1.
Hocking County, Ohio
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Hocking County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,380, the county was organized on March 1,1818, from land given by Athens, Fairfield, and Ross counties. Its name is from the Hocking River, the origins of which are disputed but is said to be a Delaware Indian word meaning bottle river, Hocking County is included in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 424 square miles. The major waterway of Hocking County is the Hocking River, which flows roughly from WNW to ESE, arising in Fairfield County and this river drains about half the county. To the southwest, much of the rest of the county is drained by Salt Creek, a small part of the southeastern county is drained by Raccoon Creek, which also flows into Vinton County. The easternmost area of the county is within the Monday Creek watershed, a small area in the north of the county is drained by Rush Creek. The population density was 67 people per square mile, there were 12,141 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 54% White,0. 92% Black or African American,0. 29% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 08% from other races,0. 44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was out with 25. 50% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,28. 30% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,261, and the median income for a family was $40,888. Males had an income of $31,951 versus $24,123 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,095, about 10. 30% of families and 13. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 80% of those under age 18 and 14. 50% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 29,380 people,11,369 households, the population density was 69.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,417 housing units at a density of 31.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 5% white,0. 7% black or African American,0. 3% American Indian,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races
2.
Jellico, Tennessee
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Jellico is a city in Campbell County, Tennessee, United States, on the state border with Kentucky,58 miles by road north of Knoxville. The population was 2,355 at the 2010 census, the name Jellico is a regional corruption of Angelica, an herb that grows in abundance in the surrounding mountains. The city of Jellico was initially founded as Smithburg in 1878, the city was incorporated on March 7,1883. Throughout the 1890s and early 1900s, Jellico was one of the most productive fields in Kentucky. In 1906, a car packed with dynamite exploded in Jellico, killing eight. The town quickly recovered, however, and many of the buildings in the Main Street area date from this period, in 1971, Indian Mountain State Park was created at the site of a reclaimed strip mine in western Jellico. In 1999, much of North and South Main Street was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Jellico Commercial Historic District, Jellico is located along the northern border of Tennessee at 36°34′57″N 84°7′50″W. The city is situated amidst the Cumberland Mountains in the valley of Elk Creek, Jellico spans the western bases and slopes of three steep hills that split the Elk Creek valley from the larger Clear Fork valley to the east. A prominent knob known as Indian Mountain rises nearly 1,000 feet above Jellico to the west and this mountain and an adjacent lake are now home to Indian Mountain State Park. The larger Jellico Mountain dominates the area beyond Indian Mountain to the west, the Tennessee-Kentucky state line forms Jellicos official northern boundary, although houses and businesses associated with the city are on both sides of the border. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.4 square miles, of which 6.3 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,448 people,1,022 households, the population density was 561.7 people per square mile. There were 1,105 housing units at a density of 253.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 24% White,1. 96% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 65% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 37% of the population. 32. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.90. In the city, the population was out with 21. 0% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,24. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 82.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $20,303, and the median income for a family was $25,709
3.
Negro spirituals
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Spirituals are generally Christian songs that were created by African slaves in the United States. Spirituals were originally a tradition that imparted Christian values while also describing the hardships of slavery. Although spirituals were originally unaccompanied monophonic songs, they are best known today in harmonized choral arrangements and this historic group of uniquely American songs is now recognized as a distinct genre of music. Slave Songs of the United States, the first major collection of Negro spirituals, was published in 1867 and they are a result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with music and religion of European origin. Further, this occurred only in the United States. Africans who converted to Christianity in other parts of the world, even in the Caribbean and Latin America, Negro spirituals were primarily expressions of religious faith. Some may also have served as socio-political protests veiled as assimilation to white American culture and they originated among enslaved Africans in the United States. Slavery was introduced to the British colonies in the early 17th century, in the United States, these people would remain in bondage for the entire 18th century and much of the 19th century. Most were not fully emancipated until the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, Slaves were forbidden from speaking their native languages, and were generally converted to Christianity. With narrow vocabularies, slaves would use the words they did know to translate biblical information, while some slave owners believed that Christian slaves would be more docile, others came to feel that stories of Moses leading the Israelites out of bondage were counterproductive. Forced conversion only worked to a point since church attendance might be required, some slaves became Christians voluntarily, either because it helped them endure hardships or because membership may have offered other benefits. Many of the Slaves turned towards the Baptist or Methodist churches, in some places enslaved Africans were permitted, or even encouraged, to hold their own prayer meetings. During these meetings, worshipers would sing, chant, dance, along with spirituals, shouts also emerged in the Praise Houses. Shouts begin slowly with the shuffling of feet and clapping of hands, drums were used as they had been in Africa, for communication. When the connection between drumming, communication, and resistance was eventually made drums were forbidden. Slaves introduced a number of new instruments to America, the bones, body percussion, and an instrument variously called the bania, banju, or banjar and they drew on native rhythms and their African heritage. They brought with them from Africa long-standing religious traditions that highlighted the importance of storytelling, Music was an essential element in communicating identity, shared social mores, traditional customs, and ethnic history. The primary function of the spirituals was as communal songs sung in a religious gathering, Negro spirituals may also have served as socio-political protests veiled as assimilation to the white American culture
4.
Cornet
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The cornet /ˈkɔːrnɪt/ is a brass instrument similar to the trumpet but distinguished from it by its conical bore, more compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is an instrument in B♭, though there is also a soprano cornet in E♭. Both are unrelated to the renaissance and early baroque cornett, the cornet was initially derived from the post horn around 1820 in France. Among the first manufacturers of modern cornets was Parisian Jean Asté in 1828, cornets first appeared as separate instrumental parts in 19th century French compositions. This instrument could not have developed without the improvement of piston valves by Silesian oboe player Friedrich Blühmel. These two instrument makers almost simultaneously invented valves, though it is likely that Blühmel was the inventor and they jointly applied for a patent and were granted this for a period of ten years. Later, and most importantly, François Périnet received a patent in 1838 for a valve which is the basis of all modern brass instrument piston valves. Up until the early 20th century, the trumpet and cornet coexisted in musical ensembles, symphonic repertoire often involves separate parts for trumpet and cornet. As several instrument builders made improvements to instruments, they started to look and sound more alike. The modern day cornet is used in bands, concert bands. The name cornet derives from corne, meaning horn, itself from Latin cornu, while not musically related, instruments of the Zink family are named cornetto or cornett in modern English to distinguish them from the valved cornet described here. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica referred to serpents as old wooden cornets, the Roman/Etruscan cornu is the lingual ancestor of these. It is a predecessor of the post horn from which the evolved and was used like a bugle to signal orders on the battlefield. The instrument was once referred to as a cornopean, referencing the earliest cornets with the Stölzel valve system. The cornet was invented by adding valves to the post horn in 1814, the valves allowed for melodic playing throughout the register of the cornet. Trumpets were slower to adopt the new technology, so for the next 100 years or more. The trumpet would play fanfare-like passages, while the cornet played more melodic passages, the modern trumpet has valves that allow it to play the same notes and fingerings as the cornet. Cornets and trumpets made in a key play at the same pitch
5.
Trombone
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The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the players vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate, nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument, variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba and -one, so the name means large trumpet, the trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the trombone and bass trombone. The most common variant, the tenor, is an instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player, the trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube bent into an elongated S shape. Rather than being completely cylindrical from end to end, the tube is a series of tapers with the smallest at the mouthpiece receiver. The design of these affects the intonation of the instrument. As with other instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a standing wave in the instrument. The detachable cup-shaped mouthpiece is similar to that of the baritone horn and it has the venturi, a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance greatly affecting the tone of the instrument, and is inserted into the mouthpiece receiver in the slide section. The slide section consists of a leadpipe, the inner and outer tubes. Modern stays are soldered, while sackbuts were made with loose, the slide, the most distinctive feature of the trombone, allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance, and this part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, for example, second position A is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position E. Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument by directing the air flow through additional tubing. This allows the instrument to reach notes that are not possible without the valve as well as play other notes in alternate positions. Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has sections of tubing, principally in the slide section
6.
