1.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
2.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
3.
Bebe Rexha
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Bleta Bebe Rexha is an American/Albanian singer-songwriter and record producer. She is best known as a featured guest vocalist on several Billboard Hot 100 charting songs, such as G-Eazys Me, Myself & I, David Guettas Hey Mama and she also co-wrote the chart-topping Eminem and Rihanna single The Monster, among others. In March 2016, she released the single, No Broken Hearts featuring Nicki Minaj, I Got You was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault, Pt.1, becoming her first Hot 100 entry as a lead artist. The EP was released on February 17,2017 and her father is from Debar and her mother is from Gostivar. Her first name, Bleta, means honey bee in Albanian, when Rexha was six years old, she and her family moved to Staten Island. At her elementary school, Rexha played trumpet for over nine years, while teaching herself to play guitar, Rexha attended Tottenville High School on Staten Island, where she took part in a variety of musicals. She also joined the choir, while still in high school, after joining the choir, she discovered that her voice was a coloratura soprano. As a teenager, Rexha submitted a song to be performed at the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences annual Grammy Day event, Rexha earned the Best Teen Songwriter award, beating around 700 other entrants. As a result, she signed a contract with the talent scout Samantha Cox, in 2010 Rexha met Fall Out Boys bassist Pete Wentz with whom she began working at a recording studio at New York City. She would eventually become a member and a lead vocalist of Wentzs new experimental project of a band, the band played a variety of live shows and released several singles and remixes. However, in January 2012, Wentz announced that Rexha left the band to other endeavors. In 2013, Rexha signed with Warner Bros. Records as a solo artist, Rexha had begun writing several songs, including Selena Gomez Like a Champion and Nikki Williams Glowing. Her most prominent songwriting effort of 2013 was Eminem and Rihannas song The Monster, the song went on to top the charts for the US Billboard Hot 100 and Billboards Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. That same year, Rexha also wrote and was featured on Cash Cashs single Take Me Home, on March 21,2014, Rexha released her debut single, I Cant Stop Drinking About You. The song peaked at number 22 on Billboards Top Heatseekers chart, the music video was released on August 12,2014. The video was inspired by imagery from such as Girl, Interrupted. In November 2014, Rexha was featured on rapper Pitbulls song This Is Not a Drill, in December 2014, Rexha released two more singles, Im Gonna Show You Crazy and Gone. On May 12,2015, she released her debut EP and she also co-wrote and was featured on David Guettas single Hey Mama, alongside Nicki Minaj and Afrojack
4.
Florida Georgia Line
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Florida Georgia Line is an American country duo consisting of vocalists Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard. They have achieved major success since their inception and are one of the most successful music acts of the 2010s. The young band quickly emerged after several years starting their careers by making covers and their music has been tagged as bro-country, transitioning from the traditional country feel to their hybrid sounds and their lyrical focus about backroads, girls, drinking and trucks. Their 2012 single Cruise is the best-selling digital country song of all time in the United States as of January 2014 and it is the only country song to ever receive the Diamond Award - over 10 million copies sold. Florida Georgia Line was formed in 2010 in Nashville, Tennessee, in December 2011, they signed a publishing/ production/ management deal with Big Loud Mountain, Craig Wisemans, Joey Mois, and Kevin Chief Zaruks partnership. Their second EP, Itz Just What We Do, charted on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and they played on the 2012 Country Throwdown Tour, along with acts such as Josh Thompson, Corey Smith, Gary Allan, Justin Moore, and Rodney Atkins. They have also opened for Luke Bryan, Brantley Gilbert, Jake Owen, Jason Aldean, Colt Ford, on July 16,2012, they signed with Republic Nashville, part of the Big Machine Label Group. They released their album, Anything Goes on October 14,2014. Both members of Florida Georgia Line grew up and first gained interest in music through church worship services and he began learning to play guitar then began writing music inspired by Christian rock group Casting Crowns. Tyler Hubbard, a native of Monroe, Georgia, was a worship leader who formed a hip hop group, Ingenious Circuit. The two had a myriad of musical interests growing up, Me and my friends rode trucks, listened to Garth Brooks, Alabama, Lil Wayne and Eminem, said Kelley. The duo met at Belmont University in 2008 through a worship group. They moved in one another and began several odd jobs to pay bills. While independent, they recorded and digitally distributed their first EP and they were discovered by Nickelback producer Joey Moi at a county fair, and the three began entering the studio together. Unlike typical country music sessions, the group spent days polishing songs, in terms of production, the band modeled their sound on bands such as Nickelback, Shinedown, and Three Days Grace, while Moi aimed for each song to resemble hair metal group Def Leppard in structure. Kelley likes to think of his career not as a career, Country music is always evolving and will continue to evolve, he told FORBES magazine. Florida Georgia Lines first EP, released December 14,2010, is a 6-song EP produced with Wesley Walker, all of the songs were written by either Hubbard or Hubbard and Kelley. The EP consists of the songs Youre Country, Now That Shes Gone, Man I Am Today, Never Let Her Go, Black Tears, the song Black Tears was also on Jason Aldeans 2012 album Night Train
5.
