiat Ferroviaria was founded in 1880, Fiat Ferroviaria began building locomotives in the 1930s. It became part of FIAT in 1970, Fiat Ferroviaria acquired the rail business of SIG of Switzerland in 1995 forming the subsidiary Fiat-Sig. The company had previously owned Argentine company Materfer until 1998, which now operates as an independent company and it was taken over in 2000 by the French Alstom, which continues to produce and support many of Fiat Ferroviarias products. During the 60s-70s Fiat Ferroviaria developed the technology for trains. In Italy several classes of Pendolinos were adopted starting from 1976 (ETR401, ETR450, ETR 460-65, ETR 480-85, for this reason they were sold under the Alstom brand, although the technology was still the same developed by Fiat Ferroviaria. Directly or indirectly,18 countries throughout the world applied the Italian Fiat Ferroviaria tilting technology to their trains, including United States and China
22.
Palermo
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Palermo is a city of Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence, Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz, Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning complete port, from 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarme, the root for Palermos present-day name, eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860. The population of Palermo urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 855,285, in the central area, the city has a population of around 676,000 people. The inhabitants are known as Palermitani or, poetically, panormiti, the languages spoken by its inhabitants are the Italian language, Sicilian language and the Palermitano dialect. Palermo is Sicilys cultural, economic and touristic capital and it is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center, the industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce. Palermo currently has an airport, and a significant underground economy. In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. It is the seat of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Arab-Norman Palermo. The city is going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area. Roman Catholicism is highly important in Palermitano culture, the Patron Saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia whose Feast Day is celebrated on 15 July. The area attracts significant numbers of each year and is widely known for its colourful fruit, vegetable and fish markets at the heart of Palermo, known as Vucciria, Ballarò. Palermo lies in a basin, formed by the Papireto, Kemonia, the basin was named the Conca dOro by the Arabs in the 9th century. The city is surrounded by a range which is named after the city itself. These mountains face the Tyrrhenian Sea, Palermo is home to a natural port and offers excellent views to the sea, especially from Monte Pellegrino
23.
IC4
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The IC4 is an inter-city train built by the Italian train manufacturer AnsaldoBreda for the trans-Great Belt routes of Danske Statsbaner, Denmarks national railway operator. Under DSBs Good trains for everyone plan, the intent of the IC4 project was to several types of outdated rolling stock. However, various delays and shortcomings have turned the project into a political issue. The IC4 units were scheduled to enter DSBs Intercity service in 2003. On 25 June 2007, one IC4 unit entered service between Aarhus and Aalborg. On 27 August 2007, another test train entered passenger service between Aarhus and Fredericia in eastern Jutland. Two further units entered service during the autumn of 2007. By the end of 2007, DSB and AnsaldoBreda were to agree when the IC4 would be ready for Intercity and this, however, required the approval of the Danish National Rail Authority. The train is powered by four diesel engines with a common rail direct-injection system. The engines are 20-litre V8s from Iveco, the maximum allowed speed of the train is 200 km/h. Each train set consists of four articulated cars with a length of 86 m. Built of light alloys, each trainset weighs 140–160 tonnes. Up to four trainsets can be coupled together into a single train, since a single trainset is too short for efficient long-distance operations, the first trains were used mainly for regional services. In December 2016, DSB gave up the efforts to connect four trainsets, the train interior features natural materials consistent with Scandinavias design tradition, an audio/video information system with seat reservation displays, and a lounge area. The IC4 train has become an issue in Danish politics. The expense involved in lengthening the platforms of several stations along the IC4 routes is the source of much additional criticism, by the end of October 2007, four IC4 units had entered regional service in Jutland. However, service was suspended at the end of February 2008 because of problems with exhaust fumes, there have been many faults that did not really prevent the train from being used, but were still unacceptable, such as spurious warnings and various other computer-related problems. DSB had ordered a total of 83 IC4 trainsets in 2000, on 7 August 2008, train no.13 completed a return trip from Aarhus H. to Copenhagen H. with passengers aboard
24.
