1.
Cart
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A cart is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by one or a pair of draught animals. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people and it is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans. Over time, the cart has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried. The draught animals used for carts may be horses or ponies, mules, oxen, water buffalo or donkeys, carts have been mentioned in literature as far back as the second millennium B. C. The Indian sacred book Rigveda states that men and women are as equal as two wheels of a cart, hand-carts pushed by humans have been used around the world. In the 19th century, for instance, some Mormons travelling across the plains of the United States between 1856 and 1860 used handcarts, the history of the cart is closely tied to the history of the wheel. Larger carts may be drawn by animals, such as horses, mules and they have been in continuous use since the invention of the wheel, in the 4th millennium BC. Carts may be named for the animal that pulls them, such as horsecart or oxcart, in modern times, horsecarts are used in competition while draft horse showing. A dogcart, however, is usually a cart designed to carry hunting dogs, the term cart is also used for various kinds of lightweight, two-wheeled carriages, some of them sprung carts, especially those used as open pleasure or sporting vehicles. They could be drawn by a horse, pony or dog, the name survives today as a milkfloat. The seat is adjustable fore-and-aft to keep the vehicle balanced for two or four people, carts have many different shapes, but the basic idea of transporting material remains. Carts may have a pair of shafts, one each side of the draught animal that supports the forward-balanced load in the cart. The shafts are supported by a saddle on the horse, alternatively, the cart may have a single pole between a pair of animals. The draught traces attach to the axle of the vehicle or to the shafts, the traces are attached to a collar, to a yoke or to a harness on dogs or other light animals. Traces are made from a range of materials depending on the load, heavy draught traces are made from iron or steel chain. Lighter traces are often leather and sometimes rope, but plaited horse-hair. The dray is often associated with the transport of barrels, particularly of beer, of the cart types not animal-drawn, perhaps the most common example today is the shopping cart, which has also come to have a metaphorical meaning in relation to online purchases. Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937, in golf, both manual push or pull and electric golf trolleys are designed to carry a golfers bag, clubs and other equipment
2.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
3.
Wheel
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A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the components of the wheel. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ships wheel, steering wheel, potters wheel and flywheel. Common examples are found in transport applications, a wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, cognates within Indo-European include Icelandic hjól wheel, tyre, Greek κύκλος kúklos, and Sanskrit chakra, the latter both meaning circle or wheel. The invention of the falls into the late Neolithic. Note that this implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of agriculture and of pottery, precursors of wheels, known as tournettes or slow wheels, were known in the Middle East by the 5th millennium BCE. These were made of stone or clay and secured to the ground with a peg in the center, but required effort to turn. True potters wheels were apparently in use in Mesopotamia by 3500 BCE and possibly as early as 4000 BCE, and the oldest surviving example, which was found in Ur, dates to approximately 3100 BCE. The earliest well-dated depiction of a vehicle is on the Bronocice pot. The oldest securely dated real wheel-axle combination, that from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia is now dated in 2σ-limits to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE. Two types of early Neolithic European wheel and axle are known, a type of wagon construction. They both are dated to c, in China, the wheel was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in c.1200 BCE, although Barbieri-Low argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, c.2000 BC. In Britain, a wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m in diameter, was uncovered at the Must Farm site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1, 100–800 years BCE, represents the most complete, the wheels hub is also present. A horses spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a settlement built on stilts over wetland and it is thought that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals which could be used to pull wheeled carriages. The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, Nubians from after about 400 BCE used wheels for spinning pottery and as water wheels
4.
