1.
Small office/home office
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Small office/home office refers to the category of business or cottage industry that involves from 1 to 10 workers. Before the 19th century, and the spread of the industrial revolution around the globe, nearly all offices were small offices and/or home offices, most businesses were small, and the paperwork that accompanied them was limited. The industrial revolution aggregated workers in factories, to mass-produce goods, in most circumstances, the white collar counterpart—office work—was aggregated as well in large buildings, usually in cities or densely populated suburban areas. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the advent of the computer and fax machine, plus breakthroughs in telecommunications. Decentralization was also perceived as benefiting employers in terms of lower overheads, many consultants and the members of such professions as lawyers, real estate agents, and surveyors in small and medium-size towns operate from home offices. Several ranges of products, such as the desk and all-in-one printer, are designed specifically for the SOHO market. A number of books and magazines have published and marketed specifically at this type of office. These range from general advice texts to specific guidebooks on such challenges as setting up a small PBX for the office telephones, technology has also created a demand for larger businesses to employ individuals who work from home. Sometimes these people remain as independent businesspersons, and sometimes they become employees of a larger company, the small office home office has undergone a transformation since its advent as the internet has enabled anyone working from a home office to compete globally. Technology has made possible through email, the World-Wide Web, e-commerce, videoconferencing, remote desktop software, webinar systems. Bless This Home Office. With tax credits, An Adam Compilation, johnson, Karen K. ed. Orthos All About Home Offices. The Home Office, Setting Up, Furnishing and Decorating Your Own Work Space
2.
Welsh language
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Welsh is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages. It is spoken natively in Wales, by some in England, historically it has also been known in English as the British tongue, Cambrian, Cambric and Cymric. The United Kingdom Census 2011 counted 3.1 million residents of Wales, 27% of whom had been born outside Wales, and 73% of whom reported having no Welsh language skills. Of residents of Wales aged three and over, 19% reported being able to speak Welsh, and 77% of these were able to speak, read and this can be compared with the 2001 Census, in which 20. 8% of the population reported being able to speak Welsh. 787,854 of residents in Wales aged three and over had one or more skills in Welsh, in surveys carried out between 2004 and 2006, 57% of Welsh speakers described themselves as fluent in the written language. An estimated 110,000 to 150,000 people speak Welsh in England, Welsh emerged in the 6th century from Common Brittonic, the common ancestor of Welsh, Breton, Cornish and the extinct language known as Cumbric. The Middle Welsh period is considered to have lasted from then until the 14th century, when the Modern Welsh period began, the name Welsh originated as an exonym given to its speakers by the Anglo-Saxons, meaning foreign speech. The native term for the language is Cymraeg, and for the name of the country of Wales it is Cymru, Welsh evolved from Common Brittonic, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient Celtic Britons. Classified as Insular Celtic, the British language probably arrived in Britain during the Bronze Age or Iron Age and was spoken throughout the island south of the Firth of Forth. During the Early Middle Ages the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, evolving into Welsh and it is not clear when Welsh became distinct. Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that the evolution in syllabic structure and sound pattern was complete by around 550, Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time. The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the Cynfeirdd or Early Poets – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material. An 8th century inscription in Tywyn shows the language already dropping inflections in the declension of nouns, the next main period, somewhat better attested, is Old Welsh, poetry from both Wales and Scotland has been preserved in this form of the language. Both the works of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin were in this era, Middle Welsh is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of all surviving early manuscripts of the Mabinogion. It is also the language of the existing Welsh law manuscripts, Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible, albeit with some work, to a modern-day Welsh speaker. The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells, in his Descriptio Cambriae, during one of the Kings many raids in the 12th century, Henry asked an old man of Pencader, Carmarthenshire whether the Welsh people could resist his army
3.
2 Marsham Street
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2 Marsham Street is an office building on Marsham Street in the City of Westminster, London, and has been the headquarters of the Home Office, a department of the British Government, since March 2005. Before this date the Home Office was located at 50 Queen Annes Gate, the site was previously occupied by the Departments of Environment and Transport. The headquarters offices of both departments were located in Marsham Towers - three 20-floor concrete towers joined together by podium floors to level 3. The towers won an award and boasted express lifts, marble entrances. Construction had started in the early 1960s but was completed in 1971. The towers were considered by some to be a blot on London’s landscape and were nicknamed the three ugly sisters and the toast rack. Chris Patten called the complex a building that deeply depresses the spirit, the last government staff occupied the building in the late 1990s. The building was declared unfit for use and the towers were demolished in 2003 to make way for the new building into which the Home Office moved in 2005. Prior to the ugly sisters epoch, from about 1818, the site housed the Chartered Gas Works of the Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, as well as a laundry yard. Soon after the building opened in 2005, agencies of the Home Office like Her Majestys Passport Office, since August 2014, building has also been home to the Department for Communities and Local Government, the Homes and Communities Agency and the Building Regulations Advisory Committee. Designed by Terry Farrell, the new building was financed through the private finance initiative model with French construction firm Bouygues as contractor and it was completed within 24 months. The cost of £311 million will be spread over 29 years, the site is made up of three buildings, designated Seacole, Peel and Fry. They are named after Mary Seacole, Robert Peel and Elizabeth Fry, the buildings are connected by a bridge from the 1st to the 4th floors, forming part of a corridor that runs the whole length of the building. Staff call this corridor The Street, during design, the emphasis was on creating a building with a community feel. To that end, the offices are well lit, situated around three central atria and overlooking turfed pocket parks. The building has also constructed to be energy efficient and to fall well within government energy-expenditure targets. The approachable effect of the building is enhanced by art-work by Liam Gillick who used coloured glass to change the feel of the building depending on the light conditions, the site contains 800,000 sq ft of office space. Part of the old Marsham Towers site was turned over to blocks of residential flats, shops
4.
England and Wales
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The devolved National Assembly for Wales was created in 1999 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom under the Government of Wales Act 1998 and provides a degree of self-government in Wales. The powers of the Assembly were expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006, which allows it to pass its own laws, there is no equivalent body for England, which is directly governed by the Parliament and the government of the United Kingdom. During the Roman occupation of Britain, the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, at that time, most of the native inhabitants of Roman Britain spoke Brythonic languages, and were all regarded as Britons, divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit and this aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law. Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the Kingdom of England. Prior to 1746 it was not clear whether a reference to England in legislation included Wales and this specified that in all prior and future laws, references to England would by default include Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in 1967, although the definition of England it created is preserved for acts passed prior to its repeal. Since the Acts repeal what was referred to as England is now England and Wales, while references to England, England and Wales are treated as a single unit, for most purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of Scots law was guaranteed under the 1706 Treaty of Union that led to the Acts of Union 1707, thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England, examples are the Welsh Language Acts 1967 and 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998. Measures and Acts of the National Assembly for Wales passed since the Government of Wales Act 2006 also apply in Wales, following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the National Assembly for Wales can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a referendum on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Assembly gained direct law-making powers and this was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an Act of the Assembly, outside of the legal system the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as England and Wales, others are separate, some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, but also small denominations, e. g. the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Prior to the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920, the Electoral Commission maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates. The order of precedence in England and Wales is distinct from those of Northern Ireland and Scotland, the national parks of England and Wales have a distinctive legislative framework and history. Courts of England and Wales Judiciary of England and Wales Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English Geography of Wales Geography of England British Isles
5.
