1.
Extended play
–
An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
2.
Girls' Generation
–
Girls Generation, also known as SNSD, is a South Korean girl group formed by S. M. The group is composed of eight members, Taeyeon, Sunny, Tiffany, Hyoyeon, Yuri, Sooyoung, Yoona, originally a nine-piece group, Girls Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album. Girls Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles Tell Me Your Wish, Oh. and Run Devil Run, in mid-2010, Girls Generation signed with Nayutawave Records to venture into the Japanese music scene. The groups third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011, an English version of the single The Boys was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the groups endeavor to the global music scene. Their fifth Korean studio album, Lion Heart, was released in 2015, Girls Generations signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop, though their sounds have varied widely, incorporating various genres including hip hop, R&B, and EDM. They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012, the groups immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles The Nations Singers and The Nations Girl Group. Girls Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and they are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube, Gee, I Got a Boy, The Boys, Mr. Taxi, and Oh. Because their name consists of Chinese roots, the name is similar in Chinese and Japanese, in Japan the groups name is pronounced as Shōjo Jidai. Prior to the debut, some of the members were already involved in the entertainment industry. Yoona had gone through about 200 auditions for music videos, dramas, Sooyoung was exposed to the Japanese music scene as a member of a pop duo named Route θ, which disbanded one year after its debut in 2002. The first member of the group to join S. M, entertainments training system was Jessica in 2000, after she and her sister, Krystal Jung, were scouted in a mall in South Korea during a family vacation. That same year, members Sooyoung and Hyoyeon were cast into S. M. s training system through the 2000 S. M, Open Audition, in which Hyoyeon danced for her audition. Yuri was the next Girls Generation member to become an S. M. trainee after coming second in the 2001 S. M, Yoona was cast the following year through the 2002 S. M. Saturday Open Casting Audition, where she sang and danced to her favorite singers, BoA, Seohyun, the groups youngest member, was scouted in the subway by an S. M. scout, she then auditioned in 2003, singing childrens songs. The groups leader, Taeyeon, was cast in 2004 after winning first place in the S. M and that same year, member Tiffany auditioned at S. M. s Starlight Casting System in Los Angeles, and joined the company in October 2004. The final member of the group to be added was Sunny, at Starworld, she trained to debut in a duo named Sugar, which never debuted. In 2007, on the recommendation of Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki, Entertainment and became a member of Girls Generation. In July 2007, Girls Generation had their first stage performance on Mnets School of Rock, on August 5,2007, the group officially made their debut on SBSs Inkigayo, where they performed the same song
3.
K-pop
–
K-pop is a music genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. The more modern form of the genre emerged with one of the earliest K-pop groups, Seo Taiji and Boys and their experimentation with different styles of music reshaped Koreas music scene. As a result, the integration of foreign musical elements has now become common practice with K-pop artists, K-pop entered the Japanese market at the turn of the 21st century and rapidly grew into a subculture among teenagers and young adults of East and Southeast Asia. Although K-pop generally refers to South Korean popular music, some consider it to be an all-encompassing genre exhibiting a vast spectrum of musical and visual elements, the French Institut national de laudiovisuel defines K-pop as a fusion of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and fashionable, colorful outfits. Songs typically consist of one or a mixture of pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, Management agencies in South Korea offer binding contracts to potential artists, sometimes at a young age. Trainees live together in an environment and spend many hours a day learning music, dance, foreign languages. This robotic system of training is often criticized by Western media outlets, in 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that the cost of training one Korean pop idol under S. M. K-pop is a product that features “values, identity and meanings that go beyond their strictly commercial value. ”It is characterized by a mixture of Western sounds with an Asian aspect of performance. It has been remarked that there is a vision of modernization inherent in Korean pop culture, for some, the transnational values of K-pop are responsible for its success. Many agencies have presented new idol groups to an audience through a debut showcase, groups are given a name and a concept, along with a marketing hook. Sometimes sub-units or sub-groups are formed among existing members, an example subgroup is Super Junior-K. R. Y. Which consists of members Kyuhyun, Ryeowook, and Yesung, and Super Junior-M, online marketing includes music videos posted to YouTube in order to reach a worldwide audience. Prior to the video, the group releases teaser photos. Promotional cycles of subsequent singles are called comebacks even when the musician or group in question did not go on hiatus, modern K-pop is marked by its use of English phrases. In 1995, the percentage of song titles using English in the top 50 charts was 8% and this fluctuated between 30% in 2000, 18% in 2005, and 44% in 2010. Similarly, increasing numbers of K-pop bands use English names rather than Korean ones and this allows songs and artists to be marketed to a wider audience around the world. An example of a Korean song with a proportion of English lyrics is Kara’s Jumping. Increasingly, foreign songwriters and producers are employed to work on songs for K-pop idols, such as will. i. am, musicians, including rappers such as Akon, Kanye West, Ludacris, and Snoop Dogg, have also featured on K-pop songs
4.
Korean language
–
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
5.
