1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Northern Michigan University
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Northern Michigan University is a four-year college public university established in 1899 and located in Marquette, in the Upper Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. With enrollment of about 9,000 undergraduate and graduate students, when it opened in 1899, NMU enrolled thirty-two students who were taught by six faculty members in rented rooms in Marquette city hall. Throughout the schools first half-century, education and teacher training was schools primary focus, during this time, the school built the native sandstone buildings Kaye and Peter White Halls, as well as a manual training school next to the campus buildings, J. D. Pierce School. During this time, enrollment grew, due in part to the 1957 opening of the Mackinac Bridge that links the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. Accredited undergraduate and graduate programs are offered by the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business. Graduate education began in 1928 when courses at the degree level were offered in cooperation with the University of Michigan. NMU has four divisions, College of Arts and Sciences Walker L. Cisler College of Business. 112 of these rooms seat at least 30 students, there are 63 general use classrooms which can be scheduled for multiple disciplines. All but 4 general-purpose rooms are smart classrooms fitted with technology for projecting images, there are 14 tiered classrooms,10 of which are considered lecture halls with a seat-count of at least 90. The largest lecture hall, Jamrich 102, seats 501, there are 58 labs covering the gamut of arts and sciences. There are 28 departmental classrooms,16 of which are smart, there are 3 distance learning facilities, the largest of which is Mead Auditorium which seats 100. The DeVos Art Museum displays 10–12 exhibitions per year of international, national, regional. At over 4,000 square feet it is the largest art gallery on campus, the 60, 000-square-foot facility contains an Olympic-size ice sheet and seats over 4,000 for hockey events. The Berry Events Center was built on the site of the former Memorial Stadium, Cohodas Hall The tallest building on campus, Cohodas Hall houses administrative offices and the College of Business. Completed in 1975, the stands on the site of Northerns original campus. It is named after U. P. banker and philanthropist Sam M. Cohodas, Forest Roberts Theatre The 500-seat Forest Roberts Theatre is named after a former head of the Speech department. The theatre has a lighting system and modern sound system. Performances of up to five major productions per year are held in this facility
3.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
4.
Starbucks
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Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. As of November 2016, it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, many stores sell pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers, select Starbucks Evenings locations offer beer, wine, and appetizers. Starbucks-brand coffee, ice cream, and bottled cold coffee drinks are sold at grocery stores. Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s, the first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996, overseas properties now constitute almost one-third of its stores. The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007, on December 1,2016, Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson. The company took the name of the mate in the book Moby-Dick, Starbuck, after considering Cargo House. Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, the founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with st. Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named Starbo, Bowker said, Moby-Dick didnt have anything to do with Starbucks directly, it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense. The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976 and this cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place, never to be relocated again. During this time, the only sold roasted whole coffee beans. The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples, during their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, then began buying directly from growers. In 1984, the owners of Starbucks, led by Jerry Baldwin. During the 1980s, total sales of coffee in the US were falling, by 1986, the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee. In 1987, the owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz. In the same year, Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, by 1989,46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually, Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds of coffee. At the time of its public offering on the stock market in June 1992, Starbucks had 140 outlets, with a revenue of US$73.5 million. The companys market value was US$271 million by this time, the 12% portion of the company that was sold raised around US$25 million for the company, which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years
5.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
6.
Seattle SuperSonics
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The Seattle SuperSonics, commonly known as the Sonics, were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington. The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Western Conference Pacific. After the 2007–08 season ended, the relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 and it was then owned by Barry Ackerley, and then Basketball Club of Seattle, headed by Starbucks chairman, president and CEO Howard Schultz. The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24,2006, home games were played at KeyArena, originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum, for 33 of the franchises 41 seasons in Seattle. In 1978, the moved to the Kingdome, which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball. They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985, moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington, the SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979. Overall, the franchise won three Western Conference titles,1978,1979, and 1996, the franchise also won six divisional titles, the most recent being in 2005, with five in the Pacific Division and one in the Northwest Division. The SuperSonics franchise history, however, would be shared with the Thunder, on December 20,1966, Los Angeles businessmen Sam Schulman and Eugene V. Klein and a group of minority partners were awarded an NBA franchise for the city of Seattle. Schulman would serve as the partner and head of team operations. He named the SuperSonics after Boeings recently awarded contract for the SST project, the SuperSonics were Seattles first major league sports franchise. Beginning play in October 1967, the SuperSonics were coached by Al Bianchi and featured All-Star guard Walt Hazzard and NBA All-Rookie Team members Bob Rule and Al Tucker. The expansion team stumbled out of the gates with a 144–116 loss in their first game, Hazzard was traded to the Atlanta Hawks before the start of the next season for Lenny Wilkens. Wilkens brought a strong game to the SuperSonics, averaging 22.4 points per game,8.2 assists per game. Rule, meanwhile, improved on his rookie statistics with 24.0 points per game and 11.5 rebounds per game, the SuperSonics, however, only won 30 games and Bianchi was replaced by Wilkens as player/coach during the offseason. Wilkens and Rule both represented Seattle in the 1970 NBA All-Star Game, and Wilkens led the NBA in assists during the 1969–70 season, Schulman also threatened to move his soon-to-be ABA team to Los Angeles to compete directly with the Lakers. The Oscar Robertson suit delayed the merger, and the SuperSonics remained in Seattle, early in the 1970–71 season, however, Rule tore his Achilles tendon and was lost for the rest of the year. The following season, the SuperSonics went on to record their first winning season at 47–35, for the 1972–73 season, Wilkens was dealt to Cleveland in a highly unpopular trade, and without his leadership the SuperSonics fell to a 26–56 record
7.
Square, Inc.
