1.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
2.
Erie County, New York
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Erie County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,040, the countys name comes from Lake Erie, which in turn comes from the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived south and east of the lake before 1654. Erie County is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the countys southern part is known as the Southtowns. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, present-day Erie County was Indian territory, at this time, all of Western New York was part of Ontario County. In 1802, Genesee County was created out of Ontario County, in 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, the first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence comprised the northern portion of Erie county, and Willink the southern part, Clarence is still a town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia, and Wales. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, the Town Line Fire Department supports the slogan Last of the Rebels due to their Confederate ties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,227 square miles. Erie County is in the portion of upstate New York. It is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area, the county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario. The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek, part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek, Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek, the countys northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns, is much hillier and is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 feet above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 feet, on Grand Island at the Niagara River, the Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County. The population density was 910 people per square mile, there were 415,868 housing units at an average density of 398 per square mile. 3. 27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 6% were of German,17. 2% Polish,14. 9% Italian,11. 7% Irish and 5. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
8.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
Area code 716
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United States area code 716 is an area code that is used for the western corner of New York, including Buffalo, Niagara Falls and the surrounding area. The 716 area code was one of the set of area codes issued in October 1947. In 1954, area code 607 was created by splitting 716, in 2001, the new area code of 585 was created for the Rochester area. Until 1993, it was bounded over the Niagara River by area code 416 in Ontario, the Buffalo 716ers basketball team are named for the telephone area code. Erie County Cattaraugus County Chautauqua County Niagara County Because of Oleans proximity to the 716/585 line, List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of New York
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
Holland Land Company
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The syndicate hoped to sell the land rapidly at a great profit. Instead, for years they were forced to make further investments in their purchase, surveying it, building roads, digging canals. They sold the last of their interests in 1840, when the syndicate was dissolved. The tract purchased in Western New York was a 3,250,000 acre portion of the Phelps and it was purchased in December 1792 and February and July 1793 from Robert Morris. Morris was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and a financier of the American Revolution, Morris had purchased it from Massachusetts in May 1791, after Phelps and Gorham failed to extinguish Indian title to this tract and had defaulted on payment in 1790. Morris purchased all lands west of the Genesee River except for the 185,000 acres Mill Yard Tract and this 500,000 acres tract was known as the Morris Reserve. Before Morris could give the Holland Land Company title to land, however. This was achieved at the 1797 Treaty of Big Tree, executed on the Genesee River near modern-day Geneseo, south of Rochester, New York. Representatives of the Holland Land Company, Robert Morris, the Indians, chiefs and Sachems present included Red Jacket, Cornplanter, Governor Blacksnake, Farmers Brother and about 50 others. Red Jacket and Cornplanter spoke strongly against selling the land and they held out for reservations, that is, land which the Indians would keep for their own use. After much discussion, the treaty was signed Sept.15,1797, the native Indians were to receive $100,000 for their rights to about 3.75 million acres, and they reserved about 200,000 acres for themselves. In 1798, the New York Legislature, with the assistance of Aaron Burr authorized aliens to hold directly. It was transferred to two sets of proprietors, and one of these sets soon divided into two, making three sets of owners altogether, the 300,000 acre remainder was conveyed to Wilhelm Willink, Wilhelm Willink, Jr. Jan Willink and Jan Willink, Jr. The members of the Holland Land Company never travelled to America, in 1789 the Holland Land Company sent a general agent, Theophile Cazenove, to oversee land sales and keep them informed. They bought American funds, including the South Carolina Funded Debt and the Massachusetts Deposit, and shares in the Pennsylvania Population Company. In 1798, they hired Joseph Ellicott and he, along with his brother Benjamin and 130 men, in November,1800, Paolo Busti succeeded Cazenove as General Agent. Busti was an Italian from Milan, Italy, who had married one of the syndicate members sister and he would serve until his death in 1824. Agents with Dutch roots were Gerrit Boon and Adam Gerard Mappa, Ogden and his brother Thomas Ludlow Ogden were legal advisors to the company
14.