Alloy wheel
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Alloy wheels are wheels that are made from an alloy of aluminium or magnesium. Alloys are mixtures of a metal and other elements and they generally provide greater strength over pure metals, which are usually much softer and more ductile. Alloys of aluminium or magnesium are typically lighter for the strength, provide better heat conduction. Although steel, the most common used in wheel production, is an alloy of iron and carbon. The earliest light-alloy wheels were made of magnesium alloys, although they lost favor on common vehicles, they remained popular through the 1960s, albeit in very limited numbers. In the mid-to-late 1960s, aluminum-casting refinements allowed the manufacture of safer wheels that were not as brittle, until this time, most aluminum wheels suffered from low ductility, usually ranging from 2-3% elongation. Once these aluminum casting improvements were widely adopted, the aluminum wheel took the place of magnesium as low cost. Reduction in overall vehicle mass can also help to fuel consumption. Alloy wheels are also purchased for cosmetic purposes although the cheaper alloys used are usually not corrosion-resistant, alloys allow the use of attractive bare-metal finishes, but these need to be sealed with paint or wheel covers. Even if so protected the wheels in use will start to corrode after 3 to 5 years. The manufacturing processes also allow intricate, bold designs, in contrast, steel wheels are usually pressed from sheet metal, and then welded together and must be painted to avoid corrosion and/or hidden with wheel covers/hub caps. Alloy wheels are prone to corrosion, which can cause the tires to leak air if appropriate preventive measures are not taken. Also, alloy wheels are more difficult to repair than steel wheels when bent, alloy wheels have long been included as standard equipment on higher-priced luxury or sports cars, with larger-sized or exclusive alloy wheels being options. The high cost of alloy wheels makes them attractive to thieves, to counter this, most alloy wheels are manufactured using casting, but some are forged. Forged wheels are lighter, stronger, but much more expensive than cast wheels. There are two types of forged wheels, one piece and modular, Modular forged wheels may feature two- or three-piece design. Typical multi-piece wheels consist of the inner rim base, outer rim lip, all parts of a modular wheel are held with bolts. BBS RS is one of the most famous three-piece modular forged wheels, a sizable selection of alloy wheels are available to automobile owners who want lighter, more visually appealing, rarer, and/or larger wheels on their cars
5.
Spare tire
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A spare tire or spare tyre is an additional tire carried in a motor vehicle as a replacement for one that goes flat, a blowout, or other emergency. However, some tires are not meant to be driven long distances. Space-savers have a speed of around 50 mph. When replacing a damaged tire, placing the compact spare on a non-drive axle will prevent damage to the drivetrain, if placed on a drivetrain axle, the smaller-diameter tire can put stress on the differential causing damage and reducing handling. The early days of motor travel took place on roads that were littered with stray horseshoe nails. Punctures were all too common, and required the motorist to remove the wheel from the car, demount the tire, patch the inner tube, re-mount the tire, inflate the tire, and re-mount the wheel. To alleviate this time-consuming process, Walter and Tom Davies of Llanelli, Wales, at the time, motor cars were made without spare wheels. Their company, Stepney Iron Mongers, had agents distributing the United States, Belgium, France, the pre-mounted spare tire and wheel combination proved so popular with motorists that carrying up to two spare tires became common. Automakers often equipped cars with one or dual sidemounts, the spares were mounted behind the front fenders as they blended into the running boards. In 1941, the U. S. government prohibited spare tires on new cars, shortages of resources caused by World War II led to quotas and laws designed to force conservation, including rubber that was produced overseas and difficult to get. A similar ban was implemented by the U. S. during the Korean War in 1951. Contemporary vehicles may come equipped with full-size spares, limited use minispares, the spare tire may be identical type and size to those on the vehicle. The spare may either be mounted on a steel rim or a matching road wheel as found on the vehicle. Additionally, a limited use spare may not be safe on a loaded truck or one that is towing a trailer. Due to the size of the spare, it is often mounted on the outside, such as the rear door of SUVs. These supposed benefits are debatable, a space-saver is typically only 7 kg lighter than a full-sized wheel. There is also the difficulty of transporting the full-sized wheel and tire once the space-saver has been fitted, the spare is usually mounted on a plain steel rim. They are typically smaller than the tires on the vehicle and can only be used for limited distances because of their short life expectancy
6.
