1.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Banquet
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A banquet is a large meal or feast, complete with main courses and desserts, always served with ad libitum alcoholic beverages, such as wine or beer. A banquet usually serves a purpose such as a gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration. In the majority of banquets, the gathering is seated at tables with around 8-10 people per table. Overall, there is a debate of when feasting began. During these feasts, luxury foods were offered to their guest, what these luxury goods were are still up to debate. However, Hayden argues that meat and rice are some of these luxury goods because they were domesticated despite their difficulty in doing so. The term banquet, however, termed from a different time period, the idea of banqueting is ancient. In the 16th century, a banquet was very different from our modern perception, after dinner, the guests would stand and drink sweet wine and spices while the table was cleared, or ‘voided’. During the 16th century, guests would no longer stand in the chamber whilst the table was cleared and the room prepared for entertainment. As the idea of banqueting developed, it could place at any time during the day and have much more in common with the later practice of taking tea. Banqueting rooms varied greatly from house to house, but were generally on an intimate scale, today, banquets serve many purposes from training sessions, to formal business dinners. Business banquets are a way to strengthen bonds between businessmen and their partners. It is common that a banquet is organized at the end of an academic conference, a luau is one variety of banquet originally used in Hawaii. The Nei Mongol provincial government in China levies a tax on banquets, banquet hall Beefsteak Feast Albala, Ken. The banquet, Dining in the Great Courts of late Renaissance Europe, board of Trustees, University of Illinois
5.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
6.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
7.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
8.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
9.
Parade
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A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a range of reasons, but are usually celebrations of some kind. In Britain the term parade is usually reserved for military parades or other occasions where participants march in formation. In the Canadian Forces the term also has less formal connotations. Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade, the parade float got its name because the first floats were decorated barges that were towed along canals with ropes held by parade marchers on the shore. Floats were occasionally propelled from within by concealed oarsmen, but the practice was abandoned because of the incidence of drowning when the lightweight. Strikingly, among the first uses of grounded floats — towed by horses — was a ceremony in memory of recently drowned parade oarsmen, today, parade floats are traditionally pulled by motor vehicles or are powered themselves. A grand marshal is a title given to an individual by the organizing committee of a periodic parade event. Similar to guests of honor at fan conventions, a marshal is selected on any basis relevant to the theme or nature of the parade. Multiple grand marshals may often be designated for an iteration of the parade, some parades, such as pride parades, may select a Community Grand Marshal or other designations alongside a Grand Marshal to lead the front or other parts of the parade. Since the advent of technology, it became possible for aircraft. A flypast is a parade of anything from one to dozens of aircraft. They are particularly common in the United Kingdom, where they are associated with Royal occasions. Similarly, for ships, there may be a sail-past of, the longest parade in the world is the Hanover Schützenfest that takes place in Hanover every year during the Schützenfest. The parade is 12 kilometres long with more than 12,000 participants from all over the world, among more than 100 bands and around 70 floats
10.
Choir
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A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
11.
Marching band
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A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, and prepare for a competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass instruments, woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, most marching bands wear some kind of uniform that includes the school or organizations colors, name or symbol. Most high school marching bands are accompanied by a colorguard, a group of performers, Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform concerts that implement many songs, traditions. Band is a term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and it evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged. As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield and this intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band, Bands that march in formation are often ordered to dress their ranks and cover down your file. They may be called to attention, and given such as about face. Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms, in the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. The oldest American college marching band, the Notre Dame Marching Band, was founded in 1845 first performed at a game in 1887. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century associated with military ROTC programs. Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a V formation, the first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the time as the field show. University fight songs are closely associated with a universitys band. Boston College claims the first fight song, For Boston, many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines and these bands are said to be corps-style bands
12.
1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game
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It is widely considered, although contested, to be the first college football homecoming game ever played. The Missouri Tigers, under coach Chester Brewer entered the game with a record of 2 wins,4 losses, the Kansas Jayhawks, led by Ralph W. Sherwin brought a record of 4 wins,2 losses, and 1 tie. The game ended in a 3–3 tie and was the game of the season for both schools. More than 1,000 people gathered in downtown Lawrence, Kansas to watch a mechanical reproduction of the game while it was being played, a Western Union telegraph wire was set up direct from Columbia, with information broadcast to Lawrence. A group of people then would announce the results of the previous play and those in attendance would cheer as though they were watching the game live, including the schools Rock Chalk, Jayhawk cheer. Border War 1911 college football season List of historically significant college football games
13.
Baylor University
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Baylor University is a private Baptist university in Waco, Texas. It is the largest Baptist university in the world, the universitys 1, 000-acre campus is located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35, between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin. Baylor Universitys athletic teams, known as the Bears, participate in 19 intercollegiate sports, the university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I. In 1841,35 delegates to the Union Baptist Association meeting voted to adopt the suggestion of Rev. William Milton Tryon, Baylor to establish a Baptist university in Texas, then an independent republic. Baylor, a Texas district judge and onetime U. S, congressman and soldier from Alabama, became the schools namesake. In the fall of 1844, the Texas Baptist Education Society petitioned the Congress of the Republic of Texas to charter a Baptist university, Republic President Anson Jones signed the Act of Congress on February 1,1845, officially establishing Baylor University. The founders built the university campus in Independence, Texas. Rev. James Huckins, the first Southern Baptist missionary to Texas, was Baylors first full-time fundraiser and he is considered the third founding father of the university. Although these three men are credited as being the founders of the university, many others worked to see the first university established in Texas, the noted Texas revolutionary war leader and hero Sam Houston gave the first $5,000 donation to start the university. In 1854, Houston was also baptized by the Rev. Rufus Columbus Burleson, future Baylor President, during the 1846 school year Baylor leaders would begin including chapel as part of the Baylor educational experience. The tradition continues today and has been a part of the life of students for over 160 years. Baylor and Abner S. Lipscomb of the Texas Supreme Court began teaching classes in the science of law, making Baylor the first in Texas, during this time Stephen Decatur Rowe would earn the first degree awarded by Baylor. He would be followed by the first female graduate, Mary Kavanaugh Gentry, in 1851, Baylors second president Rufus Columbus Burleson decided to separate the students by sex, making the Baylor Female College an independent and separate institution. Baylor University became an all-male institution, during this time, Baylor thrived as the only university west of the Mississippi offering instruction in law, mathematics, and medicine. At the time a Baylor education cost around $8–$15 per term for tuition, and many of the early leaders of the Republic of Texas, such as Sam Houston, would later send their children to Baylor to be educated. For the first half of the American Civil War, the Baylor president was George Washington Baines, maternal great-grandfather of the future U. S. President, Lyndon Baines Johnson. He worked vigorously to sustain the university during the Civil War, following the war, the city of Independence slowly declined, primarily caused by the rise of neighboring cities being serviced by the Santa Fe Railroad. Because Independence lacked a railroad line, university fathers began searching for a location to build a new campus, beginning in 1885, Baylor University moved to Waco, Texas, a growing town on the railroad line
14.