Western New York
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Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley. One writer suggests Western New Yorks eastern border to be the Preemption Line, Western New York can also be defined as the area of the Holland Purchase and the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The area is served by Buffalo and Rochester media markets. Western New York is in some contexts considered a sub-region of Upstate New York, Western New York has four sub-regions. One sub-region is the Greater Niagara Region, comprising Niagara, Erie, the second sub-region is the Genesee Region which derives its name from the Genesee River. This “sub-region” which includes Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Orleans, Ontario and these two sub-regions share Genesee County. The mountainous southern regions of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany counties make up a third sub-region known as Chautauqua–Allegheny Region and this portion of Western New York takes up most of the western New York counties along the New York–Pennsylvania border. Finally the fourth region is the western Finger Lakes Region which is Seneca, Steuben, Schuyler, a large portion of the Finger Lakes Region is not part of Western New York, but rather Central New York. However, the U. S. Census Bureau has classified the Buffalo, if it were counted as a state, the population of Western New York would rank as the 37th most populated state in the United States. Western New York has a continental climate heavily influenced by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Winters are long and cold, often lasting from around mid-November to early April, there are often snows before and after that period, as well. Western New York is known for its lake effect snows, which can result in highly localized, sometimes intense, Lake effect storms are a result of cold air blowing over warm lake waters. Lake effect snows are usually most active between November and February and typically diminish when Lake Erie freezes over, generally, the heaviest amount of snow in Western New York during the winter falls near the southern end of Erie County. Spring and fall in Western New York are usually short and changeable, lost in its famed winters, Western New York summers are among the sunniest in the Northeast and are generally very pleasant. Thanks in part to breezes blowing over Lakes Erie and Ontario, most of Western New York enjoy generally cooler, Interstate System Interstate 90, also known as the New York State Thruway. Interstate 86 in the Southern Tier, Interstate 190 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area. Interstate 290 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area, Interstate 390 in the Genesee Valley region
15.
Southtowns
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The Southtowns is a region of Western New York, United States, that lies within the snowbelt or ski country and includes the southern suburbs of Buffalo, New York. This is the name for the southern part of Erie County. The region has numerous historic landmarks, especially in Springville and East Aurora, according to a telephone directory that formerly published specific editions for the area, this region includes Aurora, Blasdell, East Aurora, Elma, Hamburg, and Orchard Park. Several other towns in the south of Buffalo are also considered part of the Southtowns. According to one source the entire part of Erie County, West Seneca, Elma, Marilla. This region is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the National Weather Service defines the Southtowns as anything south of U. S. Route 20A. The region includes the northeastern half of the village of Gowanda, Buffalo also has a Northtown region north of the city. Some sources divide the entire Buffalo Suburban region into the Southtowns, East Aurora, the home of Fisher-Price, has earned the nickname as Toy Town, U. S. A. Frommers also mentions the Kazoo Museum, Eden as an attraction, other highly attended attractions in the region include New Era Field, the home of the National Football Leagues Buffalo Bills, Chestnut Ridge Park, and Buffalo Raceway. Since 1868, Erie County Fair has been annually in Hamburg. Until the 1980s one of the regions largest employers was Bethlehem Steel, three broadcast stations are explicitly licensed to the Southtowns, classic hits outlet WSPQ in Springville, religious TV station WDTB-LP in Hamburg, and MeTV affiliate WBBZ-TV in Springville. Only WSPQ operates from within the Southtowns, one of the more notable examples is the WIVB-TV Tower. The Buffalo News is the daily newspaper in the region. Many of the Southtowns communities were served by newspapers until July 2016. The Springville Times serves the village of Springville using staff of one of the former Community Papers, the Springville Journal, likewise, the Salamanca Press launched a Gowanda edition to replace the Gowanda Pennysaver/News in August 2016. United States President Millard Fillmore resided in East Aurora, where the Seymour Knox I family has held property,1996 Vice Presidential nominee Jack Kemp represented Hamburg and nearby suburban southtowns regions in the United States House of Representatives. The areas current political representatives are state assemblyman Kevin Smardz, state senator Patrick Gallivan, WNY Southtowns Scenic Byway website Southtowns travel guide from Wikivoyage
16.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
17.