DSB (railway company)
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DSB, an abbreviation of Danske Statsbaner, is the largest Danish train operating company, and the largest in Scandinavia. While DSB is responsible for train operation on most of the Danish railways, goods transport. DSB runs a rail system, called S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen. DSB also operates some trains in Sweden, DSB was founded in 1885 when the state-owned companies De jysk-fynske Statsbaner and De sjællandske Statsbaner merged. The first railways in Denmark were built and operated by private companies, the railways in Funen and Jutland were built by Peto and Betts who also supplied the locomotives. Most of the staff was also recruited from Britain, notably from the Eastern Counties Railway. The network was extended by new construction and by acquisition of the privately operated lines from Silkeborg to Herning and from Grenaa to Randers, the Danish state took over Det sjællandske Jernbaneselskab on January 1,1880, forming De sjællandske Statsbaner. After the merger, new lines were constructed and a new generation of rolling stock, after Busses retirement, however, DSB ceased to design its own locomotives and increasingly came to rely on outside suppliers, mainly Borsig of Berlin. The nineteen-thirties were a decade of innovation and modernisation for DSB, new railway bridges were built across the Little Belt, the Storstrøm and Oddesund, eliminating the costly and time-consuming process of transfer by steam ferry. The suburban lines in and around Copenhagen were electrified for multiple-unit operation at 1,500 Volts DC, coinciding with the opening of the Little Belt Bridge in 1935, DSB introduced their new express train concept known as lyntog. Instead, DSB looked to foreign suppliers, general Motors diesel-electric locomotives had proved themselves in the US and Canada before the war. They were followed by the successful class MX with a lower axle load for branch line services. After the success of the Deutsche Bundesbahns VT11.5 class on Trans Europ Express services, DSB acquired eleven power cars, the 1960s were marked by an increasingly poor economy for DSB, leading to a steady staff reduction throughout the decade. However, this was accompanied by the appearance of new technology, notably the utilisation of electronic equipment, improving the safety. DSBs position was strengthened by the oil crisis in 1973. On regional services in Funen and Jutland, the prewar design MO class railcars were displaced by MR class DMUs, in 1990, after a delay of several years, the IC3 trains came into use, initially as lyntog, and in 1991 as ordinary intercity trains. The IC3 trains, being a specimen of the Flexliner type of units, have a distinct appearance due to the rubber-framed ends. The Great Belt fixed link was opened for traffic in 1997
25.
FS Class ETR 500
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ETR500 is a family of Italian high-speed trains introduced in 1993. Designed under the aegis of the Ferrovie dello Stato, it is now operated by Trenitalia on RFI tracks, the opening of the Direttissima line, connecting Florence with Rome, in stages between 1978 and 1991 was the first high speed line in Europe. Then, in the 1990s, FS unveiled plans to build a new high speed network. The new train was to be built by the TREVI formed by Breda Costuzioni Ferroviarie, FIAT Ferroviaria, Tecnomasio and Firema Trasporti. In 1988 the first prototype motorcar, called ETR 500-X and nicknamed Remo, as the brother of the first Roman king and it was tested on the Direttissima line in the combination of a measuring car and an E444 locomotive, reaching a record speed of 319 km/h. In 1990 the 2 first complete trainsets, called ETR 500-Y and nicknamed Romolo, the 3 motorcars of the prototype sets are now based at different locations in Italy and unfortunately have been vandalised and graffitized. The middle cars of the 2 ETR 500-Y sets are now part of the two RFI ETR.500 test trains Y1 and Y2, after the success of the 2 prototypes, FS decided to order 30 mono-current trainsets supporting the 3 kV DC supply of existing lines. Delivered between 1992 and 1996, with interiors styled by design company Pininfarina, they consist of 2 motorcars, four first class cars, a restaurant car, and six second class cars. Although suited for driving 300 km/h, they were limited to 250 km/h on the Direttissima as the current drawn from the catenary at 300 km/h would be too high and this was also the reason why a second generation, dual-voltage trains was ordered. Major routes of train were Chiusi-Milan, Florence-Naples, Milan-Rome Termini, Milan-Naples, Bologna-Rome Termini, Milan-Salerno, Milan-Venice. Between 2006 and 2008, the first generation trains have been upgraded with newly built E.404 6xx dual-voltage motorcars, coupled to the existing middle cars. All E.404 0xx motorcars of the older trainsets have been refurbished and transformed into locomotives of the type E.414 and these trains consist of two E.414 locomotives and 10 former Intercity UIC-Z coaches. Although the coaches are normal Intercity coaches, they mostly remain in semi-permanent coupled formation with the two E.414 locomotives. With the new high-speed lines finally in construction, FS chose to electrify the lines at 25 kV50 Hz AC instead of 3 kV DC as used on the classic network. This allows the trains to drive at their top speed of 300 km/h, as the first generation trains can not operate off 25 kV AC, new trains had to be ordered. As the new trains can run both off 25 kV AC and 3 kV DC, they were designated P for politensione, the new power cars of the trains feature a totally different design than the first generation trainsets, although also designed by design company Pininfarina. These new trains, delivered between 2000 and 2005, consist in original formation of 2 motorcars, four 1st class cars, a restaurant car, and six 2nd class cars. However, with the addition of a Business class car after the four 1st class cars to all trainsets, the second generation trains can be divided in multiple sub-series
26.