Southwestern University
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Southwestern University is a private, four-year, undergraduate, liberal arts college located in Georgetown, Texas, United States. Formed in 1873 from a revival of collegiate charters granted in 1840, the school is affiliated with the United Methodist Church with a nonsectarian curriculum. Southwestern offers 40 bachelors degrees in the arts, sciences, fine arts, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the National Association of Schools of Music. In 2015, Southwestern celebrated its 175th Anniversary, the university is a member of the Annapolis Group, the Associated Colleges of the South, the Council of Independent Colleges, and is a signatory of the Talloires Declaration. In 1873, the union of four institutions opened in Georgetown as Texas University. The university considers its founding date to be 1840, when Rutersville College opened, Southwestern thus claims to be the oldest university in Texas and the second oldest coeducational liberal arts college west of the Mississippi. Southwestern was a member of the Southwest Conference in 1915. When SMUs student population became larger, students at Southwestern began considering Trinity University. Southwestern has a history of drawing prolific lecturers to campus, including William Jennings Bryan, Helen Keller, Bell hooks, orators traveling by train often stopped off on their way to or from Austin, giving their lectures and catching the next train. Speakers at the annual Brown Symposium have included author Isaac Asimov in the early 1980s, in 2002, The Writers Voice series presented Pulitzer Prize winning author Michael Chabon. The Writers Voice has also welcomed such authors as Joyce Carol Oates, Margaret Atwood, Amy Tan, in 1998, Southwestern faculty, students, alumni, staff and trustees identified the university’s core purpose and core values. The core purpose was identified as Fostering a liberal arts community whose values, a sixth core value, cultivating academic excellence, was added in 2008. This deal makes Southwestern the first university in Texas to get all its power from renewable sources, the university offers 40 majors and 36 minors divided between the Brown College of Arts and Sciences and the Sarofim School of Fine Arts. In addition to traditional majors, Southwestern offers interdisciplinary, independent, and paired majors as well as pre-professional programs in Engineering, Law, Medicine. In the 2013-2014 school year, total student enrollment was at 1,536, of the entering first-year students in Fall 2013,37 percent were in the top 10 percent of their high school graduating class with an average SAT score of 1166. While the majority of students come from Texas, the remaining 11 percent come from 23 other states and 6 countries, minority students constitute 33 percent of the student body. The student to faculty ratio is 11,1, with a class size of 15 students. Ninety-nine percent of the tenured or tenure-track faculty hold doctorate or highest degree in their fields, collaborative research and publication with students is common
15.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
16.
Trivial Pursuit
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Trivial Pursuit is a board game in which winning is determined by a players ability to answer general knowledge and popular culture questions. The game was created in December 1979 in Niagara on the Lake in Ontario, by Canadian Chris Haney, an editor for Montreals The Gazette, and Scott Abbott. After finding pieces of their Scrabble game missing, they decided to create their own game, with the help of John Haney and Ed Werner, they completed development of the game, which was released in 1982. In North America, the games popularity peaked in 1984, a year in which over 20 million games were sold, as of 2004, nearly 88 million games had been sold in 26 countries and 17 languages. Northern Plastics of Elroy, Wisconsin produced 30,000,000 games between 1983 and 1985, in December 1993, Trivial Pursuit was named to the Games Hall of Fame by Games magazine. An online version of Trivial Pursuit was launched in September 2003, dozens of question sets have been released for the game. The question cards are organized into themes, for instance, in the standard Genus question set, questions in green deal with science, some question sets have been designed for younger players, and others for a specific time period or as promotional tie-ins. The object of the game is to move around the board by answering trivia questions. The game includes a board, playing pieces, question cards, a box, small plastic wedges to fit into the pieces. Playing pieces used in Trivial Pursuit are round and divided into six sections, a small plastic wedge, sometimes called cheese, can be placed into each of these sections to mark each players progress. During the game, players move their pieces around a track which is shaped like a wheel with six spokes. This track is divided into spaces of different colors, and the center of the board is a hexagonal hub space, at the end of each spoke is a category headquarters space. When a players counter lands on a square, the answers an question according to the color of the square. Some spaces say roll again, giving an extra roll of the die to the player, the hub is a wild space, a player landing here may answer a question in the category of his/her choice. Any number of playing pieces may occupy the space at the same time. A variant rule ends a players turn on collecting a wedge, once a player has collected one wedge of each color and filled up his/her playing piece, he or she must return to the hub and answer a question in a category selected by the other players. If this question is answered correctly, that wins the game. Otherwise, the player must leave the center of the board, over the years, numerous editions of Trivial Pursuit have been produced, usually specializing in various fields
17.
Jeopardy!
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Jeopardy. is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers. The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30,1964, a weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975, and a revival, The All-New Jeopardy. Ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979, the current version, a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television, premiered on September 10,1984, and is still airing, making it by far the programs most successful incarnation. Both NBC versions and the syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming. Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975, and John Harlan announced for the 1978–1979 show, since its inception, the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer. With over 7,000 episodes aired, the syndicated version of Jeopardy. has won a record 33 Daytime Emmy Awards and is the only post-1960 game show to be honored with the Peabody Award. In 2013, the program was ranked No.45 on TV Guides list of the 60 greatest shows in American television history, Jeopardy. has also gained a worldwide following with regional adaptations in many other countries. The daily syndicated series 33rd season premiered on September 12,2016, three contestants each take their place behind a lectern, with the returning champion occupying the leftmost lectern. The contestants compete in a quiz game comprising three rounds, Jeopardy, the material for the questions covers a wide variety of topics, including history and current events, the sciences, the arts, popular culture, literature, and languages. Category titles often feature puns, wordplay, or shared themes, rounds each feature six categories, each of which contains five clues, which are ostensibly valued by difficulty. The dollar values of the clues increased over time, Series, clue values in the first round ranged from $10 to $50. They ranged from $25 to $125, the current series first round originally ranged from $100 to $500, and were doubled to $200 to $1,000 on November 26,2001. Specials, clues were valued in points rather than in dollars, round begins when the returning champion selects a clue, which may be from any position on the game board. The clue is revealed and read aloud by the host, after which any contestant may ring-in using a hand-held signaling device, the first contestant to ring-in successfully is prompted to provide a response to the clue, phrased in the form of a question. If the contestant responds correctly, the dollar value is added to the contestants score. An incorrect response, or a failure to respond within five seconds, deducts the clues value from the score and allows the other contestants the opportunity to ring-in. If no contestant responds correctly or does not know, the host gives the correct response, from the premiere of the original Jeopardy
18.
