1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
James T. Sutherland
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James Thomas Sutherland was a Canadian ice hockey player, coach, administrator, and developer. He was a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, often referred to as the “Father of Hockey”, Sutherland was an ardent supporter of the game who worked diligently on its behalf. He made his hometown of Kingston a famous ice hockey centre during the prior to the First World War. As coach of the Kingston Frontenacs junior team, Sutherland guided them to several championships and he served overseas with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War, reaching the rank of Captain. In 1919, Sutherland served as the President of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and he was instrumental in the founding of the Memorial Cup in 1919, the tournament serves as the championship of the Canadian Hockey League. He also helped establish the exhibition match between the Royal Military College of Canada and West Point in 1923. On September 30,1955, Sutherland died, the IHHoF took his honour one step further by naming one of the display halls after him. In December 1947, Sutherland was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, James T. Sutherlands biography at Legends of Hockey James T. Sutherland at Find a Grave
5.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
6.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
7.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
8.
Hall of fame
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A hall, wall, or walk of fame is a list of individuals, achievements, or animals, usually chosen by a group of electors, to mark their fame in their field. Sometimes, the plaques may instead be posted on a wall or inscribed on a sidewalk. In other cases, the hall of fame is more figurative, the lists are maintained by an organization or community, and may be national, state, local, or private. The English-language term was popularised in the United States by the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College, in New York City and its inspiration is the Ruhmeshalle in Munich, Germany. The Walhalla memorial in Bavaria, Germany, is an earlier hall of fame, conceived in 1807. The meaning of fame has changed over the years, originally meaning renown as opposed to more common meaning of celebrity
9.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
10.
Stanley Cup
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The Stanley Cup is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League playoff winner. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games, Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. After a series of mergers and folds, it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926. There are actually three Stanley Cups, the bowl of the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the authenticated Presentation Cup. The NHL has maintained control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks. Nevertheless, the NHL does not actually own the trophy, the original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres in height and 29 centimetres in diameter. The current Stanley Cup, topped with a copy of the bowl, is made of a silver and nickel alloy, it has a height of 89.54 centimetres. Unlike the trophies awarded by the major professional sports leagues of North America. Originally, the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned, currently, winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season. It is unusual among trophies to include winning members names, every year since 1924, a select portion of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff names are engraved on its bands. However, there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players, initially a new band added each year, though this caused the trophy to grow in size, earning the nickname Stovepipe Cup. In 1958 the modern one-piece Cup was designed with a barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band. To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, when the band is full, the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanleys Cup, The Holy Grail, the Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team. Since the 1914–15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 100 times by 18 active NHL teams, prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine different teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the cup, the Stanley Cup was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic, and in 2005, as a consequence of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11,1888, he, Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreals 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. The Montreal Gazette reported that he expressed his delight with the game of hockey
11.
Kingston, Ontario
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Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
12.
International Hockey Hall of Fame
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The International Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum dedicated to the history of ice hockey in Canada, located in Kingston, Ontario. The IHHOF was originally planned to be the one Hockey Hall of Fame, IHHOF has been renamed the Original Hockey Hall of Fame. It now focuses on the history of the sport, with emphasis on the people from Kingston had in its development. The hall is open Thursday to Sunday from 12 noon to 6 pm, the International Hockey Hall of Fame was founded on September 10,1943, and incorporated as a non-profit charity by the National Hockey League and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. It was established through the efforts of James T. Sutherland, a former President of the CAHA, in 1943, the NHL and CAHA reached an agreement that a Hall of Fame would be established in Kingston. The first players were inducted on April 30,1945, although the IHHOF still did not have a permanent home, Kingston lost its most influential advocate as permanent site of the Hockey Hall of Fame when Sutherland died in 1955. By 1958, the IHHOF organizers had not raised sufficient funds to construct a permanent building in Kingston. Despite this major setback, the Board of Directors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame moved forward, in 1962, a grant was awarded by the City of Kingston for the construction of a new building. In 1965 the International Hockey Hall of Fame moved into their new building located on the Memorial Centre grounds in Kingston, in 1992, the IHHOF added new exhibits from the International Ice Hockey Federation. The IIHF exhibits were located at the IHHOF from 1992 through 1997, the IIHF relocated them to the HHOF in Toronto, in 1998. The hall is now located at the Invista Centre, an arena located at 1350 Gardiners Road. The hall is on the floor of the facility. The museum had two floors at their home at 277 York Street. The first had exhibits about Bobby Orr, Don Cherry, the Original Six, Wayne Gretzky, artifacts included jerseys worn by Gordie Howe, Rocket Richard and others, skates and sticks from the 1800s and the championship banner of the 1914 Toronto Blueshirts. Outside of the building was a square puck. The York Street building was demolished in 2012, since then, the hall has moved to the Invista Centre. The hall has been renamed the Original Hockey Hall of Fame, in spring 2016, the hall reopened with new exhibits and multimedia presentations, including a film, The Cradle of Hockey, narrated by Don Cherry. The hall is open Thursday to Sunday from 12 noon to 6 pm, the IHHOF inducted nine builders and 32 players, but only two since 1952 and none since 1966
13.
Exhibition Place
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Exhibition Place is a publicly owned mixed-use district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located by the shoreline of Lake Ontario, just west of downtown. The 197-acre site includes exhibit, trade, and banquet centres, theatre and music buildings, monuments, parkland, sports facilities, and a number of civic, provincial, and national historic sites. The districts facilities are used year-round for exhibitions, trade shows, public and private functions, from mid-August through Labour Day each year, the Canadian National Exhibition, from which the name Exhibition Place is derived, is held on the grounds. During the CNE, Exhibition Place encompasses 260 acres, expanding to include nearby parks, the CNE uses the buildings for exhibits on agriculture, food, arts and crafts, government and trade displays. For entertainment, the CNE provides a midway of rides and games, music concerts at the Bandshell, featured shows at the Ricoh Coliseum, and the Canadian International Air Show. The fair is one of the largest and most successful of its kind in North America, the buildings on the site date from the 1700s to recent years. Five buildings on the site, were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1988, the grounds have seen a mix of protection for heritage buildings along with new development. The site was set aside for military purposes and gradually given over to exhibition purposes. Exhibition Place is a site located length-wise along the north shoreline of Lake Ontario to the west of downtown Toronto. The site is flat ground sloping down gently to the shoreline. It was originally forested land, and was cleared for military use, sections east of Stanley Barracks and south were filled in the early part of the 20th Century. Today, the district is mostly paved, with an area of remaining in its western section. There is an open paved area in the southern central section, which is used for parking. The site has a variety of buildings, open spaces. The eastern entrance to Exhibition Place is marked by the large ceremonial Princes Gates, named for Edward, Prince of Wales, and his brother, Prince George, the roads are all named after Canadian provinces and territories except for Princes Boulevard which is the main street east-west. Several of the roads are used for the annual Honda Indy Toronto car race, south of the grounds is Ontario Place, a theme park built in 1971 on landfill in Lake Ontario, and operated by the government of Ontario. The site also has a history of sports facilities on the site, starting with an equestrian track. The grandstand eventually was converted for use by music concerts, major league baseball and football teams, the newest sports facility to be built is the soccer-specific stadium, BMO Field
14.
Downtown Toronto
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Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
15.
Brookfield Place (Toronto)
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Brookfield Place is an office complex in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, comprising the 2.1 ha block bounded by Yonge Street, Wellington Street West, Bay Street, and Front Street. The complex contains 242,000 m2 of office space, Brookfield Place is also the home of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Bay Wellington Tower is a 49-story office tower, designed by Bregman + Hamann Architects, the TD Canada Trust Tower is noted for its recessed design and spire on the upper levels and stands at 53 storeys. Until July 2015, the TD logo was displayed on the Canada Trust Tower. Although Brookfield Place is an office complex, it contains a significant heritage component. In the 19th century, this block was described in the Globe newspaper as the most valuable business block in the city, although much of it was subsequently destroyed in the 1904 Toronto fire. The facade of the 1890s-era Merchants Bank building, originally located on Wellington Street, was similarly restored, although it was moved and incorporated into the Allen Lambert Galleria. The opulent former Bank of Montreal branch at the northwest corner of Yonge and Front streets, built in 1885, also part of the complex. It contains portraits of all Hall of Fame inductees, and houses a number of hockey trophies, Brookfield Place is connected to the underground PATH system and to the subway. Allen Lambert Galleria, sometimes described as the cathedral of commerce, is an atrium designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava which connects Bay Street with Sam Pollock Square. The Galleria was the result of a competition and was incorporated into the development in order to satisfy the City of Torontos public art requirements. It is a frequently photographed space, and is featured as a backdrop for news reports, as well as TV. Brookfield Place serves as the headquarters for Brookfield Office Properties, which owns the Bay Wellington Tower section of the complex, the TD Tower section was owned in entirety by the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System through its subsidiary Oxford Properties. According to the Financial Post, A spokesman for PSP would not confirm the deal had taken place, the swap valued the 50% stake in the tower at C$465 million, or C$750 per square foot, a record for commercial property in Canada
16.