Rambler Marlin
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The Rambler Marlin is a two-door fastback automobile produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation from 1965 to 1967. A halo model for the company, it was marketed as a luxury car. In 1965, the car was marketed as Rambler Marlin, for 1966, the car featured Marlin identification only, named AMC Marlin, as was the 1967 model. Its fastback roof design was previewed on the 1964 Rambler Tarpon show car and this version had a longer hood and numerous improvements including more interior room and new V8 engines. As consumer per capita income increased in the early 1960s, the U. S. automobile market expanded, the idea was that the new car would be a distinctive, low-volume model symbolizing a new Rambler look and spearheading a full product line. Initially, in response to a proposal for a sporty youth-oriented car, a fastback design study. Management at the small automaker wanted to change its tune with a reasonably sporty upsized response of sorts to Fords Mustang, the fastback appearance was a revival of sedans built after World War II, as demonstrated by the 1940s Nash Ambassador. Ultimately, and in line with Roy Abernethys new marketing strategy, the development team, under distinguished American designer Richard A. Teague, had to work with considerably smaller budgets than their counterparts at Detroits Big Three to create the new Marlin. They created a large, roomy and luxurious fastback which incorporated a number of features from the Tarpon show car. The signature roof line from the windshield with the Marlins skylight permits carrying through the true fastback line in an unbroken sweep. However, the roof was raised over the passenger area when Abernethy. As the car was targeted at the personal luxury segment. American Motors billed the Marlin as a new addition to the companys self-styled Sensible Spectaculars model line, backed by extensive advertising and merchandising, the car was officially announced on 10 February 1965, and unveiled in Rambler dealer showrooms on 19 March. New car introductions, more significant in the 1960s than today, were accompanied by special invitations. The Marlin was advertised in 2,400 newspapers on its launch day and this contrasted it with the smaller Barracuda and Mustang fastbacks that had arrived a year earlier. AMCs first model following the car launches of the 1960s. A book on American muscle cars says V8-powered Marlins provided appropriate performance for the streamlined appearance, the new model met with a mixed reception in the press. Popular Mechanics magazine recorded 0 to 60 mph in 10.8 seconds by manually shifting the automatic transmission, tom McCahills road test in Mechanics Illustrated recorded 0 to 60 mph in 9.7 seconds with the 327 engine
7.
Wire wheel
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Wire wheels, wire-spoked wheels, tension-spoked wheels, or suspension wheels are wheels whose rims connect to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires. The term suspension wheel should not be confused with vehicle suspension, wire wheels are used on most bicycles and are still used on many motorcycles. They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley in 1808, although Cayley first proposed wire wheels, he did not apply for a patent. The first patent for wire wheels was issued to Theodore Jones of London, eugène Meyer of Paris, France was the first person to receive, in 1869, a patent for wire wheels on bicycles. Bicycle wheels were not strong enough for cars until the development of tangentially spoked wheels and they rapidly became well established in the bicycle and motor tricycle world but were not common on cars until around 1907. This was encouraged by the Rudge-Whitworth patented detachable and interchangeable wheels designed by John Pugh and these wheels owed their resistance to braking and accelerative stresses to their two inner rows of tangential spokes. An outer row of radial spokes gave lateral strength against cornering strains and these wheels were deeply dished so that steering pivot pins might lie as near as possible to the center-line of the tires. Their second feature was that they were easily detachable being mounted on splined false hubs, a process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding. From the earliest days automobiles used either wire wheels or heavy wooden or pressed steel spoked artillery type, the development of the quick detachable hubs of either Rudge-Whitworth or Riley design did much to popularise wire wheels and incidentally led to the fitting of spare wheels. After their wooden spoked artillery wheels proved inadequate many US manufacturers paid John Pugh of Rudge-Whitworth royalties to manufacture wire wheels using his patents, some jurisdictions, including West Germany, prohibited eared hubcaps. Some manufacturers preferred to hold the wheel on the hub by capping with a single conventional unwinged nut requiring a special large spanner. In the 1960s even lighter cast alloy wheels became usual—at first with splined hubs, new versions of wire wheels are still made but often with standard hub bolt patterns covered by a center cap to fit without adapters. At one time, motorcycles used wire wheels built up from separate components, the first commercially successful use of wired wheels was on bicycles. They were introduced early on in the development of the bicycle and this development marked a major improvement over the older wooden wheels, both in terms of weight and comfort. Bicycle manufacturers build millions of wheels annually, using the common crossed-spoke patterns whose crossings of adjacent spokes are governed by the number of spokes in the wheel, wheelbuilders of racing teams and in good bicycle shops build wheels to other patterns such as two-cross, one-cross, or no-cross. The reaction to a load of a well-tensioned wire spoked wheel. The rest of the wheel remains approximately circular, the tension of all the spokes does not increase significantly
8.