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Square, Inc. is a financial services, merchant services aggregator and mobile payment company based in San Francisco, California. The company was founded in 2009 by Jack Dorsey and Jim McKelvey and launched its first app and it has been traded as a public company on the New York Stock Exchange since November 2015 with the ticker symbol SQ. On the iPad version of the Square Register app, the interface resembles a cash register. The original inspiration for Square occurred to Jack Dorsey in 2009 when Jim McKelvey was unable to complete a $2,000 sale of his glass faucets, the name Square refers to Squares card readers, which are square in shape. The name also refers to the term for settling debts. Several other names for the company were considered, including squirrel, stash, the Square Reader was the first product released by Square, and is used to accept credit card payments by connecting to a mobile devices audio jack. Squares technology is Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard compliant and Verisign certified, veriFone posted a demonstration video and sample skimming app to its web site. Square now uses strong encryption on its devices, including SSL and its cryptographic keys are at least 2048 bits in length. Card numbers, magnetic stripe data, or security codes are not stored on Square client devices, Square follows the guidelines issued by OWASP. In July 2014, Square announced a card reader that would accept chip cards and contactless cards and this new reader supports chip-and-signature and contactless transactions, and the standard Square Reader is also provided in order to support traditional magnetic stripe card transactions. In June 2015 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Apple announced Square will release a new Square Reader capable of accepting Apple Pay, the reader will also be able to accept EMV chip cards. In June 2013, Square unveiled Square Stand at an event at Blue Bottle coffee in San Francisco. Square Stand aims to turn the Apple iPad into a more complete point of sale system and it makes use of a larger reader and a rotatable base that allows the stand to be swiveled around. Square Stand took more than a year to develop and the team of around 15 was led by Jesse Dorogusker, a former Apple director of engineering for iPhone, iPod, the Square Stand works with iPad 2, iPad 3rd generation, and iPad Air. Square Register is point of sale software aimed at replacing traditional credit card terminals, Square Cash allows person-to-person money transfer via the Square Cash app or e-mail. In May 2014, Square launched Square Capital, which offers financing to merchants using Square. In contrast with a loan, there is no time limit for a merchant to pay off a Square Capital cash advance. The merchant returns the advance to Square by paying back a percentage of their credit card sales over time, on August 4,2014, Square announced the acquisition of Caviar, a startup that delivers meals from high-end restaurants
8.
Maveron
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The firm was co-founded by Dan Levitan, a former managing director at Schroder Wertheim & Co. and Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz. Some of Maveron’s newest investments include Earnest, CircleUp, PayNearMe, Madison Reed, Julep, Lemon, Koru, August, Lively, Darby Smart, Decide. com, Newsle, SeatMe, Red Tricycle, and more. In 1991, Schultz chose Levitan to implement Starbucks’ IPO, by 1993, Levitan and Schultz began investing together in several consumer businesses. In 1997, Levitan decided to leave New York and head west to Seattle to start Maveron with Schultz, the firm opened its doors in January 1998. Maverons name is a combination of maverick and vision, recent monetized exits include, Zulily, Potbelly, Decide. com, SeatMe, Lemon
9.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
10.
United States presidential election, 2020
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The United States presidential election of 2020, scheduled for Tuesday, November 3,2020, will be the 59th quadrennial U. S. presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president, the series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020. Barring any major change in circumstances, Republican Donald Trump, who was elected in 2016, the winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20,2021. The primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, the age group of what will then be persons in the 18 to 45-year-old bracket is expected to represent 40 percent of the United States eligible voters in 2020. The presidential election will occur at the time as elections to the Senate. Several states will hold state gubernatorial and state legislative elections. An incumbent President seeking re-election usually faces no significant opposition during their respective partys primaries, serious challenges are rare, but then generally presage failure to win the general election in the fall. Senator Ted Kennedy then carried 12 states while running against Carter during the 1980 Democratic Party primaries, Reagan then defeated Carter in the fall of 1980. On January 20,2017 at 5,11 PM, he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2, for which he had reached the threshold for filing. Below are other Republican candidates that may or will run in 2020, Ambassador since 2017, Governor of South Carolina 2011–2017 John Kasich, Governor of Ohio since 2011, U. S. Representative 1983–2001, candidate for President in 2000 and 2016 Rand Paul, senator from Kentucky since 2011, candidate for President in 2016 Las Vegas, Nevada Candidates in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months. Lincoln Chafee, Governor of Rhode Island 2011–2015, U. S. S. S. S. Senate in 2016 Caroline Kennedy, U. S. Ambassador to Japan 2013–2017, First Daughter of the United States 1961–1963 John Kerry, U. S. Secretary of State 2013–2017, U. S. Senator from Massachusetts 1985–2013, Lieutenant Governor 1983–1985, Democratic nominee for President in 2004 Bernie Sanders, senator from Vermont since 2007, U. S. Representative 1991–2007, Mayor of Burlington 1981–1989, candidate for President in 2016 Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, philanthropist, senator from Massachusetts since 2013 Joe Biden, Vice President of the United States 2009–2017, U. S. Senator from Delaware 1973–2009, candidate for President in 1988 and in 2008 Cory Booker, senator from New Jersey since 2013, Mayor of Newark 2006–2013 Sherrod Brown, U. S. Senator from Ohio since 2007, U. S, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1997–2001 Al Franken, U. S
11.
American Jews
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American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
12.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
13.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
14.
Canarsie, Brooklyn
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Canarsie is a working- and middle-class residential and commercial neighborhood in the southeastern portion of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City, United States. It is adjacent to the East Flatbush, Flatlands, Mill Basin, Bergen Beach, the area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18. It is patrolled by the NYPDs 69th Precinct, Canarsie is also served by Engine 257, Ladder 170 of the FDNY, and Station 58 of the FDNY Bureau of EMS. Canarsie is an adaptation to English phonology of a word in the Lenape language for fenced land or fort, europeans would often refer to the indigenous people living in an area by the local place-name, and so references may be found in contemporary documents to Canarsee Indians. As of the 2010 United States Census, approximately 84,000 people reside in Canarsie, the current neighborhood of Canarsie lies within the former town of Flatlands, one of the five original Dutch towns on Long Island. Canarsie was built on swamps near Jamaica Bay, ferry service at Canarsie Pier withered away after the building of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge. In the spring of 1940, when the Belt Parkway was planned in the area, by way of Canarsie was a mid-twentieth century American English figure of speech meaning to come to ones destination by a roundabout way or from a distant point. It presumably arose when the Wilson Avenue Line was a route to Canarsie Landing. The expression has dropped from common parlance. Divine Bradley, a teen who resided in the Canarsie area of Brooklyn, the center focuses on community service initiatives and activities provided alternatives to risky behaviors, like promiscuous sex, prostitution, violence, gang activity, and drugs. The center offers opportunities for students to practice yoga and meditation, create music at Hip Hopology workshops, take trips to the spa, choreograph dances, visit museums, and attend concerts. It had programs such as The Bank, to teach teens about how to improve communities through economic, the Fellowship Academy, partnered with corporations so that its members could learn about business. One of its partners is Polo Ralph Lauren, program, which stands for Leadership Etiquette and Development, teaches young people how to be successful leaders. The student-led organization served 500 youth by 2013, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Canarsie was 83,693, a decrease of 1,365 from the 85,058 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,959.94 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 42.7 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 81. 0% African American,5. 9% White,0. 2% Native American,2. 6% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 3% of the population, today, Canarsies population is mostly black due to significant West Indian immigration in the area. East Brooklyn Community High School now serves the student population
15.