NCIS (TV series)
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The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG. The show, a spin-off from JAG, premiered on September 23,2003, to date it has aired for thirteen full seasons and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network and Cloo. Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the member of the NCIS franchise. NCIS was originally referred to as Navy NCIS during season one, in season six, a two-part episode led to a spin-off series, NCIS, Los Angeles. A two-part episode during the season led to a second spin-off series, NCIS. While initially slow in the ratings, barely cracking the Top 30 in the first four seasons, by its sixth season, it became a top five hit, in 2011, NCIS was voted Americas favorite television show in an online Harris Poll. The series finished its season as the most-watched television series in the U. S. during the 2012–13 TV season. On February 29,2016, NCIS was renewed for its fourteenth and fifteenth seasons, season fourteen premiered on September 20,2016, Duane Henry, Jennifer Esposito, and Wilmer Valderrama joined the cast as series regulars, replacing original cast member Michael Weatherly. NCIS follows a team of Naval Criminal Investigative Service Major Case Response Team special agents based at the Washington, D. C. field office in Washington Navy Yard, Washington. In real life, the office is based at the nearby Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling while the Navy Yard is home to the museum. It is described by the actors and producers as being distinguished by its elements, ensemble acting. The NCIS is the law enforcement and counterintelligence arm of the United States Department of the Navy. NCIS investigates all criminal offenses – for example, crimes punishable under the Uniform Code of Military Justice by confinement of more than one year – within the Department of the Navy. Led by laconic investigator Leroy Jethro Gibbs, the team has included former Secret Service agent Caitlin Todd, Anthony DiNozzo, by the time of the launch of the first episode, NCIS was airing under the name Navy NCIS, the name it held for the entire first season. Since the N in NCIS stands for Naval, the name Navy NCIS was redundant, the decision to use this name was reportedly made by CBS, over the objections of Bellisario, in order to, Attract new viewers, who might not know the NCIS abbreviation. Disambiguate between NCIS and the themed and similarly spelled CBS series CSI and its spinoffs. From the season two episode Lt. Jane Doe onwards, the series began showing two-second long black-and-white clips. These clips are shown at the beginning of every segment depicting the last two seconds of that segment, a segment being the 5–6 portions of the show meant to be separated by commercials
19.
University of Missouri
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The University of Missouri is a public land-grant research university located in Columbia, Missouri, U. S. It was founded in 1839 as the first public institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, as the largest university in the state, it enrolled 32,777 students in 2016, offering over 300 degree programs in 19 academic colleges in the 2014–2015 school year. It is the campus of the University of Missouri System, which also maintains campuses in Kansas City, Rolla. MU is one of the nations top-tier R1 institutions and one of the 34 public universities to be members of the Association of American Universities, there are more than 300,000 MU alumni living worldwide with over one half continuing to reside in Missouri. The university was ranked 103rd among national universities in the 2016 U. S. News & World Report rankings, starting in December 1953, it boasts the countrys only university-owned TV network affiliate, operated by the Missouri School of Journalism. In 1908, the worlds first school of journalism was founded by Walter Williams as the Missouri School of Journalism, the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the worlds most powerful university research reactor. MU is one of six public universities in the United States with a school of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture. The university also owns the University of Missouri Health Care system, the only athletic program that operates a NCAA Division I FBS football team in Missouri is known as the Missouri Tigers and competes as a member of the Southeastern Conference. The schools mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after Missourian, according to the NCAA, the American tradition of homecoming was established at the university in 1911, the tradition has since been adopted nationwide. In 1839, the Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university and it would be the first public university west of the Mississippi River. To secure the university, the citizens of Columbia and Boone County pledged $117,921 in cash, the land on which the university was eventually constructed was just south of Columbias downtown and owned by James S. Rollins. He was later called the Father of the University, as the first public university in the Louisiana Purchase, the school was shaped by Thomas Jeffersons ideas about public education. In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year, residents of Columbia formed a home guard militia that became known as the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university, in 1890, the universitys newly formed football team took the name the Tigers after the Civil War militia. In 1870 the institution was granted land-grant college status under the Morrill Act of 1862, the act led to the founding of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy as an offshoot of the main campus in Columbia. It developed as the present-day Missouri University of Science and Technology, in 1888 the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station opened. This grew to encompass ten centers and research farms around Missouri, by 1890 the university encompassed a normal college, engineering college, arts and science college, school of agriculture and mechanical arts. School of medicine, and school of law, on January 9,1892, Academic Hall, the institutions main building, burned in a fire that completely gutted the building, leaving little more standing than six stone Ionic columns
20.
Missouri Tigers football
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The Missouri Tigers football program represents the University of Missouri in college football and competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Since 2012, Missouri has been a member of the Southeastern Conference and is aligned in its Eastern Division. Home games are played at Faurot Field in Columbia, Missouri, Missouris football program dates back to 1890, and has appeared in 31 bowl games. Missouri has won 15 conference titles,5 division titles, and has 2 national championship selections recognized by the NCAA, entering the 2016 season, Missouris all-time record is 668–541–53.550. The team was coached by Gary Pinkel, who is the winning-est coach of all-time at Missouri, pinkels record with Mizzou after his final game on Nov.27,2015, is 118–73. † Denotes co-champions * The 1960 Big Eight title was awarded after a loss to Kansas was reversed due to Kansas use of a player who was later ruled to be ineligible. The Tigers were previously members of the Big 12 North division between its inception in 1996 and the dissolution of divisions within the Big 12 in 2011. The Tigers joined the SEC as members of the SEC East starting in 2012, the Tigers have been declared champions twice by non-consensus polls. Neither of these championships are officially claimed by Missouri. * The 1960 record was recorded as 10-1, but was later changed to 11-0 due to Kansas subsequent forfeit. Missouri has appeared in 31 bowl games, including 10 major bowl appearances,4 Orange Bowls,3 Cotton Bowls,2 Sugar Bowls, Missouris entire bowl history is shown in the table below. 11960 team lost to Kansas but was later awarded win by default due to an ineligible Kansas player, coaching Staff Scout. com and Rivals. J. A. /Oakland Raiders, St. J. Moe – former wide receiver for the St. At that time, plundering guerrilla bands habitually raided small towns, such organizations as temporary home guards and vigilance companies banded together to fight off any possible forays. The towns preparedness discouraged any guerrilla activity and the organization began to disband in 1864. However, it was rumored that a band, led by the notorious Bill Anderson. Quickly organized was a guard of Columbia citizens, who built a blockhouse. This company was called The Missouri Tigers, the reputation of the intrepid Tigers presumably traveled abroad, and Andersons gang detoured around Columbia. Truman the Tiger was introduced as the schools mascot against the Utah State Aggies in 1986, Missouri plays the other six SEC East opponents once per season
21.