S.M. Entertainment
–
Entertainment is a South Korean entertainment company established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is currently one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, the company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. The label is home to prominent K-pop artists such as BoA, TVXQ, TRAX, The Grace, Super Junior, Girls Generation, SHINee, f, EXO, Red Velvet, NCT, and formerly to pioneering groups H. O. T. Fly to the Sky, and Shinhwa and it also manages a number of actors, including Kim Min-jong and Lee Yeon-hee. Entertainment co-publishes Avex Trax releases for artists including Ayumi Hamasaki, Namie Amuro, Entertainment had reported revenues of KR₩325 billion and a net income of KR₩21.7 billion. After graduating from California State University, Northridge in the United States, Lee Soo-man returned to Korea and established SM Studio in Apgujeong-dong, Gangnam, the business changed its name to S. M. Entertainment and set up its capital fund in February 1995 with Jung Hae-ik as CEO, Kim Kyung-wook became CEO of the company in 1998. In December 2000, S. M. became affiliated with Fandago Korea, in January 2001, the company founded an overseas division, S. M. Around the same time, the company was approved for listing on KOSDAQ, the subsidiaries BM Entertainment and Cid. K Entertainment were also formed, but later became defunct as the groups disbanded, April 2002 saw shares increase by 1,341,180, and in June, an additional 61,048 as a result of third-party capital. In late 2002, S. M. was awarded the Grand Prix of Ministry of Culture, in 2003, S. M. became affiliated with Starlight Corporation Ltd. and C-Cube Entertainment Corporation. The same year, the company debuted five-member boy group TVXQ, the following years saw the debuts of artists such as TRAX, The Grace, and Super Junior. In 2005, Kim Young-min became the companys third CEO, under whom several artists debuted with a view to promoting outside of South Korea. Artists debuting under S. M. at this time were solo singer of Chinese descent Zhang Liyin, Japanese-language soloist J-Min, Girls Generation, SHINee, in April 2008, a Mandarin-language subunit of Super Junior was formed, Super Junior-M. In October 2008, S. M. announced plans for a debut in the United States for BoA under subsidiary label SM Entertainment USA, in May 2008 the SM Art Company was formed with Pyo In-bong as co-CEO, aiming to produce musical and theatre works. Its first production was of Xanadu, which starred Super Junior members Heechul, in March, KMP Holdings was established as a joint venture between S. M. Entertainment, YG Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, Star Empire, Medialine, CAN Entertainment, the firms first release from S. M. was Super Juniors fifth studio album, Mr. Simple, which marked the end of S. M. s self-distribution. In May, S. M. announced its highest ever first quarter operating profits, at KR₩10.4 billion, gross revenue was reported at KR₩22.7 billion, a 58% increase on the previous year
6.
Universal Music Group
–
Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Warner Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
7.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Oh! (Girls' Generation album)
–
Oh. is the second studio album by the South Korean girl group Girls Generation. It was released on January 28,2010 in Korea and it features the lead single Oh. A repackaged version, Run Devil Run was released in March 2010, the album is listed by Gaon Albums Chart as the second best-selling album of 2010 in South Korea, with 197,934 copies sold, and the repackaged version at fourth with 136,851 copies. Initial interest in the album was high, as physical and online pre-orders of the album totaled 150,000 copies, on its first day of sale, Oh. The album was released internationally via iTunes on February 8,2010, the group began promoting their album on MBCs Music Core on January 30. As a part of their comeback performance on Music Core. Upon the albums release, various album tracks charted in the top ten of various charts. In April 2010, one of the songs in their album entitled, a repackaged version of the album was released in March, with a new concept based around a Dark Girls Generation theme. The new single Run Devil Run was released as a single on March 17,2010. A demo, guide version of the song was recorded by Kesha, however, the songs rights were then sold to SM Entertainment. The music video was released on March 18, with their first comeback performance on KBSs Music Bank, Entertainment later stated that Yoona was the girl on the cover. Oh. was first performed live on January 30,2010 on MBCs Music Core, however, there was a technical error in MBCs broadcast, with a few seconds of dead air near the end of the performance, the network was subsequently flooded with complaints. The incident was parodied on YouTube, mixing in clips of the Korean drama IRIS. The group followed up with their performance on The Music Trend the following day. Starting from March 11,2010, photos of the members were released online showcasing a dark concept, in the run of promotions for the song, an official iPhone application was released, available in free and paid versions. The free version has 30-second previews for all the songs on the album, a video for “Run Devil Run”. The paid version has full tracks for all the songs on the album, music videos for “Run Devil Run”, “Gee”, “Oh. ” and “Tell Me Your Wish ”, and they concluded their song promotions by the May 2,2010 in SBS Inkigayo. They promoted the album with the tour Girls Generation Tour, started on July 23,2011 in Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea, ended in Impact Arena, Bangkok, Thailand on February 12,2012
9.