Bank of Montreal
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The Bank of Montreal, operating as BMO Financial Group and commonly shortened to BMO, is one of the Big Five banks in Canada. It is the fourth-largest bank in Canada by market capitalization and based on assets, on June 23,1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on November 3,1817, in Canada, the bank operates as BMO Bank of Montreal and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. The company also has operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the United States. BMO Capital Markets is BMOs investment and corporate banking division, while the management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list, the Bank of Montreal was founded in 1817 as the first bank in Canada. The Bank of Montreal established branches in Newfoundland on January 31,1895, following the collapse of the Newfoundland Commercial Bank, in 1925, Bank of Montreal merged with the Molson Bank. BMOs operational head office moved to First Canadian Place on Bay Street in Toronto in 1977, Bank of Montreal, like the other Canadian chartered banks, issued its own paper money from 1817 until 1942. Though the last notes were issued during that year, they may have circulated for some time after, when the Bank of Canada Act established The Bank of Canada in 1934, it became the sole issuer of currency in Canada and other notes were withdrawn. Today, the Bank of Montreal commonly goes by the nickname BMO and it is a major international bank with a large number of connections across Canada and around the world. A number of buildings in which Bank of Montreal operates branches are designated by various levels of government as being of historic importance, the building was modelled after a Georgian townhouse with a small portico of Corinthian columns supporting a classical pediment and remains the banks legal headquarters. The Bank of Montreals operational head office is located at First Canadian Place in Toronto, the Bank of Montreal, Front & Yonge Streets, Toronto, Ontario. The 1885 Beaux-Arts styled building designed by the Toronto firm of Darling & Curry has been the site of the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1993, bush Austin Cuvillier George Garden, director from 1817 to 1826 and vice-president from 1818 to 1822. Angus Sir Vincent Meredith Sir Charles Blair Gordon Huntly Redpath Drummond George Wilbur Spinney B. C. Gardner Gordon Ball G, several of his successors as President were CEO as well, however Matthew W. Barrett was the first top executive not to be styled president. Since the middle of the century, the senior officer of Bank of Montreal has been styled President. That officer often also held the chairman of the board. The title of the executive has changed several times and has often been left vacant. As deputy to Matthew Barrett, F. Anthony Comper was President and chief operating officer from 1990 to 1999, after which he became chairman and CEO while retaining the title of President
17.
Coach (ice hockey)
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Coach in ice hockey is the person responsible for directing the team during games and practices, prepares strategy and decides which players will participate in games. The specific responsibilities of a coach vary according to the level at which they are coaching, for example, unique to coaching at the professional level, coaches need to have skills in dealing with the media. At the professional level, as game is given great importance. Coaches also are important in determining the style of hockey the team plays, while winning is a primary responsibility at the professional level, at the other extreme of minor hockey, teaching is given greater importance. Head coach Coach NHL & WHA Coach Directory at Sports Reference Hockey Canada Coaching Program USA Hockey coaching International Ice Hockey Federation Coaches Corner
18.
Toronto Maple Leafs
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The Toronto Maple Leafs are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the team is one of the Original Six league members. They are owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum, in February 1999, they moved to the Air Canada Centre, which replaced Maple Leaf Gardens, the teams home since 1931. The franchise was founded in 1917, operating simply as Toronto and known today as the Toronto Arenas, as it was operated by the Toronto Arena Company, in 1919, the NHL transferred the franchise to new owners who christened the team the Toronto St. Patricks. The franchise was sold in 1927 and was renamed the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club, the team colours are navy blue and white. The Maple Leafs have won thirteen Stanley Cup championships, second only to the 24 championships of their primary rival and they won their last championship in 1967. Their 48-season drought between championships is currently the longest in the NHL, with an estimated worth of US $1.15 billion in 2015 according to Forbes, the Leafs are the third most valuable franchise in the NHL, behind the Montreal Canadiens and the New York Rangers. In 2015, they were ranked by Forbes as the 37th most valuable team in the world. The National Hockey League was formed in 1917 in Montreal by teams belonging to the National Hockey Association that had a dispute with Eddie Livingstone. Instead, they opted to create a new league, the NHL and they also remained voting members of the NHA, and thus had enough votes to suspend the other leagues operations, effectively leaving Livingstones squad in a one-team league. However, the other wanted to have a team from Toronto. They also needed another team to balance the schedule after the Bulldogs suspended operations, the NHL granted a temporary Toronto franchise to the Arena Company, owners of the Arena Gardens. The Arena Company leased the Blueshirts players and was given until the end of the season to resolve the dispute with Livingstone, the franchise did not have an official name, but was informally called the Blueshirts or the Torontos by the fans and press. Under Manager Charlie Querrie and Head Coach Dick Carroll, the Toronto team won the Stanley Cup in the NHLs inaugural season, although the roster was composed almost entirely of former Blueshirts, the Maple Leafs do not claim the Blueshirts history. Also that year, the Arena Company decided that only NHL teams would be allowed to play at the Arena Gardens—a move which effectively killed the NHA, Livingstone sued to get his players back. Mounting legal bills from the dispute forced the Arenas to sell most of their stars, when it was obvious that the Arenas would not be able to finish the season, the NHL agreed to let the team halt operations on February 20,1919. The NHL ended its season and started the playoffs, the Arenas.278 winning percentage that season is still the worst in franchise history. However, the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals ended without a winner due to the flu epidemic
19.
Official (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink and they are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white striped shirt. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a whistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, off-ice officials, both verbally and via hand signals, starting in 1955 with the introduction of the black-and-white jersey, NHL on-ice officials wore numbers on their back for identification. In 1977, NHL officials removed the number and had their surnames on the back of their jerseys for identification, starting in 1994, however, NHL officials returned to wearing numbers on their shirts, a procedure adopted by other leagues. In the early days of hockey when the NHL was born, in those days, penalties were assessed more on common sense rather than following strict rules, and the official would deem what was allowed and not, as well as the length of the penalties. Later, NHL referees wore cream-colored sweaters over a shirt and tie and they then briefly wore orange sweaters with half-zip fronts, until the black-and-white-striped jersey was introduced in 1955. A referee is responsible for the supervision of the game. Under most officiating systems, he is the official with the authority to assess penalties for violations of the rules. However, the linesmen can report a variety of penalties, such as too many players and major penalties, to the referee, who may then assess the penalty. The referee also conducts the opening face-off in each period and face-offs that follow after a goal is scored, linesmen are primarily responsible for watching for violations involving the centre line and the blue line. Such infractions include icing and offside infractions, after which the linesmen conduct faceoffs and they are also expected to break up scuffles, fistfights and other altercations that occur during the game. Ice hockey rules allow linesmen to call some penalties, while others allow them to report the infraction to the referee. In some leagues, the linesmen are given the title of assistant referee, when given this title, they are given more responsibility to stop play and to call penalties that the referee may not see. The NCAA previously used this designation prior to altering its officiating systems in 2006, the three-official system uses one referee and two linesmen. This is the most commonly used system, the NHL previously used this system until changing to the four-official system in the late 1990s. The highest level for this system is the AHL, which does official development for the NHL, the four-official system adds a second referee for a total of two referees and two linesmen. In this system, each referee works either the lead/front or the trail/back position, the lead position is normally in corner of the end zone, while the trail position is the neutral zone, diagonally opposite each other
20.