New York City Housing Authority
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The New York City Housing Authority provides housing for low- and moderate-income residents throughout the five boroughs of New York City. NYCHA also administers a citywide Section 8 Leased Housing Program in rental apartments and these communities are often referred to in popular culture as projects, or developments. These facilities commonly have large income disparities with their respective surrounding neighborhood or community, more than 400,000 New Yorkers reside in NYCHAs 328 public housing developments across the City’s five boroughs. Another 235,000 receive subsidized rental assistance in private homes through the NYCHA-administered Section 8 Leased Housing Program, NYCHA is a New York state public-benefit corporation organized under the Public Housing Law. The NYCHA consists of seven members, of which the chairman is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the Mayor of New York City, the Authority is the largest public housing authority in North America. In spite of problems, it is still considered by experts to be the most successful big-city public housing authority in the country. Most of its housing is also in high-rise buildings. NYCHA also administers a citywide Section 8 Leased Housing Program in rental apartments, however, new applications for Section 8 have not been accepted since December 10,2009. New York also maintains a waiting list for its apartments. NYCHAs Conventional Public Housing Program has 181,581 apartments in 345 developments throughout the city, NYCHA has approximately 13,000 employees serving about 176,221 families and approximately 403,120 authorized residents. Based on the 2010 census, NYCHAs Public Housing represents 8. 2% of the rental apartments and is home to 4. 9% of the city’s population. NYCHA residents and Section 8 voucher holders combined occupy 12. 4% of the rental apartments. In mid-2007, NYCHA faced a $225 million budget shortfall, the Fund received its first donation of $100,000 from the Deutsche Bank in December 2015. East Harlem in Manhattan has the second highest concentration of housing in the nation. The Bronxs largest development is Edenwald Houses in Edenwald with 2,036 apartments, brooklyns largest development is Red Hook Houses in Red Hook with 2,878 apartments. Manhattans largest development is Baruch Houses on the Lower East Side with 2,391 apartments Staten Islands largest development is Stapleton Houses in Stapleton with 693 apartments. The combined demographics of all housing developments in New York City is about 46% Black, 44% Hispanic, 4% White, 5% Asian. NYCHA residents in Chelsea earn significantly less money than the average Chelsea resident and are almost half as likely to have a college degree, at the end of 1935, NYCHA dedicated its first development, called First Houses, located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan
16.
Canarsie High School
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Canarsie High School is a defunct public high school in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Canarsie in New York City. Closed in 2011, the building operates as Canarsie Educational Campus. Under the Impact Schools initiative in 2004, Canarsie High School received increased police and security presence. In 2007, it was announced Canarsie would close because it was in such disarray that the way to fix it would be to shut it down. The school had received the lowest possible grades under the Department of Educations first citywide progress reports and this was part of a trend in the city beginning in the 1990s and embraced by the administration of then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg to convert failing large high schools into educational campuses. For the 2007-2008 academic year, the school stopped admitting new students, canarise High School graduated 40 percent of its final class of 358 students in the Spring of 2011. 84. 51% Black or African American,11. 47% Hispanic or Latino,2. 07% White non-Hispanic,1. 66% Asian and 0. 28% Native American, the school is part of School District #18. Three schools, High School for Innovation in Advertising and Media, High School for Medical Professions, and Urban Action Academy, are currently operating in the Canarsie campus
17.
Tau Kappa Epsilon
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Tau Kappa Epsilon is an international all-male secret and social college fraternity founded on January 10,1899, at Illinois Wesleyan University. The organization has chapters in the United States, Canada, as of Fall 2016 there were 243 active TKE chapters and colonies throughout the United States and Canada. In 1928, TKE became one of the first fraternities to abolish hell week, the purpose of the new organization was to be an aid to college men in mental, moral and social development. Mental development would be emphasized by the study of literature at weekly meetings. The first public announcement of the Knights of Classic Lore appeared in the February 1,1899 issue of the Argus, during formation of the Knights of Classic Lore were trying to get the Illinois Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta restored. Prominent PhiDelt alumnus Richard Henry Little became a persistent sponsor for the Knights to petition Phi Delta Theta for charter, the Knights first petitioned Phi Delta Theta at its 1902 convention in New York, but efforts were unsuccessful. After renting rooms at several locations beginning in the spring of 1899, simultaneously with the acquisition of the new house, the Knights also adopted the name Tau Kappa Epsilon. The change in name was expected to create an impression in future petitions to Phi Delta Theta. If this support was achieved, then charter would be granted to the group without any action from the convention, the Knights of Classic Lore gained the support of all Phi Delta Theta groups in the province, except for Wisconsin Alpha, Illinois Beta, and Missouri Alpha. The Knights in turn presented the petition at the 1906 convention in Washington. During the continuing struggle for acceptance from Phi Delta Theta, TKE continued to grow stronger in its own existence. In late 1907, TKE was preparing to petition Phi Delta Theta once again at the 1908 convention, at the annual initiation banquet on October 19,1907, speeches were made that both advocated and questioned the continued petitioning of Phi Delta Theta. At the banquet, Wallace G. McCauley delivered a speech known as Opportunity Out of Defeat. The powerful address called for an abandonment of the petitioning initiative, while there was some opposition at the time, the movement ultimately took hold, and by 1908, TKE was well on its way to becoming a national fraternity in its own right. The speech was published in the first issue of The Teke, in January 1908, at the chapter meeting held on Monday, February 15,1909, the new constitution became official. The first Conclave of the Grand Chapter of the new national fraternity of Tau Kappa Epsilon convened on February 17,1909, in 1909, TKE approached the Chi Rho Sigma Fraternity at Millikin University. There were no national fraternities at Millikin at this time, representatives from TKE presented their case, and after thorough consideration, Chi Rho Sigma voted to accept TKEs offer. On April 17,1909, Chi Rho Sigma was installed as the Beta Chapter of TKE, in November 1911, the Beta Rho Delta Fraternity was founded at the University of Illinois
18.