Willem Willink
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Wilhelm Willink was a wealthy Amsterdam merchant, and one of the investors in the Holland Land Company, and the Louisiana Purchase. Wilhelm Willink had an estate on the Spaarne River, neighboring the estate villa Welgelegen of his associate Henry Hope. Robert Morris was involved in dealings with the Holland Land Company. Willinks name was given to the Town of Willink when it was created from Batavia and it was included in Niagara County when the latter was formed in 1808 from Genesee County. The Town of Willink, along with the Town of Clarence, was taken to form Erie County in 1821, the Town of Willink was then dispersed by the formation of newer towns in Erie County. Some of the names appear on the Big Tree Treaty of 1804. The names of the investors were given to locations in western New York. Buffalo, New York itself was briefly called New Amsterdam, stadnitski Avenue in Buffalo is now Church Street. Schimmelpenninck Avenue is now Niagara Street, Buffalo streets were also named after Willink and Van Staphorst, but only Willinks remains. Their names appear as the owners on most deeds for land in this part of New York. The syndicate hired agents to perform the work of selling and improving their land and their principal agent was Theophilus Cazenove, later succeeded by Paolo Busti. Others agents were Joseph Ellicott, Adam Gerard Mappa, Benjamin Ellicott, William Peacock, in 1801 Willem and Jan Willink, merchants in Amsterdam, were enabled to purchase and hold real property in the town of Havre de Grace in Harford County. Ultimately, the syndicate earned only modest profit from the investment, but their funds greatly assisted the development of the United States
18.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
19.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
20.
Java, New York
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Java is a town in Wyoming County, New York. The population was 2,057 at the 2010 census, the Town of Java is on the western border of Wyoming County. The Town of Java was founded in 1832 from part of the Town of Arcade and it was named after the island of Java. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 47.3 square miles. The largest body of water in Java is Java Lake, the west town line is the border of Erie County. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,222 people,807 households, the population density was 47.2 people per square mile. There were 1,035 housing units at a density of 22.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 14% White,0. 14% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 09% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 41% of the population. 20. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.21. In the town, the population was out with 27. 1% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,30. 9% from 25 to 44,23. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $43,708, and the median income for a family was $47,120. Males had an income of $35,703 versus $24,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,398, about 3. 9% of families and 6. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 1% of those under age 18 and 7. 4% of those age 65 or over. Cattaraugus Creek – A river, arising from Java Lake, that flows into Lake Erie, Curriers – A hamlet in the southwest corner of the town. Hicks Corners – A location east of Curriers, Java Center – A hamlet at the intersection of Routes 77 and 78. Java Lake – A hamlet on Java Lake Road, west of a small lake, Java Lake – A small lake that is the source of Cattaraugus Creek. Java – The hamlet of Java, in the northwest corner of the town and this community is on Route 78
21.
Wyoming County, New York
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Wyoming County is a county in the U. S. state of New York in the states western area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,155, the name is from a modified Delaware Indian word meaning broad bottom lands. Wyoming County was formed from Genesee County in 1841, in regard to New Yorks claim, as of 1683 the present Wyoming County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as part of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 to govern the land acquired in the Holland Purchase and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It was reduced in size in 1806 by creating Allegany County, again in 1808 by creating Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Niagara County at that time also included the present Erie County. In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create Livingston, Genesee County was further reduced in size in 1824 by creating Orleans County. Finally, in 1841, Wyoming County was created from the half of Genesee County, the northwest corner of Allegany County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 596 square miles. Wyoming County is in the part of New York State, east of Buffalo. The county is in the Holland Purchase Region, the county is largely rural, dotted with small towns. Even the county seat, Warsaw is quite small, the land surface is generally broken and hilly, and the soil fertile. Much of the area is wooded, used for timber, some that are predominantly maple are tapped each spring for the production of maple syrup. Apple orchards were once an agricultural endeavor, but only a few are left
22.