Jukebox
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A jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that will play a patrons selection from self-contained media. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that, coin-operated music boxes and player pianos were the first forms of automated coin-operated musical devices. These instruments used paper rolls, metal disks, or metal cylinders to play a selection on the instrument, or instruments. In the 1890s these devices were joined by machines which used actual recordings instead of physical instruments, in 1890, Louis Glass and William S. The music was heard via one of four listening tubes, Some machines even contained carousels and other mechanisms for playing multiple records. Most machines were capable of holding only one selection, the automation coming from the ability to play that one selection at will. In 1928, Justus P. Seeburg, who was manufacturing player pianos, combined an electrostatic loudspeaker with a player that was coin-operated. This Audiophone machine was wide and bulky, and had eight separate turntables mounted on a rotating Ferris wheel-like device, later versions of the jukebox included Seeburgs Selectophone, with 10 turntables mounted vertically on a spindle. By maneuvering the tone arm up and down, the customer could select from 10 different records, greater levels of automation were gradually introduced. As electrical recording and amplification improved there was increased demand for coin-operated phonographs, as it applies to the use of a jukebox, the terms juking and juker are the correct expressions. Song-popularity counters told the owner of the machine the number of each record was played, with the result that popular records remained. Wallboxes were an important, and profitable, part of any jukebox installation, serving as a remote control, they enabled patrons to select tunes from their table or booth. One example is the Seeburg 3W1, introduced in 1949 as companion to the 100-selection Model M100A jukebox, stereo sound became popular in the early 1960s, and wallboxes of the era were designed with built-in speakers to provide patrons a sample of this latest technology. Initially playing music recorded on wax cylinders, the shellac 78 rpm record dominated jukeboxes in the part of the 20th century. C. D. s, and videos on DVDs were all introduced and used in the last decades of the century, MP3 downloads, and Internet-connected media players came in at the start of the 21st century. The jukeboxs history has followed the wave of technological improvements in music reproduction and distribution, Jukeboxes were most popular from the 1940s through the mid-1960s, particularly during the 1950s. By the middle of the 1940s, three-quarters of the records produced in America went into jukeboxes, while often associated with early rock and roll music, their popularity extends back much earlier, including classical music, opera and the swing music era. In 1977, The Kinks recorded a song called Jukebox Music for their album Sleepwalker, styling progressed from the plain wooden boxes in the early thirties to beautiful light shows with marbelized plastic and color animation in the Wurlitzer 850 Peacock of 1941
6.
Nielsen Audio
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Nielsen Audio is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio broadcasting audiences. It was founded as the American Research Bureau by Jim Seiler in 1949 and became national by merging with Los Angeles-based Coffin, Cooper, the companys initial business was the collection of broadcast television ratings. The company changed its name to Arbitron in the mid‑1960s, the namesake of the Arbitron System, deployed in New York City, it gave instant ratings data on what people were watching. A reporting board lit up to indicate which homes were listening to which broadcasts, on December 18,2012, The Nielsen Company announced that it would acquire Arbitron, its only competitor, for US$1.26 billion. The acquisition closed on September 30,2013, and the company was re-branded as Nielsen Audio, as a condition of the deal to allow a monopoly, Nielsen must license its ratings data and technology to a third party for eight years. The term commonly used in the industry for these ratings is Arbitron book. More specifically, in the diary-measured markets these reports were called the Spring book, Summer book, Fall book, between these books, Arbitron releases interim monthly reports called Arbitrends, which contain data from the previous three months known as rolling average reports. The two interim reports would be known, for example, as Spring, Phase I and Spring, Arbitron recruits diary survey respondents to note their listening habits in a seven-day paper diary and mail it back to Arbitron. The respondents are paid a cash incentive for their participation. Turnaround time for release of data from the end of the period is approximately three weeks. After collection, the data is marketed to radio broadcasters, radio networks, cable TV companies, advertisers, advertising agencies, out-of-home advertising companies, and the online radio industry. Major ratings products include cume, average quarter hour, time spent listening, and market breakdowns by age, gender and it is important to understand that the cume only counts a listener once, whereas the AQH is a product of cume and time spent listening. For example, if you looked into a room and saw Fred and Jane, the cume would be 3 and the AQH would be 2. The PPM is a portable device, much like a pager or mobile phone. Arbitron recruits and compensates a cross-section of consumers to wear the meter for an average of one year, the audience estimates generated from each monthly survey is used as the buy/sell currency for radio stations and advertisers/agencies. By 2010,48 markets are being measured using the PPM. S, radio Markets Audio interview of Ernest H. Clay, ARBs Research and Production Director on WGNs discussion show Your Right To Say It
7.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
achieved their runs on the Most Played in Juke Boxes chart (published 1944-58). Songs marked 
achieved their runs on the Best Sellers on Stores chart (published 1948-58). Songs marked 
achieved their runs on the Most Played by Jockeys chart (published 1949-58). All songs listed for the period when multiple charts were in operation also had shorter runs at number one on the other charts not indicated. The three charts were merged to create Hot C&W Sides (now Hot Country Songs) in 1958.