Yonge Street
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Yonge Street is a major arterial route connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Upper Great Lakes. Yonge Street is actually 86 kilometres long, the construction of Yonge Street is designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada. Yonge Street was fundamental in the planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the capital with northern Ontario, today, no section of Yonge Street is a provincial highway. The street was named by Ontarios first colonial administrator, John Graves Simcoe, for his friend Sir George Yonge, in Toronto and York Region, Yonge Street is the north-south baseline from which street numbering is reckoned east and west. See the Public Transit section below, Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay, a four-lane arterial road proceeding north by north-west. Torontos Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the industrial area now converted from port, rail. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline, beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canadas tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria. Between Front Street and Queen Street, Yonge Street is bounded by historic and commercial buildings, the east side has two historic performance venues, the Ed Mirvish Theatre and the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. In addition, Massey Hall is located just to the east on Shuter Street, opposite the Eaton Centre lies Yonge-Dundas Square. It is used for public events. Another stretch of busy retail lines both sides of Yonge Street north of Dundas Street, including Sam the Record Man until its closure on June 30,2007, the density of businesses diminishes north of Gerrard Street, residential towers flank this section. The Art Deco College Park building, a shopping complex of the T. Eaton Company, occupies most of the west side of Yonge Street from Gerrard Street north to College Street and it was converted into a residential and commercial complex after the building of the Eaton Centre. From College Street north to Bloor Street, Yonge Street serves smaller street-level retail, the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is a major crossroads of Toronto, informally considered the northern edge of the downtown core. Subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth intersects the Yonge line here, with the transfers between lines making Bloor-Yonge Station the busiest in the city. The Hudsons Bay Centre and Two Bloor West office towers dominate the corner, the Mink Miles borders extend from Yonge to Avenue Road along Bloor
21.
IIHF Hall of Fame
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The IIHF Hall of Fame is a hall of fame which was established by the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1997, when 30 individuals were inducted at the world championships in Helsinki. A new group of players and builders have been inducted each year since then, the IIHF Hall of Fame is located at the Hockey Hall of Fame, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. An induction ceremony is held every year, during the ceremony, the Paul Loicq Award is presented to a person who has made outstanding contributions to the IIHF and international ice hockey. IIHF Centennial All-Star Team, a team selected in 2008 to represent the best players in ice hockey IIHF Hall of Fame
22.
Hobey Baker
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Hobart Amory Hare Hobey Baker was an American amateur athlete of the early twentieth century. Considered the first American star in ice hockey by the Hockey Hall of Fame, born into a prominent family from Philadelphia, he enrolled at Princeton University in 1910. Baker excelled on the hockey and football teams, and became a noted amateur hockey player for the St. Nicholas Hockey Club in New York City. He was a member of three championship teams, for football in 1911 and hockey in 1912 and 1914. Baker graduated from Princeton in 1914 and worked for J. P. Morgan Bank until he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service. During World War I he served with the 103rd and the 13th Aero Squadrons before being promoted to captain, Baker died in December 1918 after a plane he was test-piloting crashed, hours before he was due to leave France and return to America. Baker was widely regarded by his contemporaries as one of the best athletes of his time and is considered one of the best early American hockey players. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, Baker was named one of the first nine inductees, in 1973 he became one of the initial inductees in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975, F. Scott Fitzgerald idolized Baker and based Allenby, a minor character in the 1920 novel This Side of Paradise, on him. In 1921, Princeton named its new arena the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink. Baker was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the son of Alfred Thornton Baker, a wealthy upholsterer, and Mary Augusta Pemberton. Alfred, known as Bobby to his friends, had played halfback while a student at Princeton University in the 1880s, one of Bakers ancestors was Francis Rawle, a Quaker who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1688 and became one of the wealthiest members of the city. Baker was named after his uncle, Dr. Hobart Amory Hare, at the age of eleven, Baker and his twelve-year-old brother Thornton were sent to St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire. Bakers parents divorced in 1907 and both remarried, while at St. Pauls, Baker was introduced to ice hockey. Malcolm Gordon, one of the first people to develop hockey in the United States, was the coach of the school team. Baker was known by his classmates to be an exceptionally fast and he spent nights skating on frozen ponds to improve his ability to move with the puck while not looking down. Baker was named to the varsity team at the age of fourteen and helped St. Pauls defeat some of the best prep schools. In every sport he attempted, Baker soon demonstrated proficiency and his cousin said that Baker swam through water like some sort of engine
23.
Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey)
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Charles Robert Chuck Gardiner was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Gardiner moved with his family to Canada as a child, playing all of his junior hockey in or around Winnipeg, Manitoba, Gardiner joined the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1927–28 season. He played seven seasons with Chicago, winning two Vezina Trophies, earning three berths to the First All-Star team, and a berth to the Second All-Star team, in 1934, Gardiner became the only NHL goaltender to captain his team to a Stanley Cup win. A few months after winning the Cup, Gardiner died from a hemorrhage brought on by a tonsillar infection. He became posthumously a charter member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945, Gardiner was born in Edinburgh, Scotland to John and Janet Gardiner. The fourth of five children, there was also Gardiners two older brothers, John and Alexander, a sister, Edith, and a younger sister. In 1911, when Gardiner was seven, he and the rest of his family emigrated to Winnipeg, the family initially lived in a house on William Avenue before relocating to Alexander Street, both streets were south of the railways, and were full of Scottish-Irish working-class families. John took a job as a rail car repairer, and Gardiner took an early interest in the trains and he was enrolled at the Albert School, and befriended Wilf Cude, who had immigrated from Wales who would also go on to be a National Hockey League goaltender. When the First World War began in 1914, both of Gardiners brothers enlisted and were sent overseas, Gardiners father John also enlisted, but he died May 30,1916 before he was sent overseas. Both his brothers returned home after the war ended, while Alex was unharmed, John had been involved in a gas attack. To help provide for the family Gardiner began working for the J. H. Ashdown Hardware Company at the age of twelve, in December 1928 John began to develop an illness as a result of his poison gas attack in the war, and died December 13. Edith had planned to get married on December 31, but wanted to delay the marriage because of Johns death, Gardiner married Myrtle Brooks August 6,1927 at Grace United Church in Winnipeg. Their first son, Robert Roy, was born May 20,1929 and they also had a girl on May 7,1931, but she died the same day. While working at the store, Gardiner first played organised sports as a member of the stores baseball team. Gardiner quickly started playing ice hockey, with the passion as the children who were born in Canada. As he didnt learn to skate until he was eight-years-old, he couldnt skate very fast and was forced to play as the goaltender and he had tried to play as a forward and defenceman, but was too slow for either position. Playing on Winnipegs frozen ponds, Gardiner employed a style, instead of the nearly-universal stand-up style played in that era, to avoid having his hands. He joined the Victorias, a team in the Winnipeg City League and he recorded a shutout in his first game, but the team was shut out in their following game, so Gardiner was cut
24.
Eddie Gerard
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Edward George Gerard was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada he played professionally for 10 seasons for the hometown Ottawa Senators and was member of several Stanley Cup-winning teams before retiring as a player in 1923. He continued in hockey afterward as a coach until 1935, winning a further Stanley Cup in 1926 and he was regarded as one of the most prominent athletes in Ottawa, active in several sports and was a halfback for the Ottawa Rough Riders football club from 1909 to 1913. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, Gerard was one of the original 12 players inducted and his father was of Scottish descent. He married Lillian Mackenzie and had two daughters and he worked as a printer and was employed by the Canadian Government Printing Bureau. He moved to the survey in 1912, and at the time of his death was chief engineering clerk for the survey. In November 1913, while still a player, Gerard was approached by several teams in regards to turning professional. He initially had an offer from the Montreal Canadiens of $1,000 for, early in the month the Ottawa Senators offered him a contract of $1,500 for two seasons, which would have made him one of the highest paid players in hockey. He also received an offer from the Sydney Hockey Club from the Maritime Hockey League promised $1,600 for the season, Gerard joined the professional ranks in 1913–14 with the Ottawa Senators, after playing in senior amateur play since 1907 with various Ottawa teams. He had also played football, and gave that up to play with the Senators. One of the highest regarded athletes in Ottawa, he signed with the Senators when they assured him he would be able to keep his government job. When he did sign, he was given a bonus of C$400, in 1915, he was named to the NHA All-Stars which went on a tour in British Columbia to play PCHA teams. Gerard was player-coach of the Senators from 1916 until 1918 and he later served as captain of the Senators from 1919 to 1923. He retired after the 1922–23 season due to a growth, although benign, in his throat, Gerard won four Stanley Cups during his playing career. Three came as a member of the Ottawa Senators and one with the Toronto St. Pats, in game five of the 1921 Stanley Cup Finals, Gerard had six penalties, one of which was a match penalty near the end of the game. Gerard was attending the 1922 Stanley Cup Final, held that year in Toronto when Harry Cameron, vancouver Millionaires Manager Lester Patrick gave permission to Toronto to use Gerard to replace their injured player. Toronto won the game and the series and it was his only game with the St. Pats. After retiring as a player he was the Manager-Coach of the Montreal Maroons from 1924–25 season to 1928–29 season and he resigned from the Maroons, where he never had a formal contract, on July 8,1929
25.