Girls' Generation (2011 album)
–
Girls Generation is the debut Japanese album by South Korean Girls Generation, released by Nayutawave Records and Universal Music Japan on June 1,2011. A repackaged edition of the album, The Boys, was released on December 28,2011, to promote the album, Girls Generation embarked on their first Japan concert tour, The First Japan Arena Tour. With the aid of their album, the album has officially shipped over 1 million copies as of January 11,2012. After releasing three singles in the Japanese market, including Genie, Gee, and Mr. Taxi/Run Devil Run, a music video for the track Bad Girl was released on August 11. Other tracks in the album, Mr. Taxi and Let It Rain, were used as the music for various versions of Girls Generations CF with Lipton Tea. Girls Generation became the highest earning foreign artist in Japan for the first half of 2011, on December 28, the group released a repackaged version of the album, Re, package Album Girls Generation ~The Boys~. It includes a Japanese version of their international hit The Boys, and remixed versions of The Great Escape, Bad Girl, Mr. Taxi, a music video for Time Machine was released on March 13,2012. The start of the tour was postponed to May 31,2011 because of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, due to overwhelming demand, with up to 300,000 applicants applying for tickets, additional stops were added to the tour. The tour was named as The First Japan Arena Tour, Girls Generation received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Nevertheless, he lauded it as an album and regarded the record as an improvement on the groups previous Korean releases. Hadfield also labelled Girls Generation one of the best J-pop albums, spins editor Chuck Eddy picked Bad Girl as a highlight on the album, calling it over-the-top and Latin-freestyle-emoted track. On Amazon Japan, the edition sold very well and rose quickly to No.1 on the pre-order chart while the limited edition was ranked 7th. On various Japanese album stores, Girls Generation was the No.1 pre-ordered album with over 300,000 units expected to be shipped, one month after the album release, Oricon reported a total sales of 211,972 copies. The album placed second on the Oricon Monthly Album Chart for the month of June, on December 19,2011, Oricon reported that Girls Generation sold over 542,054 copies in the 2011 calendar year to rank 5th place on the Oricon Yearly Album Chart. On June 8,2012, the RIAJ certified the album Million for shipping over a million copies, the previous record holder was the original soundtrack for the Korean drama Winter Sonata, which remained in the Top 10 for 16 weeks. The album was released in three different editions, Deluxe Limited First Press Edition, Limited Pressing Edition, and the Regular Edition. A repackaged Edition was released later, Limited Pressing Edition comes in a slipcase with a 32-page photobook and a bonus DVD featuring the same contents at the Deluxe Limited First Press Edition except Mr. Taxis dance version. Regular Edition comes in a jewel case with a lyrics-only booklet
10.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
11.
Hangul
–
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
12.
Koreans
–
Koreans are an ethnic group native to the whole Korean Peninsula and southeastern Manchuria. Over the course of the 20th century, significant Korean communities have emerged in Australia, Canada, United States and, to a lesser extent, as of 2013, there were an estimated 7.4 million ethnic Korean expatriates around the planet. South Koreans refer to themselves as Hanguk-in, or Hanguk-saram, both of which mean Korean nation people, when referring to members of the Korean diaspora, Koreans often use the term Han-in. North Koreans refer to themselves as Joseon-in or Joseon-saram, both of which literally mean Joseon people, using similar words, Koreans in China refer to themselves as Chaoxianzu in Chinese or Joseonjok in Korean, which are cognates that literally mean Joseon ethnic group. Ethnic Koreans living in Russia and Central Asia refer to themselves as Koryo-saram, alluding to Goryeo, Koreans are the descendants of the peoples that migrated for over 13. 000-7.000 years from Southeast Asia and todays Russian Far East into the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. Later Chinese and other, often said to be Siberian or paleo-Asian tribes migrated into parts of Korea, archaeological evidence suggests that most of the later arriving tribes were migrants from south-central Siberia. During the Four Commanderies of Han some Chinese clans migrated to northern Korea, susumu Ōno, Ki-Moon Lee and Choong-Soon Kim suspect that proto-Dravidian people migrated to Korea and parts of Japan. Susumu Ōno suggest also an Austronesian immigration into the Korean peninsula, the largest concentration of dolmens in the world is found on the Korean Peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35, 000-100,000 dolmen, Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C-M217. About 2% of Korean males belong to Haplogroup D-M174, the D1b-M55 subclade has been found with maximal frequency in a small sample of the Ainu people of Japan, and is generally frequent throughout the Japanese Archipelago. Haplogroup D4 is the modal haplogroup among Koreans and among Northeast Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans, Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its writing system with some Hanja. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide, estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Koreas population has been extremely difficult. Until release of data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population, thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were made available to the outside world
13.
Girl group
–
A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together. All-female bands, in which also play instruments, are usually considered a separate phenomenon. These groups are sometimes called girl bands to differentiate, although this terminology is not universally followed, with the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting, a number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US. The Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave, in later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco, contemporary R&B, and country-based formats, as well as pop. A more globalized music industry saw the popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea, also, since the late 2000s, South Korea has had a significant impact, with 8 of the top 10 girl groups by digital sales in the world originating there. The ladies were together from 1923 until the early 1940s, and known for their harmonies, as well as barbershop style or novelty tunes. The Three X Sisters were also especially a notable addition to the music scene, the Boswell Sisters, who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over twenty hits. The Andrews Sisters had musical hits across multiple genres, which contributed to the prevalence, the rise of girl groups appeared out of and was influenced by other musical movements of the time period. Importantly, the first successful girl groups of this era were typically white and this era was also advantageous to the beginnings of girl group music because of the newfound prevalence of the radio as well, which allowed this style of music to spread. Also, the Lennon Sisters were a mainstay on the Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 on, in early 1956, doo-wop one-hit wonder acts like the Bonnie Sisters with Cry Baby and the Teen Queens with Eddie My Love showed early promise for a departure from traditional pop harmonies. With Mr. Lee, the Bobbettes lasted for 5 1/2 months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining acceptance of all-female. However, it was the Chantels 1958 song Maybe that became arguably, the mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music. However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin, the Shirelles solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962s number one hit Soldier Boy, over the next two and a half years. Motown would mastermind several major groups, including Martha and the Vandellas, the Velvelettes. Other songwriters and producers in the US and UK quickly recognized the potential of new approach. Phil Spector recruited the Crystals, the Blossoms, and the Ronettes, while Goffin, phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the girl group, as well as bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups
14.