Ohio Wesleyan University
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Ohio Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college in Delaware, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution, Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles. The 200-acre site is 27 miles north of Columbus, Ohio and it includes the main academic and residential campus, the Perkins Observatory, and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve. In 2010, Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year. In its 2015 edition of U. S. college rankings, U. S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U. S. liberal arts colleges in its 2017 edition. In 1841, Ohio residents Adam Poe and Charles Elliott decided to establish a university of the highest order in central Ohio, to that end, they purchased the Mansion House Hotel, a former health resort with its Sulfur Spring, using funds raised from local residents. Poe and Elliott wrote a charter emphasizing the democratic spirit of teaching, early in the following year they opened the college preparatory Academy and formed a Board of Trustees. Ohio Wesleyans first president, Edward Thomson, stated in his address on August 5,1846 that the school was a product of the liberality of the local people. This liberal philosophy contributed to Ohio Wesleyans vocal opposition to slavery in the 1850s, in the annual celebration for George Washingtons birthday in 1862, second president Frederick Merrick endorsed Ohio Wesleyans ideals of democracy during his oration. During the mid-19th century, Ohio Wesleyan focused on attracting students, adding fields of study, sturges Hall was constructed as the Universitys first library in 1855. In 1873, the added the Department of Natural History housed in Merrick Hall. The Ohio Wesleyan Female College, established in 1853, merged with the university in 1877, between 1876 and 1888, enrollment tripled and music education greatly increased, yet no major buildings were built in this time. By the end of the 19th century, Ohio Wesleyan had added a School of Music, School of Fine Arts, School of Oratory, and Business School to the original College of Liberal Arts. To address the need for new departments and specialized instruction, the administration improved the facilities and courses to make them on par with OWUs new academic position, University Hall, Slocum Library, extensions to the Monnett campus, and athletic facilities were all constructed during that period. Between 1891 and 1895, Ohio Wesleyan specialized the curriculum by establishing departments for physics, zoology, geology, speech, history, French, English, and economics. This specialization encouraged undergraduates to continue studies at level, allowed professional preparation for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Two professional schools for law and medicine were formed in 1896, in 1905, the Board of Trustees decided to keep Ohio Wesleyan a college, despite the expansion of the curriculum and campus and the word university in the institutions name. The Bachelor of Science degree was abolished, which only the Bachelor of Arts
7.
W. E. Biederwolf
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William Edward Biederwolf was an American Presbyterian evangelist. W. E. Biederwolf was born in Monticello, Indiana, at the age of eighteen, while teaching at a public school in White County, Biederwolf made a profession of faith in Jesus Christ and joined the local Presbyterian church. After attending Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, for a year, Biederwolf moved on to Princeton College where he earned a B. A. in 1892 and he graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1895. Much to his father’s displeasure, Biederwolf also played football during his years at Princeton, during the summers Biederwolf worked at rescue missions in the Bowery and in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and after graduation from seminary, he worked for a year with evangelist B. Fay Mills. After marrying his childhood friend Ida Casad in 1896, Biederwolf spent eighteen months studying at the University of Berlin, while in Berlin he also preached at the American Church. During the war, he was commissioned as a chaplain with the 161st Indiana Volunteers and his military experience suggested how social service might be melded with evangelism. In 1900, Biederwolf left the pastorate for evangelism, first apprenticing under Presbyterian evangelist J. Wilbur Chapman. Although he never achieved the popularity of Billy Sunday, Biederwolf was in the first rank of contemporary evangelists along with such men as Chapman, Gypsy Smith. By the 1910s he was holding evangelistic campaigns in small cities such as Fall River, Massachusetts, Watertown, New York, like Sunday, Biederwolf emphasized prohibition and tended to meld patriotism with religion, calling the flag of the saloon the dirty red flag of socialism. In his early years, at least, Biederwolf was not above using parades, athletic feats, also like his colleagues, Biederwolf gave sermons on booze, motherhood, and purity. While Biederwolf stressed the significance of the Holy Spirit in producing conversions, eager to improve evangelistic method and the reputation of evangelists, Biederwolf served as a president of the Interdenominational Association of Evangelists, which he helped to found in 1904. From 1914 to 1917 Biederwolf also served as director of the Federal Council of Churches commission on evangelism. In 1909 he established the Family Altar League to promote family devotions and he also served as the director of the Winona Lake Bible Conference. From 1923 until 1933 he was director of the Winona Lake School of Theology, ever a student, Biederwolf was a firm believer in serious reading and regularly carried a book under his arm to make use of otherwise wasted moments. His sermons were written out word-for-word and memorized, but his delivery was so fluent that listeners were unaware of his preparation, Biederwolf enjoyed athletics, and he was a collector of small gemstones, which he prized for their color and light rather than for their intrinsic value. Biederwolf died at his home in Monticello in 1939, the fundamentalist Bob Jones, Jr. who as a boy knew and admired Biederwolf, thought him a man whose scholarship was broad and whose use of the English language was concise, accurate, and powerful
8.
Billy Sunday
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Born into poverty in Iowa, Sunday spent some years at the Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home before working at odd jobs and playing for local running and baseball teams. His speed and agility provided him the opportunity to play baseball in the leagues for eight years, where he was an average hitter. Converting to evangelical Christianity in the 1880s, Sunday left baseball for the Christian ministry, Sunday held widely reported campaigns in Americas largest cities, and he attracted the largest crowds of any evangelist before the advent of electronic sound systems. He also made a deal of money and was welcomed into the homes of the wealthy. Sunday was a supporter of Prohibition, and his preaching likely played a significant role in the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919. Despite questions about his income, no scandal ever touched Sunday and he was sincerely devoted to his wife, who also managed his campaigns, but his three sons disappointed him. His audiences grew smaller during the 1920s as Sunday grew older, religious revivals became less popular, nevertheless, Sunday continued to preach and remained a stalwart defender of conservative Christianity until his death. Billy Sunday was born near Ames, Iowa and his father was the son of German immigrants named Sonntag, who anglicized their name to Sunday when they settled in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. William Sunday was a bricklayer who worked his way to Iowa, where he married Mary Jane Corey, daughter of Squire Martin Corey, a farmer, miller, blacksmith. William Sunday enlisted in the Iowa Twenty-Third Volunteer Infantry on August 14,1862 and he died four months later of pneumonia at an army camp in Patterson, Missouri, five weeks after the birth of his youngest son, William Ashley. Mary Jane Sunday and her children moved in with her parents for a few years, Mary Jane Sunday later remarried, but her second husband soon deserted the family. At the orphanage, Sunday gained orderly habits, a decent primary education, by fourteen, Sunday was shifting for himself. In Nevada, Iowa, he worked for Colonel John Scott, the Scotts provided Sunday a good home and the opportunity to attend Nevada High School. Although Sunday never received a school diploma, by 1880 he was better educated than many of his contemporaries. In 1880, Sunday relocated to Marshalltown, Iowa, where, because of his athleticism, in Marshalltown, Sunday worked at odd jobs, competed in fire brigade tournaments, and played for the town baseball team. In 1882, with Sunday in left field, the Marshalltown team defeated the state champion Des Moines team 13–4, in 1883, on Ansons recommendation, A. G. Spalding, president of the Chicago White Stockings, signed Sunday to the defending National League champions. Sunday struck out four times in his first game, and there were seven more strikeouts, during his first four seasons with Chicago, he was a part-time player, taking Mike King Kellys place in right field when Kelly served as catcher. Sundays speed was his greatest asset, and he displayed it on the basepaths, in 1885, the White Stockings arranged a race between Sunday and Arlie Latham, the fastest runner in the American Association
9.
Lowell Thomas
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Lowell Jackson Thomas was an American writer, broadcaster, and traveler, best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. Thomas was born in Woodington, Darke County, Ohio, to Harry and his father was a doctor, his mother a teacher. In 1900, the moved to the mining town of Victor. Thomas worked there as a miner, a cook. In 1911, Thomas graduated from Victor High School where one of his teachers was Mabel Barbee Lee, the following year, he graduated from Valparaiso University with bachelors degrees in education and science. The next year, he received both a B. A. and an M. A. from the University of Denver and began work for the Chicago Journal, Thomas also was on the faculty of Chicago-Kent College of Law, where he taught oratory from 1912 to 1914. He then went to New Jersey where he studied for a masters at Princeton University, Thomas was a relentless self-promoter, and he persuaded railroads to give him free passage in exchange for articles extolling rail travel. When he visited Alaska, he hit upon the idea of the travelogue. When the United States entered World War I, he was part of a party sent by President Wilson, former president of Princeton. In reality, the mission was not academic, the war was not popular in the United States, and Thomas was sent to find material that would encourage the American people to support it. Thomas did not want to write about the war, he wanted to film it. He estimated that $75,000 would be needed for filming, which the U. S. government thought too expensive, Thomas and cameraman Harry Chase first went to the Western Front, but the trenches had little to inspire the American public. They then went to Italy, where he heard of General Allenbys campaign against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine. Thomas traveled to Palestine as a war correspondent with the permission of the British Foreign Office, where he met T. E. Lawrence. Lawrence was spending £200,000 a month encouraging the inhabitants of Palestine to rebel against the Turks, Thomas and Chase spent several weeks with Lawrence in the desert, though Lawrence said several days. With Allenbys permission he linked up with Lawrence for a couple of weeks. On being asked to come to England, he made the condition he would do so if asked by the King and he opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919. And so followed a series of hundreds of lecture–film shows
10.
