1.
Sleeping Beauty Castle
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Sleeping Beauty Castle is a fairy tale castle at the center of Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneyland. It is based on the late-19th century Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria, opened July 17,1955, the castle is the oldest of all Disney castles. Its primary inspiration was the Neuschwanstein Palace in Germany, beginning April 29,1957, visitors were able to walk through the castle and view several dioramas depicting the story of Sleeping Beauty. The voice of Cliff Edwards singing When You Wish Upon a Star is piped into the castle. S. A. The walkthrough was closed for unspecified reasons on October 7,2001, popular belief claims the September 11th attacks and the potential danger that ensued played a major factor in the closing. On July 17,2008, Disney announced that the Sleeping Beauty Castle walkthrough would reopen in the style of the original Earle dioramas, enhanced with new technology not available in 1957. The walkthrough reopened on November 27,2008 at 5,00 p. m. drawing long lines going as far back as the Hub at the center of the park and this room is lavishly themed, and presents the closed-captioned CGI walkthrough recreation on a high-definition TV. This same virtual recreation is included on the Sleeping Beauty 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition DVD, the Disney family coat of arms hangs above the archway to the castle. It is composed of three lions passant in pale and it is known that the coat of arms was not originally on the castle, but was placed there sometime between June 1965 and July 1965. In reality, the spike is a mark that was used to ensure that the castle bridge. The original geographical center of the Magic Kingdom was in the middle of the round park, the addition of Toontown moved the actual center of the park a few yards northward, but still on the hub side of the castle drawbridge. A World on the Move, otherwise known as the New Tomorrowland of 1967, is represented by rocket ships, the Blue Fairy represents the debut of the Main Street Electrical Parade. The Indiana Jones Adventure is represented by the evil Eye of Mara, the 50th Anniversary of Disneyland is represented by fireworks and Tinker Bell. For Disneylands 60th Anniversary, World of Color changed to the World of Color, the Wonderful World of Walt Disney. Disneyland Park introduced Paint The Night and a new fireworks show, a 24-hour kickoff event occurred May 22,2015. As part of the celebration, the castle was covered with diamonds and glitter, carthay Circle Restaurant at Disney California Adventure was also decorated for the Diamond Celebration. Hong Kongs Sleeping Beauty Castle is an identical copy of the original in California. However, the two castles can be differentiated through very subtle details, if one were to look closely enough, Hong Kong Disneyland castle is built with much more precision compared to Disneylands Sleeping Beauty Castle
2.
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
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The Hong Kong Disneyland Resort is the second Disney park extension into Asia after the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort more than 20 years ago. Currently, the Resort is overseen by managing director Andrew Kam who reports to Bill Ernest, President and managing director, Disney Parks & Resorts, in 1998, a Hong Kong theme park was proposed by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. The designs made it the smallest of the Disneylands, the Legislative Council of Hong Kong gave approval in 1999 for funding the construction at a former shipyard. A joint-venture company, Hong Kong International Theme Parks Limited, was created in 1999 with Disney investing US$316 million for a 43% equity stake in the project. The Phase One build-out included a projected 10 million annual visitor Disneyland-style theme park,2,100 hotel rooms, the project was estimated to create 18,000 jobs at opening and up to 36,000 jobs over the following 20 years. In 2000, Disney announced a second Chinese theme park resort in mainland China, tourism workers associations and lawmakers want Disney to drop the mainland project to protect this and general tourism in Hong Kong. Disney promised not to such a park for eight years. Government Secretary for Economic Service Stephan Ip Shu-kwan and Walt Disney Attractions Chairman Judson Green signed the project agreement in November 2000. The government began dredging for the resort in July 2000. Fish around Ma Wan died as a result of land reclamation, the construction of the resort itself started in January 2003. The SARS outbreak of 2003 did slow but not stop building, inspiration Lake, an artificial lake of some 12 hectares, was also created to serve the resorts water irrigation needs. In an effort to avoid cultural friction similar to what happened when Euro Disney Resort opened in France, feng shui consultants have helped with the layout of the park and the grounds. The hotels will skip the four when numbering of their floors because four is considered bad luck. Hong Kong Disneyland Cast Members speak English, Cantonese, and Mandarin, around 500 of the Grand Opening Team were trained at Walt Disney World Resort while their home park was being constructed. Disney originally planned to serve shark fin soup, a traditional Chinese delicacy, at first, Disney removed shark fin soup from its menu but said that it would still offer the soup if their clients insisted on having it served at their wedding. They said they would distribute leaflets about shark conservation to discourage the choice, health inspectors were asked to remove their caps and badges when coming to inspect the facility after several reports of food poisoning. Although two of the officers did so, the department took offence, the park was projected to attract five to six million visitors in its opening year, mostly locals, tourists from mainland China and nearby Asian countries. To boost the attendance, Hong Kong Disneyland introduced Summer Passes in summer 2006 to attract more visitors
3.
Penny's Bay
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It is connected by a highway and a rail connection on the MTR Disneyland Resort Line to Sunny Bay Station. Most of its area is administrated by Tsuen Wan District, at least in Ming Dynasty, Penny Bay was already a trading port. Before the reclamation of the bay, Cheoy Lee Shipyard operated in the bay from 1964 to April 2001. The Government acquired the land from the owners for the sum of HK$1.48 billion, the Government had not realised that its operations accumulated 30000 cubic metres of soil contaminated with dioxin, heavy metals, and hydrocarbons. The total cleanup cost not taken into account at the time of acquisition was estimated at 450 million Hong Kong dollars, tsing Chau Tsai Peninsula Pennys Bay Power Station 一齣環保悲喜劇 – Friends of the Earth
4.
Lantau Island
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Lantau Island is the largest island in Hong Kong, located at the mouth of the Pearl River. Administratively, most of Lantau Island is part of the Islands District of Hong Kong, a small northeastern portion of the island is located in the Tsuen Wan District. With a land mass of 147.16 square kilometres, it is the largest island in Hong Kong, Lantau Island primarily consists of mountainous terrain. Lantau Peak is the highest point of the island and it is the second highest in Hong Kong, after Tai Mo Shan, and is almost twice the height of Victoria Peak. Other mountains include Sunset Peak at 898 m, Lin Fa Shan at 766 m, Nei Lak Shan at 751 m and Yi Tung Shan at 747 m. The largest country park of Hong Kong, Lantau South Country Park is located on the island and these parks cover slightly more than half of the area of Lantau Island. Shek Pik Reservoir is the fourth largest freshwater reservoir in Hong Kong, completed in 1963, it covers an area of 1.01 km2 and has a capacity of 24,500,000 m3. Fan Lau Kok at the end of Fan Lau Peninsula is the southwest end of the territory of Hong Kong, the small island of Peaked Hill, off Tsin Yue Wan, marks the westernmost point on the land of Hong Kong territories. Lantau Island has a low population density, with a population of 45,000. Settlements are scattered throughout the island and each has its own distinctive characteristics, Discovery Bay is a privately owned residential development located on the south-eastern coast of Lantau. It has a current population of around 14,300 residents from over 30 different countries, giving it a reputation as an expatriate enclave. Other settlements include Mui Wo, Tai O, Tong Fuk, Sha Lo Wan villages, Pui O villages, Luk Keng Village, Nim Shue Wan Village, San Shek Wan, the name Lantau Island is based on the old local name of Lantau Peak. Its Chinese name 大嶼山 is sometimes romanized as Tai Yu Shan, the island has been historically known as Tai Hai Shan, Tai Kai Shan, Tai Yi Shan and Tuen Mun Island. Early human artifacts have been discovered on the island and these include rock carvings at Shek Pik, which are thought to date back to the Bronze Age, and a stone circle at Fan Lau which is probably from the Neolithic Age. Both sites are located on the southwestern coast of the island, the island was often shown in navigation maps because of its proximity to a major sea route in South China. In 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court fled to Guangdong by boat to escape Mongol invaders, the resistance centred on two young princes, Emperor Gongs brothers. The older boy Zhao Shi, was declared emperor at the age of nine, in 1277, the imperial court sought refuge first in Silvermine Bay on Lantau Island (then known as Gangzhou, and later in todays Kowloon City. The older brother became ill, died, and was succeeded by the younger brother Zhao Bing at the age of seven and he died in 1279, and the Song Dynasty ended
5.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
6.