Rhythm and blues
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
15.
Ballad
–
A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
16.
Kwon Yu-ri
–
Kwon Yu-ri, better known by the mononym Yuri, is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted as a member of girl group Girls Generation in August 2007, apart from her groups activities, she has participated in various television dramas, including the television dramas Fashion King Defendant and Neighborhood Hero and the film No Breathing. She also joined the web drama Gogh, The Starry Night, Yuri was born in Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea on December 5,1989. She has one brother, Kwon Hyuk-jun. Entertainment Casting System and joined the company in 2001 after finishing in place in the 2001 SM Youth Best Dancer Contest. She then underwent training for 5 years and 11 months before her debut and she graduated from Neunggok High School in 2008. She and Sooyoung were appointed as Chung-Ang University new ambassadors on May 20,2014, on February 15,2016, she graduated with a degree in Theater and Film as well as receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award as Honorary Ambassador of the school at the graduation ceremony. Yuri made her debut as a member of the 9-member girl group. Aside from her activities, she had a small role in a television segment, The Kings Boyfriend. She also made an appearance as a ballerina in the film, Attack on the Pin-Up Boys. In 2008, Yuri had a role in the 2008 KBS2 sitcom, Unstoppable Marriage. In June, she sang a duet called Kkok with Sooyoung for the soundtrack of SBS television series, Yuri also became a cast member in the second season of Kko Kko Tours Single♥Single, a dating show between celebrities. In 2009, she was announced to be a host of MBC music program, music Core with fellow member Tiffany. In April, K. Will released the video of Dropping The Tears. She then performed a stage with him for one of his performances of the song on Show. Music Core, playing the piano in the background, as Girls Generation started preparing for their Japanese debut, their schedules became busier. Because of this, Yuri and Sunny left Invincible Youth in June 2010, for the same reason, she and Tiffany also had to leave Show. Music Core in the month to focus on the groups activities
17.
Contemporary R&B
–
Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
18.
Friendship
–
Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people. Friendship is a form of interpersonal bond than an association. Friendship has been studied in fields such as communication, sociology, social psychology, anthropology. Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, including social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, a World Happiness Database study found that people with close friendships are happier. Although there are forms of friendship, some of which may vary from place to place. While there is no limit on what types of people can form a friendship, friends tend to share common backgrounds, occupations. In the typical sequence of an individuals emotional development, friendships come after parental bonding, the absence of friends can be emotionally damaging. The evolutionary psychology approach to development has led to the theory of Dunbars number. He theorized that there is a limit of approximately 150 people with whom a human can maintain stable social relationships, in childhood, friendships are often based on the sharing of toys, and the enjoyment received from performing activities together. These friendships are maintained through affection, sharing, and creative playtime and they begin to see their friends points of view, and enjoy playing in groups. They also experience peer rejection as they move through the middle childhood years, establishing good friendships at a young age helps a child to be better acclimated in society later on in their life. In a 1975 study, Bigelow and La Gaipa found that expectations for a best friend become increasingly complex as a child gets older, the study investigated such criteria in a sample of 480 children between the ages of six and fourteen. Their findings highlighted three stages of development in friendship expectations, in the first stage, children emphasized shared activities and the importance of geographical closeness. In the second, they emphasized sharing, loyalty, and commitment, in the final stage, they increasingly desired similar attitudes, values, and interests. High-quality friendships have often assumed to have positive effects on many aspects of childrens social development. Perceived benefits from such friendships include enhanced social success, but they apparently do not include an effect on childrens general self-esteem, numerous studies with adults suggest that friendships and other supportive relationships do enhance self-esteem. Other potential benefits of friendship include the opportunity to learn about empathy, coaching from parents can be useful in helping children to make friends. Eileen Kennedy-Moore describes three key ingredients of childrens friendship formation, openness, similarity, and shared fun, parents can also help children understand social guidelines they havent learned on their own
19.
Electropop
–
Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
20.
Synthesizer
–
A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
21.
Gaon Music Chart
–
The Gaon Music Chart tabulates the relative weekly popularity of songs or albums in South Korea. It started tracking sales since the beginning of 2010 and it was officially launched in February 2010 with a launching ceremony held on 23 February 2010 at the Westin Chosun hotel in Seoul. The launch also included a small awarding ceremony, which awarded girl group Girls Generation with top artist of January, meanwhile, Hit single We Fell In Love, performed by Jo Kwon of 2AM and Ga-in of Brown Eyed Girls, took the title of best weekly mobile ringtone. There are two charts, Gaon Album Chart and Gaon Digital Chart. The charts lists domestic artists sales, international sales and a combined overall sales in weekly, monthly. The Gaon Album Chart ranks physical album sales, including mini, the Gaon Digital Chart ranks best-selling non-physical, digital music sales, and is an aggregate of downloads, streaming and background music. It excludes radio airplay, and different versions of a song are listed as separate entries and it is compiled from online data provided by web-based music providers such as Olleh Music, genie, Melon, Mnet, Soribada, Naver Music, KakaoMusic and Bugs. There is no digital album chart because each song is a digital download. All charts rank the top 100, before mid-2014, the digital, streaming, download, and noraebang charts ranked the top 200. The Gaon Social Chart is a chart that ranks the top 100 songs according to their popularity on YouTube, Twitter, Weibo. The Gaon Weibo Chart is a chart that ranks the top 10 most popular K-pop groups. This chart started the week of June 29,2014, Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards Gaon chart official homepage KMCIA official homepage
22.