Kansas Jayhawks football
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The Kansas Jayhawks football program is the intercollegiate football program of the University of Kansas. The program is classified in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Bowl Subdivision, the head coach is David Beaty, who began his tenure in 2015. The programs first season was 1890, making it one of the football programs established in the United States. The teams home field is Memorial Stadium, which opened in 1921 and is the seventh-oldest college football stadium in the nation, until 2014, Memorial Stadium was one of the few football stadiums in Division I that had a track encircling the field. KUs all-time record is 581–620–58, as of the conclusion of the 2016 season, Kansas has appeared in twelve bowl games, including three trips to the Orange Bowl. Kansas played in the first NCAA-contracted nationally televised regular season football game on September 20,1952. The Big Eight was folded into the Big 12 in 1996, the most successful era for KU football was 1890 to 1932, when the program recorded two undefeated seasons and posted an overall.643 winning percentage.477. From 1969 through the 2016 season KUs winning percentage slipped further to.387, during the 2012 season, the programs all-time winning percentage fell below.500 for the first time since KU finished 1–2 in 1890. Nevertheless, even during these years, the team has had some successful seasons, winning the Orange Bowl in 2008. The University of Kansas fielded its first football team in 1890, Kansas traveled to nearby Baker University to play the first college football game in Kansas to start that season. After playing an abbreviated season in 1890, KU played its first full schedule in 1891 and immediately found success. In 1899, Hall-of-Famer Fielding H. Yost served one season as KUs football coach, posting the first perfect season in school history. After the turn of the century, Hall-of-Famer John Outland, who played at KU in 1895–1896, returned to Kansas to serve as head coach, the 1902 season featured the programs first game of its rivalry against Kansas State, a 16–0 Jayhawk win. The program had ten head coaches in its first 14 seasons, kennedys overall coaching record at Kansas was 52–9–4. This still ranks as the most wins for any Kansas head coach, KU has not had another undefeated season since 1908. Kennedys long tenure was followed by period of rapid turnover in coaches. The most successful of these was Herman Olcott, who had a tenure as head coach from 1915 to 1917. Basketball coach Phog Allen also served one year as head coach during this era
22.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
23.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
24.
Columbia, Missouri
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Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U. S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Boone County. Founded in 1818, it is home to the University of Missouri and is the city of the Columbia Metropolitan Area. It is Missouris fourth most-populous city, with a population of 119,108 in 2015. As a midwestern town, the city has a reputation for progressive politics, public art. At the center of Downtown is 8th Street, also known as the Avenue of the Columns, which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse, originally an agricultural town, the cultivation of the mind is Columbias chief economic concern today. Never a major center of manufacturing, the city depends on healthcare, insurance. Several companies, such as Shelter Insurance, Carfax, and Slackers CDs, cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri, the Museum of Art and Archaeology, and the annual True/False Film Festival. The Missouri Tigers, the only major college athletic program, play football at Faurot Field. The city is built upon the hills and rolling prairies of Mid-Missouri, near the Missouri River valley. Limestone forms bluffs and glades while rain carves caves and springs which water the Hinkson, Roche Perche, surrounding the city, Rock Bridge Memorial State Park, Mark Twain National Forest, and Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge all form a greenbelt preserving sensitive and rare environments. The first humans were hunters who entered the area at least twelve thousand years ago. Later, woodland tribes lived in villages along waterways and built mounds in high places, the Osage and Missouria nations were expelled by the exploration of French traders and the rapid settlement of American pioneers. German, Irish, and other European immigrants soon joined, the modern populace is unusually diverse, over eight percent foreign-born. While White and Black remain the largest ethnicities, Asians are now the third-largest group, todays Columbians are remarkably highly educated and culturally midwestern, though traces of their Southern past remain. The city has called the Athens of Missouri for its classic beauty and educational emphasis. The Columbia area was part of the Mississippian culture and home to the Mound Builders. When European explorers arrived, the area was populated by the Osage, in 1678, La Salle claimed all of Missouri for France. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the area on the Missouri River in early June 1804, in 1806, two sons of Daniel Boone established a salt lick 40 miles northwest of Columbia
25.
Chester Brewer
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Chester Leland Brewer was an American football, basketball, baseball, and track and field coach and athletic director. From 1903 to 1910, and in 1917 and 1919, Brewer coached football at Michigan Agricultural College, from 1911 to 1913, he coached football at the University of Missouri, where he compiled a 14–8–2 record. During his years at the Missouri, Brewer fulfilled many roles and he was hired as athletic director in 1910 and wasted little time in leaving his mark at the university, as he was one of the founding members of the M Mens Club. He founded the club on the eve of the 1911 football game against Kansas, Brewer was also the coach of the 1911 baseball team, which had an 8–3 record. He assumed the leadership of the team a second time from 1914–1917. He remained at the Missouri until 1917 and at different periods also coached basketball, Brewer is also credited with beginning the homecoming tradition at the University of Missouri and the entire nation with the 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game. Brewer left Missouri at the end of the 1917 school year to serve in World War I and he spent the next year directing training camp activities at universities around the country. He returned to Michigan Agricultural College after the war, in 1922, he coached football at the University Farm in Davis, California, where he compiled a 3–4–2 record. Brewer returned to Missouri in 1923 and was named athletic director and his second tenure as athletic director lasted until 1935. During these twelve years of leadership, he helped oversee the construction of Brewer Fieldhouse, Brewer also coached the Missouri Tigers baseball team one final time from 1933–1934 and finished with a 12–17 record. His final record as Missouris baseball coach was 69–32–3, Brewer remained with the university as a professor until his death. He died on April 16,1953 at the age of 77 in Columbia, list of college football head coaches with non-consecutive tenure Chester Brewer at the College Football Data Warehouse Chester Brewer at College Basketball at Sports-Reference. com
26.