Geographical coordinates
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Fairy tale
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Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. The term is used for stories with origins in European tradition and, at least in recent centuries. In less technical contexts, the term is used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness. Colloquially, a tale or fairy story can also mean any far-fetched story or tall tale, it is used especially of any story that not only is not true. Legends are perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into legends, Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form, the name fairy tale was first ascribed to them by Madame dAulnoy in the late 17th century. Many of todays fairy tales have evolved from stories that have appeared, with variations. The history of the tale is particularly difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive. Still, according to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon, such stories may date back thousands of years, Fairy tales, and works derived from fairy tales, are still written today. Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways, the Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis of Vladimir Propp are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales. It moves in a world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous. In this never-never land, humble heroes kill adversaries, succeed to kingdoms, a fairy tale with a tragic rather than a happy end is called an anti-fairy tale. Although the fairy tale is a genre within the larger category of folktale. The term itself comes from the translation of Madame DAulnoys conte de fées, Vladimir Propp, in his Morphology of the Folktale, criticized the common distinction between fairy tales and animal tales on the grounds that many tales contained both fantastic elements and animals. Were I asked, what is a fairytale, I should reply, Read Undine, that is a fairytale. of all fairytales I know, I think Undine the most beautiful. As Stith Thompson points out, talking animals and the presence of magic seem to be common to the fairy tale than fairies themselves. However, the presence of animals that talk does not make a tale a fairy tale, especially when the animal is clearly a mask on a human face. Steven Swann Jones identified the presence of magic as the feature by which fairy tales can be distinguished from other sorts of folktales, davidson and Chaudri identify transformation as the key feature of the genre
8.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
9.
Government of Hong Kong
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The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, commonly the Hong Kong Government or simplified as GovHK, refers to the executive authorities of the Hong Kong SAR. The Government is formally led by the Chief Executive of the SAR, the Government Secretariat is headed by the Chief Secretary of Hong Kong, who is the most senior principal official of the Government. Under the one country, two systems principle, the Government is exclusively in charge of Hong Kongs internal affairs. The Government of the Peoples Republic of China, of which the Hong Kong government is financially independent, is responsible for Hong Kongs defence, the Chief Executive is the head of Region and head of government of Hong Kong. The Basic Law designates a system of governance led by a Chief Executive and an Executive Council, with a system of semi-representative government. The Chief Executive is elected by an Election Committee, an 1200-member electoral college consisting of individuals, the winner is then appointed to the position by the Premier of the Peoples Republic of China. The Chief Executive is responsible for implementing the Basic Law, signing bills and budgets, promulgating laws, making decisions on government policies and he is assisted in policy making by the Executive Council. As of 1 July 1997, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong officially replaced the Governor of Hong Kong as the head of the government for Hong Kong following the transfer of sovereignty. The Chief Executive is assisted by the Chief Secretary for Administration and the Financial Secretary, the secretaries for each government affairs are appointed by the Chief Executive and endorsed by the Central Peoples Government. The Secretary for Justice is responsible for matters of the government. The Independent Commission Against Corruption and Audit Commission report directly to the Chief Executive, the current Chief Executive is Leung Chun-ying. The Executive Council decides on matters of policy, the introduction of bills to the Legislative Council, the Council consists of 15 principal officials and 14 non-official members. All members are appointed by the Chief Executive from among the officials of the executive authorities, members of the Legislative Council. They serve for a no longer than the expiry of the Chief Executives term of office. The system was portrayed as the key to solve administrative problems. Under the new system, there are 3 Secretaries of Department and 13 Directors of Bureau, the system is aimed at raising the accountability of the civil service, so the political appointees are responsible for all their job aspects and will step down if they make any failure. Under the new system, all heads of bureaux became members of the Executive Council, the government released a report on the Further Development of the Political Appointment System on 17 October 2007. Two new layers, Deputy Directors of Bureaux and Assistants to Directors would be added to the political appointments, as with the principal officials, these two new posts may be drawn from within or outside the civil service, and appointees may or may not have a political background
10.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
11.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
12.
Standard Chinese
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Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a language with topic-prominent organization. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants, Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words. There exist two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan, aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters, while Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters. There are many characters that are identical between the two systems, in English, the governments of China and Hong Kong use Putonghua, Putonghua Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, and Mandarin, while those of Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, use Mandarin. The name Putonghua also has a long, albeit unofficial, history and it was used as early as 1906 in writings by Zhu Wenxiong to differentiate a modern, standard Chinese from classical Chinese and other varieties of Chinese. For some linguists of the early 20th century, the Putonghua, or common tongue/speech, was different from the Guoyu. The former was a prestige variety, while the latter was the legal standard. Based on common understandings of the time, the two were, in fact, different, Guoyu was understood as formal vernacular Chinese, which is close to classical Chinese. By contrast, Putonghua was called the speech of the modern man. The use of the term Putonghua by left-leaning intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, prior to this, the government used both terms interchangeably. In Taiwan, Guoyu continues to be the term for Standard Chinese. The term Putonghua, on the contrary, implies nothing more than the notion of a lingua franca, Huayu, or language of the Chinese nation, originally simply meant Chinese language, and was used in overseas communities to contrast Chinese with foreign languages. Over time, the desire to standardise the variety of Chinese spoken in these communities led to the adoption of the name Huayu to refer to Mandarin and it also incorporates the notion that Mandarin is usually not the national or common language of the areas in which overseas Chinese live. The term Mandarin is a translation of Guānhuà, which referred to the lingua franca of the late Chinese empire, in English, Mandarin may refer to the standard language, the dialect group as a whole, or to historic forms such as the late Imperial lingua franca. The name Modern Standard Mandarin is sometimes used by linguists who wish to distinguish the current state of the language from other northern. Chinese has long had considerable variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán rather than colloquial regional dialects, rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times
13.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
14.