Inkigayo
–
Inkigayo is a South Korean music program broadcast by SBS. It airs live every Sunday at 12,10 PM KST, the show features some of the latest and most popular artists who perform on stage. Since February 5,2017, it is hosted by Park Jin-young, Kim Ji-soo and it is broadcast from the SBS Open Hall in Deungchon-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul. Inkigayo debuted as SBS Popular Song in 1991 as a chart show and it was later revived in 1998 with its original title and format. In 2003, the format was removed and was replaced by Take 7, where seven of the most popular artists from the week are featured. In spring 2007, the changed from a recorded broadcast to a live broadcast in an effort to boost ratings. On November 2,2008, the program moved from 3,20 pm to 4,10 pm Sunday afternoons, airing before Good Sunday, in spring 2010, the program expanded to 70 minutes beginning at 3,50 pm every Sunday. Therefore, we have decided to abolish the system after much discussion, there’s really no meaning behind a ranking system. We have decided to undergo this change in hopes that viewers can just enjoy the music, there are a lot of K-Pop stars in the music industry that have talent. We wanted to free from the repetitive system, in which artists release new songs and perform. For viewers to enjoy the music, we will have more collaboration stages, the revamped show, without Take 7 and Mutizen Song award, began on July 15,2012. On March 3,2013, the announced the revival of the chart system with Inkigayo Chart. The new chart is a collaboration with the Music Industry Association of Koreas Gaon Chart, starting on October 2,2016, the program changed its broadcasting time from 3,50 pm to 12,10 pm. Along with the time change, the program changed its logo. Every week, a rookie artist or group performed live on stage, at the end of the month, a Super Rookie was chosen, through votes from the Inkigayo homepage, and was featured that month. This segment ended at the end of 2010, formerly known as Mobile Ranking, the Digital Music Charts takes into consideration the popularity of songs through downloads on mobile phones as well as downloads on music sites. Every week, it features five ranks with a special guest to host the segment, throughout each episode, various artists are featured in campaign songs that raise awareness for certain topics or issues. Such campaigns include, safe driving, drinking milk, piracy, Take 7 is the representative segment of Inkigayo
23.
Korean Broadcasting System
–
Korean Broadcasting System is the national public broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, KBS began as Kyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation that was established by the Governor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927. This second radio station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after the Republic of Korea got the call sign HL of the International Telecommunication Union, after doing a national broadcast, the radio was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948. Television broadcasts in South Korea began on 12 May 1956 with the first television station HLKZ-TV and it was sold to KBS in 1961. KBS station status changed from government to public broadcasting station on 3 March 1973, construction of KBS headquarters in Yeouido started in 1976. In 1979, KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM wave with the launch of KBS Stereo, in 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM, and on 27 December 1990, the channels split from KBS to form the Educational Broadcasting System. After a revision of the licensing fee system in 1994. KBS is a public corporation funded by the South Korean government and license fees, as part of the Constitution, the president of KBS is chosen by the President of South Korea, after being recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea also have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors, around 37. 8% of KBS revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47. 6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, KBS1 - KBS flagship channel, it broadcasts news and current affairs, education, sports and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is funded by the license fee. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting via digital terrestrial television, KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming, but the majority of which is on KBS2. KBS2 - KBS entertainment and drama channel, it was launched in 1980 as a replacement for the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation and it is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs public information films and less news and current affairs programming, KBS UHD - The Ultra High Definition channel. Airs music videos and re-runs of dramas and it is on national terrestrial digital channel 66. KBS1 and KBS2 phased out analogue services on December 31,2012 as part of the switchover to digital television, KBS Prime - A culture and drama channel, launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed as KBS Korea in 2002, before becoming Prime, KBS Drama - formerly KBS Sky Drama, it was launched in 2002. KBS N Sports - formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, it was launched in 2002
24.