Sajid Javid
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Sajid Javid PC MP is a British Conservative Party politician and former managing director at Deutsche Bank. He has been the Member of Parliament for Bromsgrove since 2010 and he was Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills and President of the Board of Trade from 2015 to 2016. Javid was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, one of five sons of parents of Pakistani descent and his father was a bus driver. His family moved from Lancashire to Stapleton Road, Bristol, at Exeter he studied economics and politics and became a member of the Conservative Party. Javid joined Chase Manhattan Bank in New York City immediately after university, aged 25, he became the youngest vice-president in the history of the bank. He returned to London in 1997, and later joined Deutsche Bank as a director in 2000, in 2004 he became a managing director at Deutsche Bank and, one year later, global head of Emerging Markets Structuring. He left Deutsche Bank in 2009 to pursue a career in politics and his earnings at Deutsche Bank would have been roughly £3m a year at the time he left. Her resignation was confirmed in December 2009, after she attempted to withdraw it, in the election held on 6 May 2010, Javid received 22,558 votes, winning the seat by a majority of 11,308. Javid was also one of six new MPs profiled by the Financial Times, in October 2012, Iain Dale in The Daily Telegraph included Javid in his list of Top 100 most influential figures from the Right. Dale wrote, His fast rise up the pole into George Osbornes inner circle is not only proof of this mans ambition. Nicholas Watt in The Guardian has also suggested that Javid could rise to the top, a Conservative Home poll conducted in December 2014 marked Javid as the Conservative to Watch in 2015. The responses to the survey were tested against a control panel supplied by YouGov, in July 2014, Forbes magazine compared Sajid Javid to Barack Obama and suggested that Javid could become the next Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Javid was one of the first new MPs to become a Parliamentary Private Secretary and he remained in this position until 4 September 2012, when he joined Osbornes ministerial team as Economic Secretary to the Treasury. He was later promoted to Financial Secretary to the Treasury on 7 October 2013. At a Conservative Friends of Israel lunch in 2012, The Jewish Chronicle reported Javid as stating that if he had to leave Britain to live in the Middle East, only there, he said, would his children feel the warm embrace of freedom and liberty. This made him the first MP to have been elected in 2010 to join the Cabinet, shortly after his appointment, he was made a Privy Councillor. Javid defended media freedom and the right of the press to investigate wrongdoing by politicians, the public were right to judge her on how she responded, theres absolutely nothing wrong with that, he said. And the media … I dont think you can blame this on Leveson or the media or something and it was reported in May 2015 that in March Javid had opposed plans by Theresa May to give Ofcom counter-extremism powers to vet British television programmes before they were broadcast
6.
Home Secretary
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The office is a British Cabinet level position. The Home Secretary is responsible for the affairs of England and Wales. The remit of the Home Office also includes policing in England and Wales and matters of security, as the Security Service. The current Home Secretary is Amber Rudd, appointed formally by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of her Prime Minister Theresa May on 13 July 2016. Mrs. May had been the incumbent, appointed on 12 May 2010 by Prime Minister, David Cameron. May was reappointed by Cameron on 8 May 2015 to serve as Home Secretary in the Conservative government and she stood down from this role on 13 July 2016 upon assuming the office of Prime Minister, succeeding Cameron
7.
Government of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Government, commonly referred to as the UK government or British government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The government is led by the Prime Minister, who all the remaining ministers. The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, the government ministers all sit in Parliament, and are accountable to it. After an election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command a majority of MPs in the House of Commons. Under the uncodified British constitution, executive authority lies with the monarch, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the prime minister, the Cabinet members advise the monarch as members of the Privy Council. They also exercise power directly as leaders of the Government Departments, the current prime minister is Theresa May, who took office on 13 July 2016. She is the leader of the Conservative Party, which won a majority of seats in the House of Commons in the election on 7 May 2015. Prior to this, Cameron and the Conservatives led a government from 2010 to 2015 with the Liberal Democrats. A key principle of the British Constitution is that the government is responsible to Parliament, Britain is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament and this constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch, beginning with the Magna Carta in 1215. Parliament is split into two houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, the House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful. The House of Lords is the house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws. Parliamentary time is essential for bills to be passed into law, Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit, they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords, since the start of Edward VIIs reign, in 1901, the prime minister has always been an elected member of Parliament and therefore directly accountable to the House of Commons. Under the British system the government is required by convention and for reasons to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons. It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply, by convention if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a General Election is held. The support of the Lords, while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay, is not vital, a government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House. The House of Commons is thus the Responsible house, the prime minister is held to account during Prime Ministers Question Time which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject
8.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
9.
Modern immigration to the United Kingdom
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7.5 million people were born abroad, although the census gives no indication of their immigration status or intended length of stay. Provisional figures show that in 2013,526,000 people arrived to live in the UK whilst 314,000 left, the number of people immigrating to the UK increased between 2012 and 2013 by 28,000, whereas the number emigrating fell by 7,000. From April 2013 to April 2014, a total of 560,000 immigrants were estimated to have arrived in the UK, an estimated 317,000 people left, including 131,000 British citizens and 83,000 other EU citizens. The top countries represented in terms of arrivals were, China, India, Poland, the United States, in 2014, approximately 125,800 foreign citizens were naturalised as British citizens. This figure fell from around 208,000 in 2013, which was the highest since 1962, between 2009 and 2013, the average number of people granted British citizenship per year was 195,800. The main countries of nationality of those naturalised in 2014 were India, Pakistan. The British government can grant settlement to foreign nationals, which confers on them permanent residence in the UK. Grants of settlement are made on the basis of factors, including employment, family formation and reunification. The total number of grants of settlement was approximately 154,700 in 2013, in 2008, the UK government began phasing in a new points-based immigration system for people from outside of the European Economic Area. Someone whose nationality is different to their country of residence, someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence. From the mid-eighteenth century until at least 1956, and longer in many areas, Commonwealth immigration, made up largely of economic migrants, rose from 3,000 per year in 1953 to 46,800 in 1956 and 136,400 in 1961. In 1965, to combat the injustice in the case where the wives of British subjects could not obtain British nationality. The Conservative MP Enoch Powell campaigned for tighter controls on immigration which resulted in the passing of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in 1968. For the first time, the Act required migrants to have a connection with the United Kingdom. Those who did not could only obtain United Kingdom nationality at the discretion of the national authorities, one month after the adoption of the Act, Enoch Powell made his infamous Rivers of Blood speech. The Act abolished the distinction between Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth entrants, the Conservative government nevertheless allowed, amid much controversy, the immigration of 27,000 individuals displaced from Uganda after the coup détat led by Idi Amin in 1971. The total number of Commonwealth immigrants since 1962 is estimated at around 2.5 million and this act was initiated at a time when Ireland withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations after declaring itself a republic. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter and, subsequently, when the UK declared war on Germany, however, migration between the countries ceased
10.