Frank McGee (ice hockey)
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Francis Clarence McGee, was an ice hockey player during the early days of hockey for the Ottawa Hockey Club, nicknamed the Silver Seven. Though blind in one eye, McGee was a player of his era. He once scored 14 goals in a Stanley Cup game and eight times scored five or more. Despite a brief senior career — only 45 games over four seasons — he led the Silver Seven in its reign as Stanley Cup champions during this time, during World War I, he enlisted in the Canadian Army and died in battle in France. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, McGee was one of the original nine inductees, Frank McGee came from a prominent Canadian family. His late uncle, Thomas DArcy McGee, had been a Father of Confederation and his father, John Joseph McGee, was clerk of the Privy Council. Frank was one of nine born to John Joseph McGee. Frank had five brothers and three sisters, Thomas DArcy, Jim, John, Walter, Charles, Katharine, Mary and his brother Jim was also a noted athlete in football and ice hockey before dying in a horse-riding accident in May 1904. Charles, like Frank, also died in World War I, after his education in Ottawa, McGee worked for the Canadian government Department of Indian Affairs, but he had a passion for sports and played lacrosse and rugby and excelled at ice hockey. While playing half-back for his team, Ottawa City, he was a member of the team that won the Canadian championship in 1898. He played for the Ottawa Hockey Club from 1902 until 1906 and he enlisted in the military and fought in World War I for the 43rd Regiment as a lieutenant in the 21st Infantry Battalion, starting in May 1915. That December he suffered an injury, and was sent to England to recover. He was given the choice of a posting in Le Havre away from the action and he returned to the 21st Battalion in August 1916 for the Battle of the Somme and was killed in action on September 16,1916 near Courcelette, France. His brother Charles died in action in May 1915 and it is not known how McGee was allowed into the army with sight in only one eye. In his certificate of examination, the medical officer wrote that McGee could see the distance with either eye. According to McGees nephew, Frank Charles McGee, his uncle tricked the doctor, when he was asked to cover one eye and read the chart he covered his blind eye, and when required to cover the other eye he switched hands instead of eyes. His medical history only lists good for his vision, on March 21,1900, the young and promising McGee lost use of an eye during an amateur game for a local Canadian Pacific Railway team from a lifted puck. He retired from playing, becoming a referee, by 1903, he missed playing the sport so much that he joined the Ottawas despite the risk of permanent blindness
26.
Howie Morenz
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Howard William Howie Morenz was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Beginning in 1923, he played centre for three National Hockey League teams, the Montreal Canadiens, the Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers. Before joining the NHL, Morenz excelled in the junior Ontario Hockey Association, where his team played for the Memorial Cup, in the NHL, he was one of the most dominant players in the league and set several league scoring records. A strong skater, Morenz was referred to as the Stratford Streak, considered one of the first stars of the NHL, Morenz played 14 seasons in the league. He was a member of a Stanley Cup–winning team three times, all with the Canadiens, during his NHL career he placed in the top 10 leading scorers ten times. For seven straight seasons, Morenz led the Canadiens in both goals scored and points, three times in his career he was named the most valuable player of the league, and he led the league once in goals scored and twice in points scored. He was named to the NHL All-Star Team three times, Morenz died from complications of a broken leg, an injury he suffered in a game. After his death, the Canadiens retired his number, the first time the team had done so for any player. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Morenz was one of the original nine inductees. In 1950, the Canadian Press named him the best ice hockey player of the first half of the 20th century, and in 2017 the NHL included him on their list of the 100 greatest players in league history. Born in Mitchell, Ontario to William Frederick Morenz and Rosena Pauli, Morenz learned his hockey by playing shinny on the Thames River. At the age of eight, he played his first organized game as a goaltender, after that game, a coach switched Morenz to rover, a defensive position. After the Morenz family moved to the community of Stratford in May 1917. At the age of 18, Morenz became an apprentice with the Canadian National Railways factory in Stratford, when not playing hockey, Morenz bet avidly on horse races and played the ukulele. In 1926 he married Mary McKay, together, they had three children, Howie Jr. in 1927, Donald in 1933, and Marlene in 1934, Marlene later married Bernie Geoffrion, who played for both the Canadiens and Rangers from 1950 to 1968. Their son, Morenzs grandson Dan, played for the Canadiens in 1979-80, dans son, Blake, played with the University of Wisconsin and won the Hobey Baker Award as best collegiate player in 2010. Selected in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Nashville Predators, he made his debut with the Predators in 2011, Blake was traded to Montreal in 2012, meaning that all four generations of the Morenz-Geoffrion family have played within the Canadiens organization. In 1920 Morenz joined the Stratford Midgets junior team, leading the Ontario Hockey Association in assists and points during the 1920–21 regular season, the Midgets won the league title and played in the 1921 Memorial Cup against the Winnipeg Falcons
27.
Tommy Phillips
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Thomas Neil Phillips was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. One of the best defensive forwards of his era, he was known for his all around skill. His younger brother, Russell, also played for the Thistles, when the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, Phillips was one of the original nine inductees. Born in Rat Portage, Ontario on May 5,1883, Phillips father, James Phillip, was a superintendent of construction during the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental rail line west of the Great Lakes. Phillips was the youngers of three children, both his brother Robert, born in 1878 and sister Margaret born in 1879, were born in Ottawa, after Margaret was born, the family moved to Rat Portage while James worked on the construction of the railway. He was a child when he first learned to play hockey, and when old enough he joined the junior Rat Portage Thistles. Regarded as one of the best players in northwestern Ontario, Phillips moved east to Montreal in 1902 to attend McGill University, where he joined the schools hockey team and was named captain. The following year he joined the Montreal HC of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League, later that year he moved to Toronto to attend the Central Business School. He played for the Toronto Marlboros and was regarded as the teams best player after he changed from his position of left wing to play rover. The Marlboros lost the series, though Phillips had the most assists and penalty minutes, with eight and fifteen, respectively. He was also regarded by Ottawa reporters to be by far the best player on the Marlboros, Phillips moved back to Rat Portage in 1904 when he learned his father was dying. Offered a job with a company, and a $1,000 bonus to play hockey for the Thistles, he stayed in the city, much to the disappointment of the Marlboros. Rat Portage changed its name from to Kenora in 1905, due to their proximity to Manitoba, the Thistles played in the Manitoba Hockey League. In the 1904–05 season Phillips had the second most goals on the team and league, with twenty-six, the Thistles won the Manitoba league championship, which allowed them to challenge for the Stanley Cup. By this time Phillips was regarded as one of the best players in Canada, the Montreal Herald reported that nine of out ten people will reply that either Frank McGee or Tom Phillips is the best player in the country. In the first game against Ottawa, Phillips scored the first two goals, then added three goals in the second half of the game as the Thistles won by a score of 9–3. Ottawa won the game, 4–2, while Phillips was held pointless. In the third and deciding game of the series Phillips scored the first goal of the game, the following season the Thistles won the Stirling Cup as champions of western Canada, which allowed them the right to challenge for the Cup again
28.
Harvey Pulford
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Harvey Ernest Pulford was a Canadian athlete at the turn of the twentieth century, winning national championships in ice hockey, lacrosse, football, boxing, paddling and rowing. A highly regarded defenceman with the Ottawa Hockey Club, where he was known for being a large, with Ottawa he won the Stanley Cup four times, and also won championships or tournaments in every sport in which he played. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, Pulford was one of the original nine inductees, born in Toronto, Harvey Pulford moved to Ottawa at an early age. Pulford joined the Ottawa Hockey Club in 1893, playing as a defenceman, in his first season, Pulford played in the first Stanley Cup playoff games, against the Montreal Hockey Club. Pulford played for Ottawa until 1908, the year that Ottawa became professional, Pulford was captain of the Ottawa Hockey Club during the Ottawa Silver Seven era when the club won the Stanley Cup in March 1903 and held it until March 1906. After retirement from playing, Pulford continued in the game as a referee, in 1933, Pulford was given an option to buy the Ottawa club, by then known as the Senators, and move it to Baltimore, Maryland, but the purchase did not go through. Pulford was outstanding in several sports and he was a backfielder for the Ottawa Football Club football team from 1893 to 1909, winning national championships in 1898,1899,1900, and 1902. He also served as captain of the team and he played lacrosse for the Ottawa Lacrosse Club from 1893 to 1900, winning four national titles. As a boxer, he won Eastern Canadian light heavyweight and heavyweight titles between 1896 and 1898, despite members of his rowing club telling him to stay out of hockey, Pulford wanted to play for the Stanley Cup and rejoined the Senators a few days before the season started. Pulford was an excellent rower, Britannia Boating Club winning national and U. S. championships and he was a member of the 1910 Ottawa Rowing Club eight that defeated every one of its opponents in 1910, earning the Canadian and North American championships. Pulford later became president of the Ottawa Rowing Club and he served as president of Ottawa Rowing Club until resigning in 1936. Pulford resigned as a rower with the Ottawa Rowing Club, in 1916, Pulford was a candidate to succeed Emmett Quinn as president of the National Hockey Association, though he lost to Frank Robinson. He was nominated by Eddie Livingstone to replace Frank Calder as president of the by-then defunct NHA in a meeting on September 28,1918. Pulford remained active in later in life. In his late 40s, he won the Ottawa squash championship, Pulford was a charter member of the Hockey Hall of Fame and the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame. He was, with Russell Bowie, Harry Westwick and Alf Smith and he was also inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2003 and into Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 2015. Pulford married Annis Mae Field of Brockville, Ontario, Annis Mae died giving birth to son, Harvey F. Pulford, on December 7,1904. Pulford worked for the Imperial Life Assurance Company of Canada from 1921 until his death, Pulford died October 31,1940 and was buried in Ottawas Beechwood Cemetery
29.