Trenitalia
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Trenitalia is the primary train operator in Italy. Trenitalia is owned by Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, itself owned by the Italian Government, the Italian government formed Trenitalia to comply with European regulations. The European Commissions First Railway Directive from 1991 prohibited that the railway company manage the rail infrastructure. On 1 June 2000, therefore, Italy created Trenitalia as the rail transportation company. However, the separation was only formal, since both are subsidiaries of the Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane holding and are owned wholly by the government, Trenitalia offers national rail transport in Italy and international connections to Austria, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The company operates regional and long-distance trains. Regional trains travel within an Italian region or between neighboring Italian regions, Trains usually stop at all stations at most, thus connecting small centres to cities. Regionale veloce are trains stopping at about half of station stations at most, there are no reservations for regional trains, and for this reason, there is no price advantage to acquiring regional tickets in advance online. Once bought, tickets for trains have to be validated at the station before departure. Validation in this case means placing a stamp on the ticket by inserting into a green. This is done because regional tickets are not for a date or time but are valid for a period. The date/time stamp is to show that the ticket cannot be reused, from 1 August 2016, tickets are valid for the 24 hours chosen by online buyers, the date of use can be changed until the previous 24 hours of the later date. The date of use can be anticipated until the 24 hours following this adjusting operation, the omission about the period of use at paper shops will involve a one-way daily ticket issue. This change aims to hinder fare evasion, there are no discount schemes available for non-residents of Italy on regional trains. Long-distance trains are of mainly of two types, the Frecce and Intercity trains, Intercity trains also serve medium-sized cities besides the big cities, thus are generally slower but are cheaper than the Frecce. Night trains operate mainly between north and south of Italy and between Italy and its neighbouring countries and are comparable to Intercity level, there are currently four generations of ElettroTreno in service on the network. Trenitalia ordered 50 high speed trainsets in 2010, new trains will be ETR1000 series. They will be 200 metres long, non-articulated trains, with distributed traction, mauro Moretti, chief executive of FS group, said FS was considering long-distance international services to France, Germany, or even Spain and the UK
27.
Ankara
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Ankara, formerly known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the center and 5,150,072 in its province. Ankara was Atatürks headquarters from 1920 and has been the capital of the Republic since its founding in 1923, the government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city, located at the center of Turkeys road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat, the area is also known for its pears, honey, and muscat grapes. Ankara is an old city with various Hittite, Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine. The historical center of town is a hill rising 150 m over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel, as with many ancient cities, Ankara has gone by several names over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, although remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the period, the city was known as Ánkyra in Greek and Ancyra in Latin. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city known in many European languages as Angora. The form Angora is preserved in the names of breeds of different kinds of animals. The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c, 2000–1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was far older. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC, Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, by that time the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara. Other centers were Pessinos, todays Balhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, the city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers, an aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries
28.
Frecciarossa 1000
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The Frecciarossa 1000, also known as the ETR1000 is a high-speed train developed by AnsaldoBreda and Bombardier Transportation and designed by Bertone. Fifty trainsets were ordered by Trenitalia in 2010, initial specifications were for a train meeting European high-speed technical standards, with a design commercial speed of 360 km/h, initially operated at 300 km/h, and to be tested to 400 km/h. The Trenitalia contract was awarded to the Bombardier/Ansaldo joint-venture in August 2010, the bid was less expensive at €30. 8m per train than the €35m per train cost given by the other bidder, Alstom. The contract value was €1. 54bn of which Bombardiers share was €654m, a mock up of the train was unveiled at Rimini in August 2012. The trains design includes a suspension system. On 26 March 2013 the first trainset was unveiled during a ceremony at the Ansaldo-Breda facilities in Pistoia. The train was named Pietro Mennea, in memory of the Italian world record holder of the 200 metres track sprint event from 1979 to 1996, the train underwent extensive testing in order to be certified to operate on the Italian high-speed rail network at 360 km/h. On February 26,2016, on the High Speed Line Torino-Milano, in total 50 trains are being built and gradually entered regular service starting from mid 2015, after the first trains entered service during Expo 2015. By the end of March 2017,47 trainsets have already been delivered to Trenitalia
29.