New York State Route 16
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New York State Route 16 is a state highway in western New York, in the United States. It runs from the Pennsylvania state line, where it is one of the highest highways in the state in elevation, NY16 is a major route through Erie County, despite the construction of the paralleling NY400 expressway from East Aurora. In Cattaraugus County it also plays an important role, serving as the connection from Olean to the Southern Tier Expressway. Between those two areas, and indeed for much of its length, it is a rural road. NY16 initially ended in Olean when it was assigned in 1924 and it was extended south to the Pennsylvania state line in the early 1930s, however, it initially overlapped NY17 east to Portville, where it connected to Pennsylvania by way of modern NY305. NY 16s current alignment south of Olean was originally designated as New York State Route 16A around this time, NY16 was rerouted to follow the routing of NY 16A south of Olean in August 1962. It remains at an elevation for several more miles, through what was once one of New Yorks major oil fields. Afterwards, NY16 then begins to drop through a valley to cross the Allegheny River and enter its first major community. It crosses the city as Union Street, intersecting its first state highway, NY417, here, ownership and maintenance of NY16 shifts to the city for six blocks before becoming state-maintained once more at the point where North Union Street heads northwest to serve North Olean. A mile north of NY417, NY16 reaches a bridge over Olean Creek, on the other side, it becomes a four-lane road with a divider as it approaches NY17, currently concurrent with I-86 pending the entire expressways upgrade to Interstate Highway standards. A trumpet interchange provides access to I-86 and NY17 in both directions in the vicinity of Baldwin Heights, but NY16 runs parallel to the freeway and remains a four-lane route, although no longer divided, following the Olean valley. At Hinsdale it finally does cross I-86/NY17, shortly afterwards, in the hamlet of Maplehurst, NY446, the former route of NY408, comes in from the east and terminates. NY16 now follows the valley of Ischua Creek, one of the Oleans tributaries, north past the road to the citys airport. NY98 joins NY16 just south of the village and leaves north of it, NY16 continues to Machias and the eastern end of NY242. A straight course takes the highway from this junction to the Cattaraugus Creek bridge and this bridge heads into Erie County. In the southwestern corner of the county, NY16 intersects with NY39, after joining the expressway for two miles, it again leaves to become a two-lane that enters East Aurora as Olean Street. At the intersection with Main Street, NY16 turns left and briefly joins with U. S. Route 20A and NY78. US 20A leaves the two state routes behind at a fork at the villages east end, leaving NY16, at this point, NY16 and NY78 become county-maintained for the next 6.5 miles as the unsigned County Route 572
23.
James M. Humphrey
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James Morgan Humphrey was a U. S. Born in Holland, New York, Humphrey attended the common schools, then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and commenced practice in East Aurora, New York. He was District Attorney of Erie County from 1857 to 1859, Humphrey was elected as a Democrat to the 39th and 40th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4,1865, to March 3,1869. He was appointed to the Superior court of Buffalo, New York, in 1871, afterwards he resumed the practe of law until 1894, when he retired. He died in Buffalo, New York, February 9,1899, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. James M. Humphrey at Find a Grave
24.
Charles Ingalls
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Charles Phillip Ingalls was the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder, known for her Little House series of books. Ingalls is depicted as the character Pa in the books and the television series, for information on the relatives, see, List of real-life individuals from Little House on the Prairie. Ingalls was the second of nine children of Lansford Whiting Ingalls and Laura Louise Colby Ingalls, lansfords mother was Margaret Delano, of the famed Delano family, and was a descendant of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. In the 1840s, when Ingalls was a boy, his family moved from New York to the tallgrass prairie of Campton Township, just west of Elgin. Charles grew into a high-spirited, outgoing man, with a love of music and reading, as well as becoming an accomplished hunter-trapper, carpenter, on February 1,1860, Charles Ingalls married a neighbor, the quiet and proper Caroline Lake Quiner. They had five children, Mary, Laura, Carrie, Charles Frederick Freddie, for his entire life, Ingalls had a strong case of wanderlust. He is quoted by Laura in her Little House series of books as saying and he loved travelling and did not like living among big crowds of people so, with his family in the early years of his marriage, he traveled a great deal and often changed homes. From their original home in the woods of Wisconsin, he moved his family to Indian Territory in southeastern Kansas, then back to Wisconsin, then presented with a job opportunity in Dakota Territory, he longed to move yet again, as the family was struggling financially in Minnesota. Caroline agreed, but extracted a promise from her husband that this would be their last move, Ingalls agreed, and the family settled down for good in De Smet, South Dakota. He held various elected positions in the town, including Justice of the Peace and he also operated a retail store in De Smet for a few years and lastly, sold insurance. He died on June 8,1902, of cardiovascular disease and he is buried at De Smet Cemetery. Ingalls helped organize, and was an member of, the Congregational Church in De Smet. He was a Freemason and he was given Masonic rites at his funeral
25.
Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Laura Ingalls was born on February 7,1867,7 miles north of the village of Pepin in the Big Woods region of Wisconsin, to Charles Phillip Ingalls and Caroline Lake Ingalls. She was the second of five children, following Mary Amelia and their three younger siblings were Caroline Celestia, Charles Frederick, and Grace Pearl. Wilders birth site is commemorated by a log cabin, the Little House Wayside. Life there formed the basis for her first book, Little House in the Big Woods, Wilder was a descendant of the Delano family, the ancestral family of U. S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. A progenitor of the Delano family emigrated to the Plymouth Colony in the early 1620s, another ancestor, Edmund Rice. One paternal ancestor, Edmund Ingalls, was born on June 27,1586, in Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, and emigrated to America, Wilder moved with her family from the Big Woods of Wisconsin in the year 1869, before she was two years old. They stopped in Rothville, Missouri, and settled in Kansas and her younger sister Carrie was born there in August 1870, soon before they moved again. They had only just begun to farm when they were informed of their error, several neighbors stayed and fought eviction. From Kansas, the Ingalls family returned to Wisconsin, where lived for the next four years. Those experiences formed the basis for the novels Little House in the Big Woods, on the Banks of Plum Creek shows the family moving from Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota and settling in a dugout on the banks of Plum Creek. They really lived there beginning in 1874, when Wilder was about seven years old. That year the family moved, this time to Lake City, Minnesota, and then on to a preemption claim in Walnut Grove. Wilders younger and only brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls, was there on November 1,1875. The Ingalls next moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, where they helped run a hotel, Wilders youngest sibling, Grace, was born there on May 23,1877. The family moved from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove, where Wilders father served as the town butcher and he accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879, which took him to eastern Dakota Territory, where they joined him that fall. Wilder did not write about 1876–1877, when they lived near Burr Oak, thus the fictional timeline caught up with her real life. Wilders father filed for a formal homestead over the winter of 1879–1880, De Smet, South Dakota became her parents and sister Mary Ingalls home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the winter of 1879–1880 in the surveyors house
26.
Little House on the Prairie
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Little House on the Prairie is a series of American childrens novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder based on her childhood in the northern Midwest during the 1870s and 1880s. Eight were completed by Wilder, and published by Harper & Brothers from 1932 and 1943, of which the last covers her courtship with Almanzo Wilder, the first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the Little House series. The Little House series is based on memories of Laura Ingalls Wilders childhood in the northern Midwest region of the United States late in the 19th century. Wilders daughter Rose Wilder Lane assisted her mother with the editing of the works, the depth of her involvement, and the extent of her influence on the theme and content of the books, has been the subject of some scholarly debate in recent years. The original Little House books have remained continuously in print since their publication in the 1930s and they are considered classics of American childrens literature and remain widely read. The eight childrens novels were originally illustrated primarily by Helen Sewell and those five were all among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up. In 1953 Harper issued a complete set re-illustrated by Garth Williams, modern editions generally retain the Williams illustrations. The books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once, most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie, the last concluded with a note, The end of the Little house books. In 1953, the eight were reissued in an illustrated, uniform edition with cover and interior illustrations by Garth Williams. The nine alone are summarized in the subsections below, other titles include sticker and craft books, cookbooks, diaries, calendars, dishes, and so on. Four series of books expand the Little House series to five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilders family. The Caroline Years series narrates Lauras mother, Caroline Quiners, childhood in Wisconsin, the Rose Years series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco. It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride, in fact, Young Pioneerss main characters are even named Charles and Caroline, the names of Lauras parents. Two volumes of Lauras letters and diaries have also issued under the Little House imprint, On The Way Home and West From Home. In 2011 Wendy McClure published The Wilder Life, My Adventures in The Lost World of Little House on the Prairie, McClure brings her somewhat reluctant boyfriend Chris with her on her journeys. The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Lauras baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the author had only been three during the events of the book
27.
1810
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As of the start of 1810, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island in the Subantarctic, january 12 – The marriage of Napoleon and Joséphine is annulled. February 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer is executed, march 4 – Peninsular War, The French Army, under the command of André Masséna, retreats from Portugal. March 11 – Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria, april 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule, Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed. Venezuela is the first South American state to proclaim independence from Spain, april 27 – Beethoven composes his famous piano piece, Für Elise. May 1 – Macons Bill Number 2 becomes law in the United States, intending to motivate Britain, may 3 – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey. May 10 – Rev. Henry Duncan opens the worlds first commercial bank in Ruthwell. May 18–May 25 – May Revolution, Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy, june 4 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, Massachusetts. June 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company, june – Nicolas Appert publishes Lart de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales, the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers. April through Summer – Kingdom of Hawaii unified, july 9 – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland. July 11 – Frederick Hasselborough discovers Macquarie Island in the subantarctic, july 20 – Patria Boba, A junta of seven patriots led by José Acevedo y Gómez assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire. August 2–200 citizens are slaughtered in the Royal barracks and the streets of Quito. August 6 – The city of Santa Cruz de Mompox, in modern-day Colombia, august 20–27 – Battle of Grand Port, The French force the British Royal Navy fleet attempting to blockade a harbour on Isle de France to surrender. August 21 – Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, september 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astors newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, september 16 – Grito de Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes the Mexican War of Independence. September 18 – Chile forms its First National Junta, which is the countrys first step towards its independence, september 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, october – King George III of the United Kingdom is recognized as insane. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida, November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War, Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom
28.