Hod Stuart
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William Hodgson Hod Stuart was a Canadian professional ice hockey cover-point who played nine seasons for several teams in different leagues. He also played briefly for the Ottawa Rough Riders football team, two months later, he died in a diving accident. To raise money for his widow and children, the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association hosted an all-star game, the first of its kind to be played in any sport. An estimated 3,800 spectators attended the Hod Stuart Memorial Game on January 2,1908, described by the Montreal Herald as unique in the history of hockey in Montreal, if not in the whole of Canada. He also became known for his work to reduce that violence and his efforts were acknowledged when the Hockey Hall of Fame was created in 1945 and he became one of the first nine players to be inducted. He was joined there by his brother Bruce in 1961, Stuart was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the eldest son of William Stuart and Rachel Hodgson. He had two brothers, Alex and Bruce, and two sisters, Jessie and Lottio, Stuart was involved in sports from an early age. His father had been a good curler and was once point skip of the Ottawa Curling Club, Stuart also played rugby and football, and played for the local professional football team, the Ottawa Rough Riders. Outside of hockey Stuart worked as a bricklayer, and later in his life he worked with his father in construction. He was said to have been a person, and unlike other athletes of his era was not one to talk about his exploits. Loughlin, his wife, came from Quebec, around 1903 they were married and had two children together, Stuart first joined a senior hockey team when he spent the winter of 1895–1896 with the Rat Portage Thistles, a team in northwestern Ontario. Along with his brother Bruce, Stuart joined the Ottawa Hockey Club of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League for the 1899 season and he played the 1900 season for Ottawa, captaining the team. Through his fathers contacts, Stuart got a job in Quebec and moved there in 1900, upon arriving there he joined the Quebec Bulldogs. He scored seven goals in fifteen games with the team over the two seasons. Eventually the Bankers won the dispute and kept Stuart, the year they would also sign Bruce. Stuart was offered a salary of US$15–20 per week, plus steady income from a day job in Pittsburgh, Stuart scored seven goals and had eight assists and was named the best cover-point in the league in 1903. He scored eighteen goals for Calumet in 1904–1905, helped the team with the championship and was named to the end of season all-star team as the best cover-point in the league. He was reinstated by the league on December 30, and joined the Pittsburgh Professionals, after Pittsburgh finished their season, Stuart joined Calumet for one game so they could try to win the league championship, which they lost to the Portage Lakes Hockey Club
30.
Red Dutton
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Norman Alexander Mervyn, Red Dutton CM was a Canadian ice hockey player, coach and executive. He played for the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League, a rugged and physical defenceman, Dutton often led his team in penalty minutes, won the WCHL championship in 1924 as a member of the Tigers and was twice named a WCHL All-Star. Dutton coached and managed the Americans and later purchased the team before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II and he served as a Stanley Cup trustee for 37 years but otherwise limited his involvement with the NHL following the Americans demise. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 and he was invested as a member of the Order of Canada in 1981 and is honoured by both the Manitoba Hockey and Alberta Sports Halls of Fame. He was posthumously awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1993 in recognition of his contributions to the game of hockey in the United States, Dutton was born in Russell, Manitoba on July 23,1897. His father, Bill, was a contractor who helped build Canadas transcontinental railway system. He had at least two brothers, and a sister. His given name was Norman Alexander Dutton, but his names were quickly ignored. A family friend of the Duttons refused to call him Norman as the name had a negative connotation for her, so she called him Mervyn. His friends called him Red after the colour of his hair, Dutton attended school at St. Johns College in Winnipeg. He left school in 1915 to volunteer with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in World War I and he lied about his birth date on his CEF enlistment papers as he was not yet 18, and served for four years. Dutton fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 where he suffered a wound to his leg serious enough that doctors pressed for amputation. Dutton refused and spent the following 18 months working to full use of his leg. He played hockey almost constantly to regain strength, at one point playing in seven different Winnipeg leagues at the same time, following the war, Dutton sought to build his own contracting business. However, a depression in 1920 forced its closure. He then worked in a plant in Winnipeg that also ceased operations. Penniless, with only his pride preventing him from asking his father for help, Dutton was offered $2,500 to play in the Alberta city. Two seasons later, in 1923–24, Dutton and the Tigers won the WCHL championship and he assisted on the championship winning goal in a 2–0 victory over the Regina Capitals by carrying the puck the length of the ice before passing to Cully Wilson who scored
31.
Art Ross
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Arthur Howey Art Ross was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and executive from 1905 until 1954. Regarded as one of the best defenders of his era by his peers and he was on Stanley Cup championship teams twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons, in January 1907 with the Kenora Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers. In 1911 he led one of the first organized player strikes over increased pay, when the Wanderers home arena burned down in January 1918, the team ceased operations and Ross retired as a player. After several years as an official, he was named head coach of the Hamilton Tigers for one season. When the Boston Bruins were formed in 1924, Ross was hired as the first coach and he would go on to coach the team on three separate occasions until 1945 and stayed as general manager until his retirement in 1954. Ross helped the Bruins finish first place in the ten times. After being hired by the Bruins, Ross, along with his wife and he died near Boston in 1964. Outside of his association with the Bruins, Ross also helped to improve the game and he created a style of hockey puck still used today, and advocated an improved style of goal nets, a change that lasted forty years. In 1947 Ross donated the Art Ross Trophy, awarded to the scorer of the NHL regular season. Ross was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949, Ross was born January 13,1885, in Naughton, Ontario. His father, Thomas Barnston Ross, was the head of a Hudsons Bay Company trading post in the area, the ninth of ten children, Ross grew up speaking both English and Ojibwe, a native Canadian language. Ross moved to Montreal in 1902 to play in organized hockey leagues and he played high school and junior hockey with Lester and Frank Patrick, both of whom were later inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Ross and Lester had a financially successful ticket resale business at the Montreal Arena, buying tickets for thirty-five cents, the best hockey players on their high school team, Ross and the Patrick brothers were invited to play occasional games for local league teams in Montreal. Ross first played in a league in 1905, joining Montreal Westmount of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League. He scored ten goals in eight games during the season and his opponents regarded him as one of the best rushing defencemen. Most defenders at the time either shot the puck down the ice or passed to a forward, in contrast, Ross skated up the ice, taking the puck into the offensive zone. Later that year, wishing to pursue a career in banking, he moved to Brandon, Manitoba, where he joined the Brandon Elks of the Manitoba Hockey League, the senior league in the province. In 1906, his first season, he scored six goals in seven games while he recorded six goals in ten games in 1907
32.