Bombardier Transportation
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Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian firm Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Transportation is one of the worlds largest companies in the rail vehicle, the division is headquartered in Berlin, Germany, and has regional offices and major development facilities in Canada and the United States. Bombardier Transportation has many production and development facilities worldwide. Bombardier Transportation produces a range of products including passenger rail vehicles, locomotives, bogies, propulsion and controls. Laurent Troger is the president and chief operating officer of Bombardier Transportation, in January 2011, the company had 34,900 employees,25,400 of them in Europe, and 60 manufacturing locations around the world. Bombardier Transportations first order for mass transit rolling stock was in 1974 for the Société de transport de Montréal to build trains for the Montreal Metro. The core of the Transportation group was formed with the purchase of Montreal Locomotive Works in 1975, with that purchase, Bombardier acquired MLWs LRC tilting train design which it produced in the 1980s. The group also purchased Urban Transportation Development Corporation from the Government of Ontario, MLW was sold to General Electric in 1988. GE ended railcar operations in Canada in 1993, Bombardier Transportation continues to operate the railcar operations in Thunder Bay. In 1987, Bombardier bought the assets of US railcar manufacturers Budd, in 1990, Procor Engineering Ltd. of Horbury near Wakefield, UK, a manufacturer of bodyshells, was acquired, and renamed Bombardier Prorail. In 1991, the grouping Bombardier Eurorail was formed consisting of the companys European subsidiaries, BN, ANF-Industrie, Prorail, in 1992, the company acquired Mexicos largest railway rolling-stock manufacturer, Concarril, from the Mexican government. In 1995, Waggonfabrik Talbot KG in Aachen, Germany, and in 1998, Deutsche Waggonbau AG, DWA encompassed the major portion of the railway equipment industry of the former East Germany, and had its principal sites in Bautzen and Görlitz. In 2001, Bombardier Transportation acquired Adtranz from DaimlerChrysler, and became by many measurements the Western worlds largest rail-equipment manufacturer, the addition of ADtranz made Bombardier a manufacturer of locomotives along with its existing product lines of passenger carriages, multiple-unit trains, and trams. With the acquisition of ADtranz, Bombardier also gained competence in the propulsion components business. Other sites had their work reduced in scope, or were closed. In Sep 2014 the downsizing and eventual closure of the Maryborough factory was announced, in January 2015, the government of Hungary nationalised the loss-making and under-utilised Bombardier carriage works at Dunakeszi, acquiring a 64. 9% stake for $7.8 million. An IPO was planned for late 2015, the investment initially representing a 30% stake - a valuation of $5 billion. The sale was required in part to continue the financing of the parent companys C-Series jet, in Aug 2016 Bombardier opened a 6,000 square metres production facility in Isando, Johannesburg, South Africa
30.