Xerox
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Xerox Corporation /ˈzɪərɒks/ is an American global corporation that sells document solutions and services, and document technology products in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut, though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester, New York, the company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $6.4 billion in early 2010. As a large developed company, it is placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies. Xerox completed the separation of Conduent Incorporated effective on Dec.31,2016, creating two market-leading, publicly- traded companies. In connection with the spin-off, Xerox received a transfer from Conduent of $1.8 billion. Xerox continues to trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “XRX”, researchers at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Center invented several important elements of personal computing, such as the desktop metaphor GUI, the computer mouse and desktop computing. These concepts were frowned upon by the board of directors. The concepts were adopted by Apple and, later, Microsoft, with the help of these innovations, Apple and Microsoft came to dominate the personal computing revolution of the 1980s, whereas Xerox was not a major player. Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company, in 1938 Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder toner. However, it would more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light. Wilson, credited as the founder of Xerox, took over Haloid from his father and he saw the promise of Carlsons invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971, looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid coined the term Xerography from two Greek roots meaning dry writing. Haloid subsequently changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961, before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its speed of operation and it was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal rostrum camera, complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with an aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method, having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offsets market share. The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, the Copyflo was a large microfilm printer which could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative
19.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
20.
Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
21.
Espresso
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Espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, has a concentration of suspended and dissolved solids. As a result of the brewing process, the flavors. Espresso is also the base for drinks such as a caffè latte, cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white. The spelling expresso is sometimes used, while some state that this spelling is incorrect. Espresso is made by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground. Tamping down the coffee promotes the waters even penetration of the grounds and this process produces an almost syrupy beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. The crema is produced by emulsifying the oils in the coffee into a colloid. Generally, one uses a machine to make espresso. Today, however, it is common for the pressure to be generated by an electric pump. The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a certified Italian espresso are and it is not a specific bean, bean blend, or roast level. Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso, for example, in southern Italy, a darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy. Espresso has risen in popularity worldwide since the 1980s, in the United States, cafés serve many variations by adding syrup, whipped cream, flavor extracts, soy milk, and spices to their drinks. The American Pacific Northwest has been viewed as the driver behind this trend, the popularity later spread to shops in other regions and into homes as kitchen-friendly machines became available at moderate cost. In other parts of the world, espresso has long been the method of coffee preparation in restaurants, bars. Angelo Moriondo’s Italian patent for a steam-driven instantaneous coffee beverage making device, author Ian Bersten, whose history of coffee brewers is cited below, claims to have been the first to discover Moriondo’s patent. Bersten describes the device as “… almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee” and Moriondo as “
22.
Il Giornale
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Il Giornale is an Italian language daily newspaper published in Milan, Italy. Montanelli left Corriere della Sera in 1973, the paper has a conservative stance. The papers headquarters is in Milan, in 1977 Montanelli, in financial difficulties, accepted an offer by Silvio Berlusconi, who thus became the publisher. In 1983 the paper was renamed as Il Giornale, when Berlusconi entered politics in December 1993, however, Montanelli left fearing for his own independence, and went on to found the short-lived daily newspaper La Voce. In 1994, Berlusconi left the role of publisher of il Giornale to his brother Paolo, Vittorio Feltri replaced Indro Montanelli as editor. In 2004 the paper was owned by Fininvest and Mondadori Editori, the publisher is the Società Europea di Edizioni. The paper was published in broadsheet format until May 2005 when it switched to tabloid format, in May 2005 Il Giornale started its online version. In 2007 the monthly business magazine Espansione became a supplement of the paper, Il Giornale was the seventh best-selling Italian newspaper in 1997 with a circulation of 218,741 copies. The paper had a circulation of 235,000 copies in 2000, the circulation of the paper was 228,198 copies in 2001 and it was 219,363 copies in 2002. The circulation of the paper was 216,000 copies in 2003 and 208,407 copies in 2004, in 2008 the paper had an average circulation of 192,667 copies. The circulation of the paper was 184,882 copies in 2009 and 183,923 copies in 2010, in 2012 Il Giornale sold 79,125,210 copies. The last issue is available for downloading. Indro Montanelli Vittorio Feltri Mario Cervi Maurizio Belpietro Mario Giordano Vittorio Feltri Alessandro Sallusti il Giornale Official Website
23.
Peet's Coffee
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Peets Coffee & Tea is a San Francisco Bay Area based specialty coffee roaster and retailer. Alfred Peet grew up in the business while living in the Netherlands as a child. Moving to San Francisco when he was 35, he began roasting coffee in the 1960s, Peet started Peets Coffee, Tea & Spices as a single store in 1966 in Berkeley, California. Peets original outlet is located on the corner of Walnut and Vine in the Gourmet Ghetto of North Berkeley. That location now contains a museum, displaying memorabilia and historical coffee equipment, Peets predates Starbucks and served as a model for that enterprise. Peet sold his business in 1979 to Sal Bonavita, staying on as a consultant until 1984. In 1984, Jerry Baldwin, one of the founders of Starbucks, along with co-owner Jim Reynolds, the buyer. In 1987, Baldwin and Peets owners sold the Starbucks chain to focus on Peets, the company went public in January 2001. After a successful IPO, shares struggled through the first year, in 2003, the first full-service Peets store on a university campus was opened within the Clark Center building at Stanford University. Peets coffee is currently served at all Stanford Dining locations. In 2005, UC Berkeley opened its own Peets franchise on campus in Dwinelle Hall, similarly in 2009, locations opened at the UW–Madisons Memorial Union, Villanova University, and at UC San Diego. In 2007, Peets opened a plant in Alameda. This new plant replaced the former operations in Emeryville, California, Peets operated 193 retail locations as of the first quarter of 2010, most are in California, with further locations in Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In May 2011, Peets had a cap of roughly $636 million. Caribou stores in the remainder of the country that would open, about half of the total. In August 2014, Peets acquired Mighty Leaf Tea, a specialty tea brand based in the Bay Area and it was announced on October 30,2015 that Peets Coffee & Tea was acquiring a majority stake in Chicago-based Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Making this the second purchase in a month including Portland, Oregons Stumptown Coffee, by 2010, Peets was offering health, dental and vision plans to part-time workers who had worked at least 500 hours, and were averaging over 21-hour workweeks. Peets became a target for union organizing as early as 2002, at that time, workers at the Santa Cruz, California branch of Peet’s sought affiliation with the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union Local 839
24.