Security
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Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and/or valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, item, nation, or organization. As noted by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies in the OSSTMM3 and these separations are generically called controls, and sometimes include changes to the asset or the threat. Security is said to have two dialogues, negative dialogue is about danger, risk, threat, etc. Positive dialogue is about opportunities, interests, profits, etc, negative dialogue needs military equipment, armies, or police. Positive dialogue needs social capital, education, or social interaction, perception of security may be poorly mapped to measurable objective security. For example, the fear of earthquakes has been reported to be more common than the fear of slipping on the floor although the latter kills many more people than the former. Similarly, the effectiveness of security measures is sometimes different from the actual security provided by those measures. The presence of security protections may even be taken for the safety itself, for example, two computer security programs could be interfering with each other and even canceling each others effect, while the owner believes they are getting double the protection. Security theater is a term for deployment of measures primarily aimed at raising subjective security without a genuine or commensurate concern for the effects of that action on real safety. Since some intruders will decide not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, without such advertisement, an intruder might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps the car itself and the objects inside arent stolen, there is an immense literature on the analysis and categorization of security. Part of the reason for this is that, in most security systems, the situation is asymmetric since the defender must cover all points of attack while the attacker need only identify a single weak point upon which to concentrate. It includes physical security to prevent theft of equipment and information security to protect the data on that equipment, today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, all hazards management, and other terms. Inciting factors in the convergence of security include the development of digital video surveillance technologies. In 2007 the International Organisation for Standardization released ISO28000 - Security Management Systems for the supply chain, ISO28000 is the foremost risk based security system and is suitable for managing both public and private regulatory security, customs and industry based security schemes and requirements
11.
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
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Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom, England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Most law enforcement is carried out by police serving in regional police services within one of these jurisdictions. Police officers are granted powers to enable them to execute their duties. Their primary duties are the protection of life and property, preservation of the peace, in the British model of policing, officers exercise their powers to police with the implicit consent of the public. Policing by consent is the used to describe this. In England and Wales, the vast majority of attested constables enjoy full powers of arrest and search as granted by the Police, all police officers are constables in law, irrespective of rank. Although police officers have wide ranging powers, they are subject to the same laws as members of the public. However, there are additional legal restrictions on police officers such as the illegality of taking industrial action. There are 45 territorial police services as of 2013 that cover an area and have an independent police authority or local authority or joint police board. Some territorial police services host specialist bodies that operate in more than one area of the United Kingdom, National law enforcement bodies, including the National Crime Agency and British Transport Police. The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 refers to these as special police forces, the National Crime Agency operates across the United Kingdom against organised crime and acts as the UK point of contact for foreign agencies. There are also non-police law enforcement agencies whose officers, while not police constables, miscellaneous police services, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or common law. Until the passing of Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was such a force, the list of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom details the various services. Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in one of the UKs three legal jurisdictions than they were attested in. Detention under these powers, which in Scotland normally lasts for twelve hours, a constable from one legal jurisdiction has, in the other jurisdictions, the same powers of arrest as a constable of that jurisdiction would have. When a constable arrests a person in England & Wales, the constable is subject to the requirements of section 28, section 30, when a constable arrests a person in Northern Ireland, the constable is subject to the requirements of Article 30, Article 32 and Article 34. Referred to as aid, constables loaned from one force to another have the powers. Constables from the Metropolitan Police who are on protection duties in Scotland or Northern Ireland have all the powers, a constable who is taking a person to or from a prison retains all the powers, authority, protection and privileges of his office regardless of his location
12.
Police
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the use of force. Law enforcement, however, constitutes part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, in some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree, the police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous, many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and this is derived from πόλις, city. Law enforcement in ancient China was carried out by prefects for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period, in Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. Under each prefect were subprefects who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area, some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. The concept of the system spread to other cultures such as Korea. In ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police, in Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves, in the Roman empire, the army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to some extra security. Magistrates such as fiscal and quaestors investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The vigiles were supported by the Urban Cohorts who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force, in medieval Spain, Santa Hermandades, or holy brotherhoods, peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a fixture of Spain
13.
Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association
14.
UK Visas and Immigration
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UK Visas and Immigration is a division of the Home Office responsible for the UK visa system. It was formed from the section of the UK Border Agency that had administered the visa system, the former Home Secretary Theresa May announced the abolition of the UK Border Agency on 26 March 2013, with the intention that its work would be returned to the Home Office. The agencys executive agency status was removed, and internally it was split, with one division responsible for the visa system, sarah Rapson, the Registrar General for England and Wales, was appointed as interim Director General of UK Visas and Immigration. Her position was made permanent on 5 March 2014 and it also considers applications from foreign nationals seeking British citizenship
15.
MI5
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MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee, and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, within the civil service community the service is colloquially known as Box 500. The service has had a headquarters at Thames House on Millbank in London since 1995. Thames House was, until March 2013, shared with the Northern Ireland Office and is home to the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre. The service has offices across the United Kingdom including an HQ in Northern Ireland, details of the northern operations centre in Greater Manchester were revealed by the firm who built it. The Security Service comes under the authority of the Home Secretary within the Cabinet, the service is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee for intelligence operational priorities. It liaises with SIS, GCHQ, DIS, and a number of bodies within the British government. Judicial oversight of the conduct is exercised by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, all employees of the service are bound by the Official Secrets Act. The current Director General is Andrew Parker, who succeeded Jonathan Evans on 22 April 2013, the service marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history, written by Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Cambridge University. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign target espionage and this specialisation was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. The founding head of the Army section was Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment and its role was originally quite restricted, existing purely to ensure national security through counter-espionage. These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy and this view has been challenged by Nicholas Hiley who has asserted that it is a complete fabrication. In 2006 his article Entering the Lists was published in the journal Intelligence, Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history and objected to the retelling of the story. He later wrote another article, Re-entering the Lists, which asserted that the list of those published in the official history was concocted from later case histories. After this auspicious start, the history of MI5 becomes darker and it was consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and 1920s in its core counter-espionage role. Throughout World War 1, Germany continued trying to infiltrate Britain but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, MI5 used a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail. In post-war years, attention turned to attempts by the Soviet Union, MI5s expertise, combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets, meant the bureau was successful once more in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities
16.