Pietro Mennea
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Pietro Paolo Mennea was an Italian sprinter and politician. He was most successful in the 200 m event, in which he won a medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. This record stood for almost 17 years – the longest duration in the event history – and is listed as the European record. He went on to win two titles in 60 m and 400 m, along with five Mediterranean Games gold medals in 100 m and 200 m. He competed at the European Championships with a place in the 4 ×100 m relay. He made his Olympic debut at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and he finished in third place, behind Valeri Borzov and Larry Black. Three more Olympic 200 metre finals would follow later in his career, at the 1974 European Championships, Mennea claimed the 200 m gold in front of his home crowd in Rome, while also placing second behind Borzov in the 100 m and the 4 ×100 m. After some poor performances in the 1976 Olympic season, Mennea decided to skip the Olympics and he finished fourth in the 200 m and sixth in the 4 ×100 m relay. In 1977 he finished second in the world cup 200, where a photo finish separated him from Clancy Edwards of the United States and he successfully defended his European 200 m title in 1978 but displayed his capabilities in the 100 metres by also winning that event in Prague. In 1979, Mennea placed first in the 100 metres and second in the 200 m behind Allan Wells of Great Britain in the European Cup. Later in the year, aged 27, he took part in the World University Games, on 12 September 1979, he won the 200 metres with a time of 19.72. His time set a new record, beating Tommie Smiths time of 19.83 set on the same track in the 1968 Summer Olympics. The record held for seventeen years before Michael Johnson broke it at the 1996 U. S. Olympic Trials, to date, only nine athletes have recorded a better time over 200 metres than Mennea. His time stands as the current European record and he also held the low-altitude world record,19.96, from 1980 to 1983, set in his home town of Barletta. On 17 August 1980, Mennea became the first sprinter to break 20 seconds for the 200 metres for the third time. Entering the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Mennea was a favourite for the Olympic gold. In the 200 metre final, Mennea faced reigning champion Don Quarrie and 100 metre champion Allan Wells, Mennea drew the outer most lane with Wells in lane 7 to his inside. Wells got out to a blistering fast start and closed on Mennea within the first 50 m and they approached the straight with Wells more than a two-metre lead on Mennea with Quarrie in second and Silvio Leonard, hampered by his lane 1 draw, in fourth
31.
Railway car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units. The term car is used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the manner, though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, railcar is a term for a railway vehicle, in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another, alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front. If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the direction, or be grouped, with twin rows facing each other. In some vehicles intended for services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, if the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided into small compartments. These usually contain six seats, although sometimes in second class they contain eight, modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened, or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided, other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is converted to one of these for an event. Observation cars were built for the rear of many trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. Sleeping cars outfitted with small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, in the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone. Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars, an example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner. A trainset is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created ad hoc out of cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled on shed, trains are then built of one or more of these sets coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train
32.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
33.
Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
34.
Commuter rail
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Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
35.
High-speed rail
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High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design, only in Europe does HSR cross international borders. China has 22,000 kilometres of HSR as of end December 2016, while high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide, the European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 defines high-speed rail in terms of, Infrastructure, track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel. Minimum Speed Limit, Minimum speed of 250 km/h on lines built for high speed. This must apply to at least one section of the line, Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high speed. Operating conditions, Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service, category II – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h. Category III – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, the UIC prefers to use definitions because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms. They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system, infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The International Union of Railways states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French SNCF Intercités and German DB IC, National domestic standards may vary from the international ones. Railways were the first form of land transportation and had an effective monopoly on passenger traffic until the development of the motor car. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they tried to achieve higher speeds. The line used three-phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 Hz, on 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h. These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail, however, after the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with traffic at grade crossings. The physical laws were well-known, i. e. if the speed was doubled, the radius should be quadrupled
36.
British Rail Class 802
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The type will be used initially on the Great Western Main Line, running from London to Plymouth and Penzance along with the HSTs. In mid 2015, First Great Western announced that it had secured the procurement of 173 new rail vehicles from Hitachi Rail, at the time, FGW was beginning the process of introducing a brand new fleet of intercity trains as part of the Governments Intercity Express Programme. This project involved the procurement of both wholly electric units, and bi-mode trains, capable of running either using OHLE or on-board diesel traction and these trains were intended to replace the existing High Speed Trains following the electrification of the Great Western Main Line. However, electrification will only go as far as Bristol, with the route beyond requiring diesel traction, the purchase of 173 additional vehicles was with the intention that these new bi-mode trains, similar to the Class 800s, would be used on services into Devon and Cornwall. These new trains would consist of 22 five-car and seven nine-car units, the option for a further 150 vehicles would be formed into another 30 five-car units. Initially, owing to Hitachis facility at Newton Aycliffe in County Durham being at capacity, however, following Hitachis purchase of the Italian train manufacturer AnsaldoBreda, construction was moved to Hitachis Pistoia plant. In September 2015, Hull Trains announced that they would be procuring up to five new 5-car bi-mode units from Hitachi. In its access application, the stated that, for route clearance purposes, its planned units would be identical to the Class 800/801 units. In August 2016, GWR announced that it was procuring an additional seven 9-car Class 802 sets to add to the 29 units already procured, British Rail Class 395 British Rail Class 800 British Rail Class 801
37.
