1.
Florence, South Carolina
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Florence /ˈflɔːrəns/ is a city in Florence County, South Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Florence County and the city within the Florence metropolitan area. The area forms the core of the historical Pee Dee region of South Carolina, as of the 2010 census, the population of Florence was 37,056, and the estimated population in 2015 was 38,228. In 1965, Florence was named an All-American City, presented by the National Civic League, the city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems, including the Wilmington and Manchester, the Northeastern, and the Cheraw and Darlington. As of 2013, the city retains its status as a hub, both for industry and infrastructure, while establishing itself as a regional center for business, medicine, culture. The City of Florence was chartered in 1871 and incorporated in 1890 following the 1888 creation of Florence County, prior to its charter, the city was part of one of the original townships laid out by the Lords Proprietors in 1719. The area was settled through the late 19th and early 20th century. Early settlers practiced subsistence farming and produced indigo, cotton, naval stores and timber, in the mid-19th century two intersecting railroads were built, the Wilmington and Manchester, and the Northeastern. Gen. W. W. Harllee, the president of the W & M, built his home at the junction, over 2,800 of the prisoners died of disease, and the burial ground adjacent to the prison became the Florence National Cemetery after the war. After the war, Florence grew and prospered, using the railroad to supply its cotton, timber, during the 20th century the economy of Florence came to rely heavily on the healthcare industry, driven by two major hospitals and a number of pharmaceutical plants. Industry grew, especially after World War II, when Florence became increasingly known for textiles, pharmaceuticals, paper, Florence is located in the coastal plain of South Carolina. It is in the part of the state and the northern part of Florence County. The average elevation above sea level is around 140 ft. Jeffries Creek is a tributary of the Great Pee Dee River and is the waterway that flows through the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.9 square miles, of which 20.9 square miles are land and 0.04 square miles. Autumn, winter and spring are mild, with winter nights below freezing. Florences summers can be hot and humid. The city, like cities of the Southeast, is prone to inversions. The city of Florence has a form of government
2.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
3.
Soul jazz
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Soul jazz is a development of jazz incorporating strong influences from blues, soul, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often an organ trio featuring a Hammond organ. Soul jazz is often associated with hard bop, “Hard bop was an “opening out” in many directions. Gridley, writing for the All Music Guide to Jazz, explains that soul jazz more specifically refers to music with an earthy, bluesy melodic concept and repetitive, dance-like rhythms. Note that some listeners make no distinction between soul-jazz and funky hard bop, and many dont consider soul-jazz to be continuous with hard bop. Roy Carr describes soul jazz as an outgrowth of hard bop, and soul appearing in a jazz context as early as the mid-1950s to describe gospel-informed, down-home, call-and-response blues. Carr also notes the influence of Ray Charles small group recordings with Horace Silver, Art Blakey, Cannonball Adderley and Milt Jackson. ”“F. Scott Fitzgerald famously dubbed the 1920’s the Jazz Age. ”Soul jazz developed in the late 1950s. Cannonball Adderley noted, We were pressured quite heavily by Riverside Records when they discovered there was a word called soul and we became, from an image point of view, soul jazz artists. They kept promoting us that way and I kept deliberately fighting it, while soul jazz was most popular during the mid-to-late 1960s, many soul jazz performers, and elements of the music, remain popular. The Jazz Crusaders, for example, evolved from jazz to soul music. Carr places David Sanborn and Maceo Parker in a line of alto saxophonists that includes Earl Bostic and Tab Smith, with Adderley, followed by Lou Donaldson, as the strongest links in the chain. Les McCann and Eddie Harriss album Swiss Movement was a hit record, as was the accompanying single Compared to What, list of soul-jazz musicians Category, Soul-jazz musicians Soul jazz at AllMusic Soul-Jazz, Where Jazz, Blues And Gospel Meet at NPR Music
4.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
5.