Northern Illinois University
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Northern Illinois University is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon. It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22,1895, douglas Baker was named the universitys twelfth president in May 2013. The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 225,000 alumni. NIU is one of two public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports. The Universitys athletic teams are known as the NIU Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference, Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal, Illinois. In 1895, the legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School. In July 1917, the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools into one state Normal School Board, over the next fifty-eight years, the school and the governing board changed their names several times. In 1921, the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College, in 1941, the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board. In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education, the Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science. On July 1,1957, the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its status as a liberal arts university. In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University, Illinois State University, the Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995. On January 1,1996, authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees, each concerned solely with one university,12 presidents have served at the university. New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY2012, in the most recent 2014 edition, NIU was ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities. Washington Monthly ranks NIU as the 135th National University in the United States, NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. Carnegie categorizes Northern as, RU/H, Research Universities, the Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science. NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships since 1974, NIU is the next major research university outside of Chicagoland. The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School, Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow, while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program. The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide, in the 2010-2011 academic year, the program graduated seven students, whose average GPA was 3.90
27.
East LA Classic
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The East LA Classic, or East Los Angeles Classic is the homecoming football game for both James A. Garfield High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School. It is known as the East L. A. classic, the Classic is one of the most highly acclaimed and attended high-school football games west of the Mississippi River and has taken place since 1925, the year of Garfields establishment. As of the 2016 game, along with 6 ties, Roosevelt leads Garfield in the column with 41 wins to Garfields 40. The event was held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for a few years returning to its original location at Weingart Stadium. On Feb.12,2011, the rivalry held its first alumni game with Garfield defeating Roosevelt, in 2016 even U. S. Senate candidate Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez was in attendance. Garfield took the win 49-3 with Six consecutive victories over Roosevelt, list of high school football rivalries 2007 East LA classic
28.
Halftime show
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A halftime show is a performance given during the brief period between the first and second halves, or the second and third quarters, of a sporting event. Halftime shows are not given for sports with an irregular or indeterminate number of divisions, the intermissions are usually given over to contests involving randomly selected audience members. The invention of the show is generally credited to Walter Lingo. Lingo was the owner of a dog kennel and sponsored an all-Native American football team, in addition to playing football, the Indians would provide various forms of entertainment, including exhibiting the dogs, players demonstrating their prowess. Dancing, and demonstrations of native culture, a modern halftime show can consist of cheerleading performances, majorette routines, marching bands playing music, or other spectacular performances. More common in times, especially in major games, is to reserve the entire halftime period for a short concert by a major recording artist. A halftime show is an element in an American football. During the interval between the second and third quarters some form of entertainment is presented on the field, the entertainment frequently consists of performances by marching bands. At high school and most college games, the bands of the two competing teams perform at halftime. Often, the cheerleaders and/or a dance team will perform, other activities may also take place, and these vary widely. During a professional game, a high school or college band may be brought in to perform. For the Super Bowl and Grey Cup games, a show involving world-renowned music stars, dancers, fireworks. Many football historians believe halftime shows originated with the Oorang Indians of the early National Football league, the team was a marketing ploy by Walter Lingo to sell and promote his airdales. He would lure audiences to his games with the promise of a halftime show. The team was called the Indians because they were made up entirely of Native Americans, the Indians players participated in helping the Oorang Airedales perform tricks for the crowd before and after the game. However, it was their halftime entertainment that made such a huge attraction in the early 1920s. There were shooting exhibitions with the dogs retrieving the targets, there were Native American dances and tomahawk and knife-throwing demonstrations. Indians player Nick Lassa, also called Long-Time-Sleep, even wrestled a bear on occasion, another show was a demonstration of the United States Indian scouts actions during World War I
29.
High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college, other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football, therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. The National Federation of State High School Associations establishes the rules of high school football in the United States, two states, Texas and Massachusetts, use NCAA playing rules except as shown below. Kickoffs take place at the kicking teams 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college, if an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt. Any kick crossing the line is automatically a touchback, kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot. The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score, any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a dead ball foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot, prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013, in college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards. The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box. The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA
30.
Pep rally
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Pep rallies or pep assemblies are a gathering of people, typically students of middle school, high school, and college age, before a sports event. The purpose of such a gathering is to encourage school spirit, the pep rallies are often very loud and have a lot of excitation to keep all the students excited for the upcoming game and to cheer on the team. At a pep rally, cheerleaders will often lead in boisterous chants and dance moves intended to get the student body involved, games between competing classes with small prizes may be held. The schools band will often play music in between demonstrations, and the drumline may play. In the case of a game, the Homecoming court may be chosen. This is also a time for the captains to let the school know how their team are doing this season. Most schools have pep rallies to honor future and past events, college basketball teams celebrate the opening of the season with Midnight Madness, an event similar to a pep rally
31.
Secret ballot
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The secret ballot is a voting method in which a voters choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation and potential vote buying. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy, Secret ballots are used in conjunction with many different voting systems. The most basic form of secret ballot uses blank pieces of paper, without revealing the votes to anyone, the voter would fold the ballot paper and place it in a sealed box, which is emptied later for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without others being able to see what is being written. Today, printed ballot papers are provided, with the names of the candidates or questions. Provisions are made at the place for the voters to record their preferences in secret. The ballots are designed to eliminate bias and to prevent anyone from linking voter to ballot, a problem of privacy arises with moves to improve efficiency of voting by the introduction of postal voting and electronic voting. Some countries permit proxy voting, which some argue is inconsistent with voting privacy, in ancient Greece, secret ballots were used in several situations, like ostracism, and also to remain hidden from people seeking favors. In ancient Rome, the laws regulating elections were known as Tabellariae Leges. Today the practice of casting secret ballots is so commonplace that most voters would not consider any other method might be used. Other methods which had used and which are still used in some places. Other public voting methods include raising a hand to indicate a vote, article 31 of the Constitution of the Year III of the revolution states that All elections are to be held by secret ballot. The same goes with the constitution of 1848, voters could hand-write the name of their candidate on their ballot at home or receive one in a distribution in the street. The ballot is folded in order to prevent other people from reading its content, louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to abolish the secret ballot for the 1851 plebiscite with an electoral decree requesting electors to write down yes or no under the eyes of everyone. But he faced an opposition and finally changed his mind. According to the web site of the Assemblée nationale, the voting booth was permanently adopted only in 1913. The demand for a ballot was one of the six points of Chartism. The London School Board election of 1870 was the first large-scale election by secret ballot in Britain, the original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract museum
32.