Cord (automobile)
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Cord was the brand name of an American automobile company from Connersville, Indiana, manufactured by the Auburn Automobile Company from 1929 to 1932 and again in 1936 and 1937. The Cord Corporation was founded and run by E. L. Cord as a company for his many transportation interests. Cord was noted for its technology and streamlined designs. Cord had a philosophy to build truly different, innovative cars, believing they would sell well. This did not always work well in practice, Cord innovations include front-wheel drive on the L-29 and hidden headlamps on the 810 and 812. Hidden headlamps did not become common as a feature until the 1960s. The early Oldsmobile Toronados, whose GM stylists later stated they were trying to capture the feel of the Cords design, servo shifting was accomplished through a bendix electro-vacuum pre-selector mechanism. This was the first American front-wheel drive car to be offered to the public, beating the Ruxton automobile by several months, in 1929. The brainchild of former Miller engineer Carl Van Ranst, its drive system borrowed from the Indianapolis 500-dominating racers, using the same de Dion layout and this allowed it to be much lower than competing cars. Both stock cars and special bodies built on the Cord chassis by American and European coachbuilders won prizes in contests worldwide, still, the styling was lovely, and despite the 137.5 in wheelbase and steering demanding fully four turns lock-to-lock, handling was reportedly superb. Priced around US$3,000, it was competitive with Cadillac, Marmon, Lincoln, Packard, Franklin, and Stutz and it could not outrun the Great Depression, and by 1932, it was discontinued, with just 4,400 sold. Wheelbase was 137.5 and the height of the sedan was 61, the Model 810/812 are probably the best-known of the companys products. Styled by Gordon M. Buehrig, they featured front-wheel drive and independent front suspension, powered by a 4,739 cc Lycoming V8 of the same 125 hp horsepower as the L-29, the 810 had a four-speed electrically-selected semi-automatic transmission, among other innovative features. The car caused a sensation at the New York Auto Show in November 1935, orders were taken at the show with Cord promising Christmas delivery, expecting production of 1,000 per month. Production delays pushed the delivery date to February 1936. This proved optimistic, the first production vehicles were not delivered until April, in all, Cord managed to sell only 1,174 of the new 810 in its first model year. The car is known for the flat front nose with a louvered grille design. The front was so similar in look to a coffin, the car was often called Coffin Nose, early reliability problems, including slipping out of gear and vapor lock, cooled initial enthusiasm, and the dealer base shrank rapidly
9.