Newton Aycliffe
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Newton Aycliffe is a town in County Durham, England. Founded in 1947 under the New Towns Act of 1946, the town sits about five miles north of Darlington and it is the oldest new town in the north of England and forms the civil parish of Great Aycliffe. At the 2001 census, Great Aycliffe had a population of 26,385 and it is the largest town within the Sedgefield constituency. Within a radius of 10 miles are several towns and villages including Darlington, Bishop Auckland, to the south of the town is the village of Aycliffe. Aycliffe Village is near to the A1 junction with the A167, until 2009, Great Aycliffe was in the borough of Sedgefield, based in Spennymoor. It was the largest town in the borough, Newton Aycliffe has since April 2009 been governed by the Great Aycliffe Town Council and the County Durham Unitary Authority. Prior to the Newtown development, Aycliffe was the site of a Saxon settlement, the name Acley came from the Saxon words, Ac, meaning oak, and ley, meaning a clearing. Aycliffe was the location of a church synods in AD782, the towns motto is Latin for Not the Least, but the Greatest we seek. On the edge of the town is the Bishop Auckland to Darlington railway branch line which is part of the 1825 Stockton and Darlington Railway, george Stephensons steam locomotive Locomotion No 1 was placed on the rails close to Newton Aycliffe near to where Heighington station is. The Great North Road passed through the town until 1969, in more recent times Aycliffe was a key element in World War II ammunitions manufacturing. The marshy land was ideal cover against the Luftwaffe as it was almost continually shrouded in fog, huge grass-covered munitions factories were built and serviced by the nearby railway lines. The factories were largely staffed by women, these ladies were dubbed the Aycliffe Angels, the government asked William Beveridge to produce a report on what he wanted Britain to be like after the war. In 1942 he produced his report, five giants, he said, oppressed mankind - Poverty, Disease, Homelessness, Ignorance and Unemployment. To end this, once and for all, Beveridge proposed a system of Social Security benefits. He called it the Welfare State, the Welfare State was brought in all over Britain in 1948, but Beveridge chose one place especially which he wanted to be the shining example of how his new world would work. The moors between Aycliffe and Middridge were perfect - there was an ordnance factory that was no longer needed for the war. It is where Beveridge chose his new town - Newton Aycliffe. This man - the shaper of modern Britain - even came to live here, the factories were eventually replaced by manufacturing buildings that became the industrial district of Aycliffe
38.
Rail transport in Italy
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The Italian railway system is one of the most important parts of the infrastructure of Italy, with a total length of 24,227 km of which active lines are 16,723 km. The network has grown with the construction of the new high-speed rail network. Italy is a member of the International Union of Railways, the UIC Country Code for Italy is 83. RFI, a state owned company, administers most of the Italian rail infrastructure, the total length of RFI active lines is 16,723 km, of which 7,505 km are double tracks. Lines are divided into 3 categories, fundamental lines, which have high traffic and good infrastructure quality, fundamental lines are 6,131 km long, complementary lines, which have less traffic and are responsible for connecting medium or small regional centers. Most of these lines are track and some are not electrified, node lines. Most of the Italian network is electrified, electric system is 3kV DC on conventional lines and 25 kV AC on high-speed lines. The Italian rail network comprises also other regional lines controlled by other companies for a total of about 3,000 km. The first railway in Italy was the Napoli-Portici line, built in 1839 to connect the palace of Naples to the seaside. After the creation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, a project was started to build a network from the Alps to Sicily, in order to connect the country. The first high-speed train was the Italian ETR200, which in July 1939 went from Milan to Florence at 165 km/h, with this service, the railway was able to compete with the upcoming airplanes. The Second World War stopped these services, after the Second World War, Italy started to repair the damaged railways, and built nearly 20,000 km of new tracks. Nowadays the rail tracks and infrastructure are managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, while the train, both are Ferrovie dello Stato subsidiaries, once the only train operator in Italy. High-speed trains were developed during the 1960s, e444 locomotives were the first standard locomotives capable of top speed of 200 km/h, while an ALe 601 electrical multiple unit reached a speed of 240 km/h during a test. Other EMUs, such as the ETR220, ETR250, the braking systems of cars were updated to match the increased travelling speeds. On 25 June 1970, work was started on the Rome–Florence Direttissima and it included the 5.375 km long bridge on the Paglia river, then the longest in Europe. Works were completed in the early 1990s, in 1975, a program for a widespread updating of the rolling stock was launched. Therefore,160 E.656 electric and 35 D.345 locomotives for short-medium range traffic were acquired, some 1,000 much-needed passenger and 7,000 freight cars were also ordered
39.