Prestige Records
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Prestige Records was a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City. The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the jazz musicians of the day. In 1971, the company was sold to Fantasy, which was absorbed by Concord. Weinstock opened a store for collectors in 1948 while still a teenager. The store was adjacent to the Metropole Jazz Club in New York City, Jazz musicians hung out and rehearsed at the club, and then moved upstairs adjacent to Weinstocks store. Weinstock got the idea to record these jazz stars by offering them cash payments, Prestige office was located at 446 West 50th Street, New York City. The labels name was initially New Jazz, but changed to Prestige Records the following year and its catalogue included Gene Ammons, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Stan Getz, Wardell Gray, Thelonious Monk, and Sonny Rollins. Weinstock stated a desire for an authentic, spontaneous sound, unlike Blue Note, Prestige would not pay musicians for rehearsals and discouraged repeated takes. Another Weinstock practice, of rewinding the tapes after bad takes, has resulted in very few alternate takes surfacing from the classic Prestige years, audio engineer Rudy Van Gelder was in charge of recording many albums in the 1950s. Prestige created new labels in 1960, Swingsville, Moodsville, and Bluesville, musicians recording for the label at this time included Jaki Byard and Booker Ervin, while Prestige remained commercially viable by recording a number of soul jazz artists like Charles Earland. In the mid-sixties the companys headquarters were located at 203 South Washington Avenue in Bergenfield, Bob Weinstock has been criticized over the years for allegedly exploitive business practices. Jackie McLean in A. B. Spellmans Four Lives in the Bebop Business is particularly outspoken and he resented Weinstocks economic exploitation, but appreciated the chance Weinstock gave him when his career was at its low point. The company was sold to Fantasy Records in 1971, and original releases on the label formed a significant proportion of their Original Jazz Classics line, Fantasy was purchased by Concord Records in 2005. Prestige – official site Prestige discography at Discogs Prestige discography at JazzDisco
6.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
7.
Savoy Records
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Savoy Records is an American record company and label established by Herman Lubinsky in 1942 in Newark, New Jersey. Savoy specialized in jazz, rhythm and blues, and gospel music, in the 1940s Savoy recorded some of the biggest names in jazz, Miles Davis, Erroll Garner, Dexter Gordon, J. J. Johnson, Fats Navarro, and Charlie Parker. In 1948, it began buying other labels, Bop, Discovery, National and it also reissued music from Jewel Records. In the early 1960s, Savoy recorded a number of jazz artists. They included Paul Bley, Ed Curran, Bill Dixon, Mark Levin, Charles Moffett, Perry Robinson, Joseph Scianni, Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, Marzette Watts, after Lubinskys death in 1974, Clive Davis, then manager of Arista Records, acquired Savoys catalogue. After that, Joe Fields of Muse Records purchased the catelogue from Arista, in 1986 Malaco Records acquired Savoys black gospel titles and contracts. In 2003, Savoy Jazz acquired the rights to the Muse, as of 2012, the Savoy library is primarily controlled by Nippon Columbia, a public company based in Tokyo, which purchased Savoy in 1991. Nippon Columbias wholly owned subsidiary, Savoy Jazz, handled Savoy Records distribution in the United States until 2009, many of the labels African-American artists begrudged the labels founder, Herman Lubinsky, feeling underpaid for their work. Tiny Price, a journalist for the African-American newspaper The Newark Herald News, said of Savoy and Lubinsky, if he messed with you, you were messed. At the same time, some of people, many of them Newarks top singers and musicians. Except for Lubinsky, all the hot little numbers, like Buddy Johnsons Cherry, the man may have been hated, but he saved a lot of our history for us and for future generations. Savoys artistic directors included Buck Ram, Teddy Reig, Ralph Bass, Fred Mendelsohn, the following are 12 LPs and have the prefix MG. Acorn Records Gospel Records Regent Records Sharp Records List of record labels Ruppli, Michel, Porter, official website SavoyJazz. com Savoy Records Discography Project
8.
Telarc International Corporation
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Telarc International Corporation is an American audiophile, independent record label founded in 1977 by two classically trained musicians and former teachers, Jack Renner and Robert Woods. Though it started as a label, Telarc has released jazz, blues. In 1996, Telarc merged with independent label, Heads Up. In late 2005 both Telarc and Heads Up were bought by Concord Records, today both labels operate as semi-autonomous units in the Concord Music Group. Telarc is noted for the quality of its recordings, encapsulated in the slogan The Telarc Sound. Its audio engineers are highly regarded within the business and have led Telarc to 54 Grammy Awards on its own label. In 2004 it received the Label of the Year award from Gramophone magazine, Telarc was one of the first labels to record music with a 20-bit analog-to-digital converter in the late 1980s and has used 24-bit formats since 1996. Currently, the majority of Telarcs releases are Super Audio CDs based on Direct Stream Digital recordings, in February 2009, due to corporate restructuring at Concord Music Group, Telarc announced it would cut twenty-six jobs and that it would also stop producing its own recordings. These job cuts included the highly regarded, multi-award-winning production team, Telarcs founder and former president Robert Woods resigned in March 2009 and was replaced by Heads Up president Dave Love. Love was subsequently let go the following month, in 2013, the Blues Foundation honored Telarc with its 2013 Keeping the Blues Alive Award. Every year the Blues Foundation presents the KBA Awards to individuals, the KBA ceremony was held in conjunction with the 29th International Blues Challenge. The KBAs are awarded on the basis of merit by a panel of blues professionals to those working to actively promote
9.