Hakka Chinese
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Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue, Wu, Southern Min, Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains a few mutually unintellegible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan and is classified as a variety of Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features, Taiwan, where Hakka is the native language of a significant minority of the islands residents, is a center for the study and preservation of the language. Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and Mainland Chinas Hakka dialects, even in Taiwan, two local varieties of Hakka exist. The Meixian dialect of northeast Guangdong in China has been taken as the dialect by the Peoples Republic of China. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created a romanization of Moiyen in 1960. The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means guest families or guest people, Hak 客 means guest, and ka 家 means family. Among themselves, Hakka people variously called their language Hak-ka-fa 客家話, Hak-fa, 客話, Tu-gong-dung-fa 土廣東話, literally Native Guangdong language, and Ngai-fa 我話, My/our language. The forebears of the Hakka came from present-day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi, the presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k, as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties, but which have been lost in Mandarin. Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have influenced by other language areas through which the Hakka-speaking forebears migrated. For instance, common vocabulary is found in Hakka, Min, in recent times, many She people have become Hakka speakers. A regular pattern of change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese varieties. Some examples, Characters such as 武 or 屋, are pronounced roughly mwio and uk in Early Middle Chinese, have an initial v phoneme in Hakka, being vu and vuk in Hakka respectively. Like in Mandarin, labiodentalisation process also changed mj- to a sound in Hakka before grave vowels. Middle Chinese initial phonemes /ɲ/ of the characters 人 and 日, among others, for comparison, in Mandarin, /ɲ/ became r-, while in Cantonese, it merged with initial /j/. The initial consonant phoneme exhibited by the character 話 is pronounced f or v in Hakka, the initial consonant of 學 hɔk usually corresponds with an h approximant in Hakka and a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative in Mandarin. Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as the majority, some of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other. Surrounding Meixian are the counties of Pingyuan, Dabu, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua, each is said to have its own special phonological points of interest
15.
Cantonese
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Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a variety of Chinese spoken in the city of Guangzhou in southeastern China. It is the prestige variety of Yue, one of the major subdivisions of Chinese. In mainland China, it is the lingua franca of the province of Guangdong and some neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. In Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese serves as one of their official languages and it is also spoken amongst overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and throughout the Western World. When Cantonese and the closely related Yuehai dialects are classified together, Cantonese is viewed as vital part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swathes of southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. Although Cantonese shares some vocabulary with Mandarin, the two varieties are mutually unintelligible because of differences in pronunciation, grammar and lexicon, sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the two varieties. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar, in English, the term Cantonese is ambiguous. Cantonese proper is the variety native to the city of Canton and this narrow sense may be specified as Canton language or Guangzhou language in English. However, Cantonese may also refer to the branch of Cantonese that contains Cantonese proper as well as Taishanese and Gaoyang. In this article, Cantonese is used for Cantonese proper, historically, speakers called this variety Canton speech or Guangzhou speech, although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong province, people call it provincial capital speech or plain speech. In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, in mainland China, the term Guangdong speech is also increasingly being used among both native and non-native speakers. Due to its status as a prestige dialect among all the dialects of the Cantonese or Yue branch of Chinese varieties, the official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English, as defined in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The Chinese language has different varieties, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and it is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. A similar situation exists in neighboring Macau, where Chinese is an official language along with Portuguese. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken variety of Chinese used in life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The variant spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is known as Hong Kong Cantonese, Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China
16.
Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel
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Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel is the second Disney hotel in the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The theme of the hotel is of a Victorian style, and is located near Disneyland Harbour, the hotel is built on reclaimed land and opened on 12 September 2005. The hotel, as other buildings in the resort, has been completely built using the feng shui technique. It draws inspiration from Disneys Grand Floridian Resort and Spa at the Walt Disney World Resort, the hotel has 400 guestrooms and a convention centre with ballrooms and function rooms. The Convention Centre offers three ballrooms, there are five restaurants in the hotel. The hotel has one shop located on the next to the main entrance. The shop sells drinks, park merchandise, toys and T-Shirts and it is slightly Victorian themed, like the hotel itself. There are 2 pools in the resort,1 indoors and 1 outdoors, the hotel also offers other facilities including a tennis court, a multi-function court, a Mickey-shaped maze and a grass field in which some kids activities take place in. The hotel also has a Victorian Spa which contains a gym, every evening a talented jazz band plays in the main area of the hotel. Aaron Kwok Kelly Chen Linda Chung Louis Cheung Kay Tse Gillian Chung Joey Yung Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel Official site
17.
Disney's Hollywood Hotel
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Disneys Hollywood Hotel is one of two hotels at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. It was officially opened on Monday,12 September 2005 at 13,00 HKT along with the resort and it is themed to 1930s Hollywood. The hotel has 600 guestrooms each with the view, the sea view or the park view that overlooks the Hong Kong Disneyland park. The Garden of the hotel is decorated with a Hollywood theme, the hotel itself has a very art deco style, and is themed to the 1930 golden age of movies. The Hotel is vaguely U shaped, hidden Mickeys are hidden around the site. There are five restaurants in the hotel, chef Mickey has an international cuisine buffet, while Hollywood & Dine has quick-service food and beverages. Studio Lounge is a bar with specialty drinks and snacks. The Sunset Terrace opens seasonally, with outdoor BBQ cuisine, the Piano Pool Bar sells drinks to guests sitting around a piano-shaped pool. The Piano Pool also has a toddler pool, with a slide. The hotel also features a childrens arcade called Malibu Games, featuring air hockey. Celebrity Gift sells plush, toys, pins and stationaries
18.
Inspiration Lake
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The Inspiration Lake, officially known as The Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre, is a 12-hectare artificial lake located in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The lake, opened on 16 August 2005, was created as part of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort as a project for recreation. Inspiration Lake was built by the Hong Kong Government and managed by the Hong Kong International Theme Parks and it opens daily from 09,00 -19,00, entrance is free. Facilities on site include changing rooms, toilets, seating areas, there is also a childrens play area near the boat and bike renting center. The artificial lake of 12 hectares features water cascade, water jets, the water jet at the lake with an illumination design can shoot water up to 18 m high. Apart from its purpose, the lake water is a source of irrigation for the entire Pennys Bay. Along a 1500 m jogging trail emanating from the boat renting center and extending around the lake, there are stations, gazebos. The lake is approximately 15 minutes walking distance from Disneyland Resort MTR station, Inspiration Lake information and link to map Hong Kong Disneyland Official Website - Inspiration Lake
19.
Amusement park
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An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
20.
Land reclamation in Hong Kong
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The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty, major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century. One of the earliest and best-known modern projects was the Praya Reclamation Scheme and it was one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken during the Colonial Hong Kong era. In addition, as the city expands, new towns in different decades were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Sha Tin, Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O. Much reclamation has taken place in locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance in 1996 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development
21.
Ocean Park Hong Kong
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Opened in 1977 by the then Governor of Hong Kong Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park became popular but by 2005 was unprofitable and widely expected to lose out to the new Hong Kong Disneyland. Half of all visitors now come from mainland China, in growth that parallels rising mainland tourist visitor levels to Hong Kong over the same period, since this high, visitor numbers have declined to around 6 million in 2016 under the background of declining tourist arrivals in Hong Kong. Covering an area of 91.5 hectares, the park is separated by a mountain into two areas, The Summit and The Waterfront. These areas can be reached by a 1.5 kilometres cable car system, to ascend the Headland comprises several hills, visitors can use Hong Kongs second longest outdoor escalator. Between 1979 and 1997, Ocean Park was most famous for its killer whale. As well as being an amusement park, Ocean Park Hong Kong aims to merge entertainment and education, in January 2017, the Ocean Park saw a 30% surge in visitors, credited to its recent improvements. Opened in January 1977 by the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park was constructed as a subsidiary of the Hong Kong Jockey Club, the land was provided free by the Hong Kong Government. Between 1982 and 1984, the Jockey Club put a further HK$240 million into developing facilities at Tai Shue Wan, Ocean Park ceased to be a Jockey Club subsidiary on 1 July 1987, becoming its own statutory body, with a Government-appointed Board. The Jockey Club established a HK$200 million trust to ensure the Parks continued development, at present, Ocean Park is managed by the Ocean Park Corporation, a financially independent, non-profit organisation. In 2005, the year that rival Hong Kong Disneyland opened, Ocean Park unveiled a Master Redevelopment Plan, under which older features at the park were rejuvenated, the number of attractions more than doubled, from 35 to over 80. The Lowland was redeveloped as a new area called the Waterfront, while the old Headland became The Summit, with polar, a dedicated thrill ride area, Thrill Mountain, opened, and the childrens area was refurbished as Whiskers Harbour. In January 2011, the new flagship attraction area Aqua City was opened, in June, the Rainforest, an integrated theme zone featuring over 70 exotic animal species, was opened. In March 2012, new attraction zone Old Hong Kong opened, evoking the streetscapes, in April, the newly refurbished Hong Kong Jockey Club Sichuan Treasures opened. A20,000 sq ft aquarium opened in July 2014 at the former Atoll Reef site. This area was known as two distinct areas, Marine Land and Headlands Rides. Pacific Pier – Mimics the rocky habitat of seals and sea lions on the Northern Californian coast, allows visitors to walk under the pier to view these marine mammals in the water, complete with simulated waves. Ocean Park Tower – One of the tallest observation towers in Southeast Asia, rises 200 metres above sea level with a rotating observation deck at the top offering 360° views of the South China Sea, as well as Aberdeen and the islands of Lantau, Lamma and Cheung Chau. Sea Jelly Spectacular – Opened in 2006, Southeast Asias first standalone sea jelly exhibit
22.