Hudson Motor Car Company
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The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other brand automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, from 1909 to 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator Corporation to form American Motors, the Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued. A total of eight Detroit businessmen formed the company on February 20,1909, one of the chief car men and organizer of the company was Roy D. Chapin, Sr. a young executive who had worked with Ransom E. Olds. The company quickly started production, with the first car out of a small factory in Detroit on July 3,1909 at Mack Avenue and Beaufait Street. The new Hudson Twenty was one of the first low-priced cars on the American market, the land was the former farm of D. J. Campau. On 1 July 1926, Hudsons new $10 million body plant was completed where the automaker could now build the all-steel closed bodies for both the Hudson and Essex models. It was designed by the firm of renowned industrial architect Albert Kahn with 223,500 square feet, production in 1911 increased to 6,486. For 1914 Hudsons for the American market were now left hand drive, the Super Six was the first engine built by Hudson, previously Hudson had developed engine designs and then had them manufactured by Continental Motors Company. Most Hudsons until 1957 had straight-6 engines, Hudson transmissions also used an oil bath and cork clutch mechanism that proved to be as durable as it was smooth. Hudson was the third largest U. S. car maker that year, after Ford Motor Company and Chevrolet. The Essex found great success by offering one of the first affordable sedans, in 1932, Hudson began phasing out its Essex nameplate for the modern Terraplane brand name. The new line was launched on July 21,1932, with a promotional christening by Amelia Earhart, for 1932 and 1933, the restyled cars were named Essex-Terraplane, from 1934 as Terraplane, until 1938 when the Terraplane was renamed the Hudson 112. Hudson also began assembling cars in Canada, contracting Canada Top and Body to build the cars in their Tilbury, Ontario, in England Terraplanes built at the Brentford factory were still being advertised in 1938. This took the place of the shift lever, but required conventional clutch actions. Cars equipped with Electric Hand also carried a conventional shift lever in clips under the dash, Hudson was also noted for offering an optional vacuum-powered automatic clutch, starting in the early 1930s. For the 1930 model year Hudson debuted a new flathead inline eight cylinder engine with block and Crankcase cast as a unit and fitted with two cylinder heads. A2.75 inch bore and 4.5 inch stroke displaced 218.8 cubic inches developing 80 HP at 3,600 RPM with the standard 5.78,1 Compression ratio. The 5 Main bearing Crankshaft had 8 integral counterweights, an industry first, four rubber blocks were used at engine mount points
10.
Terraplane
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The Terraplane was a car brand and model built by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, between 1932 and 1938. In its maiden year, the car was branded as the Essex-Terraplane and they were inexpensive, yet powerful vehicles that were used in both town and country, as both cars and trucks bore the Terraplane name. Hudson had manufactured the inexpensive Essex from 1919 as a vehicle line. The Essex is generally credited with helping to make the fully enclosed automobile an affordable model for inexpensive automobiles, the low-priced closed model Essex coach had promoted the sensational recovery of Hudson as an automaker in 1922. Roy D. Chapin decided to repeat the successful strategy in 1932 by producing a light car in the bottom price class, a vehicle which would combine style, comfort. The Terraplane contributed greatly to Hudson Motors sales during the Depression 1930s, one unique feature was Duo-Automatic brakes. Terraplanes had two brake systems—hydraulic and mechanical, should the hydraulic brakes fail, the mechanical brakes would be used to stop the car. The new Essex-Terraplane was launched on July 21,1932, with sensational vigor that accounts of the affair appeared in throughout the United States. The special event included over 2,000 dealers who came from 40 states to Detroit, Hudson also had famous aviator Amelia Earhart helping to introduce the first Essex-Terraplane. It was a small, but very powerful, car with a frame, built to exacting standards. The 1932 model bore a resemblance to its Essex predecessors. The 1932 and 1933 models still had the name Essex-Terraplane on the radiator ornament, in 1932, only the Model K on the 106-inch wheelbase with a 193 cu in 6-cylinder engine was available. The Essex-Terraplanes were available in all the common U. S. automobile body styles, a Model KU 6-cylinder on 113 in wheelbase was added. Also a Model KT with a244 cu in straight-8-cylinder was offered on the 113-inch wheelbase, there were Standard and Deluxe trim levels for the KU and KT. A limited selection of commercial vehicles were offered starting in 1933. Only the 1933 Essex-Terraplanes were made with an optional eight-cylinder engine, the Hudson had the identical basic engine, but with earlier style updraft carburetor carried over, and a displacement of 254 cu in due to a larger cylinder bore than the Essex-Terraplane Eight. The Terraplane Eight engines featured more efficient downdraft carburetion, both engines had the same crankshaft and stroke. The Essex-Terraplane Eight was distinguished by having vent doors on the hood as opposed to all versions that had stamped hood louvers
11.