Etta Jones
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Etta Jones was an American jazz singer. Jones was born in Aiken, South Carolina, United States, still in her teens, Jones joined Buddy Johnsons band for a nationwide tour although she was not featured on record. In 1947, she recorded and released a cover version of Leon Renes I Sold My Heart to the Junkman while at RCA Victor records. She performed with the Earl Hines sextet from 1949 to 1952 and she had three Grammy nominations, for the Dont Go to Strangers LP in 1960, Save Your Love for Me in 1981, and My Buddy in 1999. In 2008 the album Dont Go to Strangers was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and he also produced her albums and served as her manager, after the pair met in one of Johnny Hammonds bands. In 1997 she recorded The Melody Lingers On, the first of five sessions for the HighNote label and her last recording, a tribute to Billie Holiday, was released 57 years later on the day of Jones death. Only one of her debut album for Prestige Records —enjoyed commercial success with sales of over a million copies. Her remaining nine albums for Prestige and, beginning in 1975, her numerous recordings for Muse Records and she died in Mount Vernon, New York, at the age of 72 from cancer. She was survived by her husband, John Medlock, and a granddaughter, solo discography Dont Go to Strangers –1960 Something Nice –1960 So Warm –1961 Love Is the Thing –1961 From the Heart –1962 Lonely and Blue –1962 Love Shout –1962 Hollar. –1962 With Gene Ammons Soul Summit Vol.2 –1962 Etta Jones at Find a Grave
10.
Tenor saxophone
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The tenor saxophone is a medium-sized member of the saxophone family, a group of instruments invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1840s. The tenor and the alto are the two most commonly used saxophones, the tenor is pitched in the key of B♭, and written as a transposing instrument in the treble clef, sounding an octave and a major second lower than the written pitch. Modern tenor saxophones which have a high F♯ key have a range from A♭2 to E5 and are pitched one octave below the soprano saxophone. People who play the saxophone are known as tenor saxophonists or tenor sax players. The tenor saxophone uses a larger mouthpiece, reed and ligature than the alto, visually, it is easily distinguished by the bend in its neck, or its crook, near the mouthpiece. The alto saxophone lacks this and its neck goes straight to the mouthpiece, the tenor saxophone is commonly used in classical music, military bands, marching bands and jazz. In concert bands, the plays mostly a supporting role, sometimes sharing parts with the euphonium, horn. In jazz ensembles, the plays a more prominent role as a member of a section that includes the alto. Many of the most innovative and influential musicians have been tenor saxophonists. These include Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Ben Webster, Dexter Gordon, Wardell Gray, Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane, the work of younger players such as Michael Brecker and Chris Potter has been an important influence in more recent jazz. The tenor saxophone was one of a family of fourteen instruments constructed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, saxs patent, granted on 28 June 1846, divided the family into two groups of seven instruments, each ranging from sopranino down to contrabass. One family, pitched alternatively in B♭ and E♭, was designed specifically to integrate with the instruments then common in military bands. The tenor saxophone, pitched in B♭, is the member of this family. The tenor saxophone, like all saxophones, consists of a conical tube of thin brass. The wider end of the tube is flared slightly to form a bell, at intervals down the bore are placed between 20 and 23 tone holes, these are covered by pads which can be pressed onto the holes to form an airtight seal. There are also two small holes which, when opened, disrupt the lower harmonics of the instrument. The pads are controlled by pressing a number of keys with the fingers of the left and right hands, the tenor saxophone is also curved at the top, above the highest tone-hole but below the highest speaker hole. While the alto is usually bent only through 80–90° to make the mouthpiece fit more easily in the mouth, the reed is shaved to come to an extremely thin point, and is clamped over the mouthpiece by the use of a ligature
11.
