1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Roxette
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Roxette is a Swedish pop rock duo, consisting of Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle. Formed in 1986, the duo became an act in the late 1980s. Their third album Joyride, which was released in 1991, became just as successful as its predecessor. Roxette went on to achieve nineteen UK Top 40 hits and several US Hot 100 hits, including four US number-ones with The Look, Listen to Your Heart, It Must Have Been Love, and Joyride. Other hits include Dangerous, Fading Like a Flower, Dressed for Success, on the advice of the managing director of their record label, they came together to record Neverending Love, which became a hit single in Sweden. After the release of Dont Bore Us, Get to the Chorus, a greatest hits record, the duo took a hiatus from the mid-1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day and Room Service. They continued to chart in other territories, mainly in Europe and Latin America, in 2002, the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour. In 2011, they released Charm School, their first studio album in ten years and this was followed by Travelling a year later. Their songs It Must Have Been Love and Listen to Your Heart continue to receive radio airplay. Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson first met in Halmstad, Sweden, Gessle performed in Gyllene Tider, one of Swedens most popular bands at the time, and Fredriksson in the less successful Strul and MaMas Barn before both embarked on solo careers. In 1981, Fredriksson sang for the first time with Gyllene Tider on stage and was featured as a background vocalist for a Swedish-language album the band released in 1982. Gessle also worked with ex-ABBA singer Frida, for a song that appeared on her 1982 album Somethings Going On, while working on her first solo album, Het vind, Fredriksson performed more background vocals for Gyllene Tiders only album in English, The Heartland Café. The 11-track album was released in February 1984 and sold 45,000 copies in Sweden, According to Gessle, the groups first English-language release was in response to interest expressed by EMIs American label Capitol Records. Capitol took six of the tracks and released an extended play record in the US with a title, Heartland. Gessle and the members of Gyllene Tider chose the title of a 1975 Dr. Feelgood song. The newly named Roxette issued one near-invisible release in the US, Teaser Japanese, whose video reached MTVs studio and it, and subsequent singles, fared better in Sweden, and Gyllene Tider briefly toured the country to support the album. However, the album died soon enough and the international career died before it even started and we decided to put Gyllene Tider to rest. Gessle then turned solo work, recording his second Swedish-language solo album, Scener, released in 1985, while Fredriksson recorded her second solo album, Den sjunde vågen
3.
Tourism (Roxette album)
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Tourism, Songs from Studios, Stages, Hotelrooms & Other Strange Places is the fourth studio album by Swedish pop duo Roxette, released on 28 August 1992 by EMI. The album contains three live recordings, while another track was recorded live in an empty nightclub in São Paulo. A further two tracks were recorded in Buenos Aires Alvear Palace Hotel and it also under-performed on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 117 on the chart and selling approximately 275,000 copies—far short of the million-selling Joyride. Nevertheless, the album was a success in Europe, and was certified platinum in numerous territories. As of 2001, Tourism has sold over 6 million copies worldwide, Tourism was described by Roxette in the albums liner notes as a tour album, not a live album. It consists of songs recorded by the band in various locations during the Join the Joyride. A portion of a performance of It Must Have Been Love from their 25 April 1992 concert at San Carlos Stadium in Santiago. This new version was recorded in Ocean Way Recording Studios in March 1992, also recorded there was new song The Heart Shaped Sea, which again features Leisz. The band recorded several songs while touring in Latin America in May 1992, two other previously released studio recordings are included on the album, Silver Blue was originally released as a b-side to The Look in 1988, Come Back appeared on the Joyride single in 1991. The albums second single, Queen of Rain, was recorded in July 1990 in Stockholm during the sessions for Joyride and it was originally set to appear as that albums final track, but was later excluded in favour of Perfect Day. The album received positive reviews upon release. Dennis Hunt of Los Angeles Times, who described the album as containing just five new songs. He referred to her as being one of pops best and most underrated singers and he awarded the album two-and-a-half stars out of four, highlighting her performance for transforming low-grade fluff into passable–often delectable–pop. Entertainment Weekly referred to the album as a stopgap measure between discs, but said that the catchy and pop-savvy Tourism aint half bad, awarding the album a grade of B–. Though not matching the success of the previous studio albums. The album had impact on American music charts, peaking at number 117 on the Billboard 200—in stark contrast to Joyride. As of August 2005, it has sold 273,000 copies in the US and it peaked at number eighteen on the national RPM albums chart in Canada, where it has been certified platinum by Music Canada for shipments in excess of 100,000 units. It did far better elsewhere, especially in Europe, topping the European Top 100 Albums Chart for four weeks in September 1992
4.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
5.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
6.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
7.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
8.