Drug
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A drug is any substance that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue, causes a physiological change in the body. In pharmacology, a drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and this classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception. They include alcohol, a depressant, and the nicotine and caffeine. These three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide and are also considered recreational drugs since they are used for rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of these are used in spiritual or religious settings. Some drugs can cause addiction and all drugs can have side effects, excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational drugs are illicit and international such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition. The transitive verb to drug arose later and invokes the psychoactive rather than properties of a substance. A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, the use may also be as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies and these medications are designated by the letter P on the label. The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country, medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder, pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into drug classes. A group of drugs will share a chemical structure, or have the same mechanism of action. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and this groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties
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Counter-terrorism
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Counter-terrorism strategies include attempts to counter financing of terrorism. If terrorism is part of an insurgency, counter-terrorism may employ counter-insurgency measures. Harcourt envisioned a permanent unit dedicated to the prevention of politically motivated violence through the use of techniques such as undercover infiltration. This pioneering branch was the first to be trained in counter-terrorism techniques and its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counterterrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies, in Britain and elsewhere, established similar units, Counterterrorism forces expanded with the perceived growing threat of terrorism in the late 20th century. Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an increase in police and domestic intelligence. The central activities are traditional, interception of communications, and the tracing of persons, new technology has, however, expanded the range of military and law enforcement operations. Domestic intelligence is often directed at specific groups, defined on the basis of origin or religion, mass surveillance of an entire population raises objections on civil liberties grounds. Homegrown terrorists, especially lone wolves are often harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal status, good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Counterintelligence is a challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal. Financial tracking can play a role, as can communications intercept, in response to the growing legislation. United Kingdom The United Kingdom has had anti-terrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years, the Prevention of Violence Act 1939 was brought in response to an Irish Republican Army campaign of violence under the S-Plan. This act had allowed to expire in 1953 and was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the Prevention of Terrorism Acts a response to the Troubles in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989 the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually, in 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent Terrorism Act 2000, which contained many of their powers, and then the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was formally introduced into the Parliament November 19,2001 two months after the September 11,2001 attacks in the United States and it received royal assent and went into force on December 13,2001. On December 16,2004 the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, but under the terms of the Human Rights Act 1998 it remained in force. The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the Terrorism Act 2006 creates new offences related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The Act was drafted in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, since 1978 the UKs terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, whose reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full
18.
Identity document
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An identity document is any document which may be used to prove a persons identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, some countries issue formal identity documents, while others may require identity verification using informal documents. When the identity document incorporates a persons photograph, it may be called photo ID, in the absence of a formal identity document, a drivers license may be accepted in many countries for identity verification. Some countries do not accept drivers licenses for identification, often because in countries they do not expire as documents. Most countries accept passports as a form of identification, some countries require all people to have an identity document available at any time. Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or occasionally a national identity card from their country available at any time if they do not have a permit in the country. The identity document is used to connect a person to information about the person, the photo and the possession of it is used to connect the person with the document. A unique national identification number is the most secure way, a version of the passport considered to be the earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by King Henry V of England with the Safe Conducts Act 1414. For the next 500 years and before World War I, most people did not have or need an identity document, both Australia and Great Britain, for example, introduced the requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after the so-called Lody spy scandal. The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by ISO/IEC7810, some modern identity documents are smart cards including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit, that were standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC7816. New technologies allow identity cards to contain information, such as photographs, face, hand or iris measurements. Electronic identity cards are available in countries including Belgium, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Morocco, Portugal. Law enforcement officials claim that identity cards make surveillance and the search for criminals easier, in countries that dont have a national identity card, there is, however, concern about the projected large costs and potential abuse of high-tech smartcards. There is debate in these countries about whether such cards and their centralised database would constitute an infringement of privacy, most criticism is directed towards the enhanced possibilities of extensive abuse of centralised and comprehensive databases storing sensitive data. None of the countries listed above mandate possession of identity documents, for example, all vehicle drivers must have a driving licence, and young people may need to use specially issued proof of age cards when purchasing alcohol. Arguments for identity documents as such, In order to avoid mismatching people, Every human being already carries their own personal identification in the form of DNA, which is extremely hard to falsify or to discard. For example, in Sweden private companies such as banks refused to issue ID cards to individuals without a Swedish card and this forced the government to start issuing national cards. It is also hard to control information usage by private companies
19.
Her Majesty's Prison Service
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Her Majestys Prison Service is a part of the National Offender Management Service of Her Majestys Government tasked with managing most of the prisons within England and Wales. The CEO of the National Offender Management Service, currently Michael Spurr, is the administrator of the prison service, the CEO reports to the Secretary of State for Justice and also works closely with the Prisons Minister, a junior ministerial post within the Ministry of Justice. It has its office in Clive House. It formerly had its office in Cleland House in the City of Westminster. The British Overseas Territory of Bermudas HM Prison Service was a separate organisation, in 2004, the Prison Service was responsible for 130 prisons and employed around 44,000 staff. As of 2009 the number of prisons had increased to 131, the Services statement of purpose states Her Majestys Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look after them with humanity and help them lead law-abiding and useful lives in custody, the Ministry of Justices objective for prisons seeks Effective execution of the sentences of the courts so as to reduce re-offending and protect the public. Population statistics for the Service are published weekly, statistics available for 24 June 2016 showed the service housed 85,130 prisoners,81,274 males and 3,856 females. The over 60s are the fastest growing age category and Professor David Wilson, early in 2004, it was announced that the Prison Service would be integrated into a new National Offender Management Service later in the year. As of 2008, rationalisation of the management system is underway with the advent of the Titan Prison concept. Six new reform prisons are to be built with prison governors in charge of operation, Penal charities claimed reforms would fail if prisoners were crammed into filthy institutions with no staff. In 2015 the Justice Select Committee, following a long prison inquiry, were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012. The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons. Prison officer numbers had reduced from about 23,000 in 2012, already reduced from about 25,000 in 2010. The government had announced an intention of recruiting 2,500 extra prison officers by the end of 2018. Prisons are overcrowded and understaffed leading to riots, prison escapes and it is suggested that alternative punishments should be found for less serious offenders. Also mental health issues of prisoners are not addressed. Prison assaults have been increasing year on year reaching 22,195 from March 2015 to March 2016, assaults by prisoners on staff are rising with just under 700 causing serious injury
20.
National Probation Service
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Northern Ireland has its own probation service, whilst in Scotland criminal justice social work services are managed within the social work departments of local authorities. The service is part of the National Offender Management Service, which transferred to the Ministry of Justice from the Home Office on 9 May 2007 and it comprises 42 probation areas which are coterminous with police force area boundaries, served by 35 probation trusts. The work of probation trusts is scrutinised by NOMS, which reports independently to UK government ministers, there are concerns that staff shortages, failure in communication and privatisation may be weakening the probation service and putting the public at risk. The Church of England Temperance Society and other voluntary societies appointed missionaries to the London police courts during the nineteenth century. From this developed the system of releasing offenders on the condition that kept in touch with the missionary. In 1907 this supervision was given a basis which allowed courts to appoint. The service, at the start of 2004, had some 18,000 staff, in addition, it has responsibility for ensuring that victims of violent and sexual crime resulting in prison sentences of over 12 months are consulted before offenders are released from custody. The advent of NOMS in 2004 changed the pattern of services delivery in England. Carter saw the need to improve public and sentencer confidence not only in community sentences but also in the fine as credible sanctions for appropriate offenders, the Bill completed its passage through Parliament in July 2007, and the first six probation trusts came into being on 1 April 2008. Lancashire Probation Trust achieved Trust status on 1 April 2009, the operational elements of probation in England and Wales were provided by 35 regional probation trusts. The probation service in London is understaffed and many officers are inexperienced. Probationers are seen too infrequently and some are overlooked, a proper risk assessment is not done in the majority of cases
21.
Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
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The Ministry of Justice is a ministerial department of the UK Government headed by the Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. The department is responsible for areas of constitutional policy not transferred in 2010 to the Deputy Prime Minister, human rights law. The ministry was formed in May 2007 when some functions of the Home Secretary were combined with the Department for Constitutional Affairs, the latter had replaced the Lord Chancellors Department in 2003. Its stated priorities are to reduce re-offending and protect the public, to access to justice, to increase confidence in the justice system. Responsibility for devolution was then transferred to the position of Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Justice have joint responsibility for a commission on a British bill of rights, the vast majority of the Ministry of Justices work takes place in England and Wales. The ministry has no responsibility for devolved criminal justice policy, courts, the ministry is therefore responsible for all aspects of the criminal law, including the scope and content of criminal offences. The prison population in England and Wales has risen because politicians of both parties wanted to show they were tough on criminals and this led to overcrowding and increase in other problems like violence, self-harm and suicide. The Ministry of Justice is the department that facilitates communication between the Crown dependencies i. e. Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and the UK Government. These are self-governing possessions of the British monarch, through her titles as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and it processes legislation for Royal Assent passed by the insular legislative assemblies and consults with the Islands on extending UK legislation to them. It also ensures that relevant UK legislation is extended to the islands smoothly, the Ministry has outlined its aims for the 2011–15 Parliament in its structural reform plan, which commits the department to,1. Develop court reforms to improve the resolution of disputes, maximise efficiency and improve services and work with others to make delivery of justice more effective. Assure better law Assure that law-making is transparent and accountable, safeguarding civil liberties, Reform how the ministry delivers its services Reform the way the Ministry of Justice works. Reassess its ways of working to develop more efficient shared services, match its provision ever more closely to demand, reduce duplication, the departmental board has overall responsibility for delivery of the structural reform plan. It publishes progress against the plan on the 10 Downing Street website, official website Ministry of Justice resources for legal professionals Ministry of Justice organogram from data. gov. uk
22.
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan
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John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan PC is a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010, and he was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005, Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006, and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007. Born in Bellshill to working class, Roman Catholic parents, Reid first became involved in politics when he joined the Young Communist League in 1972. He later joined the Labour Party, working for them as a researcher before being elected to the House of Commons in 1987 as the MP for Motherwell North. He retired from politics in 2007 following Gordon Browns appointment as Prime Minister. He later stepped down as an MP in 2010, and was elevated to the House of Lords. Reid also took a role in the campaign for a No vote in the 2011 AV referendum. Reid was born in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, to working class Roman Catholic parents and his grandfather was a staunch Church of Scotland Presbyterian and his grandmother a poor and illiterate Irish peasant. His mother, Mary, was a worker and father. Reid attributes his success to hard work and a good education, like his successor as Scottish Secretary, Helen Liddell he attended St Patricks Secondary School, Coatbridge. The headmaster of St Patricks, James Breen, was described as being driven by the belief that working class children could make good in their lives provided there was discipline. If we werent allowed in before 9 oclock, we werent going in after 9 oclock Reid is quoted as saying, eventually the Headmaster conceded and the strike ended. Leaving school at 16, Reid decided not to go to university but instead took a series of jobs, including work on an oil pipeline. It is this latter job that Reid quotes as opening his eyes politically, soon after this he joined the Labour Party. It was also around this time that Reids lifelong passion for history was kindled when his girlfriend, Cathie McGowan, bought him a copy of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L. Shirer. From 1979 to 1983 he was an officer for the Labour Party in Scotland. From 1986 to 1987, he was Scottish Organiser of Trade Unionists for Labour and he entered parliament at the 1987 general election as MP for the Motherwell North constituency. Reid was married to Cathie McGowan from 1969 until her death from a heart attack in 1998
23.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
24.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
25.
National Crime Agency
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The National Crime Agency is a national law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom. It was established in 2013 as a government department, replacing the Serious Organised Crime Agency. It also assumed a number of responsibilities of other law enforcement agencies, the NCA has a strategic role in which it looks at the bigger picture across the UK, analysing how criminals are operating and how they can be disrupted. To do this it closely with regional organised crime units. It is the UK point of contact for agencies such as Interpol, Europol. The NCA Director-General, has the power to regional police chiefs to concentrate their resources where necessary. The NCA has also taken on a range of functions from the National Policing Improvement Agency that has been scrapped as part of the changes to policing. These include a specialist database relating to injuries and unusual weapons, expert research on potential serial killers, the agencies going into the NCA had a combined budget of £812m, yet the new agency only had £464m in its first year - a decrease of 43%. Some of the responsibilities of the former UK Border Agency relating to border policing also became part of the NCA, like its predecessor SOCA, the NCA has been dubbed the British FBI by the media. The proposed agency was first publicly announced in a statement to the House of Commons by then Home Secretary Theresa May on 26 July 2010, in June 2011, the coalition government announced that SOCAs operations would be merged into a larger National Crime Agency to launch in 2013. The Metropolitan police raised concerns around the cost of such a move, the Home Affairs Select Committee met again on 9 May 2014 to discuss counter terrorism. As a part of the report the committee reconsidered the question of moving counter terrorism responsibilities to the NCA. When this takes place, it should finally complete the jigsaw of the new landscape of policing. ”However the report acknowledges that the NCA is still a new agency and that at the time it was not fully operational in Northern Ireland. Questions have been raised as to how effective this model would be and, with a budget, whether other responsibilities would suffer. Plans are being discussed for the time of moving the Serious Fraud Office into the NCA. The process of looking at moving counter terrorism into the NCA was put on hold on 9 October 2014 by the Home secretary Theresa May due to an increase in the threat level. In October 2011, it was announced that Keith Bristow, the then Chief Constable of Warwickshire Police, the NCA came into being under provisions granted by the Crime and Courts Act 2013 which received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013. Until 20 May 2015, the agency was able to carry out border
26.