Convertible
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A convertible or cabriolet is an automobile body style that can convert between an open-air mode and an enclosed one, varying in degree and means by model. Convertibles evolved from the phaeton, an open vehicle without glass side windows that sometimes had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements. Historically, a retractable roof consisted of a frame covered with a folding. A lesser seen detachable hardtop provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative, as technology improved, a retractable hardtop which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form. A semiconvertible also known as a coach has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors. A landaulet is a convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin. Other common terms include cabriolet, cabrio, soft top, and drop top, and where the roof is more than emergency weather protection, open two-seater, rag top, spider. The erected top secures to the frame header with manual latches, semimanual latches. The folded convertible top is called the stack, a tonneau cover provides a solution. A range of materials is available for soft tops, automakers had problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II, including canvas in various shades for convertible tops and limiting their manufacture. Polyvinyl chloride material was used for many convertible tops, the material consists of two layers, a top layer made of PVC, which has a specific structure depending on the vehicle model, and a lower layer made of fabric. Side windows were not existent in open cars, which may have detachable side screens, rear windows have evolved similarly, with plastic rear windows appearing as late as the first-generation Porsche Boxster. Plastic windows can degrade, fade, yellow, and crack over time, a windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants. Mazda pioneered a version on the RX7 convertible which featured an integral rigid opaque panel that folded up from behind the front seats, current convertibles feature windblockers of various designs including detachable fold-up designs, vertically retractable glass, minimal flaps – or other integrated wind controlling systems. According to the responsible for the 2008 Chrysler Sebring, its windblocker reduces wind noise by roughly 11 to 12 dB. Mercedes and Audi currently offer a heating duct to the area of the seat on SLK, SL. Windblockers are also available on the aftermarket for use on convertibles that do not have them, the Volvo C70 retractable hardtop includes a door-mounted side-impact protection inflatable curtain which inflates upward from the interior belt-line – vs. downward like the typical curtain airbag. The curtain has an extra stiff construction with double rows of slats that are offset from each other
33.
Bonfire
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A bonfire is a large but controlled outdoor fire, used either for informal disposal of burnable waste material or as part of a celebration. In many regions of continental Europe, bonfires are traditionally on 16 January. Bonfires are also a feature of Walpurgis Night in central and northern Europe, in Finland bonfires are tradition on Midsummer Eve and Easter, also in midst of May celebrations. Bonfire traditions of early spring, lit on the Sunday following Ash Wednesday, are throughout the Alemannic German speaking regions of Europe. The burning of winter in effigy at the Sechseläuten in Zürich is inspired by this Alemannic tradition, in Austria Osterfeuer, Easter fires, are widespread, but also regulated in some cities, districts and countries to hold down the resulting annual peak of PM10-dust immission. There are also Sonnwendfeuer ignited on the evening of 21 June, since 1988 Feuer in den Alpen have been lit on a day in August on mountains so they can be seen from afar as an appeal for sustainable development of mountain regions. In the Czech Republic, the festival called Burning the Witches takes place on the night between 30 April and 1 May and this is a very old and still observed folk custom and special holiday. On that night, people together, light bonfires. In many places people erect maypoles, the night between 30 April and 1 May was considered magical. The festival was originally celebrated when the moon was full closest to the day exactly between the spring equinox and summer solstice. People believed that on this night witches fly on the Sabbath, people also believed, for example, in the opening of various caves and underground caverns in which treasures are hidden. The main purpose of this old folk custom was probably a celebration of fertility, to protect themselves against witches, people lit bonfires in high places, calling these fires Burning the Witches. Some people took to jumping over the fire in order to ensure youth, the ash from these fires supposedly had a special power to raise crops, and people also walked the cattle through the ashes to ensure fertility. In Australia, bonfires may be lit to celebrate Commonwealth Day or the Queens Official Birthday, in the province of Quebec, many communities light up bonfires on 24 June to celebrate Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. In France, the bonfire celebrates Saint Jean le Baptiste during the Fête de la Saint Jean, first saturday after the solstice, like the other countries, it was a pagan celebration of the solstice, or midsummer, but christianisation transformed it into a catholic celebration. People have bonfires on communal land, if there has been a recent wedding or a new born in the family, people will have a bonfire outside their house to celebrate this event. The festival falls in the week of January every year. In Assam in the part of India, a harvest festival called Bhogali Bihu is celebrated to mark the end of the harvest season in mid-January
34.
Tailgate party
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A tailgate party is a social event held on and around the open tailgate of a vehicle. Tailgating, which originated in the United States, often involves consuming alcoholic beverages, Tailgate parties occur in the parking lots at stadiums and arenas, before and occasionally after games and concerts. People attending such a party are said to be tailgating, many people participate even if their vehicles do not have tailgates. Tailgate parties also involve people bringing their own beverages, barbecues. Tailgates are intended to be non-commercial events, so selling items to the fans is frowned upon, tailgating typically involves the consumption of alcoholic beverages or soft drinks and the grilling of various meat products. Popular tailgate party foods include picnic staples such as hamburgers, hot dogs, baked beans, some food products were created because of tailgate parties. A brand of cheese, called Palmetto Cheese, got its start at Atlanta Braves tailgate parties. Lawn games such as KanJam, cornhole, Ladder Golf, Polish horseshoes, Louisville Chugger, Jarts and Sholf are very popular during tailgates, Lawn games are associated with tailgating primarily because of the simplicity in the game materials. Lawn games carry the connotation of drinking games because of their presence during tailgates, other games include beer pong, ladder toss, washer pitching and flipcup. It is also common for fans to bring out stereo equipment to tailgate parties to dance, in 2007, the NFL angered many football fans by banning tailgating before the Super Bowl. The NFL cited security risks, though suspected it had more to do with corporate sponsored events than any real threat. In 2008, a petition began circulating to encourage the NFL to lift the no tailgating at the Super Bowl policy. Members of the media also questioned the validity of NFLs claim that security concerns was the real reason for the ban. In the Simpsons episode Any Given Sundance, Homer takes his family to a tailgate party. He makes them get up early in order to be at the hours before the football game, and states that the game is nothing. Season 3 of the Travel Channel original series Man v. Food had a special consisting of various segments from previous episodes that featured food that would make an ultimate tailgate party. A number of commercials, especially those aired during football games, feature tailgating culture, including those for Bud Light beer. Drinking in public Lawn game Reining In Tailgate Parties A Challenge For Colleges - report by NPR
35.