Will Rogers
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William Penn Adair Will Rogers was a stage and motion picture actor, vaudeville performer, American cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, and social commentator. Known as Oklahomas Favorite Son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory and he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies, and wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns. By the mid-1930s, the American people adored Rogers and he was the leading political wit of his time, and was the highest paid Hollywood movie star. Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their airplane crashed in northern Alaska. Rogerss vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies and his 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels and his aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted, I am not a member of an organized political party. Another widely quoted Will Rogers comment was I dont make jokes, I just watch the government and report the facts. I am so proud of that, I can hardly wait to die so it can be carved, Rogers was born on the Dog Iron Ranch in Indian Territory, near present-day Oologah, Oklahoma. The house he was born in had been built in 1875 and was known as the White House on the Verdigris River and his parents, Clement Vann Rogers and Mary America Schrimsher, were both of part Cherokee ancestry, making Rogers himself 9/32 Cherokee. Rogers quipped that his ancestors did not come over on the Mayflower and his mother was quarter-Cherokee and a hereditary member of the Paint Clan. She died when Will was 11, and his father remarried less than two years after her death, Rogers was the youngest of eight children. He was named for the Cherokee leader Col. William Penn Adair, only three of his siblings, sisters Sallie Clementine, Maude Ethel, and May, survived into adulthood. His father, Clement, was a leader within Cherokee society, a Cherokee judge, he was a Confederate veteran and served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. Rogers County, Oklahoma, is named in honor of Clement Rogers and he served several terms on the Cherokee Senate. Clement Rogers achieved financial success as a rancher and used his influence to help soften the effects of white acculturation on the tribe. Roach presents a sociological-psychological assessment of the relationship between Will and his father during the formative boyhood and teenage years, Clement had high expectations for his son and desired him to be more responsible and business-minded. Will was more easygoing and oriented toward the loving affection offered by his mother, Mary, the personality clash increased after his mothers death, and young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal, will Rogers attended school at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, Missouri, and Kemper Military School at Boonville, Missouri
11.
John D. Rockefeller
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John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American oil industry business magnate and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, born into a large family in upstate New York, he was shaped by his con man father and religious mother. His family moved several times before settling in Cleveland, Ohio. Rockefeller became an assistant bookkeeper at the age of 16, and went into a partnership with Maurice B. Clark. After buying them out, he and his brother William founded Rockefeller & Andrews with Samuel Andrews, instead of drilling for oil, he concentrated on refining. In 1867, Henry Flagler entered the partnership, the Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler company grew by incorporating local refineries. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefellers wealth soared and he became the richest person in the country, Oil was used throughout the country as a light source until the introduction of electricity and as a fuel after the invention of the automobile. Furthermore, Rockefeller gained enormous influence over the industry, which transported his oil around the country. Standard Oil was the first great business trust in the United States, Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry, and along with other key contemporary industrialists such as steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, defined the structure of modern philanthropy. His peak net worth was estimated at $336 billion in 1913, Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement at his estate in Westchester County, New York. His foundations pioneered the development of research and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm. Rockefeller was also the founder of both the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University in the Philippines and he was a devout Northern Baptist, and supported many church-based institutions. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life and he was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, where he taught Sunday school, and served as a trustee, clerk, and occasional janitor. Religion was a force throughout his life, and Rockefeller believed it to be the source of his success. Rockefeller was the second of six children and eldest son born in Richford, New York, to con artist William Avery Bill Rockefeller and his siblings were Lucy, William Jr. Mary, and twins Franklin and Frances. His father was of English and German descent while his mother was of Scots-Irish descent, Bill was first a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a botanic physician and sold elixirs. The locals referred to the mysterious but fun-loving man as Big Bill and he was a sworn foe of conventional morality who had opted for a vagabond existence and who returned to his family infrequently. Throughout his life, Bill was notorious for shady schemes, in between the births of Lucy and John, Bill and his mistress/housekeeper Nancy Brown had a daughter named Clorinda who died young
12.
Wendell Willkie
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Wendell Lewis Willkie was an American lawyer and corporate executive, and the 1940 Republican nominee for President. His Democratic opponent, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, won the 1940 election with about 55% of the popular vote, Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892, both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the days of the war. Willkie settled in Akron, Ohio, where he was employed by Firestone. Much of his work was representing electric utilities, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation and he was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U. S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&Ss property for a good price, a longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as a choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters – many youthful – enthusiastically promoted his candidacy, Willkies support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race, Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states. After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelts informal envoy, and as leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes, Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming, after the war, a political party. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1940, Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana on February 18,1892, the son of Henrietta and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar and his father was born in Germany and his mother was born in Indiana, to German parents, his grandparents were involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions in Germany. The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but, as they were abolitionists, Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well. Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name, the Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan did not, defeated by former Ohio governor William McKinley. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher, one classmate said that Philip Pat Bing fixed that boy up
13.
Elwood, Indiana
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Elwood is a city in Madison and Tipton counties in the U. S. state of Indiana. The population was 8,614 at the 2010 census, Elwood was laid out in 1853 under the name Duck Creek. It was incorporated as a city in 1891, a post office was established under the name Duck Creek in 1855, was renamed to Elwood in 1869, and has been operating since. The annual Glass Festival, held every weekend of August, is one way in which the city tries to promote the areas history with natural gas. In the years surrounding the turn of the century, Elwood, along with the towns of Anderson. The Elwood Downtown Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, Elwood is located at 40°16′27″N 85°50′17″W. According to the 2010 census, Elwood has an area of 3.77 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,614 people,3,455 households, the population density was 2,284.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,099 housing units at a density of 1,087.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 7% White,0. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian,1. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 3% of the population. 28. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 38.6 years. 25. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 1% were from 25 to 44,28. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 7% male and 51. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,737 people,3,845 households, and 2,660 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,743.1 people per square mile, there were 4,179 housing units at an average density of 1,177.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 33% White,0. 05% African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 25% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 68% from other races, and 0. 52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 64% of the population,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.00
14.
Baritone
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A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types. It is the most common male voice, the baritone voice type is generally divided into the baryton-Martin baritone, lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. The first use of the term baritone emerged as baritonans, late in the 15th century, at this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices, but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice. Baritones took roughly the range as it is today at the beginning of the 18th century. Indeed, many works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles. Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas, the greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. They include Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, Papageno in The Magic Flute and these included the likes of Filippo Galli, Giovanni Inchindi, and Henri-Bernard Dabadie. The basse-taille and the bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part. The bel canto style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the castrato-dominated opera seria of the previous century and it led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains, the principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be, Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Giacomo Meyerbeer, and the young Giuseppe Verdi. Figaro in Il barbiere is often called the first true baritone role, however, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian Antonio Tamburini and he was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozarts eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, Tamburinis range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern Verdi baritone. His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the Paris Opera between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including Guillaume Tell. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in Lelisir damore in 1832, the most important of Tamburinis Italianate successors were all Verdians. In France, Paul Barroilhet succeeded Dabadie as the Paris operas best known baritone, like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role, in his case, Alphonse in La favorite. Antonio Pini-Corsi was the standout Italian buffo baritone in the period between about 1880 and World War I, reveling in comic roles by Rossini, Donizetti and Paer. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdis last opera, notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones Jean Lassalle, Victor Maurel, Paul Lhérie, and Maurice Renaud
15.
Messiah Part II
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Messiah, the English-language oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel in 1741, is structured in three parts. This listing covers Part II in a table and comments on individual movements, Part I begins with the prophecy of the Messiah and his birth, shows the annunciation to the shepherds and reflects the Messiahs deeds on earth. The part is concluded by a scene called Gods Triumph which culminates in the Hallelujah Chorus, Part III of the oratorio concentrates on Pauls teaching of the resurrection of the dead and Christs glorification in heaven. The libretto by Charles Jennens is entirely drawn from the Bible, mostly from the King James Bible, the Subject excells every other Subject. Messiah differs from Handels other oratorios by telling no story, instead offering reflections on different aspects of the Christian Messiah. It is a rather than a drama of personalities, lyrical in method, the narration of the story is carried on by implication. The sources are mostly from the Old Testament. Even the birth and death of Jesus are told in the words of the prophet Isaiah, the only true scene of the oratorio is taken from the Gospel of Luke, the annunciation to the shepherds. When Handel composed Messiah in London, he was already a successful and he had started in 1713 to also compose sacred music on English texts, such as the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate. He set many oratorios on English libretti, in Messiah he used practically the same musical means as for those works, namely a structure based on chorus and solo singing. Only a few movements are a duet or a combination of solo, the solos are typically a combination of recitative and aria. The arias are called Air or Song, some of them have da capo form, Handel finds various ways to use the format freely, in order to convey the text. The movements marked Recitative are secco, only accompanied by the basso continuo, recitatives marked Accompagnato are accompanied by additional string instruments. Handel uses four voice parts in both solo and chorus, soprano, alto, tenor and bass, only once is the chorus divided in an upper chorus and a lower chorus, it is SATB otherwise. The orchestra scoring is simple, oboes, strings and basso continuo of harpsichord, violoncello, violone, two trumpets and timpani highlight selected movements, such as the closing movements of Part II, Hallelujah. Handel uses a cantus firmus on long repeated notes especially to illustrate Gods speech and majesty, the following table is organized by movement numbers. There are two systems of numbering the movements of Messiah, the historic Novello edition of 1959. Not counting some short recitatives as separate movements, there are therefore 47 movements, in the table below, the Novello number is given first and is the index for the notes to individual movements in the movements section, then the Bärenreiter number
16.