Independent Police Complaints Commission
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The IPCC was formally founded on 1 April 2004, replacing the Police Complaints Authority. Funded by the Home Office, the IPCC operates under statutory powers and it is independent of pressure groups, political parties and, in principle, of government. It can also elect to manage or supervise the investigation into a particular complaint. While some of the IPCCs investigators are former officers, the commissioners themselves cannot have worked for the police by law. It has set standards for police forces to improve the way the publics complaints are handled, the IPCC also handles appeals by the public about the way their complaint was dealt with by the local force, or its outcomes. The IPCC was given the task of increasing public confidence in the complaint system and it aims to make investigations more open, timely, proportionate and fair. Since April 2006 the IPCC has taken on responsibility for similar, serious complaints against HM Revenue and Customs, in April 2008, it additionally took on responsibility for serious complaints against UK Border Agency staff. The statutory powers and responsibilities of the Commission are set out by the Police Reform Act 2002, between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2009 the IPCC used its powers to begin 353 independent and 759 managed investigations into the most serious complaints against the police. These included deaths in custody, shootings and fatal traffic incidents. It also handles more than 4,500 appeals a year members of the public about the way their complaint was dealt with by the local force. The vast majority of complaints are dealt with by the Professional Standards department of the force the complaint is about. The IPCCs independent investigators investigate the most serious complaints, for example where someone has died following contact with the police, there are a number of types of incidents that the police, or other agencies the IPCC oversees complaints for, must mandatorily refer to the Commission. These include deaths in custody, shootings and fatal traffic incidents as well as allegations that an officer or member of police staff has committed a serious criminal offence. Forces may also refer matters voluntarily to the IPCC and the Commission can call in any matter where there might be serious public concern, once a matter has been referred, the IPCC will make a mode of investigation decision to determine how it should be dealt with. This is done by caseworkers or investigators who submit an assessment to a Commissioner, the assessment will involve judging the available information and may mean IPCC investigators are sent to the scene. The four modes of investigation are, Independent investigations carried out by the IPCC’s own investigators, in an independent investigation, the IPCC investigators have all the powers of the police themselves. Managed investigations carried out by police Professional Standards Departments, under the direction, supervised investigations carried out by police PSDs, under their own direction and control. The IPCC will set the terms of reference for a supervised investigation, complainants have a right of appeal to the IPCC following a supervised investigation
27.
Border Force
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Border Force is a part of the Home Office, responsible for frontline border control operations at air, sea and rail ports in the United Kingdom. The force was part of the now defunct UK Border Agency from its establishment in 2008 until Home Secretary Theresa May demerged it in March 2012 after severe criticism of the senior management. Since 1 March 2012, Border Force has been a law-enforcement command within the Home Office, the work of the Border Force is monitored by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration. Immigration officers have powers of arrest and detention conferred on them by the Immigration Act 1971, Border Force officers, designated as customs officials under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, have wide-ranging powers of entry, search, seizure and arrest. They hold the same customs and excise powers as officers of HM Revenue and Customs, amongst their powers is the ability to arrest anyone who has committed, or who the officer has reasonable grounds to suspect has committed, any offence under the Customs and Excise Acts. They may also seize prohibited and restricted goods, such as controlled drugs and firearms, on 10 July 2012, Immigration Minister Damian Green confirmed that Moore had not applied for the post, despite Moore earlier telling the Home Affairs Select Committee that he would be applying. Tony Smith was appointed as interim Director General of Border Force on 19 September 2012, Smith was previously Gold Commander for the London 2012 Olympic Programme and Regional Director for London and the South East in the UK Border Agency. And has spent forty years in control and enforcement work. Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Montgomery was named as the new Director General on 25 January 2013, Border Force has five operational regions, Central, Heathrow, North, South, and South East & Europe. The regions have responsibility for securing the border 24 hours a day,365 days a year at the UK’s ports, airports, postal depots and this includes the Eurostar from Brussels and Paris to St Pancras International and the Eurotunnel from Coquelles to Folkestone. The regions’ varied work includes stopping 100 per cent of passengers arriving at ports or airports for immigration controls, officers also conduct risk-led interceptions for controlled drugs, cash, tobacco, alcohol, firearms, offensive weapons, prohibited goods, counterfeit goods and clandestine entrants. They do this at passenger and freight controls, covering passengers travelling on foot, by car, coaches, freight vehicles, as well as air freight, uniformed Border Force officers have their rank displayed on shoulder epaulettes, attached to their shirt, jumper or jacket. Warranted officers below Senior Officer rank may also have their identification number displayed, Border Force uniform is navy blue and, currently, modelled on the Metropolitan Police uniform. Border Force officers can make use of armour and carry handcuffs. Limb restraints are also in circulation, officers also carry Tetra radios on the secure Airwave network, often with earpieces, to communicate with other officers. In addition, officers may carry other useful police equipment. Torches currently issued, depending on location and job role, include Lenser LED P7.2 and Maglite LED 2D & 3D Cell varieties due to their performance, reliability, specialist forgery detection equipment is available at ports and airports to identify false passports and identity documents. Customs officials make use of a variety of specialised tools and equipment when searching cars, lorries, aircraft, container ships, all vessels of the Border Force bear the ship prefix HMC—Her Majestys Cutter
28.
HM Passport Office
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Her Majestys Passport Office is a division of the Home Office in the United Kingdom. It provides passports for British nationals worldwide and was formed on 1 April 2006 as the Identity and Passport Service, the Identity Documents Act 2010 repealed the Identity Cards Act 2006, and required the cancellation of all identity cards and the destruction of all data held. On 1 April 2011 responsibility for British passports issued overseas passed from the Foreign, the printing of passports issued overseas had been done in the UK since August 2011 and the administrative work performed at these RPPCs was repatriated to the UK during the 2013-14 financial year. From April 2014 all British nationals based overseas had to apply for their passports directly to the UK. ”HMPOs executive agency status was removed on 1 October 2014, five Nations Passport Group Official website
29.
Immigration Enforcement
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Immigration Enforcement is a division of the Home Office responsible for enforcing immigration law in the United Kingdom. It was established from the section of the former UK Border Agency responsible for enforcing immigration, the Home Secretary Theresa May announced the abolition of the UK Border Agency on 26 March 2013, with the intention that its work would be returned to the Home Office. The agencys executive agency status was removed and internally it was split, with one division responsible for the visa system, Immigration Enforcement is responsible for enforcing the United Kingdoms immigration laws by conducting visits to residential and business premises. These visits can often be conducted with a warrant, in which forced entry may be used if necessary. Immigration Officers have a number of powers which allow them to carry out enforcement work. Whilst on a visit, IOs will question encountered individuals about their immigration status, arrest IOs, for the most part, will not deal with immigration offences as criminal matters. In the vast majority of cases, a person who has been arrested will be served paperwork notifying them of their imminent removal from the United Kingdom and this is known as Administrative Removal and should not be confused with Deportation. IE also has its very own Intelligence Department, which is responsible for gathering and disseminating information, Immigration Enforcement has signed up to the Professionalising Investigations Programme. Once officers have completed their portfolio, they are added on to the national Criminal Investigators register and are the equivalent to a Detective Constable. The organisation works closely with other government bodies including police, National Crime Agency, Border Force, UK Visas and Immigration. IE will often work collaboratively with local councils and transport authorities in order to carry out targeted operations, in the vast majority of cases, Immigration Officers will use administrative powers under Schedule 2 of the Immigration Act 1971. Said powers include the execution of warrants and the power of arrest, as well as powers to search arrested persons and these powers are used to start a process of removing a person administratively - this is often confused with deportation, which is a different process entirely. Once an IO has arrested a subject, they must seek authority to detain them, if and when this is granted, authority must then be sought to remove the subject back to their country of origin, possibly through an EU nation or via another transit point. In the event of an officer making an arrest, he/she must still obtain authority from another senior officer to detain. Others include 28 powers of the Immigration Act 1971, which are similar to those in Schedule 2 and these are rarely used by standard arrest officers, but still form a large part of an IOs powers. These powers are likely to be used in cases of high harm offenders. It is an offence to obstruct or assault an IO, Officers can arrest anyone if they suspect them of committing such an offence. The powers of arrest are contained within Section 28A of the Immigration Act 1971, since 2013, CFI officers were designated with additional powers to a typical Immigration Officer
30.
