Hofstadter's butterfly
Videos
In condensed matter physics, Hofstadter's butterfly is a graph of the spectral properties of non-interacting two-dimensional electrons in a perpendicular magnetic field in a lattice. The fractal, self
Rendering of the butterfly by Hofstadter
Hofstadter's butterfly monochrome with axes en
Hofstadter 2002
Quantum Hall effect
Videos
The quantum Hall effect is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resi
Hofstadter's butterfly
…the graph] form a very striking pattern somewhat resembling a butterfly." The Hofstadter butterfly plays an important role in the theory of the integer quantum Hall effect and the theory of topological quantum numbers. The first mathematical description of electrons on a 2D lattice, acted on by a perpendicular homogeneous…
Potencialesparabólicos
Densidadestadossinspin
Niveles Landausinspin
Rhoxy