George Frideric Handel
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George Frideric Handel was a German, later British baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos. Handel received important training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712 and he was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition. Within fifteen years, Handel had started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera, musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that Handel was not only a great composer, he was a dramatic genius of the first order. As Alexanders Feast was well received, Handel made a transition to English choral works, after his success with Messiah he never composed an Italian opera again. Almost blind, and having lived in England for nearly fifty years, he died in 1759 and his funeral was given full state honours, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London. Handel was born in 1685 in Halle-on-Saal, Duchy of Magdeburg, to Georg Händel and his father,63 when George Frideric was born, was an eminent barber-surgeon who served the court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Georg Händel was the son of a coppersmith, Valentin Händel who had emigrated from Eisleben in 1608 with his first wife Anna Belching and they were Protestants and chose reliably Protestant Saxony over Silesia, a Hapsburg possession as religious tensions mounted in the years before the Thirty Years War. Halle was a prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry. Even the smaller churches all had able organists and fair choirs, and humanities, the Thirty Years War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished. But since the middle of the war the city was under the administration of the Duke of Saxony, the arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata, which did not describe Handels family. Handel was the child of this marriage, the first son died still born. Two younger sisters were born after the birth of George Frideric, Dorthea Sophia, born 6 October 1687 and Johanna Christiana, born 10 January 1690. Early in his life Handel is reported to have attended the gymnasium in Halle, Mainwaring is the source for almost all information of Handels childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith, Jr. Handels confidant and copyist. Whether they came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation and it is from Mainwaring that the portrait of Handels father as implacably opposed to any musical education comes. This did nothing to dampen young Handels inclination, in fact, Mainwaring tells the story of Handels secret attic spinnet, Handel found means to get a little clavichord privately conveyd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep, but Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made the impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training. Somehow Handel made his way to the organ, where he surprised everyone with his playing. Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction, Handels father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, to instruct Handel
17.
Messiah (Handel)
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It was first performed in Dublin on 13 April 1742 and received its London premiere nearly a year later. After an initially modest public reception, the oratorio gained in popularity, eventually becoming one of the best-known, Handels reputation in England, where he had lived since 1712, had been established through his compositions of Italian opera. He turned to English oratorio in the 1730s in response to changes in public taste, although its structure resembles that of opera, it is not in dramatic form, there are no impersonations of characters and no direct speech. Instead, Jennenss text is a reflection on Jesus as the Messiah called Christ. The text begins in Part I with prophecies by Isaiah and others, and moves to the annunciation to the shepherds, in Part II, Handel concentrates on the Passion and ends with the Hallelujah chorus. In Part III he covers the resurrection of the dead and Christs glorification in heaven, Handel wrote Messiah for modest vocal and instrumental forces, with optional settings for many of the individual numbers. In the years after his death, the work was adapted for performance on a larger scale, with giant orchestras. In other efforts to update it, its orchestration was revised and amplified by Mozart, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries the trend has been towards reproducing a greater fidelity to Handels original intentions, although big Messiah productions continue to be mounted. A near-complete version was issued on 78 rpm discs in 1928, the composer George Frideric Handel, born in Halle, Germany in 1685, took up permanent residence in London in 1712, and became a naturalised British subject in 1727. Within a large and varied output, Handel was a vigorous champion of Italian opera. He subsequently wrote and presented more than 40 such operas in Londons theatres, by the early 1730s public taste for Italian opera was beginning to fade. The popular success of John Gay and Johann Christoph Pepuschs The Beggars Opera had heralded a spate of English-language ballad-operas that mocked the pretensions of Italian opera, with box-office receipts falling, Handels productions were increasingly reliant on private subsidies from the nobility. Such funding became harder to obtain after the launch in 1730 of the Opera of the Nobility, Handel overcame this challenge, but he spent large sums of his own money in doing so. Although prospects for Italian opera were declining, Handel remained committed to the genre, in Rome in 1707–08 he had written two Italian oratorios at a time when opera performances in the city were temporarily forbidden under papal decree. His first venture into English oratorio had been Esther, which was written, in 1732 Handel brought a revised and expanded version of Esther to the Kings Theatre, Haymarket, where members of the royal family attended a glittering premiere on 6 May. Its success encouraged Handel to write two more oratorios, All three oratorios were performed to large and appreciative audiences at the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford in mid-1733. Undergraduates reportedly sold their furniture to raise the money for the five-shilling tickets, in 1735 Handel received the text for a new oratorio named Saul from its librettist Charles Jennens, a wealthy landowner with musical and literary interests. Because Handels main creative concern was still with opera, he did not write the music for Saul until 1738, the work, after opening at the Kings Theatre in January 1739 to a warm reception, was quickly followed by the less successful oratorio Israel in Egypt
18.
Victor Talking Machine Company
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The Victor Talking Machine Company was an American flagship record company headquartered in Camden, New Jersey. The company was founded by Eldridge R. Johnson, who had previously made gramophones to play Emile Berliners disc records, Victor Talking Machine Co. was incorporated officially in 1901 shortly before agreeing to allow Columbia Records use of its disc record patent. Victor had acquired the Pan-American rights to use the trademark of the fox terrier Nipper listening to a gramophone when Berliner. Barraud noticed that whenever he played a recorded by his brother. Barrauds original depicts Nipper staring intently into the horn of an Edison-Bell while both sit on a wooden surface. The London branch was managed by an American, William Barry Owen, Barraud paid a visit with a photograph of the painting and asked to borrow a horn. Owen gave Barraud an entire gramophone and asked him to paint it into the picture, the original painting still shows the contours of the Edison-Bell phonograph beneath the paint of the gramophone when viewed in the correct light. Only 13 originally commissioned His Masters Voice paintings were commissioned by the company, in 1915, the His Masters Voice logo was rendered in immense circular leaded-glass windows in the tower of the Victrola factory building. The tower remains today with replica windows installed during Radio Corporation of Americas ownership of the plant in its later years, today, one of the original windows is located at the Smithsonian museum in Washington, D. C. There are different accounts as to how the Victor name came about, a second account is that Johnson emerged as the Victor from the lengthy and costly patent litigations involving Berliner and Frank Seamans Zonophone. A third story is that Johnsons partner, Leon Douglass, derived the word from his wifes name Victoria, finally, a fourth story is that Johnson took the name from the popular Victor bicycle, which he had admired for its superior engineering. Of these four accounts the first two are the most generally accepted, perhaps coincidentally, the first use of the Victor title on a letterhead, on March 28,1901, was only nine weeks after the death of British Queen Victoria. Before 1925, recording was done by the purely mechanical. No microphone was involved and there was no means of amplification, the recording machine was essentially an exposed-horn acoustical record player functioning in reverse. The sound-vibrated center of the diaphragm was linked to a stylus that was guided across the surface of a very thick wax disc. The wax was too soft to be played back even once without seriously damaging it, although test recordings were sometimes made, although sound quality was gradually improved by a series of small refinements, the process was inherently insensitive. From the start, Victor innovated manufacturing processes and soon rose to preeminence by recording famous performers, in 1903, it instituted a three-step mother-stamper process to produce more stampers and records than previously possible. These new celebrity recordings bore red labels, and were marketed as Red Seal records, for many years these records were single-sided, only in 1923 did Victor begin offering Red Seals in double-sided form
19.
Gennett Records
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Gennett was an American record company and label in Richmond, Indiana, which flourished in the 1920s. Gennett produced some of the earliest recordings of Louis Armstrong, King Oliver, Bix Beiderbecke and its roster also included Jelly Roll Morton, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Charley Patton, and Gene Autry. Gennett Records was founded in Richmond, Indiana, by the Starr Piano Company and it released its first records in October 1917. The company took its name from its top managers, Harry, Fred, earlier, the company had produced recordings under the Starr Records label. Gennett set up recording studios in New York City and later, in 1921, the sides recorded in New York are generally of about typical audio fidelity for a minor label of the time, and some masters were leased from other New York area firms. Many early religious recordings were made by Homer Rodeheaver, early shape note singers and others, Gennett issued a few early electrically recorded masters recorded in the Autograph studios of Chicago in 1925. These recordings were crude, and like many other Autograph issues are easily mistaken for acoustic masters by the casual listener. Gennett began serious electrical recording in March 1926, using a process licensed from General Electric, at this time the company also introduced an improved record biscuit which was adequate to the demands imposed by the electric recording process. The improved records were identified by a newly designed black label touting the New Electrobeam process, from 1925 to 1934, Gennett released recordings by hundreds of old-time music artists, precursors to country music, including such artists as Doc Roberts and Gene Autry. By the late 1920s, Gennett was pressing records for more than 25 labels worldwide, in 1926, Fred Gennett created Champion Records as a budget label for tunes previously released on Gennett. The Gennett Company was hit severely by the Great Depression in 1930 and it cut back on record recording and production until it was halted altogether in 1934. At this time the only product Gennett Records produced under its own name was a series of recorded sound effects for use by radio stations, in 1935 the Starr Piano Company sold some Gennett masters, and the Gennett and Champion trademarks to Decca Records. Kapp also attempted to revive the Gennett and Champion labels between 1935 and 1937 as specialists in bargain pressings of race and old-time music with but little success. The Starr record plant soldiered on under the supervision of Harry Gennett through the remainder of the decade by offering contract pressing services. For a time the Starr Piano Company was the manufacturer of Decca records. In the years remaining before World War II, Gennett did contract pressing for a number of New York-based jazz and folk music labels, including Joe Davis, Keynote and Asch. With the coming of the Second World War, the War Production Board in March 1942 declared shellac a rationed commodity, newly organized record labels were forced to purchase their shellac allocations from existing companies. Joe Davis purchased the Gennett shellac allocation, some of which he used for his own labels, brunswick Records acquired the old Gennett pressing plant for Decca
20.