Fortaleza Metro
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The Fortaleza Metro is the meter gauge 43-kilometer metropolitan rail system that operates in the city of Fortaleza in Ceará, Brazil. The system is administered by the state government, the Fortaleza Metro system has been in operation since June 15,2012, with the completion of the South Line, the first line of the system. The planned system will include, South, East, West and it is integrated with two of the citys seven intermodal terminals, Parangaba and Papicu, with Mucuripe port and the international airport Pinto Martins. The operator of the Fortaleza Metro, Metrofor, has been in the process of modernizing Fortalezas rail network since 1999, the upgraded rail network is expected to serve nearly 700,000 passengers a day. The Linha Sul is the first of the two lines to be converted to higher frequency service, with headways of 27 minutes. Its route has been diverted into a 4. 0-kilometer long tunnel, with 4 underground stations all with 110 m long platforms, the West Line, currently operating as a commuter rail line, is 19. 0-kilometer long. It begins at Caucaia and currently terminates at João Felipe, with plans to extend it to Central – Chico da Silva and it currently operates with train frequencies of 45 minutes. A total of 20 train-sets were expected to be delivered, and in service, a new totally underground line, the East line, began construction on February 2014. Tunnel boring machines for the construction were provided by The Robbins Company, there are also plans for a second shorter light rail line south of Fortaleza. List of suburban and commuter rail systems Media related to Fortaleza Metro at Wikimedia Commons Fortaleza Metro – official website
40.
AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
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The AnsaldoBreda -Ansaldo STS Driverless Metro is a class of driverless electric multiple units and corresponding signaling system. The first system to use this class of electric multiple units was the Copenhagen Metro which opened in 2002. The rolling stock consists of two to six articulated cars, all trains are 2.65 meters wide, except those used on the Rome Metro which are 2.85 meters wide. Each car has an output of 210 or 256 kilowatts. The systems are automated, consisting of automatic train protection, automatic train operation. The rolling stock uses standardized car bodies, articulated together, the number of cars varies across the different systems where they are used. The trains used on the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University system are two car units, for the other systems, the units vary between three and six cars, making the trains from 39 to 109 meters long. They are 2.65 meters wide, except the Rome Metro units, the units vary from 3.4 to 3.85 meters tall. Each car has two doors on each side, which are 1.3 meters wide and 1.945 meters tall, the vehicles are designed by Giugiaro Design. In each car, the two motors are fed by the cars own insulated-gate bipolar transistor and they transform the 750-volt direct current collected from the third rail shoe to the three-phase alternating current used in the motors. The trains top speeds are 80 or 90 km/h, with an acceleration and deceleration capacity of 1.3 m/s2, trains are fully compatible with platform screen doors, which are found at all stations in Brescia, Rome and Milan, and at underground stations in Copenhagen. The systems are controlled by an automated computer system, located at the control. The automatic train control consists of three subsystems, automatic train protection, automatic operation and automatic train supervision. The ATP is responsible for managing the trains speed, ensuring that doors are closed before departure, the system uses fixed block signaling, except around stations, where moving block signaling is used. The system has been designed and built by Union Switch & Signal, the ATO is the autopilot that drives the trains in line with a pre-defined schedule, ensures that the train stop at stations and operates the doors. The ATS monitors all components of the network, including the rails and all trains on the system, the ATC is designed so that only the ATP is safety-critical, and will halt trains if the other systems have faults. Other aspects of the system, such a supply, ventilation, security alarms, cameras and pumps, are controlled by a system called control, regulating. The most common repairs are the grinding of the wheels, more complicated repairs are made by replacing entire components that are sent to the manufacturer, by having components in reserve, trains can have shorter maintenance times
41.