South Carolina State University
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South Carolina State University is a four-year historically black university located in Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States. Currently the program operates through a partnership with North Carolina State University and University of Wisconsin-Madison, as of May 2015,47 bachelors degrees have been conferred by SCSU. South Carolina State is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, in June 2015, the SACS decided to allow the college to retain its accreditation, but kept them on probation for another year. In June 2016, SACSCOC decided to remove the college from probation, the schools campus size is 160 acres, with an additional 267 acres at Camp Harry Daniels in Elloree, South Carolina. Three buildings, Lowman Hall, Hodge Hall, and Dukes Gymnasium are included in the South Carolina State College Historic District, the library is the Miller F. Whittaker Library. The library was allocated $1 million from the South Carolina General Assembly in 1967 for its construction, the library is named in honor of the universitys third president. Originally two levels, a level was added in a 1979 expansion. Academic programs received more attention as the student population increased, but other programs, fortunately, the New Deal Programs were used to create, among other things, Wilkinson Hall, the universitys first separate library building. The colleges campus grew, as it purchased over 150 acres for agricultural learning, after World War II, many students flocked to the college, creating a classroom shortage problem for the school. In 1947, the United States Army created an ROTC detachment, the schools name changed, as well, as the South Carolina General Assembly renamed the school South Carolina State College in 1954. This was done in order to black students an environment of equal education. Also, the created a law program for the college. The law program folded in 1966 after the University of South Carolina integrated, during the height of the Civil Rights Movement, many students participated in marches and rallies aimed at ending segregation. The tragedy, known as the Orangeburg massacre, is commemorated by a plaza near the front of the campus. From the late-1960s to the mid-1980s, under the leadership of Dr. M, the school also opened the I. P. Stanback Museum & Planetarium, which is the facility of its kind on a historically black university campus in the United States. In 1993, Dr. Barbara Hatton became the schools first female president and created many improvements for the campus, dawson Bulldog Stadium, constructing new suites and a larger press box, as well as increasing its capacity to 22,000. Hatton also spearheaded the creation of a plaza which resides in front of the Student Union and passes by several dorms, under the leadership of Dr. Andrew Hugine Jr. the school constructed a new 771-bed residence hall, which is the largest dormitory in South Carolina
12.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
13.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
14.
Eddie Harris
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Eddie Harris was an American jazz musician, best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone. He was also fluent on the piano and organ. His best-known compositions are Freedom Jazz Dance, recorded and popularized by Miles Davis in 1966, Harris was born and grew up in Chicago. His father was originally from Cuba, and his mother from New Orleans and he later studied music at Roosevelt University, by which time he was proficient on piano, vibraphone, and tenor saxophone. While in college, he performed professionally with Gene Ammons, after college, Harris was drafted into the United States Army and while serving in Europe, he was accepted into the 7th Army Band, which also included Don Ellis, Leo Wright, and Cedar Walton. Leaving military service, he worked in New York City before returning to Chicago where he signed a contract with Vee Jay Records and his first album for Vee Jay, Exodus to Jazz, included his own jazz arrangement of Ernest Golds theme from the movie Exodus. The single climbed into the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached No.16 in the U. S. R&B chart, some jazz critics, however, regarded commercial success as a sign that a jazz artist had sold out and Harris soon stopped playing Exodus in concert. He moved to Columbia Records in 1964 and then to Atlantic Records the following year where he re-established himself, in 1965, Atlantic released The In Sound, a bop album that won back many of his detractors. In 1967, his album, The Electrifying Eddie Harris reached second place on the R&B charts, the albums lead track, Listen Here, was issued as a single, climbing to No.11 R&B and No.45 on the Hot 100. Harris released several different versions of his composition over the years, the first appeared on an early Atlantic album, Mean Greens, featuring him on electric piano. He was to re-work the track two years later, stretching it out to seven minutes in length, for his iconic sax solo version. The whole track appeared on both sides of the Atlantic hit single, edited into two parts, in 1969, he performed with pianist and vocalist Les McCann at the Montreux Jazz Festival. Although the musicians had been unable to rehearse, their session was so impressive that a recording of it was released by Atlantic as Swiss Movement and this became one of the best-selling jazz albums ever, also reaching second place on the R&B charts. Harris also came up with the idea of the reed trumpet, from 1970 to 1975, he experimented with new instruments of his own invention, with singing the blues, with jazz-rock. He also started singing and to perform comic R&B numbers, such as That is Why Youre Overweight, in 1975, however, he alienated much of his audience with his album The Reason Why Im Talking S--t, which consisted mainly of comedy. He had moved from Chicago to Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, Harris died of congestive heart failure in Los Angeles, at the age of 62. Homecoming With Horace Parlan Glad I Found You With Horace Silver Spiritualizing the Senses Theres No Need to Struggle Eddie Harris at AllMusic Eddie Harris Illustrated Discography