Franchising
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Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firms business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word franchise is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a verb, for the franchisor, the franchise is an alternative to building chain stores to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisors success depends on the success of the franchisees, the franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because they have a direct stake in the business. Franchising is also used as a market entry mode. The boom in franchising did not take place until after World War II, the practice ended around 1562 but spread to other endeavors. For example, in 17th century England franchisees were granted the right to sponsor markets, there was little growth in franchising, though, until the mid-19th century, when it appeared in the United States for the first time. One of the first successful American franchising operations was started by an enterprising druggist named John S. Pemberton, in 1886, he concocted a beverage comprising sugar, molasses, spices, and cocaine. Pemberton licensed selected people to bottle and sell the drink, which is now known as Coca-Cola and his was one of the earliest—and most successful—franchising operations in the United States. The Singer Company implemented a plan in the 1850s to distribute its sewing machines. The operation failed, though, because the company did not earn money even though the machines sold well. The dealers, who had rights to their territories, absorbed most of the profits because of deep discounts. Some failed to push Singer products, so competitors were able to outsell the company, under the existing contract, Singer could neither withdraw rights granted to franchisees nor send in its own salaried representatives. So, the company started repurchasing the rights it had sold, the experiment proved to be a failure. That may have one of the first times a franchisor failed. Fortunately, the Singer venture did not put an end to franchising, other companies tried franchising in one form or another after the Singer experience. For example, several decades later, General Motors Corporation established a somewhat successful franchising operation in order to raise capital, perhaps the father of modern franchising, though, is Louis Kroh Liggett. In 1902, Liggett invited a group of druggists to join a drug cooperative, as he explained to them, they could increase profits by paying less for their purchases, especially if they set up their own manufacturing company. His idea was to market private label products, about 40 druggists pooled $4,000 of their own money and adopted the name Rexall
25.
Economic inequality
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Economic inequality is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Economic inequality is sometimes called income inequality, wealth inequality, or the wealth gap, economists generally focus on economic disparity in three metrics, wealth, income, and consumption. The issue of inequality is relevant to notions of equity, equality of outcome. Economic inequality varies between societies, historical periods, economic structures and systems, the term can refer to cross-sectional distribution of income or wealth at any particular period, or to changes of income and wealth over longer periods of time. There are various numerical indices for measuring economic inequality, a widely used index is the Gini coefficient, but there are also many other methods. Some studies say economic inequality is a problem, for example too much inequality can be destructive. However, too much income equality is also destructive since it decreases the incentive for productivity, the first set of income distribution statistics for the United States covering the period from was published in 1952 by Simon Kuznets, Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings. It relied on US federal income tax returns and Kuznets’s own estimates of US national income, National Income, economists generally consider three metrics of economic dispersion, wealth, income, and consumption. A skilled professional may have low wealth and low income as student, low wealth and high earnings in the beginning of the career, peoples preferences determine whether they consume earnings immediately or defer consumption to the future. The distinction is important at the level of economy, There are economies with high income inequality. There are economies with low income inequality and high wealth inequality. There are different ways to measure income inequality and wealth inequality, Different choices lead to different results. g. Annual wages, including wages from part-time work or work during only part of the year, individual earnings inequality among all workers – Includes the self-employed. Individual earnings inequality among the entire working-age population – Includes those who are inactive, e. g. students, unemployed, early pensioners, household earnings inequality – Includes the earnings of all household members. Household market income inequality – Includes incomes from capital, savings, household disposable income inequality – Includes public cash transfers received and direct taxes paid. Household adjusted disposable income inequality – Includes publicly provided services, There are many challenges in comparing data between economies, or in a single economy in different years. Examples of challenges include, Data can be based on joint taxation of couples or individual taxation, the tax authorities generally only collect information on income that is potentially taxable. The precise definition of income varies from country to country
26.
Arizona State University
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Arizona State University is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2016 university ratings by U. S. News & World Report rank ASU No.1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the year in a row. ASU is the largest public university by enrollment in the U. S and it had approximately 82,060 students enrolled in 2014, including 66,309 undergraduate and 15,751 graduate students. ASUs charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Crow, ASU is classified as a research university with very high research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The Center for Measuring University Performance ranks ASU 31st among top U. S. public research universities, ASU was classified as a Research I institute in 1994, making it one of the nations newest major research universities. Students compete in 25 varsity sports, the Arizona State Sun Devils are members of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 23 NCAA championships. Along with multiple clubs and recreational facilities, ASU is home to more than 1,100 registered student organizations. To keep pace with the student populations growth, the university continuously renovates, the demand for new academic halls, athletic facilities, student recreation centers, and residential halls is being addressed with donor contributions and public-private investments. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George, classes began with 33 students on February 8,1886. The school accepted high school students and graduates, and awarded high school diplomas, in 1923 the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925 the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates, in 1929, the legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College. Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews the school was given all-college student status, the first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use, Matthews envisioned an evergreen campus, with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of Palm Walk, now a landmark of the Tempe campus. His legacy is being continued to this day with the campus having been declared a nationally recognized arboretum. During the Great Depression, Ralph W. Swetman was hired as president for a three-year term, although enrollment increased by almost 100 percent during his tenure due to the depression, many faculty were terminated and faculty salaries were cut. In 1933, Grady Gammage, then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of ASU, like his predecessor, Gammage oversaw construction of a number of buildings on the Tempe campus. He also oversaw the development of the graduate programs. The schools name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, at the time, two other names considered were Tempe University and State University at Tempe
27.
Goldman Sachs
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Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, with additional offices in other international financial centers. The firm provides asset management, mergers and acquisitions advice, prime brokerage, and securities underwriting to its clients, which include corporations, governments, and individuals. The firm also engages in making and private equity deals. The loan was made in November 2008 and repaid with interest in June 2009, the list of former employees of Goldman Sachs who moved on to government positions includes former U. S. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, Goldman Sachs was founded in New York in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldmans son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm, in 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of paper for entrepreneurs. By 1898, the firms capital stood at $1.6 million, Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal occurred due to Henry Goldmans personal friendship with the owner of Sears, other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-family member, in 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. Control of the firm was now in the hands of the Sachs family, waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. In 1920, the firm moved from 60 Wall Street to $1.5 million 12-story premises on 30–32 Pine Street, by 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm. On December 4,1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund, the fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading. In 1930, the firm ousted Catchings, and Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of partner and shifted Goldmans focus away from trading. It was Weinbergs actions that helped to some of Goldmans tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Companys IPO in 1956, under Weinbergs reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage. For most of the 1950s and 1960s, this would be Weinberg, Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance
28.