Halmstad
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Halmstad is a port, university, industrial and recreational city at the mouth of Nissan in the province of Halland on the Swedish west coast. Halmstad is the seat of Halmstad Municipality and the capital of Halland County, the city had a population of 92,797 in 2012, out of a municipal total of over 90,000. Halmstad is Swedens 20th-largest city by population and located about midway between Gothenburg and Malmö and it is Europes northernmost city with a lot of timber framing architecture. Halmstad, at the part of the Kingdom of Denmark, received its first city charter in 1307. The oldest remains of that first town are to be found at Övraby upstream on Nissan, just south of, the remains of the church can still be seen today between a defunct brick industry and a former landfill. In the 1320s the town moved to the present day town centre, at this time there were two monasteries in the town and during the 15th century the St. Nikolai church was built. Halland was the object of numerous battles, sieges and occupations by Swedish troops, during the Kalmar Union – a Nordic Union between Sweden, Norway and Denmark which lasted between 1400 and 1520 – it was in Halmstad that the Union King was to be finally selected. 1619 is an important date in the history of Halmstad, in March of that year, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden and Christian IV met at the castle. Over a period of a week they celebrated the payment in full of the Älvsborg ransom, august of the same year saw the destruction of Halmstad by fire. Halland became part of Sweden for a period of thirty years when peace was declared at the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 made this acquisition permanent. Sweden defeated Denmark in the Battle of Fyllebro which took place in 1676 just outside Halmstad, the first May Day demonstration in Sweden was held in Halmstad in 1897. The population grew from 48,800 in 1990 to 58,577 in 2010, in September 2007 the city hosted the Solheim Cup, which was played at the Halmstad Golfklubb. In 2011 Halmstad was the port of the Tall Ships Races. Halmstad has the south Scandinavian variety of the relatively wet climate with warm summers and cool to cold winters. Founded in 1983, Halmstad University is a higher education institution offering bachelors and masters programs in various fields of study. In addition, it conducts Ph. D. programs in three fields of research, Information Technology, Innovation Science and Health Science, Halmstad University has more than 9000 students, including 245 exchange students and 163 international programme students
9.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
10.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
11.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
12.
Per Gessle
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Per Håkan Gessle is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter, guitarist, and harmonicist. He is the singer of the Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider. With Fredrikssons illness in 2002, he went back to recording albums, reformed Gyllene Tider in 2004 and became a successful artist in his native Sweden. Per Gessle was a member of Gyllene Tider, in 1976. They quickly became a group in Sweden, but after their fourth album, The Heartland Café, sold poorly compared to their previous albums. We decided to put Gyllene Tider to rest, in 1982, Gessle released his first solo album, Per Gessle and after Gyllene Tider split-up his second album, Scener, quickly appeared in 1985. Gessle and Marie Fredriksson had been friends for a few years before came together as Roxette in 1986. After the success of their first hit Neverending Love, which was written by Gessle, Roxette went on to achieve four U. S. #1s and two #2s, with their albums Look Sharp. and Joyride attaining platinum status in a number of countries. After Roxettes early nineties success, Per released a compilation album in 1992, På väg. Bang. and subsequent world tour, Roxette took a break, in 1996, after a reunion and subsequent tour of Gyllene Tider, Gessle recorded his first English solo album, using Brainpool and Gyllene Tider as backing musicians. Christoffer Lundquist from Brainpool would also come to collaborate with Per on later releases, the World According to Gessle, released in 1997, produced three singles, Do You Wanna Be My Baby. Kix and I Want You to Know, the videos to all three songs were directed by Jonas Åkerlund. The World According to Gessle was re-released in 2008, with bonus material. In 1997 Hjärtats trakt – en samling was released as a best-of album, after Roxette released Have a Nice Day and Room Service to moderate success, Per continued with his solo work. The subsequent album Mazarin, was successful in Sweden, going five times platinum in 2004. His first album involving singer Helena Josefsson brought Gessle numerous awards, four Grammis awards, Best Artist, Best Male Pop Performer, Best Composer and Best Song. He also won three Rockbjörnen awards, Best Swedish Male Artist, Best Swedish Album and Best Swedish Song —, the song Här kommer alla känslorna, is Gessles most successful release in Sweden, spending two months at No. Also in 2004, saw Gessle and Gyllene Tider reunited for a 25th-anniversary celebration that included the bands first album in 20 years, Finn 5 fel. and another very successful tour in Sweden
13.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
14.
Queen of Rain
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Queen of Rain is a pop ballad by Swedish duo Roxette. It was released as the single from their fourth studio album Tourism on 28 October 1992. The song became a top twenty hit in Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, the song was recorded in July 1990 at EMI Studios in Stockholm during sessions for their 1991 album Joyride. It was originally set to appear as that albums final track, Roxette later recorded a Spanish version of the track, titled Una reina va detrás de un rey, for their 1996 compilation album Baladas en español. Prior to the release of Queen of Rain, one of the singles b-side, the song would later be included as a bonus track on the 1997 reissue of their debut album, Pearls of Passion
15.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
16.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
17.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
18.