Chinese culture
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Chinese culture is one of the worlds oldest cultures, tracing back to thousands of years ago. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a geographical region in eastern Asia with customs. Important components of Chinese culture include ceramics, architecture, music, literature, martial arts, cuisine, visual arts, philosophy, there are 56 officially labelled ethnic groups in China. In terms of numbers however, Han Chinese is by far the largest group, throughout history, many groups have merged into neighboring ethnicities or disappeared. At the same time, many within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic, the term Zhonghua Minzu has been used to describe the notion of Chinese nationalism in general. Much of the traditional identity within the community has to do with distinguishing the family name and they were located on the Yellow and Yangtze River. Traditional Chinese Culture covers large geographical territories, where region is usually divided into distinct sub-cultures. Each region is represented by three ancestral items. For example, Guangdong is represented by chenpi, aged ginger, others include ancient cities like Linan, which include tea leaf, bamboo shoot trunk, and hickory nut. Such distinctions give rise to the old Chinese proverb, 十里不同風, 百里不同俗/十里不同风, 百里不同俗, literally the praxis vary within ten li, since the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period, some form of Chinese monarch has been the main ruler above all. Different periods of history have different names for the various positions within society, conceptually each imperial or feudal period is similar, with the government and military officials ranking high in the hierarchy, and the rest of the population under regular Chinese law. From the late Zhou Dynasty onwards, traditional Chinese society was organized into a system of socio-economic classes known as the four occupations. However, this system did not cover all groups while the distinctions between all groups became blurred ever since the commercialization of Chinese culture in the Song Dynasty. This led to the creation of a meritocracy, although success was only to males who could afford test preparation. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics and those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as jinshi, a highly esteemed socio-economic position. A major mythological structure developed around the topic of the mythology of the imperial exams, trades and crafts were usually taught by a shifu. The female historian Ban Zhao wrote the Lessons for Women in the Han Dynasty and outlined the four women must abide to, while scholars such as Zhu Xi. Chinese marriage and Taoist sexual practices are some of the rituals, most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism
23.
Feng shui
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Feng Shui is a Chinese philosophical system of harmonizing everyone with the surrounding environment. It is closely linked to Taoism, the term feng shui literally translates as wind-water in English. The feng shui practice discusses architecture in terms of invisible forces that bind the universe, earth. There is no scientific evidence that feng shuis mystical claims are real. Historically, feng shui was widely used to orient buildings—often spiritually significant structures such as tombs, depending on the particular style of feng shui being used, an auspicious site could be determined by reference to local features such as bodies of water, stars, or a compass. Qi rides the wind and scatters, but is retained when encountering water, Feng shui was suppressed in mainland China during the state-imposed Cultural Revolution of the 1960s but has since then regained popularity. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience briefly summarizes the history and practice of feng shui and it states that the principles of feng shui related to living harmoniously with nature are quite rational, but does not otherwise lend credibility to the nonscientific claims. Its also a matter to dismiss the mystical energies said to be at its core. As of 2013 the Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui, until the invention of the magnetic compass, feng shui apparently relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and the universe. In 4000 BC, the doors of Banpo dwellings aligned with the asterism Yingshi just after the winter solstice—this sited the homes for solar gain. During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding and used to indicate the time to build a capital city. The late Yangshao site at Dadiwan includes a building at the center. The building faces south and borders a large plaza and it stands on a north-south axis with another building that apparently housed communal activities. Regional communities may have used the complex, a grave at Puyang that contains mosaics— actually a Chinese star map of the Dragon and Tiger asterisms and Beidou — is oriented along a north-south axis. Cosmography that bears a resemblance to modern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of jade unearthed at Hanshan. Archaeologist Li Xueqin links the design to the astrolabe, zhinan zhen. Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou, all cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their design. During the Zhou era, the Kaogong ji codified these rules, the carpenters manual Lu ban jing codified rules for builders
24.
Qi
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In traditional Chinese culture, qì or chi is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi literally translates as breath, air, or gas, and figuratively as material energy, life force, Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Some elements of the concept of qi can be found in the energy when used in the context of various esoteric forms of spirituality. Notions in the West of energeia, élan vital, or vitalism are purported to be similar, despite widespread belief in the reality of qi, it is a non-scientific, unverifiable concept. The logograph 氣 is read with two Chinese pronunciations, the usual qì 氣 air, vital energy and the rare archaic xì 氣 to present food, pronunciations of 氣 in Sino-Xenic borrowings include, Japanese language ki, Korean language gi, and Vietnamese language khi. Reconstructions of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /kʰe̯iH/, /kʰĭəiH/, /kʰiəiH/, /kʰɨjH/, reconstructions of the Old Chinese pronunciation of 氣, standardized to IPA transcription, include, /*kʰɯds/, and /*C. qʰəp-s/. In addition, qì 炁 is an uncommon character especially used in writing Daoist talismans, historically, the word qì was generally written as 气 until the Han dynasty, when it was replaced by the 氣 graph clarified with mǐ 米 rice indicating steam. These oracle, bronze, and seal scripts graphs for qì 气 air, breath, etc. were anciently used as a loan character to write qǐ 乞 plead for, beg, ask. The regular script character qì 氣 is unusual because qì 气 is both the air radical and the phonetic, with mǐ 米 rice semantically indicating steam, vapor. This qì 气 air/gas radical, which was used in a few native Chinese characters like yīnyūn 氤氲 thick mist/smoke, was used to create new scientific characters for gaseous chemical elements. Some examples are based on pronunciations in European languages, fú 氟 fluorine and nǎi 氖 neon, others are based on semantics, qīng 氫 hydrogen and lǜ 氯 chlorine. Qi was an early Chinese loanword in English, romanized as, ki in Church Romanization in the century, chi in Wade–Giles in the mid-19th century. An early form of the idea comes from the writings of the Chinese philosopher Mencius, historically, the Huangdi Neijing/The Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine is credited with first establishing the pathways through which qi circulates in the human body. The ancient Chinese described it as life force and they believed qi permeated everything and linked their surroundings together. They likened it to the flow of energy around and through the body, forming a cohesive, by understanding its rhythm and flow they believed they could guide exercises and treatments to provide stability and longevity. Although the concept of qi has been important within many Chinese philosophies, until China came into contact with Western scientific and philosophical ideas, they had not categorized all things in terms of matter and energy. Qi and li were fundamental categories similar to matter and energy, yuán qì is a notion of innate or pre-natal qi to distinguish it from acquired qi that a person may develop over the course of their lifetime. The earliest texts that speak of qi give some indications of how the concept developed, the philosopher Mo Di used the word qi to refer to noxious vapors that would in due time arise from a corpse were it not buried at a sufficient depth
25.