Lester Patrick
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Along with his brother Frank Patrick and father Joseph Patrick, he founded the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and helped develop several rules for the game of hockey. Patrick won six Stanley Cups as a player, coach and manager, the son of a wealthy lumberman, Patrick was a great rover and defenceman who first came to prominence in 1900 when he played for McGill University. In 1904 he was the star for the Brandon team in the Northwestern and Manitoba Hockey Leagues, with Patrick at cover point, Brandon challenged the Ottawa Senators for the Stanley Cup in that season, but were defeated in the two-game, total-goal series. He had greater success with the famed Montreal Wanderers in the 1906 and 1907 seasons, scoring 41 goals as a rushing defenceman in just 28 scheduled games while serving as captain of the Redbands, Patrick led them to the Stanley Cup in both seasons. By 1910 the entire Patrick family would affect the Nelson, British Columbia Ladies Hockey Club, sisters Myrtle, Cynda and Dora Patrick were all involved with the club. In 1911 the Nelson Ladies Club was coached by Lester, the Patricks long had western ties. Patrick invented 22 new rules that remain in the NHL rulebook to this day and he introduced the blue line, the forward pass, and the playoff system, a change adopted by other leagues and sports around the world. After a suggestion by his father Joe, he began using numbers on players sweaters, a new rule allowed the puck to be kicked everywhere but into the net, and allowed goaltenders to fall to the ice to make a save. He was responsible for crediting assists when a goal was scored and its no wonder he was later called the Brains of Modern Hockey. Lester himself was the captain and star of the Victoria Aristocrats, the franchise — plagued by small crowds — was moved to Spokane, Washington and became the Spokane Canaries in 1916, and Patrick achieved his fourth and final First Team All-Star berth. After that season the Canaries were disbanded, and Patrick joined the Stanley Cup champion Seattle Metropolitans, the Aristocrats were revived in 1918 as the Victoria Cougars, and Patrick took over as player-manager. Despite playing in only half the games, he was named to the Second All-Star team once more before retiring as a player after the 1922 season. Patrick is famous for an incident which occurred during the Stanley Cup finals of 1928 and this is a record for the oldest goalie to play in the Stanley Cup Finals that still stands today. At the time it was not common for teams to have a backup goaltender, Patrick saved 18 to 19 shots while allowing one goal in helping the Rangers to an overtime victory. For the next three games, the league gave permission for the Rangers to use Joe Miller from the New York Americans in goal, the Rangers went on to win the Stanley Cup. Patrick also guided the Rangers to another championship in 1933, Patrick finally retired as general manager in 1946, but stayed on as vice president of Madison Square Garden, finally exiting in 1950. Patrick donated a trophy to the Western Hockey League, the Lester Patrick Cup, to go to the champions of that league. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1947, suffering from cancer, Lester died at his Victoria home after a heart attack on June 1,1960, at the age of 76
33.
International Ice Hockey Federation
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The International Ice Hockey Federation is a worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey. It is based in Zurich, Switzerland, and has 74 members and it manages international ice hockey tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking. The Hockey Canada and USA Hockey federations have their own rulebooks, decisions of the IIHF can be appealed through the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The IIHF museum was located within the International Hockey Hall of Fame Museum located in Kingston, after terminating the partnership with the International Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF signed an agreement with the NHL to house their museum within the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, the IIHF museum relocated to Toronto, Ontario, as part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHFs founding, the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada. This was the first time the championships were hosted in Canada, Russia won the 2008 Championship, with Canada as the runner-up. The main functions of the IIHF are to govern, develop, another duty is to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport. The IIHF is the body responsible with arranging the sponsorships, license rights, another purpose of the federation is to provide aid in the young players development and in the development of coaches and game officials. On the other hand, all the events of IIHF are organized by the federation along with establishing and maintaining contact with any sport federations or sport groups. The IIHF is responsible for processing the international players transfers and it is also the body that presides over ice hockey in the Olympic Games as well as over all levels of the IIHF World Championships. The federation works in collaboration with local committees when organizing its 25 World Championships, even though the IIHF runs the world championships, it is also responsible for the organization of several European club competitions such as the Champions Hockey League or the Continental Cup. The federation is governed by the body of the IIHF which is the General Congress along with the executive body. The Congress is entitled to make decisions with regard of the games rules and it is also the body that elects the president and the council or otherwise known as board. The president of the IIHF is basically the representative of the federation and he represents the federations interests in all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federations statutes and regulations. The president is assisted by the General Secretary who is also the highest ranked employee of the IIHF, the International Ice Hockey Federation was founded on May 15,1908 at 34 Rue de Provence in Paris, France, as Ligue International de Hockey sur Glace. The founders of the federation were representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, Louis Magnus, the French representative, was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIHG. The second congress was held from January 22–25,1909 in Chamonix, playing and competitions rules were established, and an agreement was reached for an annual European Championship to be contested, beginning in 1910. The 1909 Coupe de Chamonix was contested during the congress and it was won by Princes Ice Hockey Club, representing Great Britain
34.
Clarence Campbell
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Clarence Sutherland Campbell OBE, QC was the third president of the National Hockey League from 1946 to 1977. Born in Fleming, Saskatchewan, Campbell attended high school at the Strathcona Collegiate Institute, now known as Old Scona Academic, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He graduated from the University of Alberta with a degree in law and arts in 1924 and was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, Campbell worked as a referee in the NHL from 1933 until 1939. He officiated some historic games, such as the game in 1937 when the great Howie Morenzs career was ended when he broke his leg, Campbell even refereed a rough playoff game between the Montreal Maroons and the Boston Bruins in which Dit Clapper used his stick on a player. Angry at Clappers actions, he called Clapper a profane name, Campbell, aware of his provocative action, then submitted a very lenient report on Clapper, and NHL president Frank Calder gave Clapper only a fine as a result. Leafs owner Conn Smythe called for Campbell not to be rehired, Calder decided to let Campbell work in his office after his career as a referee, and it was becoming evident that the League president was grooming a successor. But World War II broke out and Campbell enlisted in the Canadian Army and he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the end of the war he served with the No.1 Canadian War Graves Investigation Unit. After the war he was appointed Queens Counsel, and was one of the prosecutors at one of several courts of leading Nazis who were put on trial for crimes against humanity. It has been reported that Campbell participated in the Nuremberg Trials. Meanwhile, Calder had died, and with Campbell overseas, the NHL named Red Dutton president, but Dutton did not want the job and when Campbell finally came back to Canada in 1946, Dutton resigned and Campbell accepted the presidency. One of his first acts of authority was in 1948, when he expelled players Billy Taylor, one of Richards teammate knocked down Laycoe, allowing Richard to turn around and punch Thompson in the face. On March 17, Campbell attended a game at the Montreal Forum between the Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings, after a tear gas bomb was released in the arena, Campbell exited the building, the game was forfeited to the Red Wings, and the Forum was evacuated. What ensued was a riot in which 60 people were arrested. Campbell was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966 and he was instrumental in the 1967 expansion, which doubled the league in size, and often worked 18 hours a day in his office. At the beginning of the leagues Expansion Era in 1967–68, the NHL clubs decided to highlight the achievements of the president by donating the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl in his honour. Although the Clarence Campbell Conference was renamed the Western Conference in 1993, in 1976, he was charged with bribing Senator Louis Giguère in the Sky Shops scandal. He was convicted, but the NHL paid his fine and he served no time because of his age, Campbell was a sick man by the time he retired as NHL president in 1977
35.
Canadian National Exhibition
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With approximately 1.5 million visitors each year, the CNE is Canada’s largest annual fair and the fifth largest in North America. The first Canadian National Exhibition took place in 1879, largely to promote agriculture, agriculturists, engineers, and scientists exhibited their discoveries and inventions at the CNE to showcase the work and talent of the nation. As Canada has grown as a nation, the CNE has also changed over time, reflecting the growth in diversity and innovation, though agriculture, to many people in the Greater Toronto Area and the surrounding communities, the CNE is an annual family tradition. The CNE is held at Exhibition Place, which is a 192 acres site located along Toronto’s waterfront on the shores of Lake Ontario, the site features several buildings and structures, many of which have been named as significant under the Ontario Heritage Act. There are several live music venues on-site including the permanent CNE Bandshell. All of the roads are named after the Canadian provinces and territories, the site includes a football stadium, parks, fountains, plazas, a rose garden, statues and parking lots. Both the Toronto Transit Commission and GO Transit provide public service to Exhibition Place. The 18-day fair itself consists of a mix of shopping areas, exhibits, live entertainment, agricultural displays, sports events, casino, the Canadian International Air Show on Labour Day weekend has been a feature of the fair since 1949. Several buildings house exhibits and displays from vendors, government agencies and these include the International Pavilion of products from around the world, and the Arts, Crafts and Hobbies building of crafts, collectibles and unusual items. The Enercare Centre complex holds the international pavilion, a show, the SuperDogs performances. It also has exhibit space used for agricultural or industrial displays, the Food Building houses a large number of vendors of food from many cultures, reflecting Torontos multicultural population. The Better Living Centre building is used for a casino on one side, the CNE continues its tradition of agricultural produce competition and the winners are displayed in the Better Living Centre, along with a butter sculpting competition. Other exhibit areas are used differently in different years, there are a large number of vendors outside along the streets of the fair offering discount and unusual products. Some exhibits are held for a few days of the year. The 1792 Scadding Cabin log cabin display dates back to the first year of the fair and is the time the cabin is open for display. The Coliseum building is used for live shows and these have included high-wire acts, skating, the RCMP Musical Ride in the past. Outdoors, the Bandshell is used for music and nightly headliners. Additionally, areas are set up at points around the fair for outdoor entertainment
36.