Frank E. Wheelock
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Frank Emerson Wheelock was one of the founders of Lubbock, Texas, and its first mayor after municipal incorporation, with service from 1909 to 1915. One of two sons of a physician, William Efner Wheelock, Wheelock was born in Holland in Erie County in southwestern New York and his ancestors had emigrated to the United States from England during the early 17th century to escape persecution by the Stuart kings. Franks mother, the former Louisa Diane Farrington, died when Frank turned six years of age, dr. Wheelock moved to the capital city of Madison, Wisconsin, with Frank and his brother, William Ava Wheelock. Dr. Wheelock purchased a farm in North Dakota, at which the sons spent summers with him, during the school year, Frank stayed in Madison with an uncle, Jerome Wheelock, and William went to Moline, Illinois, to live with another uncle. Frank was living in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he finished school, Wheelock, the president of the Moline Plow Company begun by John Deere and the Moline Paper Company. The IOA was established in 1884 and encompassed the southern portion of what is now Lubbock County and it had twenty thousand cattle but was unprofitable. 1900, with the remaining sold to farmers and stockmen. Burns, a Missouri native who was also the IOA manager, rayner believed that his more southern location would make it easier for a railroad connection to come to the location. At the meetings, the two resolved their differences and merged to establish what became Lubbock. The new Lubbock County had only registered voters in 1891. Wheelock served on the first county commission, on March 16,1909, voters agreed to incorporate Lubbock as a city, 84-46 votes. The population had then reached 1,800, Wheelock became the first mayor, he received all 168 votes cast in the election held on April 6,1909. He was the mayor until 1915, Wheelocks father-in-law, George Maddon Hunt, a native of Clinton County, Ohio, had been the original manager of the Nicolett Hotel and a founding member of the school board in Lubbock. Frank Wheelock brought many innovations to Lubbock, the first motor bus line, the first cotton gin, the self-binding harvest machine and he was the first postmaster of Lubbock and president of the Lubbock Cemetery Association. He died in the summer of 1932 of an attack while outside the Nicolett Hotel. Wheelock and his wife, the former Sylva Belle Hunt, had seven children, F. E. Wheelock Elementary School at 3008 42nd Street in Lubbock, an entity of the Lubbock Independent School District, is named in his honor. The Wheelock Subdivision also bears his name
29.
Lubbock, Texas
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Lubbock is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States. The city is located in the part of the state. According to a 2015 Census estimate, Lubbock had a population of 249,042, making it the 83rd most populous city in the United States of America and the 11th most populous city in the state of Texas. The city is the center of the Lubbock metropolitan area. The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is dependent on water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation. Lubbock was selected as the 12th best place to start a business by CNNMoney. com. CNN mentioned the traditional business atmosphere, low rent for commercial space, central location. Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state, Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States based in part on its international baccalaureate program. Lubbock County was founded in 1876 and it was named after Thomas Saltus Lubbock, former Texas Ranger and brother of Francis Lubbock, governor of Texas during the Civil War. As early as 1884, a federal post office existed in Yellow House Canyon, a small town, known as Old Lubbock, Lubbock, or North Town, was established about three miles to the east. In 1890, the original Lubbock merged with Monterey, another small town south of the canyon, the new town adopted the Lubbock name. The merger included moving the original Lubbocks Nicolett Hotel across the canyon on rollers to the new townsite, Lubbock became the county seat in 1891, and was incorporated on March 16,1909. In the same year, the first railroad train arrived, Texas Technological College was founded in Lubbock in 1923. A separate university, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, opened as Texas Tech University School of Medicine in 1969, both universities are now overseen by the Texas Tech University System, after it was established in 1996 and based in Lubbock. Lubbock Christian University, founded in 1957, and Sunset International Bible Institute, South Plains College and Wayland Baptist University operate branch campuses in Lubbock. At one time, Lubbock was home to Reese Air Force Base located 6 miles west of the city, the bases primary mission throughout its existence was pilot training. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995 and is now a research, the city is home to the Lubbock Lake Landmark, part of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The landmark is an archaeological and natural preserve at the northern edge of the city
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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