Marriage
Marriage called matrimony or wedlock, is a or ritually recognised union between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between those spouses, as well as between them and any resulting biological or adopted children and affinity. The definition of marriage varies around the world not only between cultures and between religions, but throughout the history of any given culture and religion, evolving to both expand and constrict in who and what is encompassed, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity; when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. A marriage ceremony is known as a wedding. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, libidinal, financial and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by gender determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire.
In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage and sometimes forced marriage, may be practiced as a cultural tradition. Conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns of the infringement of women's rights, or the infringement of children's rights, because of international law. Around the world in developed democracies, there has been a general trend towards ensuring equal rights within marriage for women and recognizing the marriages of interfaith and same-sex couples; these trends coincide with the broader human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious authority, a tribal group, a local community, or peers, it is viewed as a contract. When a marriage is performed and carried out by a government institution in accordance with the marriage laws of the jurisdiction, without religious content, it is a civil marriage. Civil marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony before the state.
When a marriage is performed with religious content under the auspices of a religious institution it is a religious marriage. Religious marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony before that religion. Religious marriage is known variously as sacramental marriage in Catholicism, nikah in Islam, nissuin in Judaism, various other names in other faith traditions, each with their own constraints as to what constitutes, who can enter into, a valid religious marriage; some countries do not recognize locally performed religious marriage on its own, require a separate civil marriage for official purposes. Conversely, civil marriage does not exist in some countries governed by a religious legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, where marriages contracted abroad might not be recognized if they were contracted contrary to Saudi interpretations of Islamic religious law. In countries governed by a mixed secular-religious legal system, such as in Lebanon and Israel, locally performed civil marriage does not exist within the country, preventing interfaith and various other marriages contradicting religious laws from being entered into in the country, civil marriages performed abroad are recognized by the state if they conflict with religious laws.
The act of marriage creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, any offspring they may produce or adopt. In terms of legal recognition, most sovereign states and other jurisdictions limit marriage to opposite-sex couples and a diminishing number of these permit polygyny, child marriages, forced marriages. In modern times, a growing number of countries developed democracies, have lifted bans on and have established legal recognition for the marriages of interfaith and same-sex couples; some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of national laws against the practice. Since the late twentieth century, major social changes in Western countries have led to changes in the demographics of marriage, with the age of first marriage increasing, fewer people marrying, more couples choosing to cohabit rather than marry. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005.
In most cultures, married women had few rights of their own, being considered, along with the family's children, the property of the husband. In Europe, the United States, other places in the developed world, beginning in the late 19th century and lasting through the 21st century, marriage has undergone gradual legal changes, aimed at improving the rights of the wife; these changes included giving wives legal identities of their own, abolishing the right of husbands to physically discipline their wives, giving wives property rights, liberalizing divorce laws, providing wives with reproductive rights of their own, requiring a wife's consent when sexual relations occur. These changes have occurred in Western countries. In the 21st century, there continue to be controversies regarding the legal status of married women, legal acceptance of or leniency towards violence within marriage, traditional marriage customs such as dowry and bride price, for
Walton County, Florida
Walton County is located in the state of Florida, with its southern border on the Gulf of Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,043, its county seat is DeFuniak Springs. The county is home to the highest natural point in Florida: at 345 feet. Walton County is included in the Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Walton County was organized by European Americans in 1824, it was named for Colonel George Walton, Jr. secretary of the Florida Territory from 1821 to 1826. Walton, the son of George Walton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born 15 August 1786 in Augusta and died 20 March 1859 in Petersburg, Virginia; the county was settled in the early 18th century by Scots who migrated from the backcountry of the Carolinas. The original settlements were in the Euchee Valley, near the landing on the Choctawhatchee River, maintained by a mixed-race Yuchi named Sam Story, whose mother was Yuchi and father was an early Scots trader in the area.
The white settlers founded one of the first Presbyterian churches in Northwest Florida. It has a historical cemetery. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,240 square miles, of which 1,038 square miles is land and 202 square miles is water; the County is one of the largest in area in the state, stretching from the Alabama state line to the Emerald Coast. Covington County, Alabama - northwest Geneva County, Alabama - northeast Holmes County, Florida - east Washington County, Florida - east Bay County, Florida - southeast Okaloosa County, Florida - west Choctawhatchee National Forest Point Washington State Forest As of the census of 2000, there were 40,601 people, 16,548 households, 11,120 families residing in the county; the population density was 38 people per square mile. There were 29,083 housing units at an average density of 28 per square mile; the racial makeup of the county was 88.41% White, 6.98% Black or African American, 1.28% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, 2.09% from two or more races.