Dr. Alban
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Alban Uzoma Nwapa, known by his stage name Dr. Alban, is a Nigerian-born Swedish musician and producer with his own record label dr-records. His music can best be described as a Eurodance/hip-hop reggae with a dancehall style and he sold an estimated 16 million records worldwide and is most famous for his worldwide 1992 hit Its My Life which was one of the songs from the album One Love. Dr. Alban was born as Alban Uzoma Nwapa into a family of 10 children in Oguta, Imo state. He had his education at Christ The King College, Aba, Nigeria. At age of 23, he travelled to Sweden to study dentistry, to be able to finance his studies, Dr. Alban became a DJ. He worked as a DJ at the Stockholm club Alphabet Street, Very quickly his name became widely known, especially since Dr. Alban often sang to the records he put on the turntable. Alban finished his studies and even opened his own dentistry practice, in 1990, he met Denniz Pop from the SweMix label and, together with Denniz and rap artist Leila K, released his first record, Hello Afrika. Alban Uzoma Nwapa took the stage name Dr. Alban, a nod to his dental studies and his debut album Hello Afrika included hits like Hello Afrika and No Coke, both of which ended up being million-selling singles. The album itself was quite successful which earned Alban Gold-certification-awards in numerous markets including Germany, Austria, One year later this success was surpassed by the second album One Love. The album contained European hit singles such as Its My Life, the single Its My Life reached No.1 in Israel, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and No.2 in Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom. While the song Its My Life reached Platinum status in Germany, in the Netherlands, the album in its turn reached the top of the album chart in Austria and entered the top-5 in Switzerland, also managed to reach No.6 in Germany. The album received a Gold-certification-award in Germany and Platinum-award both in Austria and Switzerland, Albans third album Look Whos Talking. was released in 1994, which managed to enter the top-10 in numerous markets including Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The album was the first to earn Alban a Gold certification award in his home country Sweden for sales of over 50,000 units, Dr. Alban founded his own record label Dr. Records, whereon he released his 1996 album, Born in Africa. The album was unable to match up with the success of the album releases. It only reached the No.12 position in Finland, while it peaked at No.37 in Switzerland and Sweden, No.52 in Germany, No.41 in Austria. In 1997, Alban released an album entitled The Very Best of 1990–1997 which only charted in Austria, Sweden. In 1997, Alban, also released an album entitled Believe which peaked at No.27 in Sweden, No.30 in Finland. In the end of 1998, Dr. Alban released a single with German-based artist Sash. entitled Colour the World which experienced a moderate success in Europe
19.
It's My Life (Dr. Alban song)
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Its My Life is a song by the Nigerian-Swedish artist Dr. Alban. It was released in April 1992 as the first single from his studio album One Love. The song was a hit in most of the European countries where it was released, peaking at one in Sweden, Austria, Germany, Italy. In France, the song was marketed twice, first in 1992, then in 1993 because the song was used in a TV advert for Tampax tampons, according to Infodisc website, about 91,000 copies of the single were sold in France. It was also featured in the 1993 Bollywood film Baazigar and its My Life was re-released in 1994 in Australia, following the success of Sing Hallelujah. It was covered by Grup Vitamin, famous Turkish parody group, as İsmail at Yandık Desene album in 1992, the song with amended lyrics also known as Its My Life was produced by RedOne and released on RedOne Records. A music video was shot for the release. The single charted in the French SNEP official Singles Chart, chawki also released a bilingual English/French version of the song titled Its My Life
20.
Ultimate Guitar Archive
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Ultimate Guitar Archive, also known as Ultimate-Guitar. It was started on October 9,1998 by Eugeny Naidenov, UG is home of over 12,000,000 registered users. It is a community of forum users who frequent the site. The website is regulated by an administrator and moderators which are privileged members who can edit, moderators are users that are rewarded for being particularly helpful and knowledgeable in a specific subject and are responsible for moderating forums that focus on the subject they specialize in. Community members may also create guitar lessons, and have their works published on the website. Reviews of albums, DVDs, or gear and news articles can also be submitted by members. Like the tabs, the lessons and column are also rated by users, although UG encourages participation, they also have a strict guideline and set of rules that all UG users must follow. Members must be over the age of 13 to use the services offered by the site, strong media is also prohibited from use on the site. The projects community page can be here, and the digital download is available on iTunes. Although The Pit is a section, all standards are upheld. On August 12,2007, the Ultimate Guitar site launched UG Profiles and this added another feature to UG that other tablature sites do not feature. In late 2004–05, after taborama and mxtabs. net began closing due to threats from the Music Publishers Association of America. On April 10,2010, Ultimate Guitar entered an agreement with Harry Fox Agency. The agreement included rights for lyrics display, title search and tablature display with download, hFAs over 44,000 represented publishers have the opportunity to opt-in to the licensing arrangement with UG. Tabs may be requested in the Tab Talk forum, tabs can be voted from 1 star to 5 stars, and comments can be made about the tab. Tabs of entire albums can also be submitted, files such as basic guitar tabs and bass tabs can be read from an Internet browser in ASCII format. Guitar Pro and Power Tab files are run through programs that can play the tablature and these files can be saved and opened on the users computer. Tabs are searchable by artist, album, or song name, list of Internet forums Ultimate Guitar Website
21.
Time signature
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The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar
22.
Song structure
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Song structure or the musical forms of songs in traditional music and music are typically sectional, repeating forms used in songs, such as strophic form and is a part of the songwriting process. Other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, verse-chorus form, and the twelve-bar blues, popular music songs traditionally use the same music for each verse of stanza of lyrics. Pop and traditional forms can be used even with songs that have differences in melodies. The most common format is intro, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, bridge, verse, chorus and outro. The formal sections found in songs have been identified as the verse, chorus, bridge, hook, the foundation of popular music is the verse and chorus structure. Pop and rock songs nearly always have both a verse and a chorus, both are essential elements, with the verse usually played first. Exceptions abound, with She Loves You by The Beatles being an example in the rock music genre. Each verse usually employs the melody, while the lyrics usually change for each verse. The chorus usually consists of a melodic and lyrical phrase which is repeated, pop songs may have an introduction and coda, but these elements are not essential to the identity of most songs. Pop songs often connect the verse and chorus via a bridge, the verse and chorus are usually repeated throughout a song though the bridge, intro, and coda are usually only used once. Some pop songs may have a section, particularly in rock or blues influenced pop. During the solo section one or more instruments play a line which may be the melody used by the singer, or. The introduction is a section that comes at the beginning of the piece. Generally speaking, an introduction will contain just music and no words and it usually builds up suspense for the listener so when the downbeat drops in, it creates a release or surprise. In some songs, the intro is one or more bars of the tonic chord, the introduction may also be based around the chords used in the verse, chorus, or bridge, or a stock turnaround progression may be played, such as the I–vi–ii–V progression. In some cases, a contains only drums or percussion parts which set the rhythm. Alternately the introduction may consist of a sung by the lead singer. In popular music, a verse roughly corresponds to a poetic stanza because it consists of rhyming lyrics most often with an AABB or ABAB rhyme scheme, when two or more sections of the song have almost identical music and different lyrics, each section is considered one verse
23.