Rainbow Records
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Rainbow Records was a record label based in the United States of America in the 1920s which featured recordings of Christian gospel music, hymns, and spirituals. Rainbow Records were made by the Rodeheaver Record Company of Chicago, Illinois, rainbow Records were standard lateral-cut 78 double-sided disc records. The audio fidelity is decidedly below average for the era, some seem to have been recorded and pressed by Gennett Records. List of record labels The sound of light, a history of gospel music
21.
Charles Davis Tillman
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Charles Davis Tillman —also known as Charlie D. Tillman, Charles Tillman, Charlie Tillman, and C. D. Tillman—was a popularizer of the gospel song. He had a knack for adopting material from sources and flowing it into the mix now known as southern gospel. In 1887 he focused his career more on his church and musical talents, singing first tenor in a male quartet. In 1889 Tillman was assisting his father with a tent meeting in Lexington, the elder Tillman lent the tent to an African American group for a singing meeting on a Sunday afternoon. It was then that young Tillman first heard the spiritual The Old Time Religion and then quickly scrawled the words, Tillman published the work to his largely white church market in 1891. Tillman was not first in publishing the song, an honor which goes to G. D, pike in his 1873 Jubilee Singers and Their Campaign for Twenty Thousand Dollars. As published by Tillman, the song contains verses not found in Pikes 1873 version and these possibly had accumulated in oral tradition or/and were augmented by lyrics crafted by Tillman. More critically, perhaps, Tillmans published version of the tune has a cadence which may have helped it gain wider currency. Tillmans emendations have characterized the song ever since, in the culture of all southerners irrespective of race, the refrain was worded by Georgia Baptist preacher M. E. Abbey. The combination became one of the most popular and frequently recorded songs of all time, on January 14,2012, Brad Paisley performed a 4/4 rendition as guest on Garrison Keillors Prairie Home Companion. Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. Besides The Old Time Religion and Life’s Railway to Heaven the Cyber Hymnal lists other Tillman works, including My Mothers Bible as well as Ready and When I Get to the End of the Way. Wayne W. Daniel pays particular notice to Tillmans The Great Judgment Morning and he set it to music and published it in a songbook under the title The Judgment. Bearing the alternate title The Great Judgment Morning, the song subsequently was published extensively in southern gospel songbooks and it was written anonymously as Nomad by Rev. B. H. Shadduck, PhD, in the Salvation Armys War Cry publication in 1893. Notwithstanding the sentimentality, My Mothers Bible emerged in a number of generally stately hymnals, including the Broadman Hymnal edited by Baylus Benjamin McKinney and Christian Hymns. Ready to suffer grief or pain had a British author in the tradition of the Keswick Hymn-Book, Tillman first published the British lyrics with his tune in Tillmans Revival No.4 in Atlanta in 1903. The British lyrics are in five quatrains, Tillman moved the original first quatrain into the refrain of his version and altered the words to wed better to the repeated nature of a refrain. He printed the song with a reference to 2 Samuel 15,15, in conveying this background, William Jensen Reynolds observes that the Southern Baptist Hymnal Committee decided to name the tune TILLMAN
22.
Paul Laurence Dunbar
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Paul Laurence Dunbar was an American poet, novelist, and playwright of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He published his first poems at the age of 16 in a Dayton newspaper, much of Dunbars more popular work in his lifetime was written in the Negro dialect associated with the antebellum South, though he also used the Midwestern regional dialect of James Whitcomb Riley. He wrote the lyrics for the musical comedy In Dahomey, the first all-African-American musical produced on Broadway, the musical later also toured in the United States and the United Kingdom. Dunbar also wrote in conventional English in other poetry and novels, since the late 20th century, suffering from tuberculosis, Dunbar died at the age of 33. Paul Laurence Dunbar was born at 311 Howard Street in Dayton, Ohio, on June 27,1872, after being emancipated, his mother Matilda had moved to Dayton with other family members, including her two sons Robert and William from her first marriage. Dunbars father Joshua had escaped slavery in Kentucky before the war ended. He traveled to Massachusetts and volunteered for the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the senior Dunbar also served in the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment. Paul Dunbar was born six months after Joshua and Matilda married on Christmas Eve,1871, the marriage of Dunbars parents was troubled and Dunbars mother left Joshua soon after having a second child, a daughter. Joshua died on August 16,1885, Paul was then 12 years old, Dunbar wrote his first poem at the age of six and gave his first public recital at the age of nine. His mother assisted him in his schooling, having learned to read expressly for that purpose and she often read the Bible with him, and thought he might become a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It was the first independent black denomination in America, founded in Philadelphia in the early 19th century, Dunbar was the only African-American student during his years at Central High School in Dayton, Orville Wright was a classmate and friend of his. Well-accepted, he was elected as president of the literary society, and became the editor of the school newspaper. At the age of 16, Dunbar published Our Martyred Soldiers, in 1890 Dunbar wrote and edited The Tattler, Daytons first weekly African-American newspaper. It was printed by the company of his high-school acquaintances, Wilbur. After completing his schooling in 1891, Dunbar took a job as an elevator operator. He had hoped to study law, but was not able to because of his mothers limited finances, the next year, Dunbar asked the Wrights to publish his dialect poems in book form, but the brothers did not have a facility that could print books. They suggested he go to the United Brethren Publishing House which, in 1893, printed Dunbars first collection of poetry, Oak and Ivy. Dunbar subsidized the printing of the book, and quickly earned back his investment in two weeks by selling copies personally, often to passengers on his elevator
23.
The Old Rugged Cross
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The Old Rugged Cross is a popular hymn written in 1912 by evangelist and song-leader George Bennard. George Bennard was a native of Youngstown, Ohio, but was reared in Iowa, after his conversion in a Salvation Army meeting, he and his wife became brigade leaders before leaving the organization for the Methodist Church. As a Methodist evangelist, Bennard wrote the first verse of The Old Rugged Cross in Albion, Michigan, in the fall of 1912 as a response to ridicule that he had received at a revival meeting. Bennard traveled with Ed E. Mieras from Chicago to Sturgeon Bay, during the meetings Rev. Charles H. Gabriel, a well-known gospel-song composer helped Bennard with the harmonies. The completed version was performed on June 7,1913, by a choir of five, accompanied by a guitar in Pokagon, Michigan. The Old Rugged Cross uses a sentimental popular song form with a pattern in 68 time. Bennard retired to Reed City, Michigan, and the town maintains a dedicated to his life. A memorial has also created in Youngstown at Lake Park Cemetery. A plaque commenorating the first performance of the stands in front of the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay. In early 2009, the song was covered by Ronnie Milsap on his gospel album Then Sings My Soul, kimball centered the record label of The Old Rugged Cross, as published by Victor, on the circle in the picture, complete with the trademark of Nipper. The Old Rugged Cross Written in Albion Albion Recorder,13 April 1998, short biography of Bennard from Famous Iowans. Bennard, George in W. K. McNeil, ed. Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music,34, cyberhymnal The Old Rugged Cross Historic Site Video on YouTube
24.
Palatka, Florida
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Palatka is a city in Putnam County, Florida, United States. The population was 10,558 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Putnam County. Palatka is the city of the Palatka Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city is home to St. Johns River State College, St. Johns River Water Management District Headquarters. The area is known for its local festivals, most notably the Florida Azalea Festival. The area was once the domain of the Timucuan peoples, two tribes of which existed in the Palatka region under chiefs Saturiwa and Utina and they fished bass and mullet, or hunted deer, turkeys, bear and opossum. Others farmed beans, corn, melons, squash, and tobacco, however, infectious disease that came with European contact and war devastated the tribes, and they were extinct by the mid-18th century. The last people evacuated with the Spanish to Cuba in 1763, during the late eighteenth century, remnants of Creek and other tribes made their way to Florida. In a process of ethnogenesis, the Seminole tribe was formed and they called the location Pilo-taikita, meaning crossing over or cows crossing. Here the St. Johns River narrows and begins a shallower, winding course upstream to Lake George, in 1767, Denys Rolle, an English gentleman and philanthropist, established Rollestown on the east bank of the St. Johns River at the head of deep-water navigation. His 78, 000-acre plantation was a commercial and humanitarian experiment, recruiting settlers off the streets of London, including paupers, vagrants, pickpockets. Two hundred indentured servants arrived to clear wilderness for agriculture and livestock, unaccustomed to either hard work or a subtropical climate, however, they scattered. Rolle next imported slaves from West Africa to tend chickens, hogs, goats and sheep, or produce cotton, indigo, citrus and he built a mansion and laid out a village, but trouble beleaguered the ideal society. In 1770, a disgruntled overseer sold over 1,000 of his employers cattle, Rolle hired new overseers and bought more slaves, but the plantation failed to prosper. The point in East Palatka, is still called Rollestown, with changes of sovereignty in Florida came numerous changes of ownership in Pilo-taikita, now contracted to Pilatka. In 1774, naturalist William Bartram noted an Indian village on the west bank, the current existence of Palatka can be traced to the settlement established there in 1821. After the United States acquired Florida in 1821, Nehemiah Brush established a ferry and bought a 1, 200-acre tract in 1826 and another of equal size the next year. The site became a point, where goods were shipped by a New York company to supply immigrants at the Grant of Arredondo
25.