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
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Canadas Sports Hall of Fame is a hall of fame established in 1955 to preserve the record of Canadian sports achievements and to promote a greater awareness of Canadas heritage of sport. It is located at Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta, there are 611 honoured members of the hall. The Hall, first known as the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, was founded in 1955 through the efforts of Harry I, price, a former assistant athletics commissioner of Ontario. It was first housed in the Stanley Barracks, located in Toronto on the grounds of Exhibition Place and it moved in 1961 to a wing of a new building shared with the Hockey Hall of Fame. The Hockey Hall of Fame moved out in 1993, leaving the building to the Sports Hall of Fame, without the Hockey Hall of Fame, attendance declined and the Sports Hall made plans to move to Ottawa. The move to Ottawa never took place, because the venues promised for the Hall by the government were allocated for other uses. In 2006, the Hall of Fame building was demolished to make way for BMO Field, one facade, which incorporated a tile mosaic, was incorporated into the BMO Field structure. Nine cities across the country bid for the right to host the new hall, and in 2008, the new facility opened on Canada Day, July 1,2011. It has 11 galleries and numerous interactive displays, Stanley Barracks, CNE 1955-1957 CNE Press Building, CNE 1957-1961 CSHOF Building, CNE 1961-2006 Stanley Barracks, CNE2006 As of 2010, there were 514 honoured members
37.
John Diefenbaker
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John George Diefenbaker, PC, CH, QC was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 21,1957 to April 22,1963. Diefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in 1895, in 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the North-West Territories which would shortly thereafter become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province, and was interested in politics from a young age, after brief service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a noted criminal defence lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was elected to the House of Commons in 1940. Diefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the PC leadership and he gained that party position in 1956, on his third attempt. In 1957, he led the Tories to their first electoral victory in 27 years, Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations, Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project. Diefenbaker stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment and he remained an MP until his death in 1979, two months after Joe Clark became the first Tory Prime Minister since Diefenbaker. Diefenbaker was born on September 18,1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to William Thomas Diefenbaker and his father was the son of German immigrants from Adersbach in Baden, Mary Diefenbaker was of Scottish descent and Diefenbaker was Baptist. The family moved to locations in Ontario in Johns early years. William Diefenbaker was a teacher, and had interests in history and politics. He had remarkable success doing so, of the 28 students at his school near Toronto in 1903, four, including his son, John, the Diefenbaker family moved west in 1903, for William Diefenbaker to accept a position near Fort Carlton, then in the Northwest Territories. In 1906, William claimed a quarter-section,160 acres of undeveloped land near Borden, in February 1910, the Diefenbaker family moved to Saskatoon, the site of the University of Saskatchewan. William and Mary Diefenbaker felt that John and his brother Elmer would have greater opportunities in Saskatoon. John Diefenbaker had been interested in politics from an early age and she told him that it was an impossible ambition, especially for a boy living on the prairies. She would live to be proved wrong, Johns first contact with politics came in 1910, when he sold a newspaper to Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in Saskatoon to lay the cornerstone for the Universitys first building. I must get about my work, after graduating from high school in Saskatoon, in 1912, Diefenbaker entered the University of Saskatchewan. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915, and his Master of Arts the following year, Diefenbaker was commissioned a lieutenant into the 196th Battalion, CEF in May 1916
38.
BMO Field
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BMO Field is an outdoor stadium located at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada which is home to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. Constructed on the site of the former Exhibition Stadium and first opened in 2007, it is owned by the City of Toronto, the stadiums naming rights are held by the Bank of Montreal, which is commonly branded as BMO. In 2010, it hosted the MLS Cup final, and the 2016 final featuring Toronto FC, the venue has also hosted rugby union, including matches of Canadas national team, and rugby sevens during the 2015 Pan-American Games. The latter allowed for the Toronto Argonauts to move to BMO Field beginning with the 2016 CFL season, BMO Field is the fifth stadium to be built at its exact location at Exhibition Place. Exhibition Stadium was demolished in 1999, the Argonauts submitted a proposal to the city to construct a new 22,000 seat stadium at Exhibition Place in March 2003. That July the Canadian Soccer Association announced separate plans for a 30,000 seat $82 million stadium at the site, to host the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup which it had bid on. The governments of Canada and Ontario agreed to provide a combined C$35 million in funding for a new stadium if the CSA was successful in acquiring the rights to the tournament. The league considered soccer-specific stadiums to be necessary for a franchise to be granted, due to the improved atmosphere. The Argonauts, CSA and MLSE agreed to partner to build a new 25, 000-seat, MLSE was not involved in this project. However, the Argos pulled out of the stadium after signing a new 15-year lease at Rogers Centre with significantly reduced rent, with a total costs of $62.9 million to build the stadium, financial contributions came from multiple sources. MLSE contributed $8 million towards construction costs and was responsible for any cost overruns, in return, they got the management rights for the stadium. MLSE committed to purchase a MLS soccer team to play in the stadium, the proposal approved by the City of Toronto was for a stadium that was capable of a conversion to a football format. The field of play dimensions are 74 yards wide ×115 yards long, meeting FIFA standards, the stadium features seats which are entirely red with the exception of a design on each of the main stands. On the east side, the design is a maple leaf while on the lower west stand the design spells out TORONTO. The south stand has BMO spelled out, on May 11,2006, Major League Soccer announced that Toronto FC would join the league as its 13th team in 2007, with BMO Field serving as its home. BMO Field originally used FieldTurf rather than a grass pitch. A temporary grass turf was laid in August 2009 for a friendly against Real Madrid, prior to the 2010 season Toronto City Council approved MLSEs request to convert the stadium to natural grass. MLSE paid the $3.5 million for the conversion, a variety of Kentucky Bluegrass was installed in the spring of 2010, along with a state of the art drainage system and heating system in the field
39.
Frank Darling (architect)
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Frank Darling was a Canadian architect and key player in buildings built in Toronto during the early 20th century. He was a promoter of the Beaux-Arts style, born in Scarborough Township in the Province of Canada, Darling was the son of the rector of Scarborough and later of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Toronto. As a boy, he received his education at Upper Canada College before entering Trinity College. He worked briefly as a bank teller before becoming apprenticed to architect Henry Langley from 1866-1870 and he studied and trained in England under George Edmund Street between 1870-1873 and then returned to Canada. This firm lasted beyond Darlings death in 1923, the firms in which he was a partnership influenced commercial development in Toronto during the 1910s to 1920s. Darling died in 1923 and was buried at St. Johns Cemetery Norway in Toronto, for projects after the formation of Darling, S. George Curry, Sproatt, & Pearson in 1892, see Pearson and Darling. Pearson and Darling Henry Sproatt - partnered with Darling from 1893 to 1896 Frank Darling, bank of Montreal Building Old Trinity College and Trinity College Gates Toronto, No Mean City, by Eric Ross Arthur, Stephen A. Otto Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950 Historicist, The Lasting Legacy of Darling and Pearson Historic Places in Canada
40.
Lanny McDonald
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Lanny King McDonald is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Rockies and Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League. He played over 1,100 games during a 16-year career in which he scored 500 goals and his total of 66 goals in 1982–83 remains the Flames franchise record for a single season. His trade to the Rockies in 1979 resulted in Toronto fans protesting the deal in front of Maple Leaf Gardens and he played parts of three seasons in Denver, before he was sent to Calgary in 1981 where he spent the remainder of his career. He co-captained the Flames to a Stanley Cup championship in his season of 1988–89. He is among the most popular players in Flames history and his personality, internationally, he represented Team Canada as a player on two occasions and in a management role three times. He was a member of the inaugural Canada Cup championship team in 1976 and was director of personnel of Canadas 2004 World Championship winning team. McDonald was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992, the Flames retired his uniform number 9 in 1990. In 2015 he was named chairman of the board of the Hockey Hall of Fame, McDonald was born February 16,1953, in Hanna, Alberta. He is the youngest of four children after brother Lynn and sisters Donna and his father, Lorne, tended the family farm near the hamlet of Craigmyle,35 kilometres outside Hanna. The young Lanny viewed his father as his hero, often following Lorne around helping with whatever chores he could, McDonald credits his father for teaching him the value of honesty and hard work. His mother, Phyllis, was a teacher who was frequently involved with community events. Learning to skate at the age of five, McDonald immediately developed a passion for hockey and he served as a stick boy, helping manage equipment, for his fathers community team and grew up listening to radio broadcasts of Hockey Night in Canada. McDonald shared his fathers passion for the Toronto Maple Leafs, he was given his name, King. He began playing organized hockey at the age of six and, McDonald recalled that half of his time in youth hockey was spent in Hanna, and the other half in the car. McDonald began his career in 1969 with the Lethbridge Sugar Kings of the tier II Alberta Junior Hockey League. He appeared in 34 games for the Sugar Kings as a 16-year-old, the following season, 1970–71, he emerged as a leading scorer, recording 37 goals and 82 points in 45 games. He was voted the leagues most valuable player and named to the Second All-Star team, additionally, McDonald appeared in six WCHL games with the Calgary Centennials. The Medicine Hat Tigers acquired McDonalds playing rights in a trade during the 1970–71 WCHL season and he joined the team the following year, finishing eighth in league scoring with 114 points, including 50 goals
41.