Copenhagen Metro
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Copenhagen Metro is a 24/7 rapid transit system in Copenhagen, Denmark, serving the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, and Tårnby. The 20. 4-kilometre system opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 and M2, the driverless light metro supplements the larger S-train rapid transit system, and is integrated with DSB local trains and Movia buses. Through the city center and west to Vanløse, M1 and M2 share a common line, the metro has 22 stations, of which nine are underground. In 2013, the metro carried 55 million passengers, the system is owned by Metroselskabet, which is owned by the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, and the Ministry of Transport. The 34 trains are of the AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro class and stationed at the Control, the trains are 2.65 m wide and three cars long, their 630-kilowatt power output is supplied by a 750-volt third rail. The metro trains were planned to be four cars long. Platforms are – although shorter than originally planned – built to accommodate trains with four cars, operation of the system is subcontracted to Metro Service. Trains run continually, twenty-four hours a day, with the headway varying from two to twenty minutes. Planning of the Metro started in 1992 as part of the redevelopment plans for Ørestad with construction starting in 1996, stage 2, from Nørreport to Vanløse, opened in 2003, followed by stage 3, from Lergravsparken to Lufthavnen, in 2007. Construction of the M3+M4 City Circle Line is underway, scheduled to open in 2020, this line will form a circle around the city center, be entirely underground and not share any track with M1 and M2. Kongens Nytorv and Frederiksberg will serve as interchanges between M1, M2 and M3+M4, a two-station branch towards Nordhavn is planned to open in 2019. A planned expansion towards Sydhavn will include a linkup with Ny Ellebjerg on the S-train network and these stations will also be connected to the regional train network following the completion of the new Copenhagen-Ringsted railway. The Sydhavn extension has been approved, the planning of the metro was spurred by the development of the Ørestad area of Copenhagen. The principle of building a transit was passed by the Parliament of Denmark on 24 June 1992. Initially, three modes were considered, a tramway, a rail and a rapid transit. In October 1994, the Development Corporation chose a light rapid transit, the tram solution would have been a street tram, without any major infrastructure investments in the city centre, such as a dedicated right-of-way. Through Ørestad it would have had level crossings, except for a crossing with the European Route E20. It would have had a driver and have operated at about a 150-second interval—twice the cycle time of the traffic lights
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Sirio
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Sirio is a low-floor tram built by AnsaldoBreda, an Italian manufacturer of trains, trams and light rail vehicles. It can be ordered as either one-directional or bi-directional and with a variety of track gauges, azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the city transport company of Milan, has bought 93 Sirios. In 2002, the first carriages were delivered, the ATM has 58 seven section Sirios with a length of 35.35 metres, these trams have a capacity of 285 people, of which 71 can sit. The ATM has also 35 five section Sirietto with a length of 25.15 metres, both types of Sirios have a width of 2.40 metres and have been built for the unusual track gauge of 1,445 mm. The maximum speed is 70 km/h, part of the 7500 will be numbered in the 7600 series because of minor modifications. It is not exactly known how many Sirio will be built, all Sirios in Milan sport a dark green livery, the Siriettos sport either the dark green livery or a white-and-yellow livery. The city of Gothenburg, Sweden, ordered 40 one-directional Sirio trams which were to be put into service on the Gothenburg tram network during 2005, the trams were delivered late and functioned poorly when put into traffic. Among reported problems were excessive track damage caused by the trams, malfunctioning air conditioners inside the trams, the City of Gothenburg therefore withheld a large part of the payment for a delivered tram until fully operational. On December 3,2009, the city authorities exercised their option for a further 25 trams of the design at a cost of €61 million. In February 2013,38 out of the total 40 trams delivered in the first series were taken out of due to extensive corrosion on the chassis. Of the 65 trams purchased, only about 35–40 are usable, none of the three repaired trams that Ansaldobreda delivered, was in working order and might be scrapped. The investigation launched into the matter found, that the trams were jerry-built, and it was also discovered, that the badly built trams have resulted in extensive track damage that will be very costly to repair, adding to the fiasco of the Gothenburg Ansaldobreda tram affair. Athens, Greece, Athens Tram S. A. operates a fleet of 35 bi-directional Sirio vehicles, bergamo, Italy, Bergamo–Albino light rail14 bi directional Florence, Italy,17 bi-directional. Turkey Sassari, Italy,4 st bi-directional for Metrosassari, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai Tram Line 1, opening November 2014. Urbos CROTRAM Citadis Combino Ansaldobreda Sirio official page Ansaldobreda Sirio type 7100 pictures Ansaldobreda Sirio type 7500 pictures Florence tramway project official site
Media related to AnsaldoBreda at Wikimedia Commons