Disclosure and Barring Service
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The Disclosure and Barring Service is a non-departmental public body of the Home Office of the United Kingdom. The DBS was formed in 2012 by merging the functions of the Criminal Records Bureau, DBS started operating on 1 December 2012. It operates from Liverpool and Darlington and its equivalent agencies are Disclosure Scotland in Scotland and Access Northern Ireland in Northern Ireland. It is a requirement in the UK for regulated activity employers to refer safeguarding concerns to the DBS. It is illegal for anyone barred by the DBS to work and it is also illegal for an employer to knowingly employ a barred person in the sector from which they are barred. On 17 June 2013, the DBS update service was launched, the service can radically improve the ease and speed with which employers can apply for criminal record checks and potentially create significant savings. For £13 a year, applicants subscribing to this service can potentially re-use their DBS certificate when changing jobs or roles within the same sector. An organisation which is entitled to ask exempted questions must register with the DBS, the applicant applies to the DBS with their application countersigned by the DBS Registered Organisation or Umbrella Body. A Copy of the certificate is sent to the applicants home address. In May 2002, the Department for Education began maintaining a list of individuals who are not suitable to work with children. This list was originally named List 99, later named the ISA Childrens Barred List and finally, the DBS Childrens Barred List (maintained by the Disclosure and Barring Service. Under the Care Standards Act, the Department for Health introduced a version of List 99 named POVA first on 26 July 2004. If the check is clean the organisation may provisionally employ the applicant, subject to a level in supervision. The process by which the DBS provides criminal record data is called DBS Certificate or a DBS check, there are three levels of DBS checks, Standard, Enhanced and Enhanced with barred list checks. The standard DBS check is primarily for positions of high responsibility, Standard certificates reveal details of any convictions, cautions, reprimands and warnings the applicant has received, that do not qualify for filtering. An enhanced check may only be applied for if the job role is specified in both the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 order 1975 and the Police Act 1997. The police decide what information will be added to the certificate using the Quality Assurance Framework. The involvement of police forces can mean an enhanced check may take significantly longer than a standard check to be completed
31.
Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority
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The Gangmasters Licensing Authority is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom regulating the supply of workers to the agricultural, horticultural and shellfish industries. Employment agencies working in those fields have had to be licensed by the authority since 1 October 2006, the GLA was established on 1 April 2005 by the Gangmasters Act 2004, passed in the aftermath of the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster. The primary purpose of the authority is to prevent the exploitation of workers in the fresh produce sector, until the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994, introduced by Conservative minister John Redwood, all employment agencies would have needed to operate under such a scheme. This followed from the Employment Agencies Act 1973, which required all employment agencies to be licensed, the 1994 Act removed the licensing regime, though there have been renewed calls for its reintroduction, especially given the drive for the Agency Workers Regulations 2010. Initially, the authority sat under the control of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, audrius Morkunas, of Melton Constable, was given seven years imprisonment after admitting he had acted as a gangmaster without a licence. Morkunas received seven years for the offence with other custodial sentences imposed to run concurrently, the Home Secretary can appoint enforcement officers to enforce the 2004 Act. The GLA is governed by a board and an appointed by the Secretary of State. Initially the board was made up of up to 19 representatives from stakeholder groups plus nine ex-officio members from other Government Departments, under the Governments Red Tape Challenge review of the GLA a recommendation was made to reduce the size of the board, which was considered to be unwieldy. This call for a more streamlined structure was echoed in the authoritys Triennial Review of April 2014. Such reviews have been undertaken on all NDPBs since 2011, the result was that the number of board members was cut to no more than eight members plus a chair. Recruitment took place towards the end of 2014 and six new members were appointed in March 2015 just prior to the dissolution of Parliament. Under the new arrangements, board members are independent but are selected based on knowledge, supporters of the authority argue it should be given more powers and resources. Some have called for an extension of the GLAs remit, citing it as an model of enforcement. It was estimated that at least 2 million workers were left out while UCATT, oxfams Turning the Tide report, issued in July 2009, whilst being critical of the GLAs relationship with UK Borders Agency, was generally supportive of the GLAs work. It stated, Gangmasters, unions, and migrant support organisations alike are all supportive of the GLA’s work and this should also include the extension of the remit of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority and its mandate to prosecute forced labour. In February 2012 the JRF report Regulation and enforcement to tackle forced labour in the UK, like the monitoring groups first report, it also recommended that the GLA model be expanded to tackle exploitation in other sectors, citing construction, cleaning, and hospitality. On 15 May 2012 the Joseph Rowntree Foundation launched its latest report, despite reports advocating the extension of the GLAs remit the de-regularatory climate makes such a change unlikely, with the GLA being examined through several Government reviews. In March 2005, before it was established, a report Reducing administrative burdens, effective inspection, the report led to a programme of reviews of all regulators and the manner in which they operated
32.