Key signature
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In musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp, flat, and rarely, natural symbols placed together on the staff. Key signatures are written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score. A key signature designates notes that are to be played higher or lower than the natural notes and applies through to the end of the piece or up to the next key signature. A sharp symbol on a line or space in the key raises the notes on that line or space one semitone above the natural. An accidental is an exception to the key signature, applying only in the measure in which it appears. Although a key signature may be using any combination of sharp and flat symbols, fifteen diatonic key signatures are by far the most common. A piece scored using a diatonic key signature and no accidentals contains notes of at most seven of the twelve pitch classes. Each major and minor key has a key signature that sharpens or flattens the notes which are used in its scale. However, it is not uncommon for a piece to be written with a key signature that does not match its key, for example, in some Baroque pieces, for example, in his Sonata No.31 in A♭ major, Op. In principle, any piece can be written with any key signature, using accidentals to correct the pattern of whole, the purpose of the key signature is to minimize the number of such accidentals required to notate the music. The sequence of sharps or flats in key signatures is generally rigid in modern music notation and this allows musicians to identify the key simply by the number of sharps or flats, rather than their position on the staff. For example, if a key signature has one sharp, it must be an F sharp. However, in 20th-century music, there are exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones, key signatures of this kind can be found in the music of Béla Bartók, for example. The effect of a key signature continues throughout a piece or movement, for example, if a five-sharp key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece, every A in the piece in any octave will be played as A sharp, unless preceded by an accidental. In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the key signature. Exceptions include, If an instrument is a transposing instrument, If an instrument is a percussion instrument with indeterminate pitch. Composers usually omit the key signature for timpani parts. g, timpani in D–A, if they were tuned A and D
24.
Refrain
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A refrain is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse, the chorus of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, the use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one section or block played repeatedly. In music, a refrain has two parts, the lyrics of the song, and the melody, a similar refrain is found in the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which affirms in successive verses that Our God, or His Truth, is marching on. Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse, some songs, especially ballads, incorporate refrains into each verse. Fa la la la la la la la la, as one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem, such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossettis Troy Town, Heavenborn Helen, Spartas queen, O Troy Town. Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the desire, All Loves lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. O Troys down, Tall Troys on fire, phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains, and solfege syllables such as fa la la, familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning dance around the oak tree, there are two distinct uses of the word chorus. In the thirty-two bar song form that was most common in the earlier twentieth-century popular music, beginning in the rock music of the 1950s, another form became more common in commercial pop music, which was based in an open-ended cycle of verses instead of a fixed 32-bar form. In this form, choruses with fixed lyrics are alternated with verses in which the lyrics are different with each repetition, in this use of the word, chorus contrasts with the verse, which usually has a sense of leading up to the chorus. Many popular songs, particularly early in this century, are in a verse. Most popular songs from the middle of the century consist only of a chorus, according to the musicologists Ralf von Appen and Markus Frei-Hauenschild, In German, the term, Refrain, is used synonymously with chorus when referring to a chorus within the verse/chorus form. At least one English-language author, Richard Middleton, uses the term in the same way, in this usage, the refrain does not constitute a discrete, independent section within the form. A large number of Tin-Pan Alley songs using thirty-two bar form are central to the jazz repertoire
25.
C (musical note)
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In terms of musical pitch, C or Do is the first note of the fixed-Do solfège scale. When the A440 pitch standard is used to tune a musical instrument, Middle C is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation because of the notes position as the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard. Another system known as scientific pitch assigns a frequency of 256 Hz but, while numerically convenient, other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60, the C4 designation is the most commonly recognized in auditory science, and in musical studies it is often used in place of the Helmholtz designation c. While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, C4 may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments, in vocal music, the term Soprano C, sometimes called High C or Top C, is the C two octaves above Middle C. It is so named because it is considered the defining note of the voice type. It is C6 in scientific notation and c in Helmholtz notation. The term Tenor C is sometimes used in music to refer to C5. In organ music, the term Tenor C can refer to an organ builders term for small C or C3, in stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave. For the frequency of each note on a piano, see piano key frequencies. Pythagorean,701.955 ×12 =8423.46 =23.46 = B♯+++ ET,700 ×12 =8400 =0 = B♯ = C1200 ×7 =8400 =0 = C This difference,23.46 cents, is known as the Pythagorean comma. Piano key frequencies A440 C major C minor Root
26.