Winona Lake, Indiana
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Winona Lake is a town in Wayne Township, Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,908 at the 2010 census, Winona Lake is located at 41°13′15″N 85°49′2″W. It is now contiguous to Warsaw, the two towns having run into another as they have expanded. According to the 2010 census, Winona Lake has an area of 3.25 square miles. Winona Lake is best known for the lake it is named after and built on and it is also the home of Grace College and Grace Theological Seminary and was the home of famed preacher and professional baseball player Billy Sunday who died in 1935. Christian musician and preacher Homer Rodeheaver also made Winona Lake his home from 1912 until his death in 1955, the Winona School of Professional Photography was started there in 1912 and was operated by the Professional Photographers of America until its move to Chicago in 1988. Famous photographers from around the world taught there during summer-only classes, the now defunct Winona College was founded here, and the Winona Lake School of Theology was located here from 1920 to 1970. Winona Lake was also home to the headquarters of The Free Methodist Church until it moved its offices to Indianapolis in 1990, the Winona Lake Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,908 people,1,569 households, the population density was 1,778.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,786 housing units at a density of 647.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 2% White,1. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 0% Asian,4. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 4% of the population. 25. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13. The median age in the town was 28.3 years. 23. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,22. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 3% were from 25 to 44,19. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46. 6% male and 53. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,987 people,1,371 households, and 972 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,375.7 people per square mile, there were 1,513 housing units at an average density of 522.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 91. 15% White,0. 75% African American,0. 03% Native American,0. 85% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,5. 74% from other races, and 1. 45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 28% of the population,23. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
26.
Dead Sea
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The Dead Sea, is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres below sea level, the Dead Sea is 304 m deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With 34. 2% salinity, it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and this salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres long and 15 kilometres wide at its widest point and it lies in the Jordan Rift Valley and its main tributary is the Jordan River. The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years and it was one of the worlds first health resorts, and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics, the Dead Sea water has a density of 1.24 kg/litre, which makes swimming similar to floating. The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate, multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighboring countries, the first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021. In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ, meaning sea of salt, the Bible uses this term alongside two others, the Sea of the Arabah, and the Eastern Sea. The designation Dead Sea never appears in the Bible, in prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life there. In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit, or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ, another historic name in Arabic was the Sea of Zoʼar, after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites, the Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform. This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. The Jordan River is the major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools. The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one the larger sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan. The Wadi Mujib valley,420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh /Nahal Dragot, and Nahal Arugot
27.
Moravian Church
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The modern Unitas Fratrum, with about 750,000 members worldwide, continues to draw on traditions established during the eighteenth century. The Moravians continue their tradition of missionary work, for example in the Caribbean. This is reflected in their global distribution. The Church places a value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions. The Church’s emblem is the Lamb of God with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription, Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur. The Hussite movement that was to become the Moravian Church was started by Jan Hus in early 15th century Bohemia, since these actions predate the Protestant Reformation by a century, some historians claim the Moravian Church was the first Protestant church. The movement gained support in the Crown of Bohemia, however, Hus was summoned to attend the Council of Constance, which decided that he was a heretic and had him burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. In 1434, an army of Utraquists and Catholics defeated the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany, the Utraquists signed the Compacts of Basel on 5 July 1436. Within fifty years of Hus death, a contingent of his followers had become independently organised as the Bohemian Brethren or Unity of the Brethren, a brother known as Gregory the Patriarch was very influential in forming the group, as well as the teachings of Peter Chelcicky. This group held to a strict obedience to the Sermon on the Mount, which included non-swearing of oaths, non-resistance, because of this, they considered themselves separate from the majority Hussites that did not hold those teachings. They received episcopal ordination through the Waldensians in 1467 and these were some of the earliest Protestants, rebelling against Rome some fifty years before Martin Luther. By the middle of the 16th century as many as 90 per cent of the inhabitants of the Bohemian Crown were Protestant, the majority of nobility was Protestant, the schools and printing-shops established by the Moravian Church were flourishing. Protestantism had an influence to the education of the population. Even in the middle of the 16th century there was not a town without a Protestant school in the Bohemian crown lands. With the University of Prague also firmly in hands of Protestants, therefore, the Jesuits were invited, with the backing of the Catholic Habsburg rulers, to come to the Bohemian Crown and establish a number of Catholic educational institutions. One of these is the university in the Moravian capital of Olomouc, in 1582 they forced closure of local Protestant schools. The Revolt started by unplanned second Defenestrations of Prague and was defeated in 1620 in the Battle of White Mountain near Prague, as consequence the local Protestant noblemen were either executed or expelled from the country while the Habsburgs placed Catholic nobility in their place. The war, plague, and subsequent disruption led to a decline in the population from over 3 million to some 800,000 people, by 1622 the entire education system was in the hands of Jesuits and all Protestant schools were closed
28.
Aimee Semple McPherson
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In her time she was the most publicized Christian evangelist, surpassing Billy Sunday and her other predecessors. She conducted public faith healing demonstrations before large crowds, testimonies conveyed tens of thousands of people healed, McPhersons articulation of the United States as a nation founded and sustained by divine inspiration continues to be echoed by many pastors in churches today. News coverage sensationalized her misfortunes with family and church members, particularly inflaming accusations she had fabricated her reported kidnapping, turning it into a national spectacle, McPhersons preaching style, extensive charity work and ecumenical contributions were a major influence to Charismatic Christianity in the 20th century. McPherson was born Aimee Elizabeth Kennedy on a farm in Salford, Ontario and she had early exposure to religion through her mother, Mildred who worked with the poor in Salvation Army soup kitchens. As a child she would play Salvation Army with her classmates, novels, though, made their way into the Methodist Church library and with guilty delight, McPherson would read them. At the movies, she recognized some of her fellow Methodist church members and she learned too, at a local dance she attended, that her dancing partner was a Presbyterian minister. In high school, she was taught Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution and she began to quiz visiting preachers and local pastors about faith and science, but was unhappy with the answers she received. She wrote to the Canadian newspaper, Family Herald and Weekly Star, questioning why taxpayer-funded public schools had courses, such as evolution and this was her first exposure to fame, as people nationwide responded to her letter. While still in school, after her Pentecostal conversion, McPherson began a crusade against the concept of evolution. While attending a meeting in December 1907, Aimee met Robert James Semple. There, her faith crisis ended as she decided to dedicate her life to God, at that same revival meeting, Aimee became enraptured not only by the message that Robert Semple gave, but also with Robert himself. The pairs notion of Army was very broad, encompassing more than just the Salvation Army. Robert supported them as a worker and preached at the local Pentecostal mission. Together, they studied the Bible, Aimee claiming Robert taught her all she knew, after a few months they moved to Chicago and became part of William Durhams Full Gospel Assembly. Durham earlier had visited the mission where the Azusa Street Revival was taking place, under Durhams tutelage, Aimee was discovered to have a unique ability in the interpretation of speaking in tongues, translating with stylistic eloquence. After embarking on a tour to China, both contracted malaria. Robert also contracted dysentery, of which he died in Hong Kong, Aimee recovered and gave birth to their daughter, Roberta Star Semple, as a 19-year-old widow. Shortly after her recuperation in the United States, Semple joined her mother Minnie working with the Salvation Army, while in New York City, she met Harold Stewart McPherson, an accountant
29.
Bob Jones Sr.