Rim (wheel)
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The rim is the outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire. It makes up the circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire. The term rim is also used non-technically to refer to the entire wheel, in the 1st millennium BC an iron rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of chariots. Diameter, distance between the seats, as measured in the plane of the rim and through the axis of the hub which is or will be attached. Width, separation distance between opposed rim flanges, the flange-to-flange width of a rim should be a minimum of three-quarters of the tire section width. And the maximum rim width should be equal to the width of the tire tread, type, Depends on the type of vehicle and tire. There are various rim profiles, as well as the number of rim components, modern passenger vehicles and tubeless tires typically use one-piece rims with a safety rim profile. Heavy vehicles and some trucks may have a removable multi-piece rim assembly consisting of a base that mounts to the wheel and they then have either a side ring or a side and lock ring combination. These parts are removable from one side for tire mounting, while the opposite side attached to the base has a fixed flange, oversized rims may cause the tire to rub on the body or suspension components while turning. Overly narrow rims in relation to the width may cause poor handling as the tire may distort sideways under fast cornering. On motorcycles, a narrow rim will alter the tire profile, concentrating tire wear in a small area during cornering. On bicycles, the tire width is approximately twice the rims internal width or one-and-a-half times the rims external width. A standard automotive steel wheel rim is made from a sheet metal. The metal plate is bent to produce a cylindrical sleeve with the two edges of the sleeve welded together. To support the rim structure, a disc is made by stamping a metal plate. It has to have holes for the center hub and lug nuts. The radial outer surface of the disk has a cylindrical geometry to fit inside the rim
12.
Lug nut
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A lug nut or wheel nut is a fastener, specifically a nut, used to secure a wheel on a vehicle. Typically, lug nuts are found on automobiles, trucks, a lug nut is a nut with one rounded or conical end, used on steel and most aluminum wheels. A set of lug nuts are used to secure a wheel to threaded wheel studs. Some designs use lug bolts instead of nuts, which screw into a hole in the wheels hub or drum brake or disc. This configuration is known as a bolted joint. Honda uses a rather than a tapered seat, but the nut performs the same function. Older style alloy wheels have a 1/2 to 1 inch cylindrical shank slipping into the wheel to center it, wheel lug nuts may have different shapes. Aftermarket alloy and forged rims often require specific lug nuts to match their mounting holes, there are 4 common lug nut types, Cone Seat, Bulge Cone Seat, Under Hub Cap, and Spline Drive. Lug nuts may be removed using a lug, socket or impact wrench, if the wheel is to be removed then an automotive jack to raise the vehicle and some wheel chocks would be used as well. Wheels that have hubcaps or hub covers need these removed beforehand, typically with a screwdriver, flatbar, lug nuts can be difficult to remove, as they may become frozen to the wheel stud. In such cases a breaker bar or repeated blows from a wrench can be used to free them. Alternating between tightening and loosening can free especially stubborn lug nuts, lug nuts must be installed in an alternating pattern, commonly referred to as a star pattern. This ensures a uniform distribution of load across the wheel mounting surface, when installing lug nuts, it is recommended to tighten them with a calibrated torque wrench. While a lug, socket or impact wrench may be used to tighten lug nuts the final tightening should be performed by a torque wrench, torque specifications vary by vehicle and wheel type. Both vehicle and wheel manufacturers provide recommended torque values which should be consulted when an installation is done, failure to abide by the recommended torque value can result in damage to the wheel and brake rotor/drum. Additionally, under tightened lug nuts may come loose with time, in order to allow early detection of loose lug nuts, some large vehicles are fitted with loose wheel nut indicators. The indicator spins with the nut, so that it can be detected with a visual inspection, the key is normally unique to each set of nuts. Only one locking nut per wheel is used, so they are sold in sets of four
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