Music Bank (TV series)
–
Music Bank is a South Korean music program which airs every Friday at 17,00 KST on KBS2. As of 2015, the show is also broadcast in more than a hundred countries through KBS World, episodes are filmed at the KBS New Wing Open Hall in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu. Since November 2016, it is hosted by Lee Seo-won and Laboums Solbin, past hosts include Song Hye-kyo, Rain, Ji Sung, Song Joong-ki, Uee, Yoon Bo-ra, Park Seo-joon, Irene and Park Bo-gum. Prior to Music Bank, Top 10 Songs debuted in 1981 airing live at 6, 30PM on Fridays and aired until 1998. For the first few months of 1998, Bravo New Generation took its place, the chart format that was used since Top 10 Songs was abandoned in late 2001 due to controversy and was changed into a request format. In 2005, the show was moved to Sunday afternoons at 12, 45PM, due to sinking ratings, in September 2007, the show returned to its original timeslot of Fridays evenings at 6,30 PM and returned to a live format. The charts were revived as category-based charts, in January 2008, the category-based charts were combined into the K-Chart which is the familiar countdown chart and the only program to do so. In June 2008, the show extended to 70 minutes, airing from 6,30 PM to 7,40 PM making it the longest music program on air. In November 2008, as part of the Autumn format changes, in May 2010, as part of the Spring format changes, the show began airing from 5,50 PM to 7,10 PM for 80 minutes. On August 27,2010, Music Bank began airing live to 54 different countries around the world through KBS World, and included new interactive features for international viewers through Twitter. On November 11,2011, as part of the Autumn format changes, in August 2012, Asian American cable network Myx TV began airing the first English dubbed version of Music Bank. Since October 25,2013, the show airing for 80 minutes from 6, 30pm to 7, 50pm, following KBS Global 24. K-Chart is the charts of Music Bank. The charts are calculated by combining the Digital Music Charts, Album Sales, Number of times broadcast on KBS TV only, and Viewers Choice Charts. The Top 50 songs of the week are featured on the show, where the Top 21-50 songs are shown via marquee, the hosts then showcase the Top Two songs and announce who will be the winner of the week. The Number 1 song on the chart is the winner of that weeks chart, during the last week of June, the most popular song of the first half of the year is awarded the Music Bank First Half 1st Place award. During the last week of December, the Music Bank 1st Place award is awarded to the most popular song of the entire year, prior to the combined K-Charts, category-based charts were used. From September to December 2007, every week a different category was featured, technically, each category would only be featured once a month
25.
M Countdown
–
M Countdown is a South Korean music program broadcast by Mnet. It airs live every Thursday at 18,00 to 19,30 KST, the show features some of the latest and most popular artists who perform live on stage. The show is hosted by Shinees Key and co-hosted by various artists that are invited to the show each week and it is broadcast from CJ E&M Center Studio in Sangam-dong, Mapo District, Seoul. It also airs live in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, United States, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, segments previous airing include BSHOP where songwriter Bang Si-hyuk introduces some hit songs, and MCD DRAMA where the hosts act out scenarios. The current segment airing is MCD NEWS which reports the latest music industry news, and MCD Ranking which ranks celebrities with certain topics. As of June 11,2015, The chart featured on M. Countdown was calculated by combining Digital Single Sales, Album Sales, Social Media Points, Preference Points, Mnet Broadcast Points, after that, the song is removed from the chart. Music Core Arirang TV Pops in Seoul Arirang TV Simply K-Pop JTBC Music on Top MBC Music Show Champion SBS MTV The Show M Countdown – Official website
26.
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
–
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is one of the leading South Korean television and radio networks. Munhwa is the Korean word for culture and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 for Digital. Established on December 2,1961, MBC is a Korean terrestrial broadcaster which has a network of 17 regional stations. Though it operates on advertising, MBC is a broadcaster, as its largest shareholder is a public organization. Today, it is a group with one terrestrial TV channel. ▲ Radio era Launching the first radio broadcast signal from Seoul, ▲ Black & White TV era MBC launched TV broadcasting on August 8,1969, and started to broadcast its main news program MBC Newsdesk on October 5,1970. It reached affiliation deal with 7 commercial stations between 1968 and 1969, and started nationwide TV broadcasting through its 13 affiliated or regional stations, in 1974, FM radio was launched, as MBC took over The Kyunghyang Shinmun. ▲ Color TV Era The first color TV broadcasting was started in December,1980, MBC was separated from The Kyunghyang Shinmun according to the 1981 Basic Press Act. In 1982, it moved into the Yoido headquarters and founded professional baseball team MBC Cheong-ryong, with the live coverage of the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, MBC made a great advancement in scale and technology. ※ MBC Production and MBC Media Tech were merged into MBC C&I in August,2011, ▲ Digital Era As the convergence of broadcasting and communications becomes full-fledged, MBC made its subsidiary iMBC an independent corporation and pursued various internet-related business. Furthermore, it started cable TV satellite TV and new DMB broadcasting, in 2007, MBC established digital production center Ilsan Dream Center, which is equipped with high-tech production facilities. In September 2014, it competed the construction of new headquarters building, in 2001, MBC launched satellite and cable television broadcasting. As part of expansion it created MBC America, a subsidiary based in Los Angeles, United States. On August 1,2008 MBC America launched MBC-D, a television network carried on the subchannels of KSCI-TV, KTSF-TV. The service was planned to be launched in Atlanta, Chicago, in northeast metro Atlanta, it aired on WKTB-CD channel 47.3, but as of 2011 is on WSKC-CD channel 22.1. Corp. established and registered 10/2/1961 – Changed corporate name into Hankuk Munhwa Broadcasting Corp, 9/1/1986 – Unmanned TV relay station established in Ulleungdo Island 12/15/1987 -MBC Standard FM broadcasting launched 1988.9. MBC is devoted to entering foreign markets and expanding the business area and it maintains a close relationship with foreign buyers by participating in major content markets every year such as MIP-TV, MIPCOM, NATPE, BCWW and ATF. In addition, it operates an English web site which introduces various MBC content to the buyers and viewers so that they can easily access its content
27.