Power chord
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In guitar music, especially electric guitar, a power chord Play is a colloquial name for a chord that consists of the root note and the fifth. Power chords are played on amplified guitars, especially on electric guitar with distortion. Power chords are a key element of many styles of rock and especially in heavy metal, and punk rock. This effect is accentuated as most guitars are tuned based on equal temperament, with the result that minor thirds are narrower, however, in a power chord, the ratio between the frequencies of the root and fifth are very close to the just interval 3,2. When played through distortion, the leads to the production of partials closely related in frequency to the harmonics of the original two notes, producing a more coherent sound. Even when played without distortion, the ratios between the harmonics in the notes of a power chord can give a stark and powerful sound. Power chords also have the advantage of being relatively easy to play, allowing fast chord changes and easy incorporation into melodies. Theorists are divided on whether a chord can be considered a chord in the traditional sense. When the same interval is found in traditional and classical music, it would not usually be called a chord, and may be considered a dyad. However, the term is accepted as a pop and rock music term, most strongly associated with the electric guitar styles of hard rock, heavy metal, punk rock. The use of the power chord has, to some extent, spilled over into the vocabulary of other instrumentalists, such as keyboard. Power chords are most commonly notated 5 or, for example, C5 or C refer to playing the root and fifth. These can be inverted, so that the G is played below the C, another notation is ind, designating the chord as indeterminate. This refers to the fact that a chord is neither major nor minor. Power chords can be traced back to commercial recordings in the 1950s, link Wray is often cited as the first mainstream rock and roll musician to have used power chords, with Rumble. A later hit song built around power chords was You Really Got Me by the Kinks and this songs riffs exhibit fast power-chord changes. The Whos guitarist, Pete Townshend, performed power chords with a theatrical windmill-strum, on King Crimsons Red album, Robert Fripp thrashed with power chords. Power chords are important in many forms of rock music
27.
Marie Fredriksson
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In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in the album The Change and she later reunited with Gessle to record more Roxette albums, embarked on worldwide tour and continued to record as a solo artist in her native Sweden. Marie Fredriksson, who was born in Össjö, was the youngest of five children, the family later moved to the small Swedish town of Östra Ljungby. Being poor, both parents were forced to work, often leaving the children on their own, together with her siblings or neighbourhood children, Fredriksson began to play music and sing. She was often asked by her mother to perform in front of friends who were impressed by her Olivia Newton-John-like singing voice, Maries interest grew stronger in her teens as she discovered artists such as Joni Mitchell, The Beatles, and Deep Purple. At 17, Fredriksson enrolled in a college and performed in local theatre. However, she found it boring, instead longing for the thrill of an audience. As she phrased it, I wanted to perform and she became involved in theatre, and after moving to the town of Halmstad, she found herself involved in the local music scene. Joining her boyfriend Stefans band Strul, they played local gigs, after that group split, Marie and a new boyfriend, Martin Sternhuvsvud, performed as MaMas Barn. Per Gessle, the lead singer of the famous Swedish group Gyllene Tider, shared a rehearsal studio with Fredriksson. Lindbom was suitably impressed with Fredrikssons voice and offered her a contract, Lasse Lindbom asked Fredriksson to record a duet with him, Så nära nu, which lead to her joining his group The Lasse Lindbom Band. Gessle started to encourage her to start a career, but she was too nervous. Fredriksson finally accepted, and she recorded her first solo album, Het vind, Ännu doftar kärlek was the first single. Lindbom, Fredriksson, Per Gessle and Mats MP Persson started a new band called Spännande Ostar and that same year, Fredriksson and Lindbom went to the Canary Islands to write songs for Maries second solo album. They returned to Sweden for the recording, the album was released in 1986, under the name Den sjunde vågen. Den bästa dagen and Silver i din hand were released as singles, Gessle and Fredriksson had talked about working together for many years. Fredrikssons career was soaring in Sweden, but Gessle was a former member whose solo career was not doing as well. Friends and people in the industry were skeptical towards the idea of Marie collaborating with Gessle and his idea was to form a duo, singing in English, and try to have some success in Europe
28.
Lead vocalist
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The lead vocalist, lead vocals or lead singer in popular music is typically the member of a group or band whose voice is the most prominent in a performance where multiple voices may be heard. The lead singer either leads the ensemble, or sets against the ensemble as the dominant sound. In vocal group performances, notably in soul and gospel music, and early rock and roll, as an example in rock music, Mick Jagger is the lead singer of The Rolling Stones. Similarly in soul music, Smokey Robinson was the singer of The Miracles. The practice of using a lead singer in vocal groups, however, has a longer history, songs of the late nineteenth century frequently used a leading solo voice, followed by a choral response by other singers. From these various points - including Motown - it went on to become a device in much rock. In some bands - most famously, The Beatles - the role of lead singer alternated, while in others - for example, there are as many types and styles of lead singer as there are styles and genres of music. However, the singer of a group or band is usually the main focus of audiences attention. The lead vocalist of a band is called the front man or front woman. Pink Floyd also can be considered a band with two front men, as both the guitarist David Gilmour and the bassist Roger Waters sang and wrote most of the songs. In the beginning of the career, however, Pink Floyds lead singer and guitarist was Syd Barrett. Particularly before the 1970s, many bands were named for the leader or founder, rather than the lead singer, examples include the Dave Clark Five and Harold Melvin. In modern rock music, the singer is often, but not always, also the bands leader. While lead singers or spokespersons for any musical ensembles can be called a front man, since the position commonly has an expanded role from simple lead vocalists, there have been cases in which the front man for a band is someone other than the lead vocalist. In many bands, such as The Who, Fall Out Boy, Led Zeppelin, Living Colour, Queen and Oasis, usually, this is derived from that guitarists specific role as a co-songwriter, co-founder and/or co-vocalist. Also in some cases, there are two frontmen, such as Underoath, with singers Spencer Chamberlain and Aaron Gillespie sharing vocal duties, another example is Blink-182, in which vocal duties are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge. Hoppus usually carries out most media either by himself or together with DeLonge, linkin Park has two vocalists as well, Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda, both considered as frontmen. Another example is the metal band Metallica, in which James Hetfield
29.