2.17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 16,548 households out of which 26.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.00% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.80% were non-families. 27.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.10% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was spread out with 21.70% under the age of 18, 7.10% from 18 to 24, 28.50% from 25 to 44, 26.90% from 45 to 64, 15.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 105.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.00 males. The median income for a household in the county was $32,407, the median income for a family was $37,663. Males had a median income of $26,799 versus $21,208 for females; the per capita income for the county was $18,198.
About 11.60% of families and 14.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.00% of those under age 18 and 10.90% of those age 65 or over. Walton County has 4 branches, including the historic DeFuniak Springs Library. Coastal DeFuniak Springs Freeport Gladys N. Milton Memorial Library The county is served by the Walton County School District. Bay Elementary, Santa Rosa Beach Emerald Coast Middle School, Santa Rosa Beach Freeport Elementary, Freeport Freeport High School, Freeport Freeport Middle School, Freeport Maude Saunders Elementary School, DeFuniak Springs Mossy Head Elementary, DeFuniak Springs Paxton School, Paxton Seaside School, Seaside South Walton High School, Santa Rosa Beach Van R. Butler Elementary, Santa Rosa Beach Walton Academy, DeFuniak Springs Walton High School, DeFuniak Springs Walton Middle School, DeFuniak Springs West DeFuniak Elementary, DeFuniak Springs DeFuniak Springs Freeport Paxton Miramar Beach DeFuniak Springs Airport US highway 331 US highway 90 US highway 98 State highway 20 State highway 83 Interstate 10 State highway 30A National Register of Historic Places listings in Walton County, Florida Nokuse Plantation Walton County Board of County Commissioners Walton County Supervisor of Elections Walton County Property Appraiser Walton County Sheriff's Office Walton County Tax Collector Walton County School District Northwest Florida Water Management District South Walton Fire District Walton County Clerk of Courts Public Defender, 1st Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Escambia, Santa Rosa and Walton counties Office of the State Attorney, 1st Judicial Circuit of Florida Circuit and County Court for the 1st Judicial Circuit of Florida Walton Outdoors Northwest Florida Daily News SoWal.com Waltonsun.com wmbb.com Coastal Dune Lakes
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump is the 45th and current president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a television personality. Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens and received an economics degree from the Wharton School, he was appointed president of his family's real estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, expanded it from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The company built or renovated skyscrapers, hotels and golf courses. Trump started various side ventures, including licensing his name for real estate and consumer products, he managed the company until his 2017 inauguration. He co-authored several books, including The Art of the Deal, he owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, he produced and hosted The Apprentice, a reality television show, from 2003 to 2015. Forbes estimates his net worth to be $3.1 billion. Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated sixteen opponents in the primaries.
His campaign received extensive free media coverage. Commentators described his political positions as populist and nationalist. Trump has made many misleading statements during his campaign and presidency; the statements have been documented by fact-checkers, the media have described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics. Trump was elected president in a surprise victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, he became the oldest and wealthiest person to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or government service, the fifth to have won the election despite having lost the popular vote. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Many of his comments and actions have been perceived as racially charged or racist. During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns, he enacted a tax cut package for individuals and businesses, which rescinded the individual health insurance mandate and allowed oil drilling in the Arctic Refuge.
He repealed the Dodd-Frank Act that had imposed stricter constraints on banks in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. He has pursued his America First agenda in foreign policy, withdrawing the U. S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, the Paris Agreement on climate change, the Iran nuclear deal. He recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, imposed import tariffs on various goods, triggering a trade war with China, negotiated with North Korea seeking denuclearization, he nominated two justices to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh. The Justice Department investigated links between the Trump campaign and the Russian government regarding its election interference; when Trump dismissed FBI Director James Comey, in charge of the investigation, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller as special counsel to proceed with the probe. The Special Counsel investigation led to guilty pleas by five Trump associates to criminal charges including lying to investigators, campaign finance violations, tax fraud.
Trump denied accusations of collusion and obstruction of justice, calling the investigation a politically motivated "witch hunt". Attorney General William Barr wrote that the special counsel's final report did not find that Trump or his campaign had "conspired or coordinated" with Russia during the 2016 election, but did not reach a conclusion regarding obstruction of justice, neither implicating him regarding obstruction of justice nor exonerating him. Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens, New York City, his parents were Frederick Christ Trump, a real estate developer, Mary Anne MacLeod. Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, after his parents discovered that he had made frequent trips into Manhattan without their permission. In 1964, Trump enrolled at Fordham University.