David Viniar
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David Alan Viniar was the CFO and Executive Vice President at Goldman Sachs from 1999 until January 31,2013. He is currently on the Board of Directors of Goldman Sachs, a 1972 alumnus of The Bronx High School of Science, Viniar graduated from Union College, New York in 1976, where he majored in economics. He then attended Harvard Business School, earning an MBA in 1980, after receiving the MBA, Viniar joined Goldman Sachs where he has remained since. He became a partner in 1992, a director in 1996 and executive vice president. He has been the head of Operations, Technology, Finance, Viniar headed the Finance Division and co-head of Credit Risk Management and Advisory and Firmwide Risk from December 2001 to December 2002. He co-headed Operations, Finance and Resources from March 1999 to December 2001 and he was CFO of the Goldman Sachs Group, L. P. from March 1999 to May 1999. From July 1998 until March 1999, he was Deputy Chief Financial Officer and from 1994 until July 1998, he was head of Finance, with responsibility for Controllers and Treasury. From 1992-94, he was head of Treasury and prior to that was in the Structured Finance Department of Investment Banking, in September 2012 Viniar announced that he would be retiring from Goldman Sachs in January 2013. On January 31,2013 he retired from his positions as CFO and Executive Vice President, on October 30,2013 Viniar became a director on the board of Square, Inc. the mobile payments firm run by Jack Dorsey. Viniar ascribed the events to a series of events, “We were seeing things that were 25 standard deviation moves. This has since used to illustrate the problems of inappropriate mathematical models in finance. David Viniar serves on the Board of Trustees of Union College and is a member of the Board of Trustees of both Childrens Aid and Family Services and the Financial Accounting Foundation, david Viniar is married and has four children
29.
Jamba Juice
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There are approximately 287 company-owned locations and 517 franchise-operated stores in the United States, in addition to the 45 international stores. Before the creation of the company, Jamba Juice was a project completed by Kirk Perron. Jamba Juice was conceived and founded on March 31,1990 by Perron and he was joined in the business by three friends, Kevin Peters, Joe Vergara, and Linda Ozawa Olds. It was incorporated in 1990 as Juice Club, Inc. in San Luis Obispo, Jamba Juice acquired all nationwide Zuka Juice, Inc. stores in October 2000. Zuka Juice was founded in Orem, Utah, by Dave Duffin, since then, Jamba Juice has expanded to become a well known smoothie chain. The first location in New York was at Columbus Circle and 59th Street in the basement of the Time Warner Center and is part of the Whole Foods Market seating area. Other locations include one south of Union Square, Times Square, Tribeca, on August 14,2003, Jamba Juice agreed to be acquired by Services Acquisition Corp. International for $265 million. A special purpose acquisition company, Services Acquisition is headed by Steven Berrard, upon the closing of the transaction, the publicly traded Services Acquisition changed its name to Jamba, Inc. In June 2006, Jamba, Inc. announced that it had completed a $35.0 million convertible preferred stock transaction. The convertible preferred stock becomes redeemable by Jamba, Inc. at the election of the purchasers in June 2016 unless converted earlier, the preferred stock is convertible into common shares at a price of $1.15 per share. “This transaction complements our focus exclusively on investing in businesses with strong management teams that capitalize on emerging demographic or psychographic trends. ”In December 2008, Jamba began a strategic move to transform the company from a smoothie shop to include a line of wraps, sandwiches, salads. Jamba currently has over 750 locations in 26 states across the U. S. in July 2009, in promoting its new line of products, Jamba Juice was criticized for running an advertising campaign which was described as a ripoff of the work of cartoonist David Rees. The ad campaign looked similar to Rees Get Your War On series, Rees was informed of the Jamba Juice ads by a fan who sent in a letter. Rees stated that Jamba Juice bit my style, with no credit, in 2014 Jamba Juice launched its expanded Fresh Juice menu, and began making juices blends to order with fresh ingredients such as kale, beets and ginger. On November 16,2015, Jamba, Inc. announced the construction of their first concept store, located in the center of Old Pasadena, the Innovation Bar replaced their nineteenth store, which was roughly double to triple the size of a typical Jamba Juice store. Alongside the usual serving of smoothies, this location also sold many other foods, including bowls, artisan hummus toast with vegetables, homemade potato chips. It was also the first location to house a WiFi-enabled dining area where customers can watch as their beverages are prepared, matt Kafka, who is the Senior Director of Operations at Jamba, explained it as a cool and hip place in Southern California. Jamba opened the Innovation Bar on July 14,2016, during a ribbon cutting at 10,00 am PDT
30.
National Basketball Association
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The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
31.
Women's National Basketball Association
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The Womens National Basketball Association is a professional womens basketball league in the United States. It is currently composed of twelve teams, the league was founded on April 24,1996 as the womens counterpart to the National Basketball Association, and league play started in 1997. The regular season is played from June to September with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July, many WNBA teams have direct NBA counterparts and play in the same arena. The four aforementioned franchises, along with the Atlanta Dream and the Los Angeles Sparks, are all independently owned. The creation of the WNBA was officially approved by the NBA Board of Governors on April 24,1996, and announced at a conference with Rebecca Lobo, Lisa Leslie. The new WNBA had to compete with the recently-formed American Basketball League, while not the first major womens professional basketball league in the United States, the WNBA is the only league to receive full backing of the NBA. The WNBA logo, Logo Woman, paralleled the NBA logo and was selected out of 50 different designs. On the heels of a gold medal run by the 1996 USA Basketball Womens National Team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. The first WNBA game featured the New York Liberty facing the Los Angeles Sparks in Los Angeles, the game was televised nationally in the United States on the NBC television network. Penny Toler scored the leagues first point, the WNBA centered its marketing campaign, dubbed We Got Next, around stars Rebecca Lobo, Lisa Leslie and Sheryl Swoopes. In the leagues first season, Leslies Los Angeles Sparks underperformed, the WNBAs true star in 1997 was WNBA MVP Cynthia Cooper, Swoopes teammate on the Houston Comets. The Comets defeated Lobos New York Liberty in the first WNBA Championship game, the initial We Got Next advertisement ran before each WNBA season until it was replaced with the We Got Game campaign. Two teams were added in 1998 and two more in 1999, bringing the number of teams in the league up to twelve and we expect to keep growing the league. In 1999, the chief competition, the American Basketball League. When a lockout resulted in an abbreviated NBA season, the WNBA saw faltering TV viewership, on May 23,2000, the Houston Comets became the first WNBA team to be invited to the White House Rose Garden. Before this invitation, only mens sports teams had traveled to the White House, at the end of the 2000 season, the Houston Comets won their fourth championship, capturing every title since the leagues inception. Led by the Big Three of Sheryl Swoopes, Tina Thompson, and four-time Finals MVP Cynthia Cooper, under head coach Van Chancellor, the team posted a 98–24 record through their first four seasons. After 2000, Cooper retired from the league and the Comets dynasty came to an end, the top contender in the 2001 season was the Los Angeles Sparks
32.