Main Street, U.S.A.
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Main Street, U. S. A. is the first themed land inside the main entrance of the many Disneyland-style parks run by The Walt Disney Company around the world. Each Main Street, U. S. A. has a station above the entrance. At Disneyland Park, Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland, Sleeping Beauty Castle stands in the distance beyond the end of the street, the area near here is referred to as Town Square, most of the day, there are characters available for a meet and greet here. At the Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland, Cinderella Castle stands at the end, Town Square is home to City Hall, in which the Guest Relations office is located. Largely they appear as fictional businesses, and they refer to a hobby or interest that the person honored. Ub Iwerkss window, for example, refers to his prowess with cameras, for Disneylands 50th anniversary, on July 17,2005, a first-story window on each Main Street was unveiled with a dedication to all the cast members who had worked for Disney throughout the years. The streets are paved with resilient asphalt to prevent aching of feet, in July 2015, Disneyland expanded their Main Street U. S. A. with a Main Street Arcade in honor of their 60th anniversary. Inspired by Walt Disneys hometown of Marceline, Missouri, Main Street, according to Harper Goff, who worked on Main Street, U. S. A. with Walt, he showed Walt some photos of his childhood home of Fort Collins, Colorado. Walt liked the look, and so many of the features of the town were incorporated into Main Street, U. S. A. Another significant source of inspiration for the Main Street, U. S. A. concept came from the Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village, Walt Disney said, For those of us who remember the carefree time it recreates, Main Street will bring back happy memories. For younger visitors, it is an adventure in turning back the calendar to the days of their grandfathers youth, above the firehouse in Town Square at Disneyland is Walt Disneys personal apartment, fully furnished but off-limits to the public. A lamp is burning in the front window as a tribute to his memory. It is largely decorated for both Halloween and Christmas, there is a 60-foot-tall Christmas tree during Christmas Time, and there is a 16-foot-high Mickey Mouse jack-o-lantern on Halloween Time, with additional pumpkin ears. The Main Street Opera House in Town Square is the oldest building in Disneyland and it formerly served as the parks lumber mill between 1955 and 1961. The cannons that are displayed in the center of the square were used by the French army during the 1800s, the gas lamps that line the street originally came from Baltimore and were bought for $.03 a pound. Partners, sculpted by Blaine Gibson, was added in 1993, during the Halloween season, pumpkin busts for each themed land in the park, except Main Street, are seen around Partners. It is listed as a street in the Orange County Thomas Guide. The Disney Gallery Disneyland Railroad The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr and this is most noticeable in the four corners area in the middle of Main Street where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style
26.
Adventureland (Disney)
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Adventureland is one of the themed lands at the many Disneyland-style theme parks run by the Walt Disney Company around the world. It is themed to resemble the remote jungles in Africa, Asia, South America, to create a land that would make this dream reality, said Walt Disney, We pictured ourselves far from civilization, in the remote jungles of Asia and Africa. 26 August 2009 -15 October 2016 Adventureland provides a 1950s view of exotic adventure, lush vegetation resembles jungles while elements of the other surround the visitor. Doris explains Adventureland as, a pastiche of imaginary colonial spaces, conflated within the green, disneylands Adventureland was originally envisioned as True-Life Adventureland, and was to be based on Walts famous award winning nature documentaries on Africa and Asia. Adventureland opened with the Jungle Cruise as its attraction, until the Swiss Family Treehouse was added years later. With the groundbreaking technology of audio animatronics Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room was added nearby the lands entry bridge, oceanic Arts also created the series of tribal masks that now line the entry bridge. In 1999, the Swiss Family Treehouse was transformed into Tarzans Treehouse, Adventureland has remained the same since, until 2008 with the former summer event, Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries. The original Polynesian motif is still visible with the prominence of jungle surrounding the Swiss Family Treehouse, the Magic Carpets of Aladdin attraction is unique to this version of Adventureland, based on New Orleans Square at Disneyland, which features Pirates of the Caribbean. Main Street, U. S. A. s and Liberty Squares buildings fade into New Orleans and it features a unique ride - Western River Railroad - and a different version of Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room, minus the Walt Disney tag, with a more Hawaiian feel. It features a sub-land, similar to the Magic Kingdom Adventureland, based on New Orleans Square at Disneyland, world Bazaars buildings fade into New Orleans. The Enchanted Tiki Room, Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai, Jungle Cruise Lilos Luau & Fun Mickey & Minnies Polynesian Paradise Minnie Oh. Minnie Pirates of the Caribbean Swiss Family Treehouse Western River Railroad Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room The Enchanted Tiki Room, Now Playing Get the Fever. It features four themed areas, The first, known as Adventureland Bazar, is a recreation of a city from the 1001 Arabian Nights. In 1993, the attraction Le Passage Enchanté dAladdin opened in this very area, the concept of this city eventually reached overseas resorts. The second part of Adventureland has a more African appearance, and is composed of shops. A third themed area represents Asian mysterious jungles, the last part, and the biggest, is a Caribbean area, covering most of the surface of Adventureland. It features the ride Pirates of the Caribbean and Adventure Isle and this Adventureland presented some construction problems, mainly due to the unsuitable local climate. Growing exotic jungles in a place where winters could be harsh was a tough task and this is also the reason why there is no Jungle Cruise ride, since most animatronics animals would have been exposed to this weather
27.
Tomorrowland
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Tomorrowland is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom styled Disney theme parks around the world owned or licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Each version of the land is different and features attractions that depict views of the future. Disneyland Park in Paris includes an area called Discoveryland, which shares some elements with other Tomorrowlands. Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programs, Tomorrowland was the realized culmination of his views. In his own words, Tomorrow can be a wonderful age and our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future and it is this movement into the future that has, on occasion, left Tomorrowland mired in the past. Disneylands Tomorrowland is now in its generation, and the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland is in its second. The Walt Disney Company has mentioned that it wanted to keep Tomorrowland from becoming Yesterdayland, a vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying Mans achievements. A step into the future, with predictions of constructed things to come, Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals. The Atomic Age, the challenge of Outer Space and the hope for a peaceful, during the dedication, Walt Disney started speaking, was told that he wasnt yet on air, and then had to restart once the television viewers were watching. The first Tomorrowland opened at Disneyland on July 17,1955, with several of its planned attractions open. The construction of the park was rushed, so Tomorrowland was the last land to be finished and it became something of a corporate showcase, despite Walt Disneys reluctance. Monsanto Company, American Motors, Richfield Oil, and Dutch Boy Paint were some of the companies to open showcases in Tomorrowland in the first few years. Since the park was on a budget, one cost-cutting idea was to reuse the sets of the Nautilus from Disneys 1954 movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea as a walkthrough attraction. For the first four years, most of Tomorrowland was generally open space, however, the area gained more attractions as time passed, many of which have since been removed. When Disneyland opened, Tomorrowland represented the future in the year 1986, Tomorrowlands showpiece was the TWA Moonliner, derived from Disneys Man In Space television episodes developed in the 1950s. The Moonliner was the tallest structure in the park at the time, the Moonliner hosted Rocket To The Moon which was a ride to the moon. The entrance showpiece was the clock of the showing the time anywhere on earth
28.