Gee (Girls' Generation song)
–
Gee is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. The original Korean version was released as a single from their play of the same name on January 5,2009. The single was a success in the native country, claiming the top spot on Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks. It was the single of 2009 in South Korea. A Japanese version was written by Kanata Nakamura and was released as the groups second single in Japan in October 2010 in conjunction with their foray into the Japanese music scene. Gee has been recognized as a K-pop standard and considered as the leader in modern Korean bubblegum pop trends. Gee is a song about a girl who has fallen in love for the first time. The title is supposed to be an exclamation of surprise, a similar to “Oh my gosh”, or more similarly. The song Dancing Queen, from their later released 2013 album I Got a Boy, was scrapped due to copyright issues, Girls Generation had their first promotional activity for the song on the MBCs music show Music Core on January 10. Gee eventually became a hit, achieving nine consecutive top one on the KBSs Music Bank and it was named as the Song of the decade by South Koreas online music website, MelOn, and chosen to be the most popular song of 2009 on Music Bank. A parody of Gee, called Hee, has gained popularity among Korean citizens and it is a combination of the instrumental of Gee and some extremely venomous dialogue from the drama Temptation of Wife. A viral video named Showa Era Gee )) was posted on YouTube on Aug 15,2011 featuring elderly men in a shoe shop dancing to the Japanese version of Gee, the video was originally on SMAPxSMAP Japanese show. It was also posted on Smosh website and was reviewed by AtomicMari on Smosh Pit Weekly, in 2009 and 2010, SM labelmates Super Junior regularly included a cover of Gee in their setlist for Super Show 2. Gee has been recognized as a K-pop classic and the groups signature song. On writing the biography for AllMusic, Chris True selected Gee as one of their outstanding songs. Chuck Eddy from Spin ranked the fifth on his list of 21 greatest K-pop song of all time in 2012. He further recognized the formally irrefutable song as overcoming half a millennium of historical animosity to broker pop cultural peace between South Korea and Japan for only one year, abigail Covington writing for The A. V. Billboard magazine labelled Gee arguably the most iconic K-pop song in the past ten years, there are three full music videos for the Korean version of Gee
28.
Tell Me Your Wish (Genie)
–
Tell Me Your Wish is the second extended play by Girls Generation. The EP was released on June 29,2009 by S. M, composers Yoo Young-jin, Kenzie, Hwang Seong-Je, Kim Jin-Hwan, joined the production of the EP. Girls’ Generation started their promotions on Music Bank, on June 26,2009. The EP was released on June 29,2009 and their first win for their single Sowoneul Malhaebwa was obtained at the July 10,2009 episode of KBS Music Bank. Their second award was claimed at the July 12,2009 episode of SBS Inkigayo, the group finished promotions for Sowoneul Malhaebwa in August 2009. The music video was released a later and features the group members dancing on top a building in Navy uniforms. The album sold an estimated 50,000 copies in its first week after released, the albums went to sell over 200,000 as of 2010. Entertainment announced that Girls Generation would be making a comeback with a new single and showing a Marine Girl concept, the groups first performance for the album was on June 26 on KBS Music Bank. The song was rewarded as the most popular album and ringtone downloads and this album contains a total of six songs including the lead single of the same title. The only single off the album, Tell Me Your Wish is a pop song influenced by the European dance genre. The song was composed in English as I Just Wanna Dance after which it was retitled when Korean lyrics were composed by Yoo Young-jin. The lyrics theme is exposed by the subtitle Genie, which is the symbol of Goddesses of Luck. Girlfriend is a 1980s disco-style song while Boyfriend is a song, bringing electro elements. My Child is with an intro in a gospel and classical style. One Year Later is a pop ballad duet sung by Jessica. The duet was featured in MBC TV drama Pasta. The physical release of Tell Me Your Wish was delayed by SM Entertainment in order to redo the album art, notable changes included removing the imagery of a World War II Imperial Japanese A6M Zero fighter and a slightly modified eagle insignia of the Nazi Party on the cover. As a result, The EP was officially released 4 days later on June 29,2009, Tell Me Your Wish at Discogs
29.
Oh! (Girls' Generation song)
–
Oh. is the lead single from Oh. The second studio album by South Korean girl group Girls Generation, the single was digitally released on January 25,2010 and came to be a huge hit song in South Korea. The group used a concept for the songs promotional activities. The song hit #1 on various charts, and won several times on the Korean music chart shows Music Bank and The Music Trend. The song ranked #4 on Gaon Chart Top 10 Digital Songs of the Year and it was also the second best selling single in that year, Oh. was remade as a Japanese song for the groups second single titled, Oh. From their second Japanese album Girls & Peace and it was their fifth Japanese single. The music video for Oh. was released on September 14,2012, promotion for the single began on Hey. The single ranked highly among Japanese music charts, clinching the top spot on the Oricon Daily and Weekly single chart as well as the top spot on the Japanese Hot 100. The single was released with the song, All My Love Is for You, on September 26,2012, kenzie, a songwriter who previously composed the groups debut single Into the New World, also composed Oh. Oh. was released to digital music sites on January 25,2010, the song quickly topped various digital music charts within 10 minutes of release. The single was announced with no confirmation of title tracks, however fans were allowed to pre-order the regular, after several weeks of speculation, the singles title track, a Japanese remake of the groups popular 2010 Korean hit, Oh. was finally announced on September 10. The accompanying music video to Oh. was released on September 14,2012, a teaser video was released to various websites on January 23,2010, causing at least one of them – Naver – to be overwhelmed by high visitor traffic. The full video was released on January 27,2010, eventually, the dance version of Oh. was released on S. M. As of December 2016, the official music video has attracted over 100 million views on YouTube, becoming the groups fifth music video to do so following Gee, I Got A Boy, The Boys. The girls wear specific numbers in the video, each number was personally chosen by the members. In the story version, it is shown that they were cheerleaders for an American football team, in the middle of the video, Sooyoung mishandles an American football helmet causing the computer monitor to be damaged. At the end of the video, the meet the Black SoShi. The Japanese version of Oh. was released on September 14,2012, a dance version for Oh. was released on September 18,2012
30.