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Robert Reynolds Bob Jones Sr. was an American evangelist, pioneer religious broadcaster and the founder and first president of Bob Jones University. Bob Jones was the son of William Alexander and Georgia Creel Jones, in 1883, when Bob was born, Alex Jones, a Confederate veteran, was working a small farm in Dale County, Alabama, but within months the family moved to Brannon Stand west of Dothan. All the unmarried Jones children helped work the farm there, Jones later recalled, We may have been a little undernourished, but we built some character. Joness elementary schooling was sketchy by modern standards, but the boy early exhibited a quick mind, Alex Jones had Bob memorize passages from the Bible and from literature, and Bob, who was timid and self-conscious, was regularly called on to perform for guests. Jones later recalled, I did whatever my father said to do and his gifts were recognized by Dr. Charles Jefferson Hammitt, a Methodist missionary from Philadelphia and former president of Mallalieu Seminary, a Methodist secondary school in Kinsey. Jones boarded with the Hammitts and helped pay his board by serving the household, Jones graduated from Mallalieu in 1900, and the following year he entered Southern College at Greensboro, Alabama, supporting himself with his preaching. He attended until 1904 but by then was already so prominent as an evangelist that he left without taking a degree, by the time Jones was 17, both his father and mother were dead. In 1905, Jones married Bernice Sheffield, who contracted tuberculosis, on June 17,1908, he married Mary Gaston Stollenwerck, whom he had met as a choir member during a meeting he was conducting in Uniontown, Alabama. Their only child, Bob Jones, Jr. was born October 19,1911 in Montgomery, Mary Gaston Jones died on May 12,1989 in her 101st year—83 years after the death of her husbands first wife. Joness family was devoutly Christian—his mother a Primitive Baptist and his father an immersed Methodist, the family attended a nearby Methodist church where Bob Jones was converted at age 11. But as a portent of Joness later non-denominationalism, he too was baptized by immersion before joining the Methodists, at age 12, Jones was made Sunday School superintendent, and he held his first revival meeting at his home church—seeing sixty conversions in a single week. At thirteen, he built a brush arbor shelter and organized his own congregation of 54 members, by age 15, Jones was a licensed circuit preacher for the Alabama Methodist Conference. A year later, he was called to the Headland Circuit of five churches, including the one he had started, Jones later wondered that the devil did not trap me. I was pulled here and there and from house to house. People flocked to hear me preach, the buildings could not hold the crowds, people even stood outside and stuck their heads in the windows to listen. Its a wonder it did not spoil me, American evangelistic meetings received more newspaper publicity at the turn of the twentieth century than before or since and were often boosted by the town fathers out of civic pride. Bob Jones meetings were frequently front-page news for weeks in the cities where he held meetings, by the 1920s, Jones was probably the best-known evangelist in the United States except for Billy Sunday. His campaign results were remarkable even for the era, for instance, in a seven-week campaign in Zanesville, Ohio, a town of 22,000, there were 3,384 converts, of whom 2,200 joined churches on Easter Sunday. In 1921, Muskingum College, a Presbyterian school, became the first of several institutions to confer honorary doctorates on Jones
30.
Freemasonry
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The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow, and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft Freemasonry, members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, the basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the level by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry, each Grand Lodge is independent, modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Continental Freemasonry is now the term for the liberal jurisdictions who have removed some, or all. The Masonic Lodge is the organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the formal business of any small organisation. In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, at the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies, candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft. In all of ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs. Another ceremony is the installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, in other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge. Most Lodges have some sort of calendar, allowing Masons. Often coupled with events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level, Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief. These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these, there also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research
31.
Knights Templar (Freemasonry)
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This page is about a Masonic organization. For the medieval Knights Templar, see Knights Templar, see also Knights Templar and popular culture. One of the entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect. The word United in its title indicates that more than one historical tradition. The individual orders united within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple, the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the York Rite, however, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order. The earliest documented link between Freemasonry and the Crusades is the 1737 oration of the Chevalier Ramsay and this claimed that European Freemasonry came about from an interaction between crusader masons and the Knights Hospitaller. This is repeated in the earliest known Moderns ritual, the Berne manuscript, in 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance, which ritual he claimed to have received from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris. He also claimed to have met two of the superiors who directed all of masonry, one of whom was Prince Charles Edward Stuart. The order went into decline when he failed to any evidence to support his claims. In 1779 the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning and this lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree. Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed, which began to warrant Templar Lodges, the Early Grand Encampment chartered several Scottish encampments one of which, having been chartered in 1805 as the Edinburgh Encampment No. 31, then became theGrand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh, who then sought a charter from the Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the Order in England. It seems that the Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780, in the five degree system developed by the York Masons, the Knights Templar degree sat between the Master Mason and the Sublime Degree of Royal Arch. Templar masonry in England entered a new era in 1791, with the formation of its first Grand Conclave, under his leadership, the number of encampments steadily grew until his death in 1795. Stasis then followed, until in 1805 their Royal Patron, Duke of Kent, became Grand Master himself, re-energising the society and launching it into an era of growth and development. Dunckerley laid the foundation for this not only by promoting the order, Knights Templar can exist either as part of the York Rite or as an independent organization. Though the York Rite and the independent versions share many similarities there are key differences which are described below. In the United States, a Knights Templar commandery is traditionally the final body that a member joins in the York Rite after the chapter of Royal Arch Masons, some jurisdictions, however, allow members to skip over membership in a council
32.
Shriners
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Shriners International, also commonly known as The Shriners, is a society established in 1870 and is headquartered in Tampa, Florida, USA. It is an appendant body to Freemasonry, Shriners International company describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship, and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. There are approximately 350,000 members from 195 temples in the U. S. Canada, Brazil, Mexico, the Republic of Panama, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Europe, and Australia. The organization is best known for the Shriners Hospitals for Children that it administers, the organization was previously known as Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine or Shriners North America. The name was changed in 2010 across North America, Central America, South America, Europe, in 1870, there were several thousand Masons in Manhattan, many of whom lunched at the Knickerbocker Cottage at a special table on the second floor. There, the idea of a new fraternity for Masons stressing fun, walter M. Fleming, M. D. and William J. Florence took the idea seriously enough to act upon it. Florence, an actor, while on tour in Marseille, was invited to a party given by an Arabian diplomat. The entertainment was something in the nature of a staged musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a secret society, Florence took copious notes and drawings at his initial viewing and on two other occasions, once in Algiers and once in Cairo. When he returned to New York in 1870, he showed his material to Fleming, Fleming took the ideas supplied by Florence and converted them into what would become the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Fleming created the ritual, emblem and costumes, Florence and Fleming were initiated August 13,1870, and initiated 11 other men on June 16,1871. The group adopted a Middle Eastern theme and soon established Temples, the first Temple established was Mecca Temple, established at the New York City Masonic Hall on September 26,1872. In 1875, there were only 43 Shriners in the organization, in an effort to spur membership, at the June 6,1876 meeting of Mecca Temple, the Imperial Grand Council of the Ancient Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America was created. Fleming was elected the first Imperial Potentate, after some other reworking, by 1878 there were 425 members in 13 temples in eight states, and by 1888, there were 7,210 members in 48 temples in the United States and Canada. By the Imperial Session held in Washington, D. C. in 1900, by 1938 there were about 340,000 members in the United States. That year Life published photographs of its rites for the first time, despite its Orientalist theme, the Shrine is a mens fraternity, not connected to either Arab culture or Islam. Its only religious requirement is indirect, all Shriners must be Masons, until 2000, before being eligible for membership in the Shrine, a Mason had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite systems, but now any Master Mason can join. While there are plenty of activities for Shriners and their wives, there are two organizations tied to the Shrine that are for only, The Ladies Oriental Shrine
33.
Bob Jones University
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Bob Jones University is a private non-denominational Protestant university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States, known for its conservative cultural and religious positions. It has approximately 2,800 students, and is accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges, in 2008, the university estimated the number of its graduates at 35,000. The universitys athletic teams, the Bruins, compete in Division II of the National Christian College Athletic Association, children of church members were attending college, only to reject the faith of their parents. While he himself was not a graduate, Jones grew determined to found a college. Bob Jones took no salary from the college and helped support the school with personal savings, both time and place were inauspicious. The Florida land boom had peaked in 1925, and a hurricane in September 1926 further reduced land values, the Great Depression followed hard on its heels. Bob Jones College barely survived bankruptcy and its move to Cleveland, however, Joness move to Cleveland proved extraordinarily advantageous. With the enactment of GI Bill at the end of World War II, when, in 1966, Graham held his only American campaign in Greenville, the university forbade any BJU dormitory student from attending under penalty of expulsion. Enrollment quickly rebounded, and by 1970, there were 3300 students, in 1971, Bob Jones III became president at age 32, though his father, with the title of Chancellor, continued to exercise considerable administrative authority into the late 1990s. Bob Jones III resigned in 2013 for health reasons, and the year, Steve Pettit was named BJUs president. In 2011, the university became a member of the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools, in 2013, it replaced the BJ logo that had been used since 1967 with a new shield logo based on the university crest. Although BJU had admitted Asians and other groups from its inception. However, in May of that year, BJU expanded rules against interracial dating, in 1976, the Internal Revenue Service revoked the universitys tax exemption retroactively to December 1,1970 on grounds that it was practicing racial discrimination. The case eventually was heard by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1982, after BJU lost the decision in Bob Jones University v. United States, the university chose to maintain its interracial dating policy and pay a million dollars in back taxes. The year following the Court decision, contributions to the university declined by 13 percent, in the same year, Bob Jones III drew criticism when he reposted a letter on the universitys web page referring to Mormons and Catholics as cults which call themselves Christian. In 2005, Stephen Jones, great-grandson of the founder, became BJUs president on the day that he received his Ph. D. from the school. Bob Jones III then took the title Chancellor, in 2008, the university declared itself profoundly sorry for having allowed institutional policies to remain in place that were racially hurtful. The Bible is clear, said Pettit, We are made of one blood, by February 17,2017, the IRS website had listed the university as a 501 organization
34.