Frontierland
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Frontierland is one of the themed lands at the many Disneyland-style parks run by Disney around the world. Themed to the American Old West of the 19th century, Frontierlands are home to cowboys and pioneers, saloons, red rock buttes and gold rushes. In the book Frontier Town Then And Now, Walt Disney sent a crew to Frontier Town in North Hudson NY to film a movie that was used as the inspiration for Frontierland. From Every instance of Frontierland has a Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, other attractions sometimes found in this land include Big Thunder Mountain, the Country Bear Jamboree, Tom Sawyer Island and a steam-powered riverboat. It is here that we experience the story of our countrys past, the color, romance and drama of frontier America as it developed from wilderness trails to roads, riverboats, railroads and civilization. A tribute to the faith, courage and ingenuity of our hearty pioneers who blaze the trails, Frontierland first appeared in Disneyland as one of five original themed lands. The Mine Train Thru Natures Wonderland opened in 1960, consisting of a train ride around various western landscape dioramas. The Mine Train closed in 1977 to make way for a new attraction, the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, disneylands Frontierland gateway is constructed of ponderosa pine logs. The lands long shoreline along the Rivers of America is considered a prime viewing location for the nighttime Fantasmic, there are elk or deer antlers. Elk antlers were placed on general stores in the old west so cowboys coming into town immediately knew where to get supplies. Also in Frontierland is a building that has a sign that says Laod Bhang Co. Plus, at the storefront marked Crockett and Russel Hat Co. youll find a window honoring Fess Parker, Frontierland borders Fantasyland, New Orleans Square and Adventureland, and connects to the Central Plaza through an iconic set of fort-style gates. This instance began with three attractions, the Walt Disney World Railroad station, Davy Crocketts Explorer Canoes and the world debut of the Country Bear Jamboree. Tom Sawyer Island opened in 1973, the northwestern end of the park was supposed to receive a massive, pavilion-style E ticket attraction, which was never built. The area sat empty until Big Thunder Mountain Railroad premiered in 1980, few changes would be made over the next decade. Splash Mountain and a new railroad station opened in October 2,1992. Frontierland borders Adventureland on the south, Liberty Square on the east, the Mark Twain sails this parks Rivers of America. Other than differences in placement, and minor variations in color, theming and name, unlike all of the other instances, this instance has an elaborate backstory concerning the town of Thunder Mesa, founded by Henry Ravenswood to support the mining of Big Thunder Mountain
29.
Mystic Point
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Mystic Point is a section of Hong Kong Disneyland that officially opened to the public on 17 May 2013. Prior to that it had an opening for a selected audience. It is set in a dense, uncharted rain forest surrounded by mysterious forces, the site features Mystic Manor, a Haunted Mansion style attraction with the same trackless ride system developed at Poohs Hunny Hunt in Tokyo Disneyland. Mystic Point, along with Grizzly Gulch and Toy Story Land has been exclusive to Hong Kong Disneyland among all Disney theme parks for 5 years from opening, composer Danny Elfman scored the music for the Mystic Manor dark ride attraction. It is the land to open in Hong Kong Disneylands three land expansion plan approved in July 2009. Opened to the public on January 1,1896, Mystic Point is the site of mysterious forces and supernatural events in the heart of a dense, uncharted rain forest in Papua New Guinea. It is the home of Lord Henry Mystic, a member of the Society of Explorers and Adventurers and his traveling companion, so he cleared out part of the jungle along the river bank and built this Victorian manor. He’s obviously a well to-do British gentleman and he wanted a bit of home in this tropical wilderness. He started with the essence of a Victorian manor but of course wanted to embellish it with all the different places that he’s been, so it’s this eclectic Victorian manor sitting in this cleared out jungle along the river. While he was there, that’s where he met and actually rescued his traveling companion, between finding this location and meeting his now lifelong pal and companion Albert, this is really the essence of Mystic Point. Continuing that idea through, we wanted to tell the story about his collection, anyone willing to make this hard journey and stumble on or find Mystic Point, he - being kind of a philanthropic character - wanted to open the doors of his home to showcase his collection. And that’s what guests are coming to Mystic Point for, to showcase and be able to view the collection and also meet Lord Henry, Mystic Manor Garden of Wonders Mystic Point Freight Depot Explorers Club Restaurant Frozen Lollipops Cart The Archive Shop Mystic Point at Hong Kong Disneyland
30.
Toy Story Land
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Toy Story Land is a themed land at Walt Disney Studios Park, Hong Kong Disneyland and soon to be at Disneys Hollywood Studios and Shanghai Disneyland Park. The area is based on the Disney·Pixar film series Toy Story, in France, it is part of Toon Studio and opened on August 17,2010 at a cost of 79 million euros. In Hong Kong, Toy Story Land opened on November 18,2011, a version of Toy Story Land for Disneys Hollywood Studios was announced on August 15,2015 at the D23 Expo. During Mickeys Magical Party in 2009, information was leaked about an expansion of Walt Disney Studios Park, the new Pixar themed area helped promote Toy Story 3. The area is designed to shrink the guest down to being the size of a toy, the area also features numerous photo opportunities. Construction of the started in late 2009 and was finished on time. The new area is located to the right of Walt Disney Studios Park and this expansion area is exclusive within Asia to Hong Kong for 5 years from the date of its opening. The new land opened on November 18,2011, the land is located to the west side of Hong Kong Disneyland, behind Fantasyland. In February 6,2013, a new shop named Andys Toy Box has been opened, the other attractions include a Slinky Dog themed family coaster and an attraction based around The Claw and the Little Green Men. Construction on the land began on April 3,2016, Slinky Dog Dash - A family-friendly rollercoaster themed around Slinky Dog. The story goes that Andy used his Mega Coaster Play Kit to build around his backyard, alien Swirling Saucers - an attraction similar to Maters Junkyard Jamboree in Disney California Adventure, themed around the Claw and Little Green Aliens. - the current attractions entrance in Pixar Place will be relocated to Toy Story Land, Toy Story Land at Shanghai Disneyland will be both authentically Disney and distinctly Chinese, making it a one-of-a-kind experience for the guests, located between Tomorrowland and Fantasyland. The toys from the franchise will come to life and play in a fully immersive land with three attractions and a themed character greeting area. This will be an experience guests can only have in Mainland China and it will be the perfect setting for all toys to gather together for a day that’s more fun. Rexs Racers Slinky Dog Spin Woodys Round-Up Toy Box Café Toy Story Playland at Walt Disney Studios Park Toy Story Land at Hong Kong Disneyland
31.