After two years, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. While at Wharton, he worked at Elizabeth Trump & Son, he graduated in May 1968 with a B. S. in economics. When Trump was in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student draft deferments. In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve. In October 1968, he was given a medical deferment that he attributed to spurs in the heels of both feet, which resulted in a 1-Y classification: "Unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency." In the December 1969 draft lottery, Trump's birthday, June 14, received a high number that would have given him a low probability to be called to military service without the 1-Y. In 1972, he was reclassified as 4-F. In 1973 and 1976, The New York Times reported that Trump had graduated first in his class at Wharton. However, a 1984 Times profile of Trump noted.
In 1988, New York magazine reported Trump conceding, "Okay, maybe not'first,' as myth has it, but he had'the highest grades possible.'" Michael Cohen, Trump's former attorney, testified to the House Oversight Committee in February 2019 that Trump "directed me to threaten his high school, his colleges and the College Board to never release his grades or SAT scores." Days after Trump stated in 2011, "I heard [Barack O
Waits Mansion
The Waits Mansion is an historic two-story Mediterranean Revival style house in Bonifay, Florida. The mansion was built by lumber company owner George Orkney Waits in the 1920s for his own use. Located at 209 West Kansas Avenue, it features recessed porches on each of the front floors with fluted Doric columns on the first floor porch. White wrought; the interior features a grand staircase from the large entrance foyer to a windowed landing with smaller stairways on the left and right leading to the second floor. In recent years, the mansion was used as a breakfast. Ed Tison met the postmistress and former teacher who had grown up in Bonifay, their first home was the little two-story house that sat on the corner just east and south of the Waits house which FBC had removed last year. This area of the country is considered a pioneer area because of its late development, it wasn't until the mid 1800s. The virgin pine forests brought the turpentine industry, followed by the coming of the railroad; the Industrial revolution brought about a need for lumber.
George Orkney Waits, as a young boy began working in lumber operations around Macon Georgia. He became a manager at the mill. After his marriage to Harriet Pamela McIntosh, Waits managed a sawmill operation in Cordele, Georgia. In 1905, he formed a partnership with James D. Henderson, he and his wife first built a beautiful home in Andalusia Al. The company purchased the mill in Caryville and in 1914, Waits began management of that mill calling it Henderson Waits Lumber Company; because of the mosquitos associated with its nearness to the river and its swamps, Waits chose to build his wife, whose health was delicate, a home in Bonifay. The land was purchased from M. E. and Meridien Johnson in 1919, the same year Tison came to Bonifay. The architect for the house was a Mr. Ausfeldt of Montgomery, Al and the contractor was William Whaley of Opp, Al; the Waits lived in the house for only a short time before moving to Bagdad, Florida where the company had a much larger operation than at Caryville. The Caryville mill was sold to Brown Florida company.
She died there not long after their move and he died in Bagdad, Fl James C. Waits, the oldest Waits son owned and managed a mill in Warsaw, Ga, but due to a fire, most of that mill was destroyed, he and his wife bought the Waits House from the Henderson Waits Lumber Company and moved to Bonifay about 1936. They had it restored and Maude brought many beautiful azaleas and camellias and other shrubs for landscaping. In 1931, Waits's sister died leaving a 2-year-old child, Edward Shaver, Jr.. Childless and Maude Waits couple took him into their home and raised him as their own. Here in Bonifay, he was known as Sonny Waits, he finished public school here, went to FSU. He went to Harvard Medical School in Boston Ma. for Surgical training. He died last year in Charlotte N. C. after a successful Head and Neck Surgery specialty there. The Waits were active in the community, he raised cattle. He along with J. C. McGee started a successful oil distribution business; the Waits were active in community and school affairs, the Business Men's Club, Boy Scout troops, their special interest, First Baptist Church where he served as a deacon, SS.
Director, other places of leadership. Until recent years, FBC has had a Maude Waits Sunday School Class, she enjoyed entertaining in her gracious home. The community was shocked in 1948. Sidney Waits indicated that Jim Waits came to Bonifay because Brown Florida Company had defaulted on their loan, the younger Mr. Waits came to Bonifay to close out the mill in Caryville. Prior to his death, the house had been converted into apartments and many young couples made their home there; these included Lela and Edward Harris, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Barker, Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Whitehead and many others. At the time of Mrs. Waits’ death in 1956, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hall and Robert lived there; because of Sonny's choice of medical specialty, living in a metropolitan area was a necessity so he sold the house to the Halls and they lived there and managed the rentals for a number of years. After that time, several people have bought it. Jennifer Rich's grandmother, Dorothy Garver, bought it about 1976 and restored it to a one-family residence.