Seattle Storm
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The Seattle Storm is a professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington, playing in the Western Conference in the Womens National Basketball Association. The team was founded before the 2000 season began, the team is owned by Force 10 Hoops LLC, which is composed of three Seattle businesswomen, Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, and Ginny Gilder. The Storm has qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in twelve of its seventeen years in Seattle, in 2004 and 2010, the Storm went to the WNBA Finals, they won each time, beating Connecticut in 2004 and Atlanta in 2010. The Storm was the team of the Seattle SuperSonics until February 28,2008. The Storms predecessor was the Seattle Reign, a member of the American Basketball League, operating from 1996 through December 1998. Luckier than most localities that had an ABL team, Seattle was quickly awarded a WNBA franchise, the Seattle Storm would tip off their first season in typical expansion fashion. Coached by Lin Dunn and led by guard Edna Campbell and Czech center Kamila Vodichkova, the low record, however, allowed the Storm to draft 19-year-old Australian standout Lauren Jackson. Though Seattle did not make the playoffs in the 2001 season, in the 2002 draft, the Storm drafted UConn star Sue Bird, filling the Storms gap at the point guard position. With Birds playmaking ability and Jacksons scoring and rebounding, the made the playoffs for the first time in 2002. Coach Anne Donovan was hired for the 2003 campaign, in Donovans first year, Jackson would win the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award, but the team had a disappointing season, and the Storm missed the playoffs. The 2004 Storm posted a then franchise-best 20–14 record, in the playoffs, the Storm made quick work of the Minnesota Lynx, sweeping them in the first round. The Storm then squared off against an up-and-coming Sacramento Monarchs team in the West Finals, the Storm would emerge victorious, winning the series 2–1. In the WNBA Finals, the Storm would finish off the season as champions, betty Lennox was named MVP of the Finals. The win made Anne Donovan the first female coach in WNBA history to win the WNBA Championship. Key players from the Storms championship season were not on the team in 2005, Vodichkova, Tully Bevilaqua, and Sheri Sam moved on to other teams. In addition, the injury of Australian star and new acquisition Jessica Bibby hampered the teams 2005 season. While they matched their 2004 record and made the playoffs, the Storms title defense was stopped in the first round by the Houston Comets,2 games to 1, in 2006, the Storm would finish 18–16, good enough to make the playoffs. The Storm put up a fight in the first round against the Sparks
33.
Gary Payton
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Gary Dwayne Payton is an American former professional basketball player. He started at the point guard position and he is best known for his 13-year tenure with the Seattle SuperSonics, and holds Seattle franchise records in points, assists, and steals. He also played with the Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers, Boston Celtics and Miami Heat and he was nicknamed The Glove for his excellent defensive ability. He was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame on September 8,2013, Payton is widely considered one of the best point guards of all time and is the only point guard that has won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year award. He was selected to the NBA All-Defensive First Team nine times and he was also a nine-time NBA All-Star and a nine-time All-NBA Team member. Considered the NBAs reigning high scorer among point guards in his prime, Payton was born in Oakland, California. He played high school basketball at Skyline High School in Oakland, California, along with former NBA player Greg Foster, before attending Oregon State University in Corvallis, in his second year, his grades plummeted and he was declared academically ineligible. His dad encouraged him to focus on school, and he was allowed to play again, throughout his four-year career at OSU, he became one of the most decorated basketball players in OSU history. During his senior year, Payton was featured on the March 5,1990 cover of Sports Illustrated magazine as the nations best college basketball player. He was a consensus All-American in 1990, a three-time All-Pac-10 selection and he was the MVP of the Far West Classic tournament three times and was the Pac-10 Player of the Week nine times. He also was named to the Pac-10s All-Decade Team, during his career at OSU, the Beavers made three NCAA Tournament appearances and one NIT appearance. He was elected into OSUs Sports Hall of Fame in 1996, Payton was the second overall pick in the 1990 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics, and spent his first 12½ seasons with the Sonics. Entering the league to star-studded expectations, Payton struggled during his first two seasons in the league, averaging 8.2 points per game during that span. However, he proved himself to be one of the leagues top point guards, while, during the 1990s Payton. He earned his first of 9 consecutive All-NBA team selections when he was chosen to the All-NBA Third team in 1994. Payton would go on to make the All-NBA First-Team in 1998 and 2000, All-NBA Second Team in 1995,1996,1997,1999, and 2002, and All-NBA Third Team in 1994 and 2001. He was selected to the NBA All-Defensive First Team a record nine consecutive seasons, and won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1996 and he has been selected to the NBA All-Star Team nine times and was voted as a starter in 1997 and 1998. He was a member of the gold medal-winning 1996 and 2000 U. S. Mens Olympic Basketball Teams
34.
Oklahoma City
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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population, the population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 631,346 as of July 2015. Oklahoma Citys city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, the city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area. Oklahoma City has the largest municipal population of any city in the Great Plains region of the central United States as well as all neighboring states to Oklahoma, excluding Texas, lying in the Great Plains region, Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy, the city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor, which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the citys northeast section lies in a region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, the city was the scene of the April 19,1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11,2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U. S. history. Oklahoma City was settled on April 22,1889, when the known as the Unassigned Lands was opened for settlement in an event known as The Land Run. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma, the town grew quickly, the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser, by the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City, before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits, Oklahoma City became a center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and it was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 8. 6% black and 90. 7% white, patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the citys first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U. S. city with over 350,000 residents. As with many other American cities, center city population declined in the 1970s and 1980s as families followed newly constructed highways to move to housing in nearby suburbs
35.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
36.