Toga
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The toga, a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between 12 and 20 feet in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from wool, and was worn over a tunic. In Roman historical tradition, it is said to have been the favoured dress of Romulus, Romes founder, as Roman women gradually adopted the stola, the toga was recognised as formal wear for Roman citizen men. Women engaged in prostitution might have provided the main exception to this rule, the type of toga worn reflected a citizens rank in the civil hierarchy. Various laws and customs restricted its use to citizens, who were required to wear it for public festivals, from its probable beginnings as a simple, practical work-garment, the toga became more voluminous, complex and costly, increasingly unsuited to anything but formal and ceremonial use. When circumstances allowed, those otherwise entitled or obliged to wear it opted for more comfortable and it gradually fell out of use, firstly among citizens of the lower class, then those of the middle class. Eventually, it was only by the highest classes for ceremonial occasions. The toga was an approximately semi-circular woolen cloth, usually white, worn draped over the shoulders and around the body and it was considered formal wear, and was generally reserved for citizens. Toga virilis also known as toga alba or toga pura, A plain white toga, worn on occasions by adult male commoners. It represented adult male citizenship and its attendant rights, freedoms, toga praetexta, a white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border, worn over a tunic with two broad, vertical purple stripes. It was formal costume for, Curule magistrates in their functions, and traditionally. Freeborn boys, and some girls, before they came of age. It marked their protection by law from sexual predation and immoral or immodest influence, a praetexta was thought effective against malignant magic, as were a boys bulla, and a girls lunula. Some priesthoods, including the Pontifices, Tresviri Epulones, the augurs, toga candida, Bright toga, a toga rubbed with chalk to a dazzling white, worn by candidates for public office. Thus Persius speaks of a cretata ambitio, chalked ambition, toga candida is the etymological source of the word candidate. It was worn mainly by mourners, but could also be worn in times of danger or public anxiety. It was sometimes used as a protest of sorts—when Cicero was exiled, mourners with a toga praetexta could turn it inside out, to conceal the stripe, or wear a toga pura. Toga picta, Dyed solid purple, embroidered with gold, and worn over a similarly decorated tunica palmata, during the Empire, it was worn by consuls and emperors
36.
Cowboy
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A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. There are also cattle handlers in many parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas, over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the world, the cowboys equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree. The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work, the word cowboy appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback and it was derived from vaca, meaning cow, which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero, originally, the term may have been intended literally—a boy who tends cows. By 1849 it had developed its sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word cowboy appeared later, cowhand appeared in 1852, and cowpoke in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, the word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word cowherd was used to describe a cattle herder, and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy and this word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, on western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for cowboy work on the ranch. The term cowboy was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence, in the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys, there were two separate groups, the skinners fought for the pro-independence side, the cowboys supported the British
37.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
38.
Rat Pack
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The Rat Pack was a supergroup of actors originally centered on their leader, Frank Sinatra. Later it was revealed by Sinatra that Joey Bishop headed the bunch, Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop, they appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movies Oceans 11, Sergeants 3, and Robin and the 7 Hoods. Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were regarded as the lead members. The name The Rat Pack was first used to refer to a group of friends in New York, several explanations have been offered for the famous name over the years. Rat Pack may also be a version of Holmby Hills Rat Pack. Visiting members included Errol Flynn, Ava Gardner, Nat King Cole, Robert Mitchum, Elizabeth Taylor, Janet Leigh, Tony Curtis, Mickey Rooney, Lena Horne, Jerry Lewis and Cesar Romero. In his autobiography The Moons a Balloon, David Niven confirms that the Rat Pack originally included him but neither Sammy Davis, the 1960s version of the group included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr. Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. Marilyn Monroe, Angie Dickinson, Juliet Prowse, Buddy Greco, the post-Bogart version of the group was reportedly never called that name by any of its members – they called it the Summit or the Clan. The Rat Pack was a used by journalists and outsiders. Often, when one of the members was scheduled to give a performance, the marquees of the hotels at which they were performing as individuals would read, for example, DEAN MARTIN - MAYBE FRANK - MAYBE SAMMY as seen on a Sands Hotel sign. Rat Pack members played a role in campaigning for Kennedy and the Democrats, Lawford had asked Sinatra if he would have Kennedy as a guest at his Palm Springs house in March 1962, and Sinatra went to great lengths to accommodate the President. When Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy advised his brother to sever his ties to Sinatra because of the association with Mafia figures such as Sam Giancana. Kennedy instead chose to stay at rival Bing Crosbys estate, which further infuriated Sinatra, Lawford was blamed for this, and Sinatra never again had a good word for from that point onwards. Lawfords role in the upcoming 4 for Texas was written out, and his part in Robin and the 7 Hoods was given to Bing Crosby. It has since been broadcast on Nick at Nite as part of The Museum of Television & Radio Showcase series and released on DVD as part of the Ultimate Rat Pack Collection, Live & Swingin. In 1981, Dean Martin and Sammy Davis, Jr. appeared together in the film Cannonball Run and this would be the last time that the three would appear in a movie together. In December 1987, at Chasens restaurant in Los Angeles, Sinatra, Davis, at the press conference to announce the tour, Martin joked about calling the tour off, and Sinatra rebuked a reporter for using the term Rat Pack, referring to it as that stupid phrase. Martin had since become increasingly dependent on alcohol and prescription drugs, Davis had hip replacement surgery two years previously, and been estranged from Sinatra because of Davis use of cocaine
39.
Aggie Bonfire
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Aggie Bonfire was a long-standing annual tradition at Texas A&M University as part of the college rivalry with the University of Texas at Austin. For 90 years, Texas A&M students—known as Aggies—built and burned a bonfire on campus each autumn, known to the Aggie community simply as Bonfire, the annual autumn event symbolized Aggie students burning desire to beat the hell outta t. u. A derogatory nickname for the University of Texas, the bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with festivities surrounding the annual college football game. Although early bonfires were little more than piles of trash, as time passed the annual event became more organized, over the years the bonfire grew to an immense size, setting the world record in 1969. In 1999, the Bonfire collapsed during construction, killing people, eleven students and one former student. The accident led Texas A&M to declare a hiatus on an official Bonfire, however, since 2002, a student-sponsored coalition has constructed an annual unsanctioned, off-campus Student Bonfire in the spirit of its predecessor. The students of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, known as Aggies, the first on-campus Aggie Bonfire, a heap of trash and debris, was burned in 1909 to generate enthusiasm for a variety of sporting events. A decade later, the focus of the event narrowed to the rivalry game between Texas A&M and the University of Texas, held near Thanksgiving Day. Little information was recorded about the early Bonfires, the 1921 Texas A&M yearbook mentioned the final rally of the students before the game against Texas, six years later, the school yearbook published a photograph of the event. Freshmen were expected to build the early Bonfires to help prove their worth, for almost two decades, the students constructed Bonfire from debris and wood acquired through various, sometimes illicit, means, including appropriating lumber intended for a dormitory in 1912. In 1935, a reported that students carried off his entire barn as fuel for Bonfire. To prevent future incidents, the university made Bonfire a school-sanctioned event, the following year, for the first time, the school provided axes, saws, and trucks for the students and pointed them toward a grove of dead trees on the edge of town. During the 1940s, the paper described Bonfire as the greatest event of the football season. u. The Bonfire design changed in 1942, universal Studios, filming the movie Weve Never Been Licked on the Texas A&M Campus, built a bonfire as a prop for the movie. Their structure used a similar to a teepee, where all the logs rested against each other in a conical shape. The logs were placed at an angle between 23 and 30 degrees, giving it a vertical and horizontal resistance. This allowed Bonfire to grow from 25 feet tall to over 50 feet tall, subsequent Aggies adopted the new idea, and the teepee design became standard for Bonfires for the next twenty-five years. Beginning in 1952, the bonfires were constructed entirely from fresh-cut logs, the event suffered its first fatality in 1955, when a student was struck by a swerving car
40.