AECOM
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AECOM is an American multinational engineering firm that provides design, consulting, construction, and management services to a wide range of clients. AECOM has approximately 95,000 employees, and is number 156 on the 2016 Fortune 500 list, Fortune named AECOM as one of 2015 Worlds Most Admired Companies, and again in 2016 &2017. Engineering News-Record ranked AECOM as Number 1 Global Design Firm, the companys official name from 1990 to early January 2015 was AECOM Technology Corporation. Today, it is simply as AECOM. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACM and he gained control of some 200,000 acres and formed Swiss Oil Company in Lexington. In 1924 Miles launched an operation called Ashland Refining Company. In 1966 Ashland acquired Warren Brothers and became involved in the construction and construction materials business. The company was now able to take advantage of refinery byproducts used to produce asphalt. Ashland grew into one of the nations major road-construction firms and laid a foundation for AECOM. In the 1970s Ashland Oil & Refining became Ashland Oil, Inc, five years later the company consolidated its construction assets into a construction division and also formed a coal subsidiary, indicative of a changing focus at Ashland. Although it generated more than $1 billion a year in sales, by 1980 Ashland sold off its production assets, and a year later was reorganized as a modified holding company. A new corporate strategy was implemented as Ashland now focused on refining and marketing, in 1984 Ashland acquired Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenall, a global provider of transportation-related engineering services. Originally focused on projects, after World War II it had become one of the first integrated engineering. The acquisition of DMJM also included its president, Richard G. Newman, AECOMs future chief executive, in 1985 DMJM became part of a new subsidiary, Ashland Technology Corporation. Two years later Newman was named its new president, architects Ellerbe Becket and Davis Langdon, the quantity surveyors and construction consultants. AECOM went public during May 2007 with a public offering on the NYSE. On January 8,2008 AECOM acquired The Services Group, Inc. a provider of consulting services to the US Agency for International Development and other multi-lateral donor organizations. On July 28,2008, AECOM completed its purchase of Earth Tech Inc. a consulting and engineering firm, from Tyco International for $510 million
32.
Chief Executive of Hong Kong
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The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the head and representative of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and head of the Government of Hong Kong. The position was created to replace the Governor of Hong Kong, the office, stipulated by the Hong Kong Basic Law, formally came into being on 1 July 1997 when the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the Peoples Republic of China. The Chief Executive holds the title The Honourable, and ranks first in the Hong Kong order of precedence, the current Chief Executive is Leung Chun-ying who took office on 1 July 2012. The official residence of the Chief Executive is Government House in Central, according to Article 44 of the Basic Law, the Chief Executive must be a Chinese citizen as defined by the HKSAR Passports Ordinance. Article 47 further requires that the Chief Executive be a person of integrity, in addition, since the 4th Chief Executive term, candidates may not stand for selection by the Election Committee without first obtaining 150 nominations from its members. In the first election of the Chief Executive, the Committee consisted of only 400 members and it was expanded to 800 for the second term. The functional constituencies correspond to various sectors of the economy and society, the elected Chief Executive must be appointed by the Premier of the Central Peoples Government before taking office. According to Article 46 the term of office of the Chief Executive is five years with a maximum of two consecutive terms, if a vacancy occurs mid-term, the new Chief Executives first term is for the remainder of the previous Chief Executives term only. The method of selecting the Chief Executive is provided under Article 45 and Annex I of the Basic Law, under the Basic Law the Chief Executive is the chief representative of the people of Hong Kong and is the head of the government of Hong Kong. The position is responsible for the policy address made to the public. The CEs powers and functions are established by Article 48 of the Basic Law, the Executive Council of Hong Kong is an organ for assisting the Chief Executive in policy-making. The council is consulted before making important policy decisions, introducing bills to the Legislative Council, Article 52 stipulates circumstances under which the Chief Executive must resign. Examples include the loss of ability to discharge his or her duties or refusal to sign a bill passed by a majority of the Legislative Council. The acting and succession line is spelled out in Article 53, in case the position becomes vacant, a new Chief Executive would have to be elected. The provisions of inability to exercise the powers come into force, prior to the handover in 1997, the office of the Chief Executive-designate was at the 7th floor of the Asia Pacific Finance Tower. When Tung Chee-hwa assumed duty on 1 July 1997, the office of the Chief Executive was located at the 5th floor of the Former Central Government Offices, in the past the governor had his office at Government House. Tung did not use Government House as the residence because he lived at his own residence at Grenville House. Donald Tsang decided to return to the renovated Government House during his first term, in 2011, the office of the Chief Executive moved to the low block of the new Central Government Complex in Tamar
33.
Tung Chee-hwa
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Tung Chee-hwa, GBM is a Shanghai-born Hong Kong businessman and politician. He was the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong from the transfer of sovereignty on 1 July 1997 to 12 March 2005 and he is currently the vice-chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. Born as the eldest son of Chinese shipping magnate Tung Chao Yung who founded Orient Overseas Container Line, four years later, OOCL teetered on the edge of bankruptcy, and the business was saved by the Peoples Republic of China government through Henry Fok in 1986. He was appointed a member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong by the last British Governor Chris Patten in 1992. He was tipped as Beijings favourite as the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong SAR, in 1996, he was elected the chief executive by a 400-member Selection Committee. His government was embroiled with a series of crises, including the bird flu, in 2002, he was re-elected without competition. In 2003, more than 500,000 protesters demanded Tung to step down in the light of the legislation of the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23. Tung resigned in the middle of his term on 10 March 2005. After his resignation, he was appointed chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference by the Beijing government. He remains influential in Hong Kong politics, Tung was born in Shanghai on 7 July 1937, 29th day of the fifth lunar month in 1937 in the Chinese calendar into an influential shipping magnate family of Tung Chao Yung. Tung Chao Yung was the founder of the Orient Overseas Container Line and his younger brother, Tung Chee-chen, was ranked as the 23rd wealthiest man in Hong Kong in 2009, worth US$900 million. In January 2008, Tung and his family were ranked as the 16th wealthiest in Hong Kong and his father moved the family to Hong Kong a year of the Chinese Communist Party took over China, when Tung was 12 years old. His father remained closed to Chiang Kai-sheks Kuomintang government on Taiwan, in which the logo OCCL has been plum blossom, in the 1950s, Tung attended the Chung Wah Middle School, a leftist school later shut down by the Hong Kong Government. He was sent abroad to study at the Liverpool University, leaving him with a passion for Liverpool Football Club. From Liverpool he was sent to the United States before he returned to Hong Kong and he took over his family business in 1981. However, in 1985, his company was heavily in debt, Henry Fok, a pro-Beijing businessman took initiative and helped Tungs family, with the support of the Beijing government. Tung became close to the Communist authorities in Beijing afterward, in 1993, he was appointed to the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, the top advisory body of China. On 11 December 1996, he was elected by a 400-member Selection Committee, receiving 320 votes and beating former judge Yang Ti-liang and he sworn in as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the day of transfer of sovereignty on 1 July 1997
34.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
35.