Grace College & Seminary
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Grace College & Seminary is an evangelical Christian community of higher education which applies biblical values in strengthening character, sharpening competence, and preparing for service. The institution of education is located in Winona Lake, Indiana. Since 2011, several commuter campuses have also started, while the college and seminary are historically affiliated with the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, the student body and faculty of both institutions have diverse denominational backgrounds. The institution began with the organization of Grace Theological Seminary under the leadership of Alva J. McClain in 1937, a two-year undergraduate division of the seminary was added in 1948 and has since transitioned into a four-year Liberal Arts college. Alva J. McClain served as president until 1962, when he was succeeded by his colleague and fellow co-founder Herman A. Hoyt. He remained in position until he retired in 1976, and was followed by then Dean of Grace Theological Seminary Homer Kent. Dr. John J. Davis then served in the position from 1986 to 1993, ronald E. Manahan replaced Davis and led the institution until 2013 at which time William J. Katip, who had been Provost since 2007, replaced Manahan. New initiatives implemented in the fall of 2013 included a calendar in which each of the semesters were divided into two 8-week sessions. For many years Grace College maintained a ministry to the incarcerated in Indiana at various facilities throughout the state directed by Dr. John Teevan. However, due to changes in the state of Indiana. The institution now manages the GED program for five correction facilities in northern Indiana, since 2011, Grace College has added a satellite location in Indianapolis. This site is a location that offers associates and bachelors degree completion. It is located at 96th and Meridian on the North side of Indianapolis, in 1994, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools gave accreditation to Grace College and Seminary, thereby joining the two previously individually accredited institutions. It is also approved by the Association of Christian Schools International, the full-time tuition cost for the 2014-2015 school year was $24,670. In the fall of 2015, a program called The Measure of Grace caused full-time tuition to decrease to $22,450, for every consecutive year a student attends, his or her tuition will decrease by $500. Textbook rentals will also be free for all students, Grace College has a total of 21 buildings on its 165-acre campus. Eleven of these buildings are residence halls, with the Lancer lofts, the Lodge, the college newspaper, The Sounding Board, is published biweekly. Dr. Paulette Sauders, who chairs Graces department of Languages, Literature, Grace College students attend chapel sessions from 10,30 to 11,20 a. m. on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays in the Manahan Orthopaedic Capital Center on campus
35.
Gospel Music Hall of Fame
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This is an incomplete list of those inducted into the GMAs Gospel Music Hall of Fame, listed alphabetically with the year of induction. Many of these were honored posthumously for their contribution in gospel music and these artists include, Michael W. Smith, Amy Grant, Sandi Patty, Larnelle Harris, Steven Curtis Chapman, dc Talk, Jars of Clay. Others associated with Grahams ministries are also inductees, George Beverly Shea, Cliff Barrows, Ralph Carmichael, southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame
36.
Warsaw, Indiana
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Warsaw is a city in and the county seat of Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States. Cradled among Winona Lake, Pike Lake, Hidden Lake, and Center Lake, Warsaw, named after the capital of Poland in tribute to Tadeusz Kościuszko, platted on October 21,1836. The Warsaw post office was established in 1837, early Warsaw contained traders, trappers, and merchants supplying manufactured goods to area farmers. Because of the location in the lake region, tourists soon began visiting Warsaw and eventually made permanent residences in the city. In March 1854, Warsaw became a town, and the census on February 2,1854 showed a total of 752 residents in the town limits. The Pennsylvania Railroad reached Warsaw in November 1854, the Big Four Railroad arrived in Warsaw in August 1870. Gas lights were installed in August 1880, telephone lines were strung in 1882, with Dr. Eggleston having the first phone. The waterworks were constructed in 1885, gas was supplemented with electricity in 1897, but gas was still used in many homes until 1915. In 1895, Revra DePuy founded DePuy Manufacturing in Warsaw to make wire mesh and wooden splints, in 1905, DePuy hired Justin Zimmer as a splint salesman. Zimmer broke away from DePuy in 1927 to start his own company with Joe Ettinger in the basement of Ettinger. Warsaw is now known as the capital of the world. Warsaw is located at 41°14′26″N 85°50′49″W and occupies the area between Pike Lake, Hidden Lake and Center Lake and Winona Lake, the Tippecanoe River passes through the West portion of Warsaw. According to the 2010 census, Warsaw has an area of 12.918 square miles. KASW - Warsaw Municipal Airport As of the 2010 U. S. Census, there were 13,559 people,5,461 households, the population density was 1,170.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,066 housing units at a density of 523.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 5% White,1. 6% African American,0. 5% Native American,2. 2% Asian,4. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 4% of the population. 32. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 34.8 years
37.
Word Records
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Word Records is a Christian faith-based entertainment company based in Nashville, Tennessee. It is owned by Curb Records and is a part of Word Entertainment, Word Records was founded in Waco, Texas, in 1951 by Jarrell McCracken, Baylor business major Henry SoRelle and radio and television executive Ted Snider. The labels name is based on a 16-minute spoken word recording written and narrated by McCracken, the event is based on a full length match between the forces of Good and Evil with Jesus Christ and Satan coaching the two teams. McCracken was familiar with play-by-play broadcasting, having created virtual baseball games for radio broadcast based on wire reports, McCracken originally presented his The Game of Life presentation on Sunday nights at various churches around the central Texas area. Everywhere he presented The Game of Life, he got requests for copies, eventually, he had a short run of records pressed to offer at churches where he spoke. The fictional radio station in the recording has the call letters WORD, after being asked by a friend when he was going to release a follow-up, McCracken then decided to pursue the label on a more serious level. Subsequent records focused on other spoken word recordings, but Word soon branched out into gospel music. Early employees for the label included Tom Norfleet, Kurt Kaiser, the label struggled initially until Marvin Norcross became an equity partner. By 1954, Word had become a house as well. Several subsidiary labels were started over the years, Canaan Records in the sixties, Myrrh Records and DaySpring Records in 1977, two of these labels no longer exist today in their original form. The Myrrh Label was resurrected in 2005 as a praise and worship record label, Canaan Records was also re-opened in early 2007 with Dave Clark at the helm. Larry Normans Solid Rock Records had a deal with Word from 1975 to 1980. Artists on Solid Rock included Norman, Randy Stonehill, Daniel Amos, Tom Howard, light Records was distributed in the 1970s by Word Records before being sold to Ralph Carmichael in the 1980s. Reunion Records signed a distribution and promotion contract in the 80s, today, Reunion Records is distributed through Provident Music Group. Star Song was distributed by Word Records but left their distribution deal in the late 1980s to sign with Sparrow Records which was taken over by Chordant Distribution and then by EMI. Distribution deals with labels in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s allowed Word Records to rise to the top. They distributed, promoted, and advertised the biggest names in contemporary Christian music, artists such as Amy Grant, Michael W. In the 1976, McCracken sold part interest in his label to the American Broadcasting Company,10 years later, ABC merged with Capital Cities, Inc. and forced McCracken out of the company
38.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
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Bob Jones Jr.
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Robert Reynolds Bob Jones Jr. was the second president and chancellor of Bob Jones University. Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Jones was the son of Bob Jones Sr. the universitys founder and he served as president from 1947 to 1971 and then as chancellor until his death. Educated by tutors and at Starkes University School in Montgomery, Jones was a reader who tackled everything from Tom Swift and Tarzan to Walter Scott. As a ten-year-old, his father gave him 50 missionary biographies for Christmas—which the boy finished by February. Jones was often called Dr. Bob Jr. during his lifetime—he disliked the Jr. —but his doctorates were honorary, the first conferred by Asbury College in 1934, as a young man Jones became an accomplished Shakespearean actor and studied at Stratford-upon-Avon. He considered turning professional and even received an offer from Hollywood—thereby causing some anxious moments for his evangelist father, Jones Jr. Jones believed that his primary calling was helping his father administer Bob Jones College. Administration per se seems to have little interest for him. Both Joness position and his gifts made him a natural leader of separatist fundamentalism. By 1959, Jones had formally broken with Billy Graham, who had accepted the sponsorship of liberal Protestants, later Jones criticized other fundamentalists who were insufficiently separatistic, such as evangelist John R. Rice and Jerry Falwell, whose Moral Majority had embraced Catholics and Mormons. Meanwhile, Jones became a friend of militant anti-Catholic Ulster Protestant leader Ian Paisley. For thirteen years Jones edited Faith for the Family, an issues-oriented fundamentalist periodical that he originated, Jones was an early connoisseur of European art, he bought his first Russian icon at age thirteen. He began collecting seriously after World War II on a shoe-string budget authorized by the University Board of Directors, Jones first concentrated on the Italian Baroque, a style then out of favor and relatively inexpensive in the years immediately following the war. The museum is the largest collection of art in the Western Hemisphere. Jones could be a superior with strong, hyperbolically expressed, views about matters political. But he also could display a childlike humility, especially on his visits to foreign missionaries. Intimates found him witty and even impish, although Jones enjoyed playing villains in Shakespeare plays and religious films—he founded the BJU cinema department in 1950—he genuinely enjoyed a life of ideas and the fine arts. A curator at the North Carolina Museum of Art was genuinely surprised when Jones failed to reflect his preconception as a kind of backwoods evangelical who would thump the Bible at him, there was a gentleness and a kinship there, he recalled. And even if he knew you thought differently than he did, in 1938, he married Fannie May Holmes
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Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
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Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