Hockey Canada
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Hockey Canada controls a majority of ice hockey in Canada. There are some exceptions, such as the Canadian Hockey League and U Sports who partner with Hockey Canada. Hockey Canada is based in Calgary, Alberta with an office in Ottawa, Ontario and regional centres in Toronto, Ontario and Montreal. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association was founded on December 4,1914, the organization was made to oversee the amateur level of the sport at the national level. The Allan Cup, originally donated in 1908 by Sir H. Montague Allan, was selected as the championship of amateur hockey in Canada. William Northey, the trustee of the Allan Cup, was named the first ever chairman, the Memorial Cup was the junior amateur championship of Canada. In 1920, after the Winnipeg Falcons won the Allan Cup over the University of Toronto, Canada would go 3-0-0 to win the sports first ever Olympic gold medal. The Ottawa and District Amateur Hockey Association joined in 1920, followed by the Maritime Amateur Hockey Association in 1928 and that same year, the International Ice Hockey Federation changes the rules on amateur status. The rule change means the 1948 Allan Cup champion Royal Montreal Hockey Club were not eligible for the 1948 Winter Olympics, at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the Edmonton Mercuries won their nations last Olympic gold until 2002. In 1961, the Trail Smoke Eaters won Canadas 19th and last world championship for 33 years at the 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships. In 1964, Father David Bauer formed the Canadas national team in response to the success of the set up by the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia. Three years later, the CAHA opened its first ever national office, the Newfoundland Amateur Hockey Association, led by association president Don Johnson, entered the CAHA in 1966. Johnson would become CAHA president in 1975, the New Brunswick Amateur Hockey Association left the Maritime AHA brand in 1968 and entered the CAHA as a member. In 1968, the Hockey Canada organization was founded to oversee Canadas national teams, in 1970, the CAHAs 13 Junior A league were divided into two tiers. Tier I, the Western Canada Junior Hockey League, the Ontario Hockey Association, the ten leagues of Tier II, would compete for the Manitoba Centennial Cup, donated by the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association. In 1972, Canada and the Soviet Union competed in the 1972 Summit Series, Canadas team was composed of NHL stars, while the Soviet players were from the Red Army. The NHLers won the series 4-3-1, two years later, the World Hockey Association represented Canada and lost the series 4-1-3. In 1976, the Canada Cup was formed as a best-on-best championship, in 1974, the Nova Scotia Amateur Hockey Association and Prince Edward Island Amateur Hockey Association are formed out of the dissolution of the Maritime AHA
42.
Darryl Sittler
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He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2003 and the Canadian Walk of Fame in 2016. On January 27,2017, in a ceremony during the All-Star Weekend in Los Angeles, on February 7,1976, Sittler set an NHL record that still stands for most points scored in one game. He recorded ten points against the Boston Bruins, Sittler grew up in St. Jacobs, Ontario and played minor hockey in nearby Elmira. He was drafted out of the Junior C Elmira Sugar Kings by the London Nationals, soon renamed the London Knights, Sittler was selected eighth overall by the Maple Leafs in the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft. He was named captain on September 10,1975 after Dave Keon left the team to play in the WHA following a contract dispute with Leafs owner Harold Ballard. In his first season as captain, Sittler finished the season with 41 goals and 59 assists, a few months later, he tied the playoff record for most goals in one game, with five against the Philadelphia Flyers. That summer, in the inaugural Canada Cup, he scored in overtime to win the series for Team Canada over Czechoslovakia. On February 7,1976 in a game between Toronto and Boston at Maple Leaf Gardens, Sittler set an NHL record that stands by tallying 6 goals. All his points were scored against rookie goalie Dave Reece in an 11-4 Maple Leaf victory, in 1977–78, Sittlers 117 points ranked him third in regular season scoring behind Guy Lafleur and Bryan Trottier, and also earned him a Second Team All-Star selection. Sittlers scoring totals remained a Leafs record until being surpassed by Doug Gilmour in 1992–93, the 1978–79 season saw Sittler suffer some knee problems and miss 10 games. It was also the year Leafs owner Ballard fired and then rehired coach Roger Neilson, Sittlers relationship with Ballard slowly deteriorated, particularly after Ballard hired Punch Imlach as general manager in July 1979. Imlach believed Sittler had too much influence on the team and tried to undermine his authority with the players. When Sittler and goaltender Mike Palmateer agreed to appear on the TV show Showdown, as negotiated by the NHLPA, Imlach went to court to try to get injunction to stop them. When Imlach said he was open to offers for Sittler from other teams, so, instead of trading Sittler, Imlach sent McDonald to the woeful Colorado Rockies on December 29,1979. In response, Sittler ripped the captains C off his sweater, later commenting a captain had to be the go-between with players and management, Ballard would liken Sittlers actions to burning the Canadian flag. Through the summer, Ballard insisted Sittler would not be back with the Leafs, but before the start of the 1980–81 season, Sittler and Ballard appeared at a news conference described as all smiles and buddy-buddy to announce that Sittler would be at training camp. He showed up with the C back on his sweater, reassuming the role of team captain, Sittler had arranged the talks with Ballard on his own. The discussions took place with Imlach hospitalized following his heart attack
43.
Wayne Gretzky
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Wayne Douglas Gretzky CC is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former head coach. He played twenty seasons in the National Hockey League for four teams from 1979 to 1999, nicknamed The Great One, he has been called the greatest hockey player ever by many sportswriters, players, and the league itself. He is the scorer in NHL history, with more goals. He garnered more assists than any player scored total points. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons,14 of them consecutive, at the time of his retirement in 1999, he held 61 NHL records,40 regular-season records,15 playoff records, and six All-Star records. As of 2014, he still holds 60 NHL records, born and raised in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, Gretzky honed his skills at a backyard rink and regularly played minor hockey at a level far above his peers. Despite his unimpressive stature, strength and speed, Gretzkys intelligence and he was adept at dodging checks from opposing players, and consistently anticipated where the puck was going to be and executed the right move at the right time. Gretzky became known for setting up behind his opponents net, an area that was nicknamed Gretzkys office, in 1978, Gretzky signed with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association, where he briefly played before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers. When the WHA folded, the Oilers joined the NHL, where he established many scoring records, Gretzky played briefly for the St. Louis Blues before finishing his career with the New York Rangers. He won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship and performance five times, after his retirement in 1999, Gretzky was immediately inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, making him the most recent player to have the waiting period waived. The NHL retired his jersey number 99 league-wide, making him the player to receive this honour. He was one of six players voted to the International Ice Hockey Federations Centennial All-Star Team, Gretzky became executive director for the Canadian national mens hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics, in which the team won a gold medal. In 2000, he became owner of the Phoenix Coyotes. In 2004, he was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, in September 2009, following the franchises bankruptcy, Gretzky resigned as coach and relinquished his ownership share. In October 2016, he became partner and vice-chairman of Oilers Entertainment Group, Wayne Gretzky was born on January 26,1961 in Brantford, Ontario, the son of Phyllis Leone and Walter Gretzky. The couple had married in 1960, and lived in an apartment in Brantford, the family moved into a house on Varadi Avenue in Brantford seven months after Wayne was born, chosen partly because its yard was flat enough to make an ice rink on every winter. Wayne was joined by a sister, Kim, and brothers Keith, Glen, the family would regularly visit the farm of Waynes grandparents, Tony and Mary, and watch Hockey Night in Canada together. By age two, Wayne was trying to score goals against Mary using a souvenir stick, the farm was where Wayne skated on ice for the first time, aged two years,10 months