E-flat major
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The E♭ major scale consists of the pitches E♭, F, G, A♭, B♭, C, and D. Its key signature has three flats, B, E, A and its relative minor is C minor, and its parallel minor is E♭ minor. D♯ major, its enharmonic, has two double-sharps, which makes it impractical to use, E-flat major is often associated with bold, heroic music, in part because of Beethovens usage. His Eroica Symphony, Emperor Concerto and Grand Sonata are all in this key, also Beethovens 10th symphony is in the key of E-flat major. But even before Beethoven, Francesco Galeazzi identified E-flat major as a key, extremely majestic, grave and serious. Mozart chose E-flat major as the key of his movement for his two G minor symphonies, No. 25, and the famous No.40, another famous heroic piece in the key of E-flat major is Richard Strausss A Heros Life. The heroic theme from the Jupiter movement of Holsts The Planets is in E-flat major, mahlers vast and heroic Eighth Symphony is in E-flat, and his Second Symphony also ends in the key. This is not to say that in the Classical period E-flat major was only for music with brass. E-flat was the key Haydn chose most often for quartets, ten times in all, or when composing church music and operatic music in E-flat major, Haydn often substituted cors anglais for oboes in this period, and also in the Symphony No.22 in E-flat major. For Mozart, E-flat major was associated with Freemasonry, E-flat evoked stateliness, media related to E-flat major at Wikimedia Commons
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Sharp (music)
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In music, sharp, dièse, or diesis means higher in pitch. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means higher in pitch by a semitone, and has a sharp symbol, ♯. Sharp is contrasted with flat, which refers to a lowering of pitch, intonation may be flat, sharp, or both, successively or simultaneously. Under twelve-tone equal temperament, B♯, for instance, sounds the same as, or is equivalent to, C natural. In other tuning systems, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist, to allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents, or a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents. In tuning, sharp can also slightly higher in pitch. If two simultaneous notes are out of tune, the higher-pitched one is said to be sharp with respect to the other. Furthermore, the verb sharpen means raise the frequency of a note, double sharps also exist, these are denoted by the symbol and raise a note by two semitones, or one whole tone. They should not be confused with a ghost note, less often one will encounter other sharps. A half sharp raises a note by a quarter tone =50 cents, a sharp and a half raises a note by three quarter tones =150 cents and may be denoted. Although very uncommon, a triple sharp can sometimes be found and it raises a note by three semitones. The sharp symbol may be confused with the number sign, both signs have two sets of parallel double-lines. However, a correctly drawn sharp sign must have two slanted parallel lines which rise from left to right, to avoid being obscured by the staff lines, the number sign, in contrast, has two compulsory horizontal strokes in this place. In addition, while the sharp also always has two vertical lines, the number sign may or may not contain perfectly vertical lines. The order of sharps in key signature notation is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, each extra sharp being added successively in the sequence of major keys. Similarly the order of flats is based on the natural notes in reverse order, B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭, encountered in the following series of major keys. In the above progression, key C♯ may be conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D♭
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Minor chord
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In music theory, a minor chord is a chord having a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth. When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a minor triad, some minor triads with additional notes, such as the minor seventh chord, may also be called minor chords. Hence it can be represented by the integer notation, a major chord differs from a minor chord in having a major third above the root instead of a minor third. It can also be described as a third with a minor third on top, in contrast to a minor chord. They both contain fifths, because a major third plus a minor third equals a fifth, a diminished chord is a minor chord with a lowered fifth. Play An example of a chord is the C minor chord. The minor chord, along with the chord, is one of the basic building blocks of tonal music. In Western music, a chord, in comparison, sounds darker than a major chord but is still considered highly consonant, stable. A unique particularity of the chord is that this is the only chord of three notes in which the three notes have one harmonic – hearable and with a not too high row – in common. This harmonic, common to the three notes, is situated 2 octaves above the note of the chord. This is the harmonic of the root of the chord, the fifth of the middle note, and the fourth of the high note, In the example C, E♭, G. This is the first occurrence of a triad in the harmonic series. This may be found on iii, vi, ♭vi, ♭iii, in 12-TET, or twelve-tone equal temperament, a minor chord has 3 semitones between the root and third,4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth. It is represented by the integer notation 0,3,7, the 12-TET fifth is only two cents narrower than the just perfect fifth, but the 12-TET minor third is noticeably narrower than the just minor third. The 12-TET minor third more closely approximates the 19-limit minor third 16,19 Play with only 2 cents error. In the 16th through 18th centuries, prior to 12-TET, the third in meantone temperament was 310 cents Play. Other just minor chord tunings include the supertonic triad in just intonation the false minor triad, Play,16,19,24 Play,12,14,18 Play, more tunings of the minor chord are also available in various equal temperaments other than 12-TET. Rather than directly from the series, Sorge derived the minor chord from joining two major triads, for example the A minor triad being the confluence of the F and C major triads
32.