Groundbreaking
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Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businessmen. The actual shovel or spade used during the actual groundbreaking is often a special ceremonial shovel meant to be saved for subsequent display, commemorative information may be subsequently engraved on the shovel. In some places, clergy may also provide blessings, particularly if the building is being constructed by a church or religious-affiliated organization. The term groundbreaking, when used as an adjective, may mean being or making something that has never been done, seen, or made before, builders rites Topping out Cornerstone Publicity stunt Ribbon cutting ceremony Media related to Ground-breaking ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Michael Eisner
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Michael Dammann Eisner is an American businessman. Eisner is best known as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 until 2005. Prior to Disney, Eisner was President and CEO of rival studio, Paramount Pictures, from 1976 to 1984, and had brief stints at the major television networks, NBC, CBS. Eisner was born to an affluent, secular Jewish family in Mount Kisco and his mother, Margaret, whose family founded the American Safety Razor Company, was the president of the Irvington Institute, a hospital that treated children with rheumatic fever. His father, Lester Eisner, Jr. was a lawyer and regional administrator of the United States Department of Housing and his parents were both descendents of German Jewish immigrants and Eisner had 16 relatives who were killed in the Holocaust. He was raised on Park Avenue in Manhattan and he is a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and credits much of his accomplishments to his time at Keewaydin Canoe Camp for boys in Vermont. Eisner has one sister, Margot Freedman, after two brief stints at NBC and CBS, Barry Diller at ABC hired Eisner as Assistant to the National Programming Director. Eisner moved up the ranks, eventually becoming a vice president in charge of programming. In 1976, Diller, who had by then moved on to become chairman of Paramount Pictures, recruited Eisner from ABC and made him president, Diller left Paramount in 1984, and, as his protégé, Eisner expected to assume Dillers position as studio chief. When he was passed over for the job, though, he left to look for work elsewhere, since the death of founder Walt Disney in 1966, The Walt Disney Company had narrowly survived several takeover attempts. Its shareholders Sid Bass and Roy E. Disney brought in Eisner and former Warner Brothers chief Frank Wells to replace Ron W. Miller in 1984 and strengthen the company. In addition to his duties as Chairman and CEO, Eisner was also the presenter of The Wonderful World of Disney TV series, Eisner was well recognized by children at the companys theme parks who often asked him for autographs. During the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s, Disney was revitalized, beginning with the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid, its flagship animation studio enjoyed a series of commercial and critical successes. Disney also broadened its offerings in film when then Disney Studio Chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg acquired Miramax Films in 1993. Disney acquired many other sources, including ABC and ESPN. While some of the proposals were completed, most were not, Wells died in a helicopter crash in 1994. When Eisner did not appoint Walt Disney Studios chief Jeffrey Katzenberg to Wells now available post, Katzenberg resigned, the Ovitz episode engendered a long running derivative suit, which finally concluded in June 2006, almost 10 years later. Chandler, III of the Delaware Court of Chancery, despite describing Eisners behavior as falling far short of what shareholders expect, found in favor of Eisner and the rest of the Disney board because they had not violated the letter of the law
37.
Bob Iger
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Robert Allen Bob Iger is an American businessman and the chairman and chief executive officer of The Walt Disney Company. He was named president and COO of Disney in 2000, and later succeeded Michael Eisner as CEO in 2005, Iger was also a driving force behind the reinvigoration of Walt Disney Animation Studios and the branded-release strategy of its film studios output. Iger has also inducted as a member of several organizations, including the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame. Iger was born to a Jewish family in New York City, Iger was raised in the Long Island town of Oceanside, New York, where he attended the Fulton Avenue School and graduated from Oceanside High School in 1969. In 1973, he graduated cum laude from the Roy H. Park School of Communications at Ithaca College with a Bachelor of Science degree in Television. Iger is the son of Mimi and Arthur L. Iger and his mother worked at Boardman Junior High School in Oceanside. Iger began his career in 1972 as the host of “Campus Probe. He dreamed of becoming an anchor while he worked as a weatherman in Ithaca for five months. In 1974, Iger joined the American Broadcasting Company, in 1989, Iger was named to head up ABC Entertainment. In 1994, Iger was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABCs corporate parent, in 1996, The Walt Disney Company purchased Capital Cities/ABC and renamed it ABC, Inc. where Iger remained President until 1999. On February 25,1999, Disney named Iger the President of Walt Disney International, Disney called the change a promotion for Iger. Some viewed this claim skeptically since Iger was being removed from day-to-day authority at the struggling ABC, Disney named Iger the President and Chief Operating Officer on January 24,2000, making him Disneys #2 executive under Chairman and CEO, Michael Eisner. Disney had been without a president since Eisner assumed the role following the departure of Michael Ovitz in 1997. As a result of a a successful effort by Roy E. Disney to shake up the management of the company, on March 26, Iger reassigned Peter Murphy, Disneys Chief Strategic Officer, and pledged to disband the companys Strategic Planning division. Iger also vowed to restore much of the authority that the division had assumed to the companys individual business units. Disney reconciled with former board members Roy E. Disney and Stanley Gold, in the process, Roy E. Disney was named a Director Emeritus and Consultant. On January 24,2006, Disney announced it would acquire Pixar for $7.4 billion in an all-stock transaction and this acquisition made Steve Jobs Disneys top shareholder, with seven percent of outstanding shares, and gave him a new seat on Disneys Board of Directors. In the same year, Iger also re-acquired the rights to Walt Disneys first star, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, in August 2009, Iger spearheaded negotiations that led Disney to acquire Marvel Entertainment and its associated assets for $4 billion
38.
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
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Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. also known informally as Walt Disney Parks and Resorts or Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Companys four major business segments and a subsidiary. It was founded in 1971, after the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, joining the original Disneyland in California, which opened in 1955. It is by far the largest Disney business segment by employee headcount, the chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is Bob Chapek, formerly president of Disney Consumer Products. Chapek reports to Disney CEO Bob Iger, in 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney, originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment. Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions, Western Publishing, Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares by May 1,1959 for $562,500. With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in April 1954 by Walt to be opened in July 1955. On July 17,1955, the Disneyland park with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests, WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too. On June 29,1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all and this allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits, $511K. The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963, beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida, another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations, in 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres, which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres by October 1965. Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965. Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12,1967, ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30. In Roy O. Disneys last act as CEO in 1968, the next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park. In 1959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland, disneylands first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 1966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions, the design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise. Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances
39.
Donald Tsang
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Donald Tsang Yam-kuen, GBM is a former Hong Kong civil servant and the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2005 to 2012. Tsang became the Chief Secretary for Administration in 2001 and ran for the Chief Executive in 2005 after incumbent Tung Chee-hwa resigned and he served the remaining term of Tung and was re-elected in 2007. He served a full term until he stepped down in 2012. He carried out a five-year policy blueprint and ten large-scale infrastructure projects during his term and his popularity began to decline after the introduction of the Political Appointments System which was marked by controversies and scandals. In the last months of his term, Tsang was embroiled by various corruption allegations, Tsang was born in Hong Kong on 7 October 1944 to a Hong Kong police officer. He spent his living in the Hollywood Road Police Married Quarters in Central. In 1977, Tsang was attached to the Asian Development Bank in Manila for a year and worked on water supply and railway development projects in the Philippines and Bangladesh. He was subsequently sent by the government to complete a degree in public administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government of the Harvard University in 1981. In 1989, he was appointed Director of Administration to oversee the functioning of the Government Secretariat, in 1991 he became Director-General of Trade and in charge of all facets of trade negotiation and administration affecting Hong Kong. In May 1993, he was promoted to Secretary for the Treasury, responsible for the resource allocation, the taxation systems. In September 1995, Tsang was appointed Financial Secretary, becoming the first Chinese to hold the position in 150 years of colonial history and he went on to become the first Financial Secretary in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on 1 July 1997. Hours before the handover, he was knighted by Prince Charles at the Government House, Hong Kongs public spending grew steadily as public revenue remained robust and government budget in surplus. Public expenditure to GDP rose to as high as 23%, though still the lowest among developed economies and he also approved a raise in civil servants salaries at the beginning of the Asian economic crisis. The salary raise was finally reversed, aligning civil servants salaries to 1997 levels, Tsangs action successfully led to the retreat of the hedge funds and earned his reputation internationally. In 2001, Tsang succeeded Anson Chan who retired citing personal reasons to be the Chief Secretary for Administration, the second-ranking position in the government. Donald Tsang found his task as Chief Secretary was to implement Tungs order to launch a Team Clean Campaign to clean up the city in May 2003 after the SARS outbreak. He remained topping in popularity polls among all the officials in Hong Kong as Chief Secretary, on 11 March 2005, incumbent Tung Chee-hwa announced his resignation, citing poor health. Tungs resignation was approved by the government the next day
40.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