But she only lived there a short time. The most recent owner was Frank Barone who along with Jill Hardy Eichman operated it as a place for lodging and party or wedding venues. Sidney Waits a grandson of the builder of the house, George Orkney and Harriet Orkney, lives in Andalusia, Al and has pleasant memories of visiting in the Waits home, he is involved in historical preservation in Andalusia and has been concerned about the rescue and restoration of the house here. He is in his 90's now. Son Chance has recollections of their playing at the house, he recalled how Waits took an interest in Sonny's education and quizzed them at the table on school subjects. Son, not a serious scholar, was embarrassed because he hadn't studied the lesson Mr. Waits was quizzing him on. I am pleased to tell you that Don Smith who grew up in The Bethlehem community and graduated from High school there, one of my husband's former students, has purchased the home. Restoration work has begun including replacement of the basement sump
United States
The United States of America known as the United States or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U. S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D. C. and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico; the State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean; the U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The diverse geography and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.
Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century; the United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776; the war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties; the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery.
By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power; the United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Sweeping civil rights legislation, notably the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, outlawed discrimination based on race or color. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 U. S. Moon landing; the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower. The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation, it is a representative democracy.
The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, other international organizations. The United States is a developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for a quarter of global GDP; the U. S. economy is post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. The United States is the world's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, the U. S. holds 31% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country. Despite wide income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, worker productivity.
The United States is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending, is a leading political and scientific force internationally. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci; the first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq. to George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army, Lt. Col. Joseph Reed. Moylan expressed his wish to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary war effort; the first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776. The second draft of the Articles of Confederation, prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17, 1776, at the latest, declared "The name of this Confederation shall be the'United States of America'".
The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be'The United States of America'". In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence; this draft of the document did not surface unti
Solid South
For the play titled Solid South see Lawton Campbell The Solid South or Southern bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as important to the interests of Democrats in the southern states. The Southern bloc existed between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. During this period, the Democratic Party controlled state legislatures. Southern Democrats disenfranchised blacks in every state of the former Confederacy at the turn of the 20th century; this resulted in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting in primaries; the "Solid South" is a loose term referring to the states that made up the voting bloc at any point in time. The Southern region as defined by U. S. Census comprises sixteen states plus Washington, D.
C.—Delaware, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, D. C. West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas; this definition of the Southern region does not correspond to the states in the definition of the Solid South. For example, Maryland was considered part of the Solid South, where Missouri, though classified as a Midwestern state by the U. S. Census was. A former slave state, Missouri became dominated by the Democratic Party after the Civil War. After the 1960s and passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ensuring federal enforcement of registration and voting, African Americans in the region were able to register and vote, rejoining the political system for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. While nearly six million African Americans had left the region by in the Great Migration to other areas of the country, most of those who remained became affiliated with the Democratic Party, its national leaders had supported the civil rights movement. Around the same time, white conservatives began to shift to the Republican Party, which by 2000 attracted most of the white voters.
African Americans have elected numerous candidates of their choice Democrats, from districts where their votes have been concentrated. At the start of the American Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the Confederacy: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Texas, Arkansas and North Carolina; the slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky, they were referred to as the border states. In 1861, West Virginia was created out of Virginia, admitted in 1863 and considered a border state. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was in Union control. Accordingly the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. Several of the border states abolished slavery before the end of the Civil War—the District of Columbia in 1862, Maryland in 1864, Missouri in 1865, one of the Confederate states, Tennessee in 1865, West Virginia in 1865.
However, slavery persisted in Delaware, 10 of the 11 former Confederate states, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States on December 18, 1865. Abolition of slavery was a condition of the return of local rule in those states that had declared their secession; the Reconstruction era came to an end in 1877. Democratic dominance of the South originated in the struggle of white Southerners during and after Reconstruction to establish white supremacy and disenfranchise blacks; the U. S. government under the Republican Party had defeated the Confederacy, abolished slavery, enfranchised blacks. In several states, black voters were a close to it. Republicans supported by blacks controlled state governments in these states, thus the Democratic Party became the vehicle for the white supremacist "Redeemers". The Ku Klux Klan, as well as other insurgent paramilitary groups such as the White League and Red Shirts from 1874, acted as "the military arm of the Democratic party" to disrupt Republican organizing, intimidate and suppress black voters.