Bridge (music)
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In music, especially western popular music, a bridge is a contrasting section that prepares for the return of the original material section. The bridge may be the third eight-bar phrase in a form, or may be used more loosely in verse-chorus form, or, in a compound AABA form. The term comes from a German word for bridge, Steg, the bridge is often used to contrast with and prepare for the return of the verse and the chorus. The b section of the song chorus is often called the bridge or release. For example, the B of AABA in thirty-two-bar form, with the surrounding the whole. While the bridge in verse-chorus and other forms is C, for example, lyrically, the bridge is typically used to pause and reflect on the earlier portions of the song or to prepare the listener for the climax. The term may refer to the section between the verse and the chorus, though this is more commonly called the pre-chorus or link. Similarly, in the Axis of Awesome song This Is How You Write a Love Song, in the song Get Up Sex Machine, James Brown asks if he can take the band to the bridge. Led Zeppelin makes an in-joke regarding the use of bridges in popular music in their song The Crunge, asking, at the end, the song, humorously, does not have a bridge. Bridges are also common in music, and are known as a specific Sequence form—also known as transitions. The latter work also provides good examples of a short bridge to smooth a modulation. Instead of simply repeating the whole exposition in the key, as would be done in a symphony of the classical period. A two-bar bridge achieves this transition with Franks characteristic combination of enharmonic and chromatic modulation, after the repeat of the first subject, another bridge of four bars leads into the transition theme in F major, the key of the true second subject. In a fugue, a bridge is. a short passage at the end of the first entrance of the answer and its purpose is to modulate back to the tonic key from the answer. Not all fugues include a bridge, an example of a bridge-passage that separates two sections of a more loosely organized work occurs in George Gershwins An American in Paris. As Deems Taylor described it in the notes for the first performance. The Americans itinerary becomes somewhat obscured, however, since what immediately ensues is technically known as a bridge-passage, one is reasonably justified in assuming that the Gershwin pen. has perpetrated a musical pun and that. Our American has crossed the Seine, and is somewhere on the Left Bank, break Montgomery-Ward bridge Sears Roebuck bridge Song structure Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and their Historical Development
33.
Tiny Tim (musician)
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Herbert Buckingham Khaury, known professionally as Tiny Tim, was an American singer, most of the time ukulele player, and musical archivist. He is best remembered for his hit Tiptoe Through the Tulips sung in a high falsetto/vibrato voice, Tiny Tim was born in Manhattan, New York City on April 12,1932. His mother was Tillie, a garment worker, who was the daughter of a rabbi and she had immigrated from Brest-Litovsk as a teen in 1914. Tinys father, Butros Khaury, was a worker from Beirut. Tiny Tim displayed musical talent at a young age. At the age of five, his father gave him a vintage wind up Gramophone and he would sit for hours listening to the record. At the age of six, he began teaching himself guitar, by his pre-teen years, he developed a passion for records, specifically those from the 1900s through the 1930s. He began spending most of his time at the New York Public Library, reading about the history of the phonograph industry. He would research sheet music, often making photographic copies to take home to learn, after repeating his sophomore year of high school, he dropped out entirely, taking a series of menial jobs. I can go up high as well, by the early 1950s, he had landed a job as a messenger at the New York office of MGM Studios, where he became ever more fascinated with the entertainment industry. He then entered a talent show and sang You Are My Sunshine in his newly discovered falsetto. He started performing at dance club amateur nights under different names, such as Texarkana Tex, Judas K. Foxglove, Vernon Castle, and Emmett Swink. His mother did not understand Herberts change in appearance and was intending to take her son, now in his twenties, to see a psychiatrist at Bellvue Hospital, until his father stepped in. In 1959, he dropped all his stage names, and performed as Larry Love. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote, I first saw Tiny Tim very early in his career, in Greenwich Village in the winter of 1962-63. In 1963 he landed his first paying gig at Page 3 and he performed for the next two years as Dary Dover, and after that, Sir Timothy Timms. After being booked to follow an act, his manager. These tracks were recorded with musicians who went on to be in The Band, the I Got You Babe performance led to a booking on the Rowan and Martins Laugh-In, an American television comedy-variety show
34.
Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)
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Fading Like a Flower is a song by the Swedish pop duo Roxette, released as the second single from their third studio album, Joyride. According to Ultimate Guitar, the song is written in time with a moderately fast tempo of 105 beats per minute. It is a rock ballad in the key of F which modulates a step up to G halfway through the song. The track follows a chord sequence of Am–Em–Am–C–G–Am–Em–D in each verse. The first two lines of each chorus have a progression of C–F–Am–G–C–F–G–C, with the half of the chorus amending the sequence to a shortened C–F–Am–G–F–G. The bridge consists of three repetitions of Am–G–C–D followed by a progression of E–E7–Am–C–G–Am, Roxette later recorded a Spanish version of the song for their 1996 compilation album Baladas en español. The music video was mostly in the Stockholm suburb of Gamla stan. Although not as successful as previous single Joyride, the song was a top ten hit in numerous countries and it remains the duos highest-peaking single ever on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number four. Listen to Your Heart, It Must Have Been Love and Almost Unreal all peaked at number five, on the UK Singles Chart, the song peaked at number twelve. It charted highest in North America, peaking at two in Canada and on the US Billboard Hot 100—where it was held off the top spot in both countries by Bryan Adams I Do It for You. All songs written and composed by Per Gessle, credited as Dancing DJs vs Roxette, the remix charted in numerous territories, including Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the UK. All songs written by Per Gessle, a eurodance cover of the song was recorded by Mysterio. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
35.
