1.
Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force
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The Peoples Liberation Army has not always used ranks or insignia. In common with the practice of the Red Army at the time of its founding in 1927, as a result of the Cultural Revolution, ranks were abolished in May 1965. After the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, reforms in the PLA began to be made to professionalize the armed forces once more. The 1984 Military Service Law provided for the resumption of rank, but disagreements on what ranks were to be used, the following ranks and their respective insignia shown are those used by the Peoples Liberation Army Ground Force. The NCO insignia of that period showed Japanese influence with the use of stars on the collars with the specialty badge on the side, while general duties officers wore the shoulder board pattern shown below, technical service officers sported white and red shoulder boards with their rank insignia. The current system of ranks and insignia is a revision of the ranks and insignia established in 1955. The 1955-1965 marshal officer ranks of Yuánshuài and Dà Yuánshuài were not revived and this highest rank in the new system was never held and was abolished in 1994. The field officer and company officer ranks were the same in title, despite being the rank below Shaowei in both systems, the insignia have no similarities. Officer rank names are not translated literally, but rather to a corresponding rank system. This can lead to different translations being used depending on the chosen for the correspondences. For example, the translation used for the rank of Shàngjiàng depends on whether one is comparing it to Soviet or Russian ranks or to British or American ranks. The current system of enlisted ranks and insignia dates from 2009, comparative military ranks PLA Uniforms and Insignia Military ranks of the Peoples Liberation Army, on pre-2007 uniforms
2.
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
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Since the vast majority of officials at all levels of government are also Communist Party members, the commission is in practice the top anti-corruption body in China. The modern commission was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978. Control systems had existed previously under the name Central Control Commission for a period in 1927. It was disbanded during the Cultural Revolution in 1969, in 1993, the internal operations of the agency and the governments Ministry of Supervision were merged. According to the Partys Constitution, the members of the CCDI are elected by the National Congress, after the national congress in which it is elected, the CCDI convenes to elect its Secretary, deputy secretaries, secretary general and Standing Committee. Elected officials must then be endorsed by the Central Committee to take office, the Secretary of the CCDI has, since 1997, been a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and, since 2009, served as the leader of the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work. The current secretary is Wang Qishan, who took office on 15 November 2012, the idea of a control system was inspired by Vladimir Lenin in The State and Revolution. Lenin argued that every communist vanguard party, at all levels, needed a system to supervise elections, dismissals. His writings led to the establishment of the Soviet Central Control Commission, the control system, the importance of discipline and supervision was emphasised since the CPCs founding. The 2nd National Congress amended the party constitution, devoting a chapter to party discipline, however, no institution was established to safeguard party norms or supervise cadre behaviour. The 5th National Congress again amended the party constitution, adding a chapter on control commissions and their aims, partly because of this, the control commissions actively participated in several party rectification campaigns during the late 1920s and early 1930s. At that time the commissions tended to participate in political struggles, most notably the purges of Zhang Guotao, the control system was reorganised as the Central Review Committee, the Central Party Affairs Committee and the Central Control Commission. Despite these changes, the duties and responsibilities of the bodies remained vague until the amendments to the party constitution at the 7th National Congress in 1945. Although it may be argued that the 1945 amendments did little to clarify the role of a control body and it was argued in the party constitution that the control system was born to serve the needs of a Leninist party for its ideological and organisational consolidation. Such a role was reinforced in the Partys frequent campaigns against its real or perceived enemies in, in 1949 the Central Committee established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. It differed from its predecessors in several respects and it was responsible to the Politburo and its local organisations were responsible for their corresponding party committees, despite the committees authority to restrict their behaviour. In reality, the CCDI was established to check all party organisations except the central leadership, during its early years, the CCDI was not a powerful institution. Although it focused on abuses by party veterans and senior officials, the few mentions of CCDI inspectors in the press highlighted their failures
3.
Deng Yingchao
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With ancestry in Guangshan County, Henan, she was born Deng Wenshu in Nanning, Guangxi. Growing up in a family, her father died when she was at a young age and her single mother taught. Deng studied at Beiyang Womens Normal School, Deng participated as a team leader in the May Fourth Movement, where she met Zhou Enlai. They married on August 8,1925 in Guangzhou and she was a legal witness in the wedding of Ho Chi Minh and Zeng Xueming in 1926. Deng and Zhou had no children of their own, however, they adopted several orphans of revolutionary martyrs, including Li Peng, later a Premier of the Peoples Republic of China. She promoted the abolition of foot binding imposed on women and she died in Beijing at the age of 88. There is a hall dedicated to her and her husband in Tianjin. Deng Yingchao, a painting and a b/w photo Exterior of the Memorial Hall
4.
Hunan
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Hunan Province is the 7th most populous Province of China and the 10th most extensive by area. The name Hunan means south of Lake Dongting, a lake in the northeast of the province, vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiang, after the Xiang River, which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. Hunans primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and it entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, it became part of the State of Chu. After Qin conquered the Chu heartland in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, the agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han state, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods. To this day many of the villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu. Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until the Qing dynasty, Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723. Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River and it was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha. It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China, the land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the century, Hunan became overcrowded. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806, were caused by ethnic tensions, the Taiping Rebellion began in the south in Guangxi Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley, ultimately, it was a Hunanese army under Zeng Guofan who marched into Nanjing to put down the uprising in 1864. Hunan was relatively quiet until 1910 when there were uprisings against the crumbling Qing dynasty and it was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained an army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang forces, they began the Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province, after the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war. They defended the Changsha until it fell in 1944, japan launched Operation Ichigo, a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou. Hunan was relatively unscathed by the war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward, as Mao Zedongs home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976
5.
Qing dynasty
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It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the base for the modern Chinese state. The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, in the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Banners, military-social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into an entity, which he renamed as the Manchus. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, in 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital, Beijing. The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia, the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their title was Emperor, they used khan to the Mongols and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the system in dealing with neighboring territories. The Qianlong reign saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people, most of them due to famines caused by war. In spite of disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea, New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a conservative leader. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformist monarchists such as Kang Youwei, after the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on October 11,1911, led to the Xinhai Revolution, General Yuan Shikai negotiated the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor, on February 12,1912. Nurhaci declared himself the Bright Khan of the Later Jin state in both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan. His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636, there are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng. The character Qīng is composed of water and azure, both associated with the water element and this association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water
6.
Order of Bayi
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Order of Bayi or Bayi Order was a Chinese military award awarded to heroes of the Liberation of China during the First Chinese Civil War. There are three grades, First Class Medal, Second Class Medal, and Third Class Medal, ten Marshals, Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Chen Yi, Luo Ronghuan, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, Ye Jianying. Ten Senior Generals, Su Yu, Xu Haidong, Huang Kecheng, Chen Geng, Tan Zheng, Xiao Jinguang, Zhang Yunyi, Luo Ruiqing, Wang Shusheng, general officer, Song Renqiong, Wang Zhen, Xu Shiyou, etc. Lieutenant general, Kong Qingde, Wang Jinshan, Wang Shangrong, major general, Han Dongshan, Jin Rubai, Sun Chaoqun, etc. Senior colonel, Zhou Shiyuan, Luo Houfu, and Xing Shixiu, soldiers, Feng Baiju, Feng Zhongyun, Li Yanlu, and Zhou Baozhong
People's Republic of China
People's Liberation Army