KeyArena
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KeyArena is a multi-purpose arena in Seattle. It is located north of downtown in the 74-acre entertainment complex known as Seattle Center, the site of the 1962 Worlds Fair and it is used for entertainment purposes, such as concerts, ice shows, circuses, and sporting events. It has a capacity of 17,072 for basketball games,15,177 for ice hockey games and ice shows,16,641 for end-stage concerts. Risers hold 7,440 on the level and up to 7,741 on the lower level. The arenas current tenants are the Seattle Redhawks and the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, the Seattle University Redhawks mens basketball team are currently the arenas longest-serving tenant, having played in the arena from 1963 to 1980 and 2009 to present. Rat City Rollergirls of the Womens Flat Track Derby Association have been a tenant since 2009, KeyArena is now the permanent home of the Pac-12 Conferences womens basketball tournament. KeyArena was the home of the NBAs Seattle SuperSonics, WHL Seattle Totems, after 41 seasons in Seattle, the team became the Oklahoma City Thunder and the owners agreed to leave the SuperSonics name, logo, and colors in Seattle for a possible future NBA franchise. The Thunderbirds, who had called the Seattle Center Coliseum and KeyArena home for 32 years, KeyArena was the first publicly financed arena in the area to be fully supported by earned income from the building. The arena opened in 1962 as the Washington State Pavilion for the Century 21 Exposition, after the close of the Exposition the Pavilion was remodeled as the Washington State Coliseum, one of the centerpieces of the new Seattle Center. When the newly renovated Coliseum opened the Seattle University mens basketball became the arenas first major tenant. The Coliseum became home to the Seattle SuperSonics beginning with their season in 1967. The Washington State Coliseum would later be renamed the Seattle Center Coliseum, operated by the City of Seattle, the Seattle Center Coliseum in this incarnation hosted two NBA Finals, in 1978 and 1979, both meetings putting the Washington Bullets and the Seattle SuperSonics against each other. It was also the site of the only NBA game that was canceled on account of rain. On January 6,1986 the Sonics were hosting the Phoenix Suns during a rainstorm, timeouts were called so ball boys armed with towels could do their best to wipe up the puddles, but even so, two players slipped and fell on the wet surface. Finally, during the half, referee Mike Mathis called the game. The arena hosted the competitions of the 1990 Goodwill Games. Additionally, the arena has hosted concerts by famous artists. On August 21,1964 and August 25,1966, The Beatles performed at the arena, a notable performance by Metallica was in 1989, when they were supporting the Damaged Justice Tour
37.
Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City
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The Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City was a successful effort by the ownership group of the Seattle SuperSonics to relocate the team from Seattle, Washington to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The team began play as the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2008–09 basketball season, a condition of the sale was that PBC execute a good faith effort to secure a suitable arena in the Seattle area for the team. When the request was rejected by a judge, Seattle sued Bennetts group to enforce the lease that required the team to play in KeyArena through 2010, on July 2,2008, a settlement was reached that allowed the team to move under certain conditions. The NBA claimed the lawsuit was void because Schultz signed a release forbidding himself to sue Bennetts group, Schultz dropped the case before the start of the 2008–09 NBA season. After failing to find an ownership group to sell the team to, Schultz talked to ownership groups from Kansas City. The sale to Clay Bennetts group for $350 million was approved by NBA owners on October 24,2006. Terms of the sale required the new group to use good faith best efforts for a term of 12 months in securing a new arena lease or venue in the Seattle metropolitan area. On February 12,2007, Bennett proposed using tax money to pay for a new $500 million arena in Renton, Washington, after failing to reach a deal by the end of the legislative session, Bennett gave up his attempt in April 2007. On November 2,2007 the team announced it would move to Oklahoma City as soon as it could get out of its Key Arena lease. Over concerns the city would accept a buyout of the lease, the Seattle City Council later unanimously passed an ordinance modeled after the initiative. Bennett later denied such intentions, saying McClendon was not speaking on behalf of the ownership group, due to his comments, McClendon was fined $250,000 by the NBA. On September 21,2007, Bennett applied for arbitration on the issue of whether the team could break its lease in 2008, arguing that the lease does not allow for arbitration on the issue of occupancy, the city of Seattle filed for declaratory relief on September 24. Making this move now continues the current ownerships insulting behavior toward the Sonics dedicated fans, Bennett also reiterated that the team was not for sale and dismissed attempts by local groups to repurchase the team. After a tour of downtown Oklahoma City, a subcommittee of three NBA owners recommended that the league approve the move, the Oklahoma State Legislature later approved a bill to provide tax breaks and other incentives if the team relocated. The approval meant the Sonics would be allowed to move to Oklahoma Citys Ford Center for the 2008–2009 season after reaching a settlement with the city of Seattle. In 2006, a group of Seattle residents created Save Our Sonics, the and Storm portion of the name was dropped when the WNBA Storm was sold to local ownership. On June 16,2008, the organized a well-publicized rally. The rally was held on the first day of the city of Seattles lawsuit against the PBC to enforce the remaining two years on the KeyArena lease
38.
Oklahoma City Thunder
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The Oklahoma City Thunder are an American professional basketball team based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Thunder competes in the National Basketball Association as a member of the leagues Western Conference Northwest Division, the team plays its home games at Chesapeake Energy Arena. The Thunders NBA Development League affiliate is the Oklahoma City Blue, the Thunder is the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues based in the state of Oklahoma. The team was established as the Seattle SuperSonics, an expansion team that joined the NBA for the 1967–68 season. The SuperSonics moved in 2008 after a settlement was reached between the group led by Clay Bennett and lawmakers in Seattle, Washington following a lawsuit. In Seattle, the SuperSonics qualified for the NBA playoffs 22 times, won their division six times, in Oklahoma City, the Thunder qualified for their first playoff berth during the 2009–10 season. The Thunders previous incarnation, the Seattle SuperSonics, were formed in 1967, in their 41 seasons in Seattle, the SuperSonics compiled a 1745–1585 win–loss record in the regular season and went 107–110 in the playoffs. The franchises titles include three Western Conference championships and one NBA title in 1979, the sale of the SuperSonics and Storm was approved by NBA owners the following October. In 2007, Bennett announced that the franchise would move to Oklahoma City as soon as the lease with KeyArena expired. In June 2008, a lawsuit brought by the city of Seattle against Bennett due to his attempts to break the two years of the Sonics lease at KeyArena went to federal court. Nearly a month later, the two reached a settlement agreement. The terms awarded the city $45 million to get out of the lease at KeyArena. On September 3,2008, the name, logo. The name Thunder was chosen in reference to Oklahomas location in Tornado Alley and Oklahoma City as the home of the U. S. Armys 45th Infantry Division, the Thunder participated in the Orlando Pro Summer League featuring their second-year players, potential free agents and rookies. The players wore black and white jerseys reading OKC-NBA against an outline of a basketball. The Thunder played several games before the 2008–2009 regular season. The Thunder made their first appearance in Billings, Montana on October 8,2008 in an 88–82 preseason loss against the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Thunder played their first Ford Center game on October 14 against the Los Angeles Clippers. In their regular-season home opener, the Thunder faced the Milwaukee Bucks, earl Watson scored the first points of the season with a layup