Sydney Entertainment Centre
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Sydney Entertainment Centre was a multi-purpose arena located in Haymarket, Sydney, Australia. It opened in May 1983, to replace Sydney Stadium, which had been demolished in 1970 to make way for the Eastern Suburbs railway line, the centre was owned by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, which administered the neighbouring Darling Harbour area, and managed under a lease. It was one of Sydneys larger concert venues, licensed to accommodate over 13,000 people as a theatre or 8,000 as a theatre-in-the-round. It was the largest permanent concert venue in Sydney until 1999, the venue averaged attendances of 1 million people each year and hosted concerts, family shows, sporting events and corporate events. In December 1983, Cold Chisel played its final Last Stand concert, Elton John has played numerous concerts there over the years, including eight dates in 1986 with an orchestra at Haymarket Arena. The latter shows were the last he performed prior to throat surgery and he has played 46 shows at the venue and was final artist to perform at the venue before its demolition in December 2015. John Farnham finished his run of a record 76 concerts at the venue over three decades with a farewell gig December 16,2015 and he joked he got to take home the 6-foot entrance sign to the green room, dubbed The Farnham Room. In 1986, Dire Straits finished its 1985–86 world tour by playing 21 consecutive shows at the venue, also in 1986, Elton John performed the last leg of his Tour De Force with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra at the venue, playing 12 shows. Part of the last show, was to be made into his next album, genesis played nine dates at the 1986 leg of the Invisible Touch Tour. Some of the songs were performed with an Australian string section, archives 2 – disc 2 holds a version of Your Own Special Way recorded at SEC. Billy Idol performed here in September 1987 as part of The Whiplash Smile Australasian Tour, david Bowie recorded his performances on 7 and 9 November 1987 from his worldwide Glass Spider Tour for release on video and CD at the Entertainment Centre. On 16 and 17 November 1990 Eric Clapton two sold-out concerts in front of 26,500 people during his Journeyman World Tour. On 12 March 1994 Depeche Mode performed their last show from the Australian Exotic Tour/Summer Tour 94, as of 2015, it has been their last concert in the country. American rock band Pearl Jam played two nights in 1995 during the Vitalogy Tour, three nights during the Yield Tour and another three nights at the venue during the Riot Act Tour. Two of The Beatles have performed at the venue, Paul McCartney for three shows in March 1993, and George Harrison made a surprise appearance at a Deep Purple concert in 1984. Gloria Estefan performed on 10,12 and 13 April 1997 for her Evolution World Tour. Mariah Carey performed on 2 and 6 February 1998, for her Butterfly World Tour, a one off concert in January 2013, cher performed three shows during her Living Proof, The Farewell Tour on 3,4 and 7 March 2005. Kylie Minogue has played 25 concerts there, she finished her On A Night Like This Tour, after playing 11 nights there and kicked off her Showgirl, on 20 March 2015, Minogue performed as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour
36.
Audio mixing (recorded music)
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The track may be mixed in mono, stereo, or surround sound. There are numerous approaches, methods and techniques involved in Audio mixing, some of these practices include levels setting, equalization, stereo panning, Audio mixing techniques and approaches can vary widely, and these can greatly affect the qualities of the sound recording. Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved, the process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer, though sometimes the musical producer or music artist may assist. After mixing, a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production, Audio mixing may be transferred onto a mixing console or digital audio workstation. Jay bala ji In the late century, Thomas Edison. The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts, Emile Berliners gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc. Electronic recording became widely used during the 1920s. It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction, the possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places. Even more useful was the fact that the outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter, before the introduction of multitrack recording, all sounds and effects that were to be part of a record were mixed at one time during a live performance. If the recorded blend wasnt satisfactory, or if one made a mistake. Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi-track tape machines, the ability to record sounds into a multitude of channels meant that treating these sounds could be postponed to a later stage– the mixing stage. In the 1980s, home recording and mixing became much easier, the 4-track Portastudio was introduced in 1979. Bruce Springsteen released the album Nebraska in 1982 using one, the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song Sweet Dreams, recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8-track recorder. In the mid-to-late 1990s, computers replaced tape-based recording for most home studios, at the same time, digital audio workstations, first used in the mid-1980s, began to replace tape in many professional recording studios. A mixer is the heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder, mixers typically have 2 main outputs or 8. Mixers offer three main functionalities, Mixing – summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm, routing – allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects. Processing – many mixers also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors, Mixing consoles used for dubbing can often be seen as large and intimidating, due to the exceptional amount of controls
37.
Backing vocalist
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Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalists entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a range of popular music, traditional music. Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts, in many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums, or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing, in some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song, in pop and country songs, backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus section of the songs. While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as In My Room. All five members would sing lead, although most often Brian Wilson or Mike Love would sing lead with guitarists Carl Wilson and Al Jardine, examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include Nowhere Man, Because, Day Tripper, and This Boy. Former guitarist John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers sang nearly all backing vocals often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist Anthony Kiedis, the bands bassist Flea occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts, another example is No Frontiers by The Corrs, which is sung by Sharon and Caroline. In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing, one famous example is Freddie Mercury of Queen singing the first part of Bohemian Rhapsody himself by overdubbing. With the exception of a few songs on album, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie. Some bands, such as Hawthorne Heights and Finch have the backup singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics. Pop and R&B vocalists such as Diana Ross, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé Knowles, Brandy, Faith Evans, DAngelo, when they perform live, they may have backing vocalists that impersonate their voices. Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. In rap music, a rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as hype man
38.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