Investigatory Powers Tribunal
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The IPT does not disclose its address, it uses a PO box in Nine Elms, London, close to the Secret Intelligence Building. Its website was created in 2003 by Tricorn Media, which has worked extensively for the police, the IPT and its shortcomings were discussed in a BBC Radio 4 File on 4 programme in September 2013. The Tribunal has jurisdiction to consider complaints about the use of surveillance by any organisation with powers under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. It is also the judicial body with the power to investigate the conduct of the Security Service, the Secret Intelligence Service. Organisations under the IPTs jurisdiction must provide details to the IPT of any activity that is being complained about. The IPT will only decide whether any surveillance that is being carried out is lawful—i. e. that it has been authorised and is being conducted in accordance with the applicable rules. The IPT is exempt from the Freedom of Information Act 2000 so information made available to it in the course of considering a complaint cannot be obtained under a freedom of information request, complaints may be dealt with on paper or by oral hearing, at the IPTs discretion. A complaint about surveillance being conducted by a person or a company cannot be heard by the IPT. There is no avenue to appeal, other than to take the case to the European Court of Human Rights, the IPTs ten members are appointed by the Queen for five-year terms, after which they may stand down or declare themselves available for reappointment. The President and Vice President must both hold or have held senior judicial posts. All the other members must be experienced barristers or solicitors, statistics concerning complaints dealt with by the IPT are published each year in the Annual Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner. Those statistics shows that very few complaints about surveillance have been upheld, from 2000 to 2009, five out of at least 956 complaints have been upheld, the IPT ruled that the use of covert surveillance by the Council was not appropriate. In 2010, the IPT produced a report for the first time. The report provided statistics relating to the outcomes of complaints and it was stated that 210 complaints were considered in 2010 but 105 of these cases were inadmissible and were not investigated. This includes cases which were withdrawn, malformed, out of time, out of jurisdiction or, most commonly, sixty-five cases were considered by the IPT to be frivolous or vexatious—generally either obviously unsustainable or repeats of previous complaints. In 2012, the IPT provided statistics relating to the number of new complaints received and those considered over the course of the year and this privileged relationship is usually strictly protected under British law, and leading campaigners said the disclosures had troubling implications for the whole British justice system. The British government refused to make a statement concerning the revelations contained in the documents. This complements independent reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner, in 2015, three parliamentarians took a case to the IPT that the Wilson Doctrine, that parliamentarians communications should not be tapped, was being broken
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Security Industry Authority
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The Security Industry Authority is the organisation responsible for regulating the private security industry in the UK. It is a public body reporting to the Home Secretary and was established in 2003 under the terms of the Private Security Industry Act 2001. The SIA has two main duties, one of the main duties of the SIA is the compulsory licensing of individuals working in specific sectors of the private security industry. Whether or not an individual requires a licence is determined by, the role that is performed and these are described fully in Section 3 and Schedule 2 of the Private Security Industry Act 2001. It is an offence to engage in licensable conduct without a licence, if found guilty. However, the SIA does not currently license these activities, on 1 October 2012 the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 made it an offence to undertake vehicle immobilisation in England and Wales without lawful authority. As a result, the SIA cancelled most of the vehicle immobiliser licences held by individuals located in England, exceptions were made for those individuals wishing to undertake vehicle immobilisation activities in Northern Ireland or key holding and non-front line security roles across the United Kingdom. On 31 July 2013 the Home Secretary announced that the SIA will be regulating private investigators, No specific timescales were given, although the announcement stated that The regulation of private investigators will be introduced as quickly as possible and the new regime will begin next year. There are two types of SIA licence, A front line licence is required if undertaking licensable activity, a front line licence is in the form of a credit card-sized plastic card that must be worn, subject to the licence conditions. A non-front line licence is issued in the form of a letter that also covers key holding activities, the Private Security Industry Act 2001 does not require manned guards employed in-house to be licensed unless their activities are in relation to licensed premises. In order to meet this obligation the SIA consulted widely through a range of mechanisms, individuals applying for a front line SIA licence must prove that they are properly qualified to do their job. If they don’t hold one of the SIA-endorsed qualifications then their application will be refused. The licence-linked qualifications are intended for individuals entering the security industry. Their purpose is to ensure that the individual is capable of performing their duties in a manner that will not cause harm to themselves or any member of the public. The qualifications are meant to address the areas of the role. The SIA does not run training courses or award qualifications, it also does not approve or vet training providers. The SIA specifies the knowledge and skills that a licence holder needs to know and be able to do, the SIA has endorsed certain awarding bodies to offer these qualifications and approve training providers. In January 2008, Panorama carried out an investigation into the training that candidates were undertaking to obtain their SIA licences
34.
National Policing Improvement Agency
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It was announced in December 2011 that the NPIA would be gradually wound down and its functions transferred to other organisations. By December 2012, all operations had transferred to the Home Office, the Serious Organised Crime Agency. SOCA was itself replaced by the National Crime Agency on 7 October 2013 as a feature of the Crime and Courts Act 2013, which also formally abolished the NPIA. The NPIA was proposed by the Association of Chief Police Officers for England & Wales as a response to the UK governments green paper Building Safer Communities Together. The stated objective of the NPIA was to support the delivery of effective policing. Unlike PITO, it was planned that it would not be solely a supplier of national police IT systems, the key priorities of the NPIA were set by the National Policing Board, established in July 2006 to help strengthen the governance of policing in England and Wales. The National Policing Board, chaired by the Home Secretary, has a membership from the Home Office, ACPO. The Police and Justice Act 2006 created the NPIA in law, upon formation, the estimated staff of the NPIA was 1772, and the expected income for 2007–08 was £484m. The agency took over the work of several agencies including the Police Information Technology Organisation, Centrex. PITO and Centrex were both abolished when the NPIA became operational, the NPIA had formal responsibilities in respect of police forces in England and Wales but, unlike PITO, not for the eight Scottish forces. Chief Constable Peter Neyroud was the agencys first Chief Executive and he retired from the police service in December 2010 after submitting an independent review of police training and leadership to the Home Secretary. Peter Holland DL was appointed as the first chair of the NPIA board in September 2006 and was extended in his role as chair by the Home Secretary in late 2010, the board had representatives of the tripartite governance of policing, ACPO, APA and the Home Office. In 2007, Peter Neyroud said that by creating a consensus with police forces and having some powers to mandate IT strategy over police forces, difficulties with recruitment and retention necessitated high levels of expenditure on contractors and private sector consultants to maintain service provision in some business units. On 1 April 2008, the Assets Recovery Agency was merged into the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the ARA Centre of Excellence, which trained and accredited Financial Investigators, was moved to the National Policing Improvement Agency where it was called the Proceeds of Crime Centre. The government set out its ambitions for the future of policing in its 2010 white paper and this stated that “The NPIA has done much to bring about welcome changes to policing. It has succeeded in the first stage of rationalising a number of different agencies responsible for supporting police forces, but now is the right time to phase out the NPIA, reviewing its role and how this translates into a streamlined national landscape. The NPIA was due to be replaced by these new organisations during 2012, the NPIA retained responsibility for the training and accreditation of financial investigators until that moved to the National Crime Agency. However the Proceeds of Crime Centre was hosted for the NPIA by SOCA from October 2012, by December 2012, all other remaining NPIA operations had transferred to the Home Office, SOCA and the newly established College of Policing
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Airwave Solutions
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Airwave Solutions Ltd. is a British mobile communication company that operates the Airwave network, a mobile communications network used by Great Britains emergency services. The Airwave network is based on the specialist Terrestrial Trunked Radio specification, Airwave were acquired by Motorola Solutions in February 2016. Airwave was established in 2000 by Telefónica UK Limited or O2, in April 2007, Airwave was acquired by two Macquarie Group investment funds, Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund II and Macquarie CPPIB Communications Pty Limited, for $3.8 billion. On 3 December 2015 the company was acquired by Motorola Solutions for £817 million, some of the payment was deferred to the following year and Macquarie were supporting the transaction. The Police Federation review speaks of significant local technical difficulties and a significant communications failure, the PMR network, named Apollo, provided voice communications for over 18,000 staff and volunteers from the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games during the 2012 Games
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