By 1876, Redeemer Democrats had taken control of all the state governments in the South. From until the 1960s, state and local government in the South was entirely monopolized by Democrats; the Democrats elected all but a handful of U. S. Representatives and Senators, Democratic presidential candidates swept the region – from 1880 through 1944, winning a cumulative total of 182 of 187 states; the Democrats reinforced the loyalty of white voters by emphasizing the suffering of the South during the war at the hands of "Yankee invaders" under Republican leadership, the noble service of their white forefathers in "the Lost Cause". This rhetoric was effective with many Southerners. However, this propaganda was ineffective in areas, loyal to the Union during the war, such as eastern Tennessee. Eastern Tennessee welcomed U. S. troops as liberators, voted Republican after the war to the present. After white Democrats regained control of state legislatures, some blacks were elected to local offices and state legislatures in the South.
Black U. S. Representatives were elected from the South as late as the 1890s from overwhelmingly black areas. In the 1890s, the Populists developed a following in
Racial segregation in the United States
Racial segregation in the United States is the separation of racial groups in aspects of daily life in the history of the United States. For most of United States history, segregation maintained the separation of African Americans from whites; the term applies to the segregation of racial groups from one another the segregation of people of color from whites. The term refers to the physical separation of racial groups and to the separation of roles within an institution, such as white units being separated from black units in the United States Armed Forces. Segregation was maintained through the doctrine of providing so-called "separate but equal" facilities that were equal. Signs were used to show non-whites where they could walk, drink, rest, or eat. An African-American historian, Marvin Dunn, described segregation in Miami, about 1950: My mother shopped there but she was not allowed to try on clothes or to return clothes. Blacks were not allowed to eat at the lunch counter. All the white stores were similar in this regard.
The Greyhound Bus Station had separate waiting toilets for blacks and whites. Blacks could not eat at the counter in the bus station; the first black police offficers for the city had been hired in 1947…but they could not arrest white people. My parents were registered as Republicans until the 1950s because they were not allowed to join the Democrat Party before 1947. Racial segregation follows two forms. De jure segregation mandates the separation of races by law, was the form that segregation took from the founding of the United States until the 1960s, when Congress passed legislation protecting civil rights; these included the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Fair Housing Act in 1968. In specific areas, segregation was barred earlier by the Supreme Court in decisions such as the Brown v. Board of Education decision that overturned school segregation in the United States. De facto segregation, or segregation "in fact", is that. De facto segregation continues today in areas such as residential segregation and school segregation because of both contemporary behavior and the historical legacy of de jure segregation.
Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870 providing the right to vote, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbidding racial segregation in accommodations. As a result, Federal occupation troops in the South assured blacks the right to vote and to elect their own political leaders; the Reconstruction amendments asserted the supremacy of the national state and the formal equality under the law of everyone within it. However, it did not prohibit segregation in schools; when the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867, they created the first system of taxpayer-funded public schools. Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools. All the new public schools were segregated, apart from a few in New Orleans. After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s, conservative whites retained the public school systems but cut their funding.
All private academies and colleges in the South were segregated by race. The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several black colleges, such as Fisk University and Shaw University. In this period, a handful of northern colleges accepted black students. Northern denominations and their missionary associations established private schools across the South to provide secondary education, they provided a small amount of collegiate work. Tuition was minimal, so churches supported the colleges financially, subsidized the pay of some teachers. In 1900 churches—mostly based in the North—operated 247 schools for blacks across the South, with a budget of about $1 million, they taught 46,000 students. Prominent schools included a federal institution based in Washington. Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states. By the early 1870s, the North lost interest in further reconstruction efforts and when federal troops were withdrawn in 1877, the Republican Party in the South splintered and lost support, leading to the conservatives taking control of all the southern states.'Jim Crow' segregation began somewhat in the 1880s.
Disfranchisement of the blacks began in the 1890s. Although the Republican Party had championed African-American rights during the Civil War and had become a platform for black political influence during Reconstruction, a backlash among white Republicans led to the rise of the lily-white movement to remove African Americans from leadership positions in the party and incite riots to divide the party, with the ultimate goal of eliminating black influence. By 1910, segregation was established across the South and most of the border region, only a small number of black leaders were allowed to vote across the Deep South; the legitimacy of laws requiring segregation of blacks was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537. The Supreme Court sustained the constitutionality of a Louisiana statute that required railroad companies to provide "separate but equal" accommodations for white and black passengers, prohibited whites and blacks from using railroad cars that were not assigned to their race.
Plessy thus allowed segregation, which became standard througho
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Holmes County, Florida