Texas A&M University
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Texas A&M University is a coeducational public research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It is a university and is a member of the Texas A&M University System. The systems endowment ranks in the top 10 in the nation, Texas A&Ms student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States. In 2001, Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities, the schools students, alumni–over 450,000 strong–and sports teams are known as Aggies. The Texas A&M Aggies athletes currently compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference, originally, the college taught no classes in agriculture, instead concentrating on classical studies, languages, literature, and applied mathematics. After four years, students could attain degrees in agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering. Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s, A&M desegregated, became coeducational, to reflect the institutions expanded roles and academic offerings, the Texas Legislature renamed the school to Texas A&M University in 1963. The letters A&M, originally short for Agricultural and Mechanical, are retained only as a link to the universitys past, the main campus is one of the largest in the United States, spanning 5,200 acres, and is home to the George Bush Presidential Library. About one-fifth of the student body lives on campus, Texas A&M has over 1,000 officially recognized student organizations. Many students also observe the traditions, which daily life, as well as special occasions. Working with agencies such as the Texas AgriLife Research and Texas AgriLife Extension Service, the university offers degrees in over 150 courses of study through ten colleges and houses 18 research institutes. As a Senior Military College, Texas A&M is one of six American public universities with a full-time, the U. S. Congress laid the groundwork for the establishment of Texas A&M in 1862 with the adoption of the Morrill Act. To promote the liberal and practical education of the classes in the several pursuits. In 1871, the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the states first public institution of higher education, Brazos County donated 2,416 acres near Bryan, Texas, for the schools campus. Enrollment began on October 2,1876, six students enrolled on the first day, and classes officially began on October 4,1876, with six faculty members. During the first semester, enrollment increased to 48 students, admission was limited to white males, and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training. Although traditional Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets campusologies indicate 40 students began classes on October 4,1876, enrollment climbed to 258 students before declining to 108 students in 1883, the year the University of Texas opened in Austin, Texas. In the late 1880s, many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and clamored for an end of Texas A. M. C
41.
Traditions of Texas A&M University
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The traditions of Texas A&M University are a key aspect of the culture of Texas A&M University. Some of the traditions date to the 1890s, shortly after the opening of the school. The most visible tradition among senior class students and alumni is the wearing of the Aggie Ring, not all Aggie traditions are recognized by the university, and some, like Bonfire, have been discontinued for safety reasons. Texas Monthly states that the respect for school traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength. Incoming students are generally first exposed to traditions when they are greeted with the official Texas A&M greeting Howdy, since the 1950s, incoming students have been offered orientations, led by current students, which teach the various traditions, songs, and yells in current use. On campus, the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets is known as the Keepers of the Spirit for its defense of Aggie traditions. A subset of the Corps, the Fightin Texas Aggie Band, is the marching band of the university. Many school traditions revolve around sporting events, especially football, before games, university yell leaders host yell practice, similar to other schools pep rallies. Instead of cheers, students learn yells, since 1922, students, known as the 12th Man, stand throughout football games, symbolizing their willingness to step in and assist the team. The official mascot, a dog named Reveille, is present at most official university activities, current students and alumni at Texas A&M University, nicknamed Aggies after the schools agricultural roots, are known for their loyalty and respect for their alma mater. They cultivate the Aggie Spirit through an almost religious devotion to the traditions of the school, as Texas Monthly noted, Every Aggie is a self-appointed guardian of the Aggie spirit, eternally on the alert for signs of slippage. To Aggies, Texas A&M is not just a university but a. family. defined and united by a unique culture, the school song is titled The Spirit of Aggieland, and proclaims in its first verse that the spirit can neer be told. The Texas A&M culture is a product of the founding as a rural military. This respect for Aggie traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength, many of these traditions are part of what Aggies call The Other Education, activities designed to make students well-rounded and moral, ethical people. Students who attend Texas A&M feel that they receive more from Texas A&M than just the knowledge one acquires from the formal classroom, freshmen are introduced to these traditions and to the Aggie spirit at Fish Camp, a four-day extended orientation retreat held during the summer. Fish Camp began in 1954 as a camping trip involving several new students and Gordon Gay. The program has evolved to accommodate approximately 70% of incoming freshmen. The program has been emulated by several schools, including Virginia Tech, in 1987, Texas A&M established a parallel orientation for summer and fall transfer students called Transfer Camp, or T-Camp
42.
State Farm Lone Star Showdown
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The State Farm Lone Star Showdown was the official moniker for all varsity mens and womens athletics competitions between the University of Texas and Texas A&M University. The name comes from Lone Star State, which is the nickname of the state of Texas, the Lone Star Showdown moniker was trademarked in 1996. Being two of the oldest public universities in the State of Texas, the two schools are rivals in major sports, the State Farm Lone Star Showdown was created on a two-year trial basis to bring more attention to the rivalry in non-major sports. Both universities boast large living alumni bases and a significant following from supporters throughout the state, the Lone Star Showdown trophy was awarded to the winning school. The final episode of the competition occurred during the 2011–12 academic year. Points were awarded for all sports in both schools maintained an intercollegiate team. Each sport was one point, which was awarded to the winner of the head-to-head matchup between the two teams. Each team received ½ point for a matchup that ended in a tie. In baseball, the team won the regular season three-game series was awarded one point. In sports where the teams met twice during the season — softball, volleyball, in the sport of track and field, multi-school meets were not counted as head-to-head competition. There were a total of 19 possible points in each of the annual competitions, when the competition ended in a 9½ to 9½ tie, the rules provided that the winner of the previous year would retain the title for the following year. Total Wins, Texas 6, Texas A&M2 Total Points, Texas 90.5, Texas A&M61
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