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Cedar Walton
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Cedar Anthony Walton, Jr. was an American hard bop jazz pianist. He came to prominence as a member of drummer Art Blakeys band before establishing a career as a bandleader and composer. Several of his compositions have become standards, including Mosaic, Bolivia, Holy Land, Mode for Joe. Walton was born and grew up in Dallas, Texas and his mother Ruth was an aspiring concert pianist, and was Waltons initial teacher. She also took him to jazz performances around Dallas, Walton cited Nat King Cole, Bud Powell, Thelonious Monk and Art Tatum as his major influences on piano. He began emulating recordings of artists from an early age. This switch later proved extremely useful since Walton learned to play and arrange for various instruments, in 1955, he decided to leave school and drove with a friend to New York City. He quickly got recognition from Johnny Garry, who ran Birdland at that time, Walton was drafted into the U. S. Army, and stationed in Germany, cutting short his rising status in the after-hours scene. While in the Army, he played with musicians Leo Wright, Don Ellis, upon his discharge after two years, Walton picked up where he left off, playing as a sideman with Kenny Dorham, J. J. Johnson, and with Gigi Gryce. Joining the Jazztet, led by Benny Golson and Art Farmer, in April 1959, he recorded an alternate take of Giant Steps with John Coltrane, though he did not solo. In the early 1960s, Walton joined Art Blakeys Jazz Messengers as a pianist-arranger for three years, on the day as Freddie Hubbard. In this group, which also featured Wayne Shorter, he demonstrated a sense of arranging in originals such as Ugetsu. For a year, he served as Abbey Lincolns accompanist, during the mid-1970s, he led the funk group Mobius. Walton arranged and recorded for Etta James from the mid 1990s helping her to win a Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album for Mystery Lady, Songs of Billie Holiday in 1994. Many of Waltons compositions have been adopted as jazz standards, including Firm Roots, Bolivia, Holy Land, Mode for Joe, Bolivia is perhaps his best-known composition, while one of his oldest is Fantasy in D, recorded under the title Ugetsu by Art Blakey in 1963. In January 2010, Walton was inducted as a member of the National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters, after a brief illness, Walton died on August 19,2013, at his home in Brooklyn, New York, at the age of 79. 1968, Spectrum 1969, The Electric Boogaloo Song 1969, Soul Cycle 1972, with Hank Mobley 1973, A Night at Boomers, Vol.11973, A Night at Boomers, Vol. With Kenny Dorham This Is the Moment, with Kenny Dorham and Cannonball Adderley Blue Spring With Teddy Edwards Its All Right
16.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
17.
Charles Brown (musician)
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Tony Russell Charles Brown was an American blues singer and pianist whose soft-toned, slow-paced blues-club style influenced blues performance in the 1940s and 1950s. He had several hit recordings, including Driftin Blues and Merry Christmas Baby, Brown was born in Texas City, Texas. As a child he loved music and received music training on the piano. He graduated from Central High School in Galveston, Texas, in 1939, the blues-club style of a light rhythm bass and right-hand tinkling of the piano and smooth vocals became popular, epitomized by the jazz piano of Nat King Cole. When Cole left Los Angeles to perform nationally, his place was taken by Johnny Moores Three Blazers, featuring Browns gentle piano and vocals. Brown led the group in a series of hits for Aladdin over the next three years, including New Orleans Blues and the original version of Merry Christmas Baby and More Than You Know. Browns style dominated the influential Southern California club scene on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles and he influenced such performers as Floyd Dixon, Cecil Gant, Ivory Joe Hunter, Percy Mayfield, Johnny Ace and Ray Charles. In the late 1940s, a demand for blues was driven by a growing audience among white teenagers in the South. Their singing was lighter and more relaxed, and they worked with bands and combos that had saxophone sections, Brown left the Three Blazers in 1948 and formed his own trio with Eddie Williams and Charles Norris. His final hit for several years was Hard Times in 1952 and his Please Come Home for Christmas, a hit for King Records in 1960, remained seasonally popular. Please Come Home for Christmas had sold one million copies by 1968 and was awarded a gold disc in that year. In the 1960s Brown recorded two albums for Mainstream Records, in the 1980s Brown made a series of appearances at the New York City nightclub Tramps. As a result of appearances he signed a recording contract with Blue Side Records. Blue Side Records closed soon after, but distribution of its records was picked up by Alligator Records, soon after the success of One More for the Road, Bonnie Raitt helped usher in a comeback tour for Brown. He began a recording and performing again, under the musical direction of the guitarist Danny Caron. Other members of Charless touring ensemble included Clifford Solomon on tenor saxophone, Ruth Davies on bass, several records received Grammy Award nominations. In the 1980s Brown toured widely as the act for Raitt. Brown became a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Brown died of congestive heart failure in 1999 in Oakland, California, and was interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California