Run Devil Run (Girls' Generation song)
–
Run Devil Run is a song by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. The original Korean version was released on March 17,2010 as a single from Run Devil Run, Run Devil Run was written by Alex James, busbee, and Kalle Engström. In 2008, American singer Kesha recorded a demo of the song, later, the song was pitched to Girls Generation and Keshas version was never released. In 2011, Girls Generation recorded a Japanese version of Run Devil Run, the song has been noted to use the schaffel beat. Its first number one on television was on KBSs Music Bank. Moreover, Run Devil Run was ranked at one on the Gaon Singles Chart for two weeks. On March 11,2010, photos of the members were started being released online showcasing a dark concept, in the run of promotions for the song, an official iPhone application was released, available in free and paid versions. The free version has 30-second previews for all the songs on the album, a video for Run Devil Run. The paid version has full tracks for all the songs on the album, music videos for Run Devil Run, Gee, Oh. and Tell Me Your Wish, and they concluded their song promotions by May 2,2010 in SBSs Inkigayo. In Japan, Run Devil Run was first performed on Music Station on January 28,2011, the music video for Run Devil Run was released on March 18. They also released a version on March 31,2010. The original video contains two settings, a room and a black room. Throughout the video, there are scenes of the dancing in these rooms. At the end of the video, the girls are shown in the black room, after which the video ends similar to a TV shutting off. Soon, the meet the Black SoShi, and after an encounter with them, Yuri pulls the plug from the monitor to its outlet, turning off the monitor. When the girls are cleaning up the room, one of them touches the monitor, on April 8,2011, the teaser video for a Japanese version of Run Devil Run was released and the full video the following day. On April 25,2011, a version was released. Lisette Bustamante provided choreography for the videos, the video is similar to the Korean version, except for altered dance moves and outfits
31.
Busbee
–
Michael James Ryan Busbee is an American songwriter, record producer, publisher and musician from the San Francisco Bay area. Born in Walnut Creek, California, Busbee was introduced to music at 7 when his parents enrolled him in piano lessons and he took to music instantly and throughout his youth studied piano, trombone, tuba, saxophone, and everything else he could get his hands on. In high school he discovered jazz and focused his passion on the trombone. In his junior year of college he was honored with The Frank Rosolino Memorial Scholarship award recognizing him as the top college-age jazz trombonist in the world. Throughout college he also freelanced as a player in and around New York City and San Francisco playing everything from weddings. A dedicated jazz aficionado, it wasnt until after college that he actually began discovering the vast world of pop, rock, R&B, and soul. A few years later, his new fascination with music led him to Los Angeles where he got a job working for the well-known producer Eric Valentine. A year later, he started freelancing as a producer and began writing more, in 2006, a friend invited him to Nashville to write songs. Within a few months he landed a deal with Crosstown Music through Nashville super-producer Dann Huff. He experienced his first success as a songwriter in Nashville penning the hit single Summer Nights for Rascal Flatts, shortly thereafter he scored his first #1 on that chart with the song “Our Kind of Love” by Lady Antebellum. He followed it with the Hunter Hayess Storm Warning”, around the same time, his career in pop music took off as well. He went on to write the hit single “Dark Side” for Kelly Clarkson, in 2013 he signed a multi-faceted publishing deal with BMG Rights Management which included a joint-venture publishing company of his own
32.
Recording Industry Association of Japan
–
The Recording Industry Association of Japan is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry. It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association, the RIAJs activities include promotion of music sales, enforcement of copyright law, and research related to the Japanese music industry. It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book, a summary of each years music sales. The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan, in 1989, the Recording Industry Association of Japan introduced the music recording certification systems. It is awarded based on shipment figures of compact disc or cassette tape which was reported by record labels, in principle, the criteria are limitedly applied to the materials released after January 21,1989. Currently, all music sales including singles, albums, digital download singles are on the same criteria, unlike many countries, the highest certification is not called Diamond or Platinum, but Million. Before the unification of criteria and introduction of music videos category in July 2003, certifications for songs and albums released digitally began on September 20,2006, using download data collected since the early 2000s. From 2006 until 2013, there were three categories for certifications, Chaku-uta, Chaku-uta Full and PC Haishin for songs purchased on services such as iTunes, on February 28,2014, the Chaku-uta Full and PC categories were merged to create the Single Track category. And Hikaru Utadas sixth studio album Fantôme among others, Avex Group¹ Avex Entertainment Being